11 19-22 2009

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11 th GREEK VETERINARY CONGRESSATHENS, 19-22 MARCH 2009

Theme of the Congress Scientific and professional prospects of veterinary science in Greece and the European Union towards 2020

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

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BOOK OF ABSTRACTS EDITED BYM.N. Saridomichelakis I. Giannenas N. Solomakos G.C. Fthenakis Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 : 19 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 : 19 , , 17.45.19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 : 19 , , 16.00-17.30 & 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 : 20 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 : 20 , , 11.30-13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 : 20 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 : 20 , , 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 : 20 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 : 20 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 : 20 , , 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 : 20 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 : 20 , , 11.30-13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 : 20 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 : 20 , , 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 : 20 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 : 20 , , 11.30-13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 : 20 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 : 20 , , 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 : 20 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 : 20 , , 11.30-13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 : 20 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 : 20 , , 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 : 21 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 : 21 , , 11.30-13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 : 21 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 : 21 , , 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 : 21 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 : 21 , , 11.30-13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 : 21 , , 16.00-17.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 : 21 , , 17.45-19.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 : 21 , , 09.00-11.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 : 21 , , 11.30-13.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343

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11 . , . , , : " 2020", . 228 , 11 . . .. , . , . , .. ,

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1924. , - , 46 , . , , , 1835. 85 , , " ", : () (1924-1944), () (1945-1965), () (1966-1981), () (1982-1992) () (1993-2009). , , . , . . . . . . . . , , .. . 20 . , , EAEVE. . - . , . (. , . , . ). , (FECAVA), . , () , . ... , , .

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ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE MEASURES IN THE EUROPEAN UNIONK.F. HoppenstedtEuropean Parliament, Strasburg, France & Brussels, Belgium.

One of the key-points is the statement that about 75% of the new diseases that affected humans over the past ten years have been caused by pathogens originating from animals or products of animal origin. These diseases can have devastating consequences not only for animals but also for the economy and society as a whole. Therefore, the prevention and control of animal diseases has to be regarded as a top priority for the European Union and its institutions. Biosecurity should not only be important for a part of society, but for everyone. Bovine spongiform encephalitis and avian influenza can be taken as examples on how the European Union makes progress in dealing with the diseases. The far lower losses in the European poultry sector compared to Asia for example, can also be explained by the strict European Union rules at borders. Nevertheless, one has to keep in mind that the member-states and not the European Union, are ultimately responsible for biosecurity, both at farm level and borders. Due to the fact that diseases do not make a stop at borders, a coordinated strategy at European Union level based on cooperation between all member-states is more efficient and effective than individually guided national approaches. Furthermore, a harmonised legislation guarantees a high degree of preparedness for potential disease outbreaks and ensures equal standards of protection for all European Union citizens. The European Union also works together with non- European Union countries and international organisations to reduce the threat of animal diseases. The European Union stays in regular contact with the World Health Organisation, Food and Agriculture Organisation and Office International d Epizooties. The Food and Veterinary Office of the European Union assures effective control systems not only in the European Union, but also in countries exporting to the European Union. It does this mainly by carrying out inspections. The European Food Safety Authority is a corner stone of European Union risk assessment regarding food and feed safety. To develop new methods of research to counter the effects of animal diseases is another goal of the European Union. The new Animal Health Strategy of the European Union provides the framework of animal health and welfare measures during the next six years. It is based on the principle than prevention is better than cure. The content of this strategy and the goals that should be achieved with it are the main focus of this presentation.

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: 19 16.00 - 17.30

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MALTHUS : . , , ..., .

, . . , , . . Malthus (1798) An Essay on the Principle of Population: , . : - , . Lotcka Voltera: , , , , , . . Gordon-Schaefer model: , , . May: , . Allee : , , . Hanski: , , , . : , , . : () , () . . .

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FROM MALTHUS TO MODERN POPULATION DYNAMICS: THEORY AND POPULATION MANAGEMENT TOOLSS. SgardelisDepartment of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

This presentation aims at presenting the major theoretical views of modern population biology through selected population dynamics models. There is a practical goal for studying population dynamics; the objective regarding population size is to increase or reduce it, depending on species and circumstances. The presentation goes through landmarks in population management throughout history and highlights major recent advances and achievements.

. 1,3, . 1,4, . 2, . 3, . 1 & , 173-175, 55134 , , , & , , .. 60511, 57001 , 3 , , , 68200 , 4 , , , , 43100 .2 1

. H . , . , , . (Lepus europaeus) . , . . , , . : () () . , . , . , .

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. . . , . , (p=0,128) (F2, 25=1,98, p=0,159). (F1, 18=0,169, p=0,685). . . , , .

FOOD QUALITY AND BODY CONDITION OF HARE (LEPUS EUROPAEUS) AFTER FOREST FIREC. Sokos1,3, P. Birtsas1,4, C. Milis2, E. Tsachalidis3, A. Kastoris1Hunting Federation of Macedonia & Thrace, 173 Ethnikis Antistasis, 55134, Thessaloniki, Greece, Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development & Food, Georgikis Scholis, PO Box 60511, Thessaloniki, Greece, 3 Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Forestry and Environmental Management and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece, 4 Wildlife Laboratory, Department of Forestry and Management of Natural Environment, Technological Education Institute of Larissa, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.2 1

Objective. Wildfire is a major disturbance factor in Mediterranean ecosystems that affects directly and indirectly the wildlife. The hare (Lepus europaeus) is the most important sedentary hunting species in Greece. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of food and the body condition of hares one year after a wildfire, between burned and adjacent non-burned areas, with similar habitat and topography in the region of Kassandra Chalkidiki. Materials and methods Results. The quality of food was investigated with the examination of crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre of stomach content. Body condition of hares has been evaluated by examination of kidney fat. The hare abundance was smaller during the first year after the wildfire in burned areas compared to non-burned areas. The reverse was found during the second year, when hares were more abundant in burned areas. Conclusion. The higher hare abundance in burned areas the second year after the fire, seems thus not to be related to the improvement of food quality and body condition.

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- . , , .

(.. , ) . , , . , , . , . , , . 20 , , . , (onachus monachus), (Delphinus delphis) , (Larus audouinii), (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) (Falco eleonorae) , , , , . , , , , , .

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SPECIFICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT PLANS OF PROTECTED AREAS - THE CASE OF THE NATIONAL MARINE PARK OF ALONNISOS NORTHERN SPORADESV. KouroutosManagement Body of the National Marine Park of Alonnisos Northern Sporades, 37005 Patitiri, Alonnisos.

The first concept for the management of protected areas was the strict protection of these areas, aiming at safeguarding wildlife and the aesthetic value of the areas (e.g. natural site, cultural monuments), as well as restriction of human activities. In accordance with new management concepts, in addition to conserving biological and cultural diversity, protected areas also have important social and economic functions. These include protecting watersheds, soil and coastlines, providing natural products for use on a sustainable basis and supporting tourism and recreation. Many protected areas are also home to communities of people with traditional cultures and knowledge, assets which also need protection. Because all these various considerations have to be taken into account, the task of preparing management plans for protected areas can be challenging, yet it is essential for the well being of the natural and cultural resources being managed. During the last 20 months, under those principles, the Management Body of the National Marine Park of Alonnisos has implemented a strategic plan for effective protection of the wild fauna of the park and has set specifications of the management plan. Our studies showed that the effective protection of endangered and rare species, such as the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), the Audouins gull (Larus audouinii), the shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), the Eleonoras falcon (Falco eleonorae) and many others, are interconnected with the rational management of human activities, such as fisheries, livestock breeding, tourism and recreation. It has also been shown that there is a need for collaboration with scientists not traditionally involved with the management of protected areas, like veterinarians, in order to confront serious threats against wild fauna arising from epidemics, diseases, injuries etc.

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: 19 17.45 - 19.30

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. M.K.O "", , 123, 54621 , & , , , , 81100 .

, . (Geographic Information Systems), (GPS telemetry), (Remote sensing), . (, , ..), ( , , , , ..). , . (hardware), (software), , , , , , . (Global Positioning System). , . ( , , ) , . , (home ranges), GPS-GSM , , ( , ..) . , .

APPLICATIONS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENTA. GiannakopoulosN.G.O "Callisto" Environmental Organization for Wildlife and Nature, Mitropoleos 123, 54621 Thessaloniki & Laboratory of Biodiversity Management, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Aegean, Xenia Hills, 81100 Mytilene, Greece.

Wildlife management and conservation are complex sciences, which are supported by technological evolutions especially during the last decades. Some examples of this are the Geographic Information Systems, Satellite telemetry, Satellite imagery and various other methods. Wildlife management depends on many factors and involves parametres concerning wild species (distribution, population level, seasonal movements etc.) and their habitat (vegetation type, aspect, slope, suitability, disturbance etc.).

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Geographic Information System technology is an effective tool for managing, analyzing and visualizing wildlife data, without which data processing would be time and money consuming. This system captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data that refers to a geographic location. Another example of new technology is the Global Positioning System (GPS). This system was used by the USA Army at first and was later developed in different sections. By means of GPS wildlife tracking, researchers can remotely observe spatial patterns of wild species and have more accurate results compared to other tracking methods. Use of these methods allows analysis of geographic data from a variety of sources and extraction of information, in order to target areas where conservation practices are needed.

- .. 1,2, .. 2,3 , , , , 43100 , 2 & , 173-175, 55134 , , 3 , , , 68200 .1

Clostridium botulinum . C. botulinum . , , . . H , , . T , , . , . , C. botulinum. , . , . , 2004, ,

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C. botulinum. , . . , 1000 m 50 200 m , . ( ) , , (, , ..). , . . , 41 , , , . 35.000 . , . 2007 ( 2500 14 ), . , 2004. . , , , , , . .

BOTULISM IN WILD AVIFAUNA AS EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF WETLANDS - THE CASE OF LAKE KORONIA IN NORTHERN HELLASP. Birtsas1,2, C. Sokos2,3Wildlife Laboratory, Department of Forestry and Management of Natural Environment, Technological Education Institute of Larissa, 43100 Karditsa, Greece, 2 Hunting Federation of Macedonia & Thrace, 173 Ethnikis Antistasis, 55134 Kalamaria Thessaloniki, Greece, 3 Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Forestry and Environmental Management and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece.1

Lake Koronia situated in Central Macedonia, Greece, is a wetland of international importance and considered as a valuable place for large populations of resident and migratory birds. It is a Ramsar site, also covered by Directives 79/409 EEC and 92/43 EEC. Human activities (industries, water pump, irrigation, soil fertilization etc.) and lack of water are disrupting wetland life and disturb the ecological balance. An outbreak of botulism in waterbirds was investigated at the lake from August to October 2004. The outbreak was associated with reduced quantity of water, alkaline pH and extensive decomposition of plant material and dead invertebrates. According to our field work, over 35.000 birds (41 species - mainly waterfowl and shorebirds) died from avian botulism. The situation was improved after increasing quantity of water and decreasing of air and water temperature.

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. , , , 224, 43100 & & , 51, 41222 .

, , , , , . . , , . ( ), , Ebola . , . . , Nipah, West Nile, Hanta Lyme, , . , , . . , , Carre, , , , . , , , , , , ... , . .

IMPORTANT DISEASES IN EUROPEAN WILDLIFEC. BillinisLaboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece & Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology, Papanastasiou 51, 41222 Larisa, Greece.

Infectious pathogens that originate from wild animals, have become increasingly important throughout the world in recent decades, as they have had substantial impact on human and livestock health, agricultural production, wildlife-based economies and wildlife conservation. Two different patterns of transmission of pathogens from wild animal to humans and to livestock are evident. In one pattern, actual

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transmission of the pathogen to humans is a rare event, but, once it has occurred, human-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission maintains the infection for some period of time or permanently. Examples of pathogens with this transmission pattern are the Human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), the Influenza virus, the Ebola virus and the virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome. In the second pattern, direct or vector-mediated wild animal-to-animal or animal-to-human transmission is the usual source of infection. Wild animal populations are the principal reservoirs of the pathogen and human-to-human disease transmission is rare. Examples of pathogens with this pattern of transmission include Rabies Virus and other Lyssaviruses, Nipah virus, West Nile virus, Hantavirus and the agent of Lyme borreliosis, Tularaemia, Leptospirosis and Ehrlichiosis. In a long term historical perspective, some diseases have been eradicated, while others for a long time have been, and still are, present in wildlife in Europe. There are diseases, like rinderpest, that have been eradicated for long in Europe. Other diseases have been present for a very long time, such as Rabies, Canine distemper, Classical swine fever, Newcastle disease, Pseudotuberculosis and Bovine tuberculosis. Various new diseases have also been detected, like Myxomatosis, Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, European brown hare syndrome, Avian influenza, Bluetongue, Foot-and-mouth disease. Some of these diseases have been introduced into Europe, while others could be a result of a mutation from an avirulent virus, rather than a completely new disease. It is highly likely that in the future, we shall be discovering new diseases in wildlife in Europe.

WILDLIFE DISEASES IN EUROPE: THREATS AND SURVEILLANCEJ.P. DuffDiseases of Wildlife Scheme, Veterinary Laboratory Agency, United Kingdom.

Detection of new and emerging disease is a veterinary priority in Europe. Of the emerging pathogens, 60% are zoonotic and 72% of these have wildlife reservoirs. In the past 20 years, on a global scale we have seen avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, rabies virus, West Nile virus disease, and diseases caused by Ebola, Nipah and Hendra viruses, to name just a few pathogens that now threaten human health and which have wild animal hosts. Wildlife disease in Europe is also important, because it poses threats to the health of livestock (e.g. blue-tongue), because it can reflect toxic changes in the environment (e.g. oil pollution incidents) and because wildlife can introduce exotic diseases (e.g. West Nile Virus). Wildlife disease in Europe can have severe consequences; for example, mass mortalities in the wild fauna always cause public concern, whilst diseases of conservation importance threaten wild populations (e.g. squirrel pox disease). A first step in understanding these threats is by undertaking surveillance. This word comes from the French verb "surveiller" (to watch over) and it means to collect data on wildlife disease. Increasingly, European countries are establishing national schemes for wildlife disease surveillance. This is encouraged by the Office International des Epizooties, who have asked chief veterinary officers in each country for an annual report on diseases diagnosed each year in their country. Two recent meetings have attempted to list the more important wildlife diseases in Europe. At the 2008

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European Wildlife Disease Association (EWDA) meeting, by utilising a subjective scoring system, the diseases prioritised as being the most important in European wildlife were bovine tuberculosis, rabies, tularaemia, anthrax and echinococcosis. At the European Union special interest group meeting, the acronym WiREDZ (Wildlife Related Emerging Diseases and Zoonoses) was suggested to reflect that investigation of disease in wildlife should be considered as a discipline. The global study of wildlife disease is essential and the European Wildlife Disease Association and its parent group, the Wildlife Disease Association, are the sole organisations that represent wildlife disease scientists of all disciplines internationally. In the European Union, the importance of wildlife disease is being recognised and there is a new project for "novel technologies for surveillance of emerging infections of wildlife" (WildTech), which has a Greek partner organisation. The smaller European Union-funded WiREDZ project encourages all wildlife disease scientists to register their interest on an online list. In Britain, the government-funded the Veterinary Laboratories Agency Diseases of Wildlife Scheme provides surveillance in England and Wales since 1998. A broad-based approach by the government in the wildlife health strategy provided a framework for wildlife disease assessment and will implement a collaborative surveillance scheme in the near future.

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: 19 16.00 - 17.30 & 17.45 - 19.30

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. , , & , 124 & 2, .

1950 , , . , 2 . , , . 50. , . , , , , - - , .

DIETARY HABITS FOR THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASESA. ZampelasFaculty of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece & Hellenic Food Authority (EFET), 124 Kifissias ave. & 2 Iatridou str., 11526 Athens, Greece.

Research looking on the effects of the Mediterranean diet for control of chronic diseases started at the 1950s, when the data from the Seven Countries Study was the first to show the Mediterranean diet as was described the dietary habits of Cretans, could have beneficial effects at mortality and morbidity rates from cardiovascular diseases. More recent studies in Greek cohorts have confirmed these early finding and they also indicated that the Mediterranean diet as a whole and certain individual components, could contribute to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, but also of type-2 diabetes and of certain types of cancer. The most profound beneficial effects are observed from the consumption of fish, of fruits and vegetables, of olive oil and of whole grain cereals. However, it has also been observed that nowadays the Greek population does not have the same dietary habits as the Greeks in the 1950s. It is also alarming that dietary habits of children and adolescents are even worse with a large proportion of their meals not being cooked at home. Therefore, the actions should be multifactorial starting from the government, the school, the food industry and the family, in order to change this deterioration.

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. , , .

. , , . , . , , , , , ( ), . , , ( ), " ", , " ", , , ...

EATING BEHAVIOURS IN RELATION TO HEALTHM. YannakouliaDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Kallithea, Attica, Greece.

In a large number of studies, it has been shown the favourable effect of prudent dietary habits on health and disease prevention. Diet is a major factor related to growth and to management of various diseases or prevention of medical complications. Traditionally, diet or dietary habits have been evaluated in terms of (a single or few) nutrients and the recommendations of the international health organizations used to refer only to them. However, in recent years, research and recommendations have moved to the food group approach and also to evaluate overall dietary patterns (like the mediterranean dietary pattern), meal patterns or other eating behaviours. Specifically, several studies have so far studied the effect of specific meals, namely breakfast and dinner, the intake of "fast foods", the eating frequency, the conditions around action of eating, the adoption of restrictive eating practices etc.

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;. , , .

, , . , . , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . , .

FOOD FORTIFICATION OR SUPPLEMENTS?M. KapsokefalouFaculty of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Nutritional recommendations, including those inspired by the traditional dietary pattern of the Mediterranean diet, aim to optimal health. Despite the applicability of the recommendations, some consumers believe that they cannot make proper choices; therefore, they seek solutions to meet the recommended intake of nutrients. Moreover, some population groups have high nutrient needs that are not possible to be met through diet. Dietary supplements, as well as enriched and fortified foods target the above described needs by a different approach. Enriched and fortified foods provide nutrients through food vehicles, while other nutrients are also present, do not encourage deviation from a balanced diet and have low risk of excess nutrient intake. On the other hand, supplements allow focusing on specific nutrient intake problems, frequently clearly described. It is believed that enrichment and fortification, if undertaken according to a well-defined policy, may contribute to the increased dietary intake of nutrients in safe way, although they may not substitute education for adopting a healthy diet. Nevertheless, it must be highlighted that consuming a variety of nutrient-dense foods and beverages is the best strategy for preventing chronic disease and achieving optimal health.

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- . , . , . , 124 & 2, 11526 .

, - DG SANCO, 2003, . , " ", . , , . " " , , , , . , , - , . , , .

EVOLUTIONS IN EUROPEAN LEGISLATION ON LABELLING AND THE PROVISION OF FOOD INFORMATION TO CONSUMERS IN GENERAL APPLICATION TO FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGING. Balkamos, A. Raikos, M. AstridouHellenic Food Authority (EFET), 124 Kifissias ave. & 2 Iatridou str., 11526 Athens, Greece.

Within the frame of constant examination and improvement of Community legislation in force, Directorate General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission - DG SANCO has already placed in the process of evaluation the food labelling legislation since 2003. After public consultation with all parts involved, the European Commission recently concluded to a proposal for the general review of rules of European Union on food labelling. The results of this consultation are reflected in the proposed regulation that is under discussion in the Community institutions, and include inter alia improvements regarding the readability, information regarding the content of allergenic components

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in the non-prepacked foods, clarifications with regard to the country of origin or the place of origin and determination of the way of presentation of nutrition labelling. These issues are presented in this paper, with simultaneous report of the results of impact assessment of the new proposed regulation, with particular emphasis on subjects concerning the labelling of foods of animal origin.

. , . , . , 124 & 2, 11526 .

. . , , , . , . , (EK) 1924/06 " ", " ", . , , , . , , . , , . ( , trans- , , /), / (100 g / 100 ml / 100Kcal) ,

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. , " " , , . , " ", . , , .

NUTRIENT PROFILES AS A CRITERION FOR DETERMINING WHETHER CERTAIN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN CAN BEAR NUTRITION AND HEALTH CLAIMSA. Raikos, G. Balkamos, M. AstridouHellenic Food Authority (EFET), 124 Kifissias ave. & 2 Iatridou str., 11526 Athens, Greece.

In the European Union, the number of foods labelled and advertised with nutrition and health claims is continuously increased. Differences between national provisions related to such claims may impede free movement of foods and create unequal conditions of competition. Consequently, there might be direct impact on the functioning of the internal market, as well as on the quality of information for consumers. Therefore, measures regarding nutrition and health claims made on foods were considered inevitable. Regulation (EC) 1924/06 "on nutrition and health claims made on foods" was released, setting rules in the developing market of "functional foods", by taking into account the international recommendations for a balanced diet which constitutes an important factor of human health. This paper presents the new legislative status that sets the framework for this sensitive issue concerning promotion of foods in relation to their nutritional properties and beneficial effects on human health, with particular emphasis on nutrient profiles as a criterion for determining whether certain foods of animal origin can bear nutrition and health claims.

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: . , Vivartia A.E., .

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NUTRITION IMPROVEMENT IS A PARTNERSHIP APPROACH: CONTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND RESPONSIBILITYT. KallitsisDivision of Food Services and Entertainment, Vivartia S.A., Athens, Greece.

Improvement of modern nutrition and physical activity lifestyles is a strategic European health goal. The White Paper on Nutrition, Overweight and Obesity related health issues offers an integrated approach towards succeeding this goal. The White Paper names stakeholders and calls for respective actions, which are to be implemented, quantified, monitored and documented at a national level. The European Platform of Diet, Physical Activity and Health has been a pilot scale approach, which has been transformed to become a tool of succeeding in a common / community goal with self-regulation, which includes monitoring and embracing of best practices. The food industry has been taking actions and first results are monitored. The voluntary initiative of the Guided Daily Amounts nutrition labeling scheme, development of light products, product reformulation, etc., offer healthier informed choices in food. Industry efforts for responsibility and excellence aid in the common goal of better nutrition. Examples of strategies and innovative actions towards a better nutrition and health are discussed.

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: 20 09.00 - 11.00

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DETECTION OF OESTRUS AND OVULATION IN THE BITCH AND QUEENA. FontbonneAlfort National Veterinary College, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France.

Detection of oestrus and ovulation in the bitch. The oestrous cycle of the bitch is composed of four successive periods: pro-oestrus, oestrus, metoestrus (or dioestrus) and anoestrus. Pro-oestrus is defined as the period from onset of vulvar bleeding to the first acceptance of copulation. Its average duration is 9 days. However, it displays considerable variation, as it can range from 0 to 27 days. The following phase is oestrus, the period during which the bitch accepts copulation. Here also, the duration of this phase is highly variable: 3 to 21 days. Metoestrus (dioestrus) begins when the bitch is no longer willing to accept the male. Its average duration is 70 days. It is associated with the presence of active corpora lutea. Anoestrus is the phase between the end of the metoestrus and the beginning of next pro-oestrus. Its duration varies from two to ten months. Timing the day of ovulation as accurately as possible, is considered as one of the most important factors in order to determine when to inseminate bitches. In this respect, many different techniques and plans for breeding have been tested by veterinarians over the past twenty years. When inseminating a bitch, it is recommended to perform it at the optimal time of fertilisation, which occurs between two to four days after ovulation, when the oocytes are fully mature and have not undergone degeneration. None of the clinical findings, like vulval oedema, quantity and aspect of the vulval discharge (more or less haemorragic), postural signs (i.e. turning the tail aside when the veterinarian touches the perineal region) or acceptance of male, are precise enough to detect the day of ovulation. Furthermore, it is well known that there is no reliability on a predetermined ovulation day, and consequently, a predetermined mating date. Some bitches may ovulate as early as on the 5th day of the heat period, and others as late as the 30th day. Within the same bitch, it has been shown that significant variations of the day of ovulation may occur among successive heat periods in around 44% of the cases. In these conditions, it is highly recommended to use complementary clinical tests for accurately timing ovulation. Vaginal cytology cannot be used to detect ovulation prospectively as it is not repeatable and precise enough. At the end of the heat period, the "onset of vaginal metoestrus", when there is a sudden increase in intermediate cells and parabasal cells, occurs approximately five days after ovulation. But, it only helps to detect ovulation retrospectively. Vaginal endoscopy is performed by some authors to determine the "fertile period", but once again, with this method, which requires to rely on an expensive equipment, it is impossible to be accurate in timing the exact day of ovulation. The technique may be useful to determine the fertilisation period, i.e. the period during which mating or an artificial insemination can be successful. Variations in the electrical resistance of the vaginal mucus around the time of ovulation may also be recorded using ohm-meter probes inserted at repeated intervals into the vagina during the heat period. Precise data are lacking for confirming accuracy of the technique in bitches. However, unpublished data indicate that it is not highly repeatable. Hormonal assays are commonly used by veterinarians for this purpose. LH assays are ideal in theory, but timing the LH peak requires at least two blood samples per day every day, and, in most countries, no commercial assays for canine LH are available. One can estimate the day of the preovulatory LH peak using progesterone assays (around 2 ng per mL) and consequently deduce the occurrence of ovulation. Others suggest to continue assaying progesterone until it reaches a value considered to indicate with certainty that ovulation has occurred. It has been found that ovulation, estimated as occurring 48 hours after the LH peak, happened when plasma progesterone concentrations were around 5.4 ng per mL (range:

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3 to 8 ng per mL). It has been found that the rapid rise of progesterone around ovulation, secondary to the early progesterone rise which occurs at the time of the LH peak, may be a more reliable marker of ovulation than pre-ovulatory LH surge. Another technique to determine ovulation in the bitch is ovarian ultrasound scanning. We have confirmed that ovarian ultrasound was an accurate technique for timing ovulation in the bitch. We also found that, although more accurate, ovarian ultrasound examinations improved the accuracy of ovulation detection in only 15% of bitches compared with progesterone. However, progesterone plasma concentrations appeared fairly constant around ovulation, whatever the breed, and, as a whole, progesterone assays appeared as a precise method to time ovulation. Detection of oestrus and ovulation in the queen. The queen is an induced ovulator, and seasonally polyoestrus. Anoestrus exists from October to December in the Northern Hemisphere, due to variations in melatonin secretion during dark hours. Seasonal anoestrus can vary, depending on the breed of the cat: long haired queens exhibit an increased sensitivity to light conditions compared to short-haired queens. Feline oestrous cycles occur in most queens every three weeks during the long-day seasons in the absence of ovulation. Three kinds of cycles can exist in the queen. At the end of oestrus, if ovulation fails, an anovulatory cycle can be observed. If ovulation occurs, a pregnancy or a pseudo-pregnancy will take place, therefore increasing the interoestrus period. The pseudo-pregnancy in queens lasts 40 days on average. Some authors describe a period of pro-oestrus, including male attraction, but without sexual receptivity, but this is observed in only a minority of queens. Neither vaginal cytology, nor hormonal assays can easily differentiate prooestrus and estrus. Oestrus behaviour in the queen includes persistent vocalization, rolling, rubbing, lordosis, tail deviation and repeated monotonous howling. During oestrus, follicular maturation is associated with follicular oestrogen secretion (>20 pg per mL). Unlike the bitch, progesterone levels stay basal during the follicular phase before ovulation. The behavioural expression and lactation commonly seen in the bitch are extremely rare in the queen. The breed plays a considerable role on the length and frequency of the oestrus. Frequently, long-haired purebred cats (Persian, Norwegian Forest, etc) experience shorter and less frequent oestral phases than short-haired cats (such as Siamese or Abyssian). During oestrus, the follicular maturation is difficult to follow in the queen. There is no pre-ovulatory progesterone increase and vaginal cytology at the beginning of oestrous does not significantly differ from the middle or the end of oestrus. Therefore, it can be useful to perform a single vaginal cytology to ensure that the queen is really experiencing oestrus while she accepts the male. Some queens allow mating without being in follicular oestrous. Ultrasonography can be extremely useful to follow follicular maturation in the queen. Ovarian follicles appear as anechoic spherical structures. Ultrasonography shows that during the follicular wave, follicles progressively grow from 2 to 4 mm in diameter. Although ultrasonography can facilitate diagnosis of ovulation failure in queens, a progesterone assay acts as a more simple and reliable method to confirm the diagnosis. As an increase in progesterone concentration starts 24 to 48 hours after ovulation, it is recommended to perform the progesterone assay 72 hours after the last mating for a valuable result. Ovulation failure is associated with serum progesterone of less than 1 ng per mL. On the other hand, high progesterone level three days after last mating, confirms ovulation.

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INFERTILITY IN THE BITCHA. FontbonneAlfort National Veterinary College, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France.

In comparison to the last 10 or 20 years, veterinarians are now frequently requested to solve fertility problems in dogs, mainly due to the increased popularity of pure-bred dogs, as well as for sentimental or financial reasons. In fact, breeders may be concerned about different kinds of problems, which include, but are not limited to, true infertility (bitches do not produce puppies after mating or artificial insemination), anoestrus or a low prolificity rate. It is recommended that veterinarians follow a very strict progression, commencing with the most frequent cause to the most uncommon cause. 1. Mistimed breeding. Mistimed breeding represents by far the most common cause of infertility in the bitch. It accounts for 40% to 80% of cases of infertile bitches. 2. Male infertility. After mistimed breeding, male infertility is the most common cause of conception failure in bitches presented with infertility. Therefore, sperm collection and examination (spermogram and spermocytogram) is an initial and essential step for diagnosis. 3. Other causes of infertility. It is suggested that veterinarians should first consider if infertile bitches show regular inter-oestrus intervals or irregular ovarian cycles. (i) Infertility with prolonged inter-oestrous intervals / anoestrus. The apparent prolongation of interoestrous intervals occurs in dogs with a silent heat, defined as ovarian activity in the absence of overt physical and behavioural changes characteristic of canine oestrus. Hormonal causes of anoestrus include hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperprolactinemia, or treatment with hormonal compounds, such as progestagens, androgens (racing dogs) or anabolic steroids. Ovarian cysts that secrete progesterone may cause prolonged interestrous intervals. In case of anoestrus without any apparent ovarian trouble, induction of oestrus has to be considered. Cabergoline and GnrH agonists implants offer good perspectives in terms of fertility. (ii) Infertility with short inter-oestrous intervals. (ii-a) Ovarian cysts or tumours. Follicular cysts may be single or multiple; if multiple cysts are present in one ovary, thy do not communicate. The ovarian cysts in the bitch may be present in only one or both ovaries. When possible, it is much more valuable to perform ovarian ultrasonography. Some authors recommend induction of luteinization of the cystic follicles, using GnRH or hCG, but others do not consider it really valuable. Based on clinical experience, this treatment very often leads to development of pyometra. Surgical removal or aspiration of a cyst with a fine sterile needle under laparotomy or ultrasonography may be therapeutic alternatives. Granulosa cells produce oestrogens, therefore, it is not surprising that tumours often lead to infertility with prolonged heat periods. (ii-b) Premature decline in progesterone. Split heats are defined as successive short pro-oestrus signs, at intervals of two weeks to two months, associated with short inter-oestrus intervals. This pattern is more often observed in young bitches. Anovulatory cycles are not frequent in bitches. Bitches may also suffer from hypo-luteoidism, which is the lack of progesterone secretion during pregnancy which makes pregnancy impossible to maintain. Some breeds are well known to express hypo-luteoidism, like Rottweilers and German Shepherds. Progesterone supply can be given parentally or orally. Early embryonic or foetal death remains most of the time impossible to detect. It is often associated with a decline in blood progesterone concentration. (iii) Infertility with normal inter-oestrous intervals. (iii-a) Hormonal problems. Hormonal defects may also be suspected in bitches with regular inter-oestrous intervals; thus, veterinarians should check

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the hormonal status of the bitch during the heat period and also during pregnancy. (iii-b) Infectious diseases. Many infectious agents have been suspected to induce infertility in bitches. However, a paucity of studies has been conducted in this field. Several viruses have been shown to play a potential role in canine infertility: canine herpes virus, canine distemper virus, minute virus of canines. The incidence of bacterial infections on canine infertility is better documented. Canine brucellosis, which is well known as an abortive agent during late pregnancy, could also generate early embryonic or foetal death through endometritis. Other specific bacterial diseases have been suspected to act on canine infertility. Furthermore, usual genital bacteria may play a real role on infertility. Concerning canine mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, it has been shown that there is a higher incidence of these agents in the vagina of infertile bitches. Many bacteria are commonly isolated from the uterus and the vagina of normal fertile bitches. Several studies barely demonstrate any difference in type of vaginal flora between fertile and infertile bitches. However, it has been shown that in case of vaginitis, there are significant qualitative and quantitative variations in that. Moreover, there is strong evidence that bacteria causing vaginitis may lead to infertility. The role of parasitic infections on infertility is not well documented. Recent experimental data suggest that Neospora caninum could cause early foetal death in bitches. (iii-c) Drug-induced infertility. In practice, many breeding bitches may be treated with drugs that contribute to a decline of fertility. Steroid hormones and anti-fungal compounds may create hormonal defects in pre-pubertal or adult bitches. (iii-d) Anatomical abnormalities of the vulva, vestibule or vagina. Some bitches cannot mate, because of congenital abnormalities of the posterior genital tract (vulva, vestibule or vagina). Acquired diseases or abnormalities of the posterior genital tract (scars after a bad parturition, episiotomy, violent mating) may also contribute to unsuccessful attempt of copulation. (iii-e) Uterine disorders. Endometritis is hard to diagnose in bitches. Endometrial smears, eventually performed after endoscopic cannulation of the cervix, may be valuable. Bitches with cystic endometrial hyperplasia are often infertile due to implantation failure after conception. (iii-f) Abnormal sexual behaviour. Many psychological factors may influence sexual receptivity in bitches. Some authors think that psychology may influence factors like ovulation or early embryonic death in the bitch. (iii-g) Miscellaneous causes. Bitches with systemic diseases, like diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism or renal insufficiency may be infertile. Finally, breeders stress nutrition when their breeding kennel suffers from decreased reproductive results. Little is known in this regard.

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TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY IN THE BITCH AND QUEENA. FontbonneAlfort National Veterinary College, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France.

A wide range of drugs and protocols have been proposed to induce abortion in bitches and queens. Nowadays, antiprogestins seem to be the treatment of choice. However, they may be expensive to use in large bitches. Use of oestrogens. Excessive oestrogen will affect oocyte transport in the oviduct, as well as local oviductal conditions, including the function of local carbonic anhydrase. Oestradiol esters have been promoted as treatments for mismating. Recomemnded protocols are as follows: (i) oestradiol cypionate 0.44 mg per kg up to a maximum of 1 mg, intramuscularly, once during oestrus, (ii) oestradiol benzoate 0.01 mg per kg subcutaneously, 3, 5 and 7 days after mating. Due to a significantly increased risk of induced pyometra after oestrogenic-induced abortion, it is no longer recommend to use oestrogens to treat mismating in bitches and queens. Use of prostaglandin. Prostaglandin F2a is luteolytic and causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle. In farm animals, prostaglandin F2a is synthesised in the uterine endometrium and released in late dioestrus and at parturition, causing luteolysis, which occurs as a result of cell death and antisteroidogenesis effect mediated by protein kinase C. However, specific mechanism of action in carnivores is poorly understood. Adverse effects appear within 5 to 120 min after administration and may last 20 to 30 min. These adverse effects are dose-dependent (in bitches, LD50 of dinoprost is 5.13 mg per kg after subcutaneous administration). Prior administration of atropine can attenuate the adverse effects. A combination of atropine, metopimazine and prifinium bromure has been proposed by some authors, 15 to 20 min prior to prostaglandin administration, in order to minimise adverse effects. Butylscopolamine may also be effective for minimising adverse effects of prostaglandin F2a. Natural or synthetic prostaglandin F2a is rarely capable of inducing luteolysis in early pregnancy (before 15th to 20th day). However, high doses (150-250 g per kg, twice daily for 4-5 days ) may be succesfully used around the 15th to 25th day after ovulation. Smaller doses (20 g per kg, thrice daily) around 20th to 21st day after ovulation may also be useuful. For inducing abortion in bitches, by using natural prostaglandin F2a in mid-pregnancy (around 30th day), the following regime is recommended: (i) moderate doses: 30 to 50 g per kg twice a day for 5 to 9 days, (ii) increasing doses: starting 30 to 50 g per kg, then increasing to 100 to 200 g per kg after several days, (iii) high doses: 200 to 250 g per kg twice a day for 4 to 7 days. However, side effects (emesis, salivation, defecation, respiratory distress) are often induced when using immediately a high dosage. A recommended protocol is to start, using repeated injections twice to thrice daily, for at least seven days, first with low doses (25 g per kg) for one or two days, increasing to doses of 50 g per kg, then further increasing to doses of 100 g per kg after four days, if higher doses are well tolerated by the bitch. For inducing abortion, by using synthetic prostaglandin F2a, cloprostenol is effective at a dose rate of 2.5 g per kg, three injections at 48-hour intervals, after the 25th day. For inducing abortion in queens, administration of dinoprost at a dose rate of 0.25 to 0.5 mg per animal, subcutaneously, twice, every 48-hours, is usually effective within 8 to 24 h. This protocol may also work earlier in gestation, especially if a higher dose rate and a more frequent regime is used, but it is more reliable from 40th day, as the corpus luteum in cats and dogs is quite resistant to the effect of prostaglandin prior to mid-gestation. Natural prostaglandins are better tolerated by queens than by dogs

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and thus, injections two to three times a day for five days may be used. Use of antiprogestins. Progesterone plays a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining pregnancy in bitches and queens. It permits maturation of uterine cells, in order to prepare them for implantation, it stimulates glandular secretions of the endometrium required for embryo development, it closes the cervix and it reduces uterine contractility. Anti-progestins are synthetic steroids which bind with a great affinity to progesterone receptors, preventing progesterone from exerting its biological effects. They act as true receptor-antagonists, preventing the uterine effects of progesterone without initially decreasing serum progesterone concentrations. Affinity of aglepristone for uterine receptors is three (bitch)- or nine (queen)-times greater than that of progesterone itself. Aglepristone at a dose rate of 10 mg per kg subcutaneously given twice, 24 hours apart, is the recommended agent. Aglepristone can be used from the 1st to the 45th day after mating. Antibiotics are not required when performing the treatment, unless there is a specific need to treat a known infection. It seems preferable, in order to avoid failures due to a premature treatment, to wait until the end of oestrus period for using the protocol described above. When treatment is performed very early after mating, while a bitch is still in oestrus, it may be recommended to assay progesterone plasma level in order to see if aglepristone has a chance to be effective. If the bitch had not yet ovulated, it may be better to wait a few days before beginning the treatment protocol (duration of aglepristone efficacy after injection is approximately 7 days). Treatment before 25th day after mating results in nearly 100% in utero embryonic resorption, with generally no clinical signs. Treatments after that day ("mid-abortion") may lead to induced abortion within seven days, with a prolonged vaginal discharge, mammary development and maternal behaviour patterns. This raises ethical concerns and may cause inconvenience to the owner. Efficacy of aglepristone-induced abortion after the 25th day is approximately 95%. In case of such treatment, it is recommended to perform an ultrasound examination 10 days later to ensure that complete abortion has occurred and that the uterus is empty. After the 35th day of pregnancy, it may be necessary to use a combination of aglepristone and prostaglandin F2a to accelerate expulsion, to ensure complete emptying of the uterus and to prevent uterine infection. The manufacturers do not recommend use after the 45th day, in order to avoid intra-uterine foetal mummification. Usually, subsequently to treatment, interoestrous intervals are significantly reduced by 1 to 3 months. Treatment does not seem to alter future reproduction in the aborted bitch. In queens, the dose is slightly higher than in bitches and consists of two subcutaneous injections of 15 mg per kg, at 24 hour interval, between day 0 and 45th after mating. Efficacy of this protocol is higher before (95%) than after (85%) foetal implantation. In 50% of queens, termination of pregnancy takes place within three days. In most cases, the following inter-oestrous interval is significantly shortened, and the queen rapidly returns to oestrus with a high fertility. Use of dopamine-agonists. Prolactin is one of two luteotrophs in the dog (along with LH). Hypothalamic dopamine has inhibitory control over prolactin secretion at the pituitary level, so dopamine agonists inhibit prolactin secretion. Cabergoline is a specific dopamine agonist. Bromocriptine mesylate is a synthetic ergot alkaloid derivative, which, like cabergoline, directly inhibits prolactin by its action of D2 pituitary receptors. Cabergoline binds to pituitary receptors for over than 48 hours, making it long-acting. Cabergoline has greater bioactivity, superior receptor (D2) specificity and longer duration of action than bromocryptine. Dopamine agonists given systemically or orally during pregnancy, after 30th to 40th day post-LH surge, may induce abortion. Oral cabergoline or bromocriptine may be combined with cloprostenol (a synthetic prostaglandin analog) to reduce the dose of both drugs in both bitches and queens. In bitches, the following protocols can be used. Administration of cabergoline at a dose rate of 5 g per kg per day, per os, for five days or at a dose rate of 1.7g per kg per day, subcutaneously, every 2

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days for 6 days, results in abortion in 100% of bitches treated from 40th day post-LH-surge, but only in 25% of bitches treated from 30th day post-LH surge. Combined administration of cabergoline (5 g per kg per day, per os, for 10 days) plus cloprostenol (five injections of 1 g per kg every 48 h, subcutaneously) from 28th day post-LH-surge will induce abortion in >95% of bitches. Finally, administration of bromocriptine at dose rate of 50 to 100 g per kg per os, twice a day for five to ten days is not consistently effective in inducing abortion before 40th day. This treatment should never be discontinued until termination of pregnancy has been confirmed. It is noteworthy that the regime is not efficient before 30th day. For pregnancy termination in queens, it is not recommended to use dopaminergic drugs alone, as the results are contradictory. However, after the 40th day of pregnancy, cabergoline (5 g per kg daily for 7 days) or bromocryptine (25 to 50 g per kg thrice daily for 7 days) would lead to pregnancy termination, often associated with foetal expulsion. Combined treatment with prostaglandin F2a should begin earlier, on 25th day after first breeding; abortion can be induced using three injections of cloprostenol (5 g per kg) at 48-hour intervals (D1, D3 and D5) associated with daily oral administration of cabergoline (5 g per kg for 7 to 10 days). This regime does not lead to any side effects. Use of corticosteroids. Oral administration of dexamethasone has been advocated to be abortifacient. It has been suggested that, beginning on 30th day post-LH-surge, oral administration of dexamethasone at a dose rate of 0.2 mg per kg per day, every 12 h for 9.5 days, with a dose decrement from 0.16 to 0.022 mg per kg over the last five administrations, is nearly 100% effective in terminating pregnancy 7 to 15 days after start of treatment. Adverse effects are usually mild and include only transient and reversible polydipsia and polyuria. Use of GnRH agonists or antagonists. A new generation of compounds, manufactured as subcutaneous implants, may prove to have some efficacy in pregnancy termination in bitches.

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CANINE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: NEW OPTIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MONITORINGK. AllenspachThe Royal Veterinary College, University Of London, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, England.

Clinical activity indices for canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). In human medicine, indices for clinical activity of disease are calculated for patients before, during and after therapy, therefore enabling the comparison of clinical severity over time and between different patients. These indices are calculated based on clinical symptoms (frequency of diarrhoea, blood in the faeces, abdominal cramping, systemic symptoms associated with IBD) and serum markers such as c-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin measurement. A recent study describes the applicability of a clinical index of disease for canine cases (canine IBD activity of disease index or CIBDAI). Six gastrointestinal parameters (attitude/activity, appetite, vomiting, stool consistency, stool frequency and weight loss) are evaluated and scored from 1 to 3 and added up to a composite score of 0 to 3 for insignificant disease, 4 to 5 for mild IBD, 6 to 8 for moderate IBD and 9 or greater for severe clinical IBD. In a clinical study, 58 dogs with a median CIBDAI of 5.5 were re-evaluated after 2 to 3 weeks of treatment and were found to have a significantly decreased CIBDAI to a median of 1.6. Similar findings were obtained in another study carried out in Switzerland, where in 42 dogs with diet responsive disease, the median CIBDAI decreased significantly from 6.3 before to a median of 1.2 after treatment. In the 23 dogs with steroid-responsive disease, median CIBDAI was higher before starting treatment (CIBDAI 9.2) and decreased only into the range of moderate disease activity after treatment (CIBDAI 5.5). The CIBDAI and additional parameters, such as albumin measurements, assessment of the degree of peripheral oedema and ascites, as well as severity of pruritus, were also studied for their prognostic value regarding outcome. 13 of the 70 (18%) dogs were euthanised due to intractable disease. Univariate analysis identified a high clinical activity index, high endoscopic score in the duodenum, hypocobalaminaemia ("1" ( ) 143/150 . , (p=0,01). pH (>7,0) (p7.0) were recorded in milk from challenged side. The organism was isolated from tissue samples (48/100). Presence of folds, hyperaemia, rough internal lining and petechiae were seen in the teats. Follicle-like structures, characterized by accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells, with an apparent germinal centre, were observed in the lamina propria between the teat duct and the teat cistern. Mild histological lesions were observed in the mammary parenchyma. Within the teat lymphoid follicles, CD79+, CD3+, -T+ and MHC-II+ cells were present. In teats, a marked increase of CD8+ cells was recorded from 3 to 5 days after challenge. Numbers of immuno-labelled cells in supra-mammary lymph nodes of challenged sides were equal to or higher than in the contralateral lymph nodes. Numbers of CD79+, CD4+ and CD68+ cells were also significantly higher in ewes euthanatized at later days after challenge; at each time-point, the number of CD8+ cells was smaller than those of other cells. Conclusion. The findings support the hypothesis that the lymphoid structures observed in the teats of ewes are similar to inducible-lymphoid-follicles.

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MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS . 1, . 1, . 2, . 11

E -, , , 75, 11855 , 2 , , , 176, 11527 .

. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis . . 178 , 63 2-4 , , , . , , 25% . , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA, Real time PCR . . Fisher ELISA (P=0,028). ELISA 3,24 . RT-PCR . . Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

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INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ABORTION-RECORD IN GOATS AND TEST-POSITIVITY TO MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSISE. Liandris1, M. Andreadou1, M. Gazouli2, J. Ikonomopoulos11

Laboratory of Anatomy- Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece, 2 Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 176 Michalakopoulou st., 11527 Athens, Greece.

Objective. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence required to exploit the potential association between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infection of goats and abortion-record. Materials and methods. We collected in total 178 serum, milk and faecal samples from 63, 2-4 years old, female goats from three geographically unrelated, herds with a record of paratuberculosis and abortion of unspecified etiology. The animals were selected randomly and the size of population tested was estimated to correspond to no less than 25% of the animals of the same sex and age per herd at the time of sampling. The serum samples were used for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Brucella-specific antibody by ELISA, while milk and feces were processed for isolation and detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis- DNA by cultivation and RT-PCR, respectively. Results. ELISA - positivity was linked at a statistically significant level (P=0.028) with abortion. Goats that reacted positively by ELISA were 3.24 times more likely to have aborted than those with no detectable antibody titer. No statistically significant association was recorded between abortion-record and RT-PCR positivity to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis of fecal or milk samples. Conclusion. The study provides the first indications of a potential association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infection in goats and abortion-record, and suggests that a more extensive investigation should preferably rely on serology.

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: 21 B 16.00 - 17.30

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: . . 1, . 2, . 11 2

, , , 43100 , , TEI , .

(P) , , ( 2,00 0,1%). . , : - , , . , , , . . , , , , , . , . , . , . , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . , . , . , , , . , , -

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A REVIEW OF OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF PIGS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR REDUCTIONI. Giannenas1, J. Skoufos2, I. Kyriazakis11 2

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Husbandry, Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece, Department of Animal Production, TEI Epirus, Arta, Greece.

After energy and protein, phosphorus is the next most expensive nutrient in many pig feeds costing around 2.00 for each 0.1% of digestible phosphorus. A deficiency in phosphorus results in skeletal defects and may also reduce lean tissue growth rate. At the same time, excess phosphorus in pig diets contributes to environmental pollution: phosphorus accumulates in the soil and contributes via leaching and run-off to eutrophication both of the ground and of fresh water sources where it may cause excessive growth of algae. Some European countries, e.g., the Netherlands and Denmark, have strict environmental legislation regarding phosphorus excretion, which is linked to levies. The aim of this talk is to discuss recent data about phosphorus requirements of different classes of pigs and provide suggestions for opportunities on how to improve the supply of digestible phosphorus to pigs, in a manner that more closely matches their requirements and simultaneously reduces phosphorus excretion and feed costs. In order to achieve a reduction in phosphorus excretion and decrease the economic loss, some recommendations are made. Firstly, it is necessary that phosphorus supply in pig feeds should be precisely estimated. Second, formulation of feeds should be based on a digestible phosphorus basis and avoidance of errors in feed preparation and delivery will enable reduced safety margins in feed formulation in relation to P content. The home mixing sector would be the particular beneficiary of this. Consideration should be given to whether the diets contain exogenous phytase, which now seemed to be a routine in pig feeds, in order for the feed digestible phosphorus contents to be more accurately estimated. Another necessary step is the accurate prediction of food intake under Greek farming conditions that will allow current large safety margins for phosphorus content of pig feeds to be reduced. More frequent changes of the feed composition offered to pigs, accompanied by a change in its digestible phosphorus content will match more closely the requirements of particular classes of pigs. This would be the case for both finisher pigs, whose phosphorus requirements expressed per unit of feed are reduced substantially in the latter stages of growth, and gestating sows that have relatively low phosphorus requirements in the earlier parts of gestation. Consideration of the reproductive effort and the food allowance of lactating sows will lead to more accurate supply of phosphorus to meet sow requirements. The issue of whether the sows are indoor or outdoor ones should be taken into account as this can influence the sow food intake. Accurate estimates of the digestible phosphorus contents of new

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feedstuffs that are included in the feed formulations, such as co products of the biofuel industry, are also needed. Lastly, consequences on performance and bone strength of reducing the digestible phosphorus content in the diets of finisher pigs, where conditions of low food intake prevail, along with consequences of these reductions on feed conversion efficiency and the economic effects, are discussed. In conclusion, adjustments on current phosphorus requirements will provide benefits that would not only be reflected in the performance and health of pigs but they will mainly be financial and importantly environmental ones. Maintenance of the acceptable standards of performance and health of pigs, together with environmental safety will require a more active role by veterinarians and nutritionists alike.

RIGANUM VULGARIS LLIUM SATIVUM .. 1, .. 2, .. 2, .. T3, .. 41

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. Virbamix PE (Virbac) (Tiamutine, Ceva). Virbamix PE , Origanum vulgaris and Allium sativum. . . (253 - 0 ) 288 (144 + 144 ) . 1 (T1) (), 2 (T2) Virbamix PE 1 kg / tn 3 (T3) 32 ppm. ( 673 ), . . Virbamix PE , Lawsonia intracellularis ( PCR) T1, T3. (P0,05). Virbamix PE T1 (P