Σ∆ A/D CONVERSION FOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING

tekst

VOLUME 595

THE INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER

SCIENCE

ANALOG CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING

Consulting Editor: Mohammed Ismail. Ohio State University

Related Titles:

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DESIGN OF VERY HIGH-FREQUENCY MULTIRATE SWITCHED-CAPACITOR

CIRCUITS

U, Seng Pan, Martins, Rui Paulo, Epifânio da Franca, José

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DYNAMIC CHARACTERISATION OF ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS

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MATCHING PROPERTIES OF DEEP SUB-MICRON MOS TRANSISTORS

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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER SPEED AND ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT

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Vol. 871, ISBN: 0-387-30415-0

Σ∆ A/D CONVERSION FORSIGNAL CONDITIONING

by

Kathleen PhilipsPhilips Research Laboratories,

Eindhoven, The Netherlands

and

Arthur H. M. van RoermundEindhoven University of Technology,

The Netherlands

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 1-4020-4679-0 (HB)

ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4679-7 (HB)

ISBN-10 1-4020-4680-4 (e-book)

Published by Springer,

P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

www.springer.com

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved© 2006 Springer

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording

or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception

of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered

and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Printed in the Netherlands.

ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4680-3 (e-book)

Contents

List of symbols and abbreviations ix

1 Introduction 11.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 The signal conditioning channel 92.1 Generic communication channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2 Performance parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 Conventional conditioning channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.4 Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.4.1 Technology advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.4.2 System demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.4.3 Advances in digital signal processing and analog circuit design . . 142.4.4 Digitization of the architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.5 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3 �� A/D conversion 213.1 Historical overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2 State-of-the-art in �� A/D conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.2.1 Architectural considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.2.2 Implementation aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.2.3 Performance metrics for �� ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.3 �� ADCs in future conditioning channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.3.1 The Shannon theorem and �� based signal conditioning . . . . . 293.3.2 Comparison of Nyquist and �� based signal conditioning . . . . 303.3.3 Survey of published power/performance values . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.4 Limitations of �� A/D conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.4.1 Linear limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.4.2 Non-linear limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

vi

4 Power consumption in channel building blocks 374.1 Literature on power/performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.2 Figures-of-merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.2.1 FOM related to thermal noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.2.2 FOM including distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.2.3 FOM related to signal resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.3 Power consumption in analog conditioning circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3.1 Power/performance relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.4 Power consumption in a �� ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.4.1 Power/performance relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.4.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4.5 Power consumption in digital conditioning circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 474.5.1 Filter functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.5.2 Power/performance relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.5.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.6 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5 Full-analog and full-digital conditioning channels 575.1 Full-analog conditioning channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5.1.1 The conditioning channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.2 Full-digital conditioning channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

5.2.1 The conditioning channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595.2.2 Power/performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

6 Conditioning �� ADCs 676.1 Generic conditioning �� ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6.1.1 Concept of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676.1.2 Universal model of a �� modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726.1.3 Interferer immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726.1.4 Power/performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

6.2 Signal conditioning in the decimation filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796.2.1 Interferer immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.2.2 The conditioning channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816.2.3 Power/performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

6.3 Signal conditioning with a restricted filtering STF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.3.1 Interferer immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.3.2 The conditioning channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.3.3 Power/performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.3.4 Conditioning hybrid �� ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

6.4 Signal conditioning by unrestricted STF design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.4.1 Interferer immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.4.2 The conditioning channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

CONTENTS

vii

6.4.3 Power/performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986.5 Comparison of conditioning ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

6.5.1 Comparison of topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006.5.2 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016.5.3 Power consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026.5.4 Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

6.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

7 Digitization of the inter-die interface 1057.1 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057.2 Power in the interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

7.2.1 Analog interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087.2.2 Digital interface after decimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087.2.3 Digital interface before decimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087.2.4 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

7.3 Application to the conditioning channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

8 Highly analog and highly digital channels for FM/AM radio 1138.1 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

8.1.1 Conventional radio with analog demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . 1148.1.2 Radio with digital demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

8.2 VGA design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168.2.1 Highly linear VGA design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178.2.2 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

8.3 ADC design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248.3.1 Conventional solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248.3.2 �� ADC with integrated passive mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258.3.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

8.4 Evaluation of the channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358.4.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358.4.2 Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

8.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

9 Conditioning �� ADCs for Bluetooth 1399.1 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

9.1.1 Conventional radio with analog demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . 1409.1.2 Radio with digital demodulation and analog signal-conditioning . 1419.1.3 Radio with digital demodulation, without analog signal conditioning141

9.2 Feed forward �� ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1429.2.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1439.2.2 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

9.3 Conditioning feedback �� ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569.3.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1579.3.2 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

CONTENTS

-

viii

9.4 FFB-ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1709.4.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719.4.2 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

9.5 Evaluation of the channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819.5.1 Benchmark with published ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829.5.2 Comparison of the presented ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829.5.3 Benchmark with published Bluetooth conditioning channels . . . 187

9.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

10 General conclusions 191

A Overview of published �� ADCs 193

B Power/performance relation of analog circuits 199B.1 Simple differential pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199B.2 Differential pair in a global feed-back configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . 200B.3 Degenerated differential pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

C Power/performance relation of digital filters 203C.1 Analysis of the filter topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203C.2 Calculation of filter parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204C.3 Calculation of power consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205C.4 Extension to other implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

D Third-order distortion in analog circuits and �� ADCs 207

E Power consumption in a data interface 211E.1 Analog data interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211E.2 Digital data interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

References 215

CONTENTS

List of symbols and abbreviations

Symbol Description Unit

BW bandwidth of the wanted signal HzC capacitance Fc linearized quantizer gain for a �� ADCC0(t) matched filterCCh conditioning channeld linearized DAC gain for a �� ADCdBFS ratio (in decibels) of the signal power compared to the full-

scale power of a digital data formatdBFS

DR dynamic range; i.e. ratio of the maximum signal power to theminimum detectable signal power in the same bandwidth

DRdB DR expressed in decibels dBDSP Digital Signal ProcessingF implementation factor, i.e. the ratio of FOM(ADC) over

FOM(reference ADC)

fa transition frequency from a high-order to a first-order slopeof a transfer function

Hz

FFB-ADC filtering-feedback �� ADCfug unity-gain bandwidth Hzfs Nyquist sample ratefsw average switching frequency; i.e. the inverse of the average

number of 0 −1 transitions in a digital data sequenceHz

IM3 ratio of the amplitude of the third-order intermodulationcomponent, to the amplitude of the fundamental signals. Thefundamental signals both are applied at half of the full-scalelevel.

IM3,dB IM3 expressed in decibels dBc

k Boltzmann’s constant equaling 1.38×10−23 J/K J/KL order of the loop filter of a �� ADCm over-sampling factorMASH multi-stage noise shapingN number of bits of a quantizer

x

Symbol Description Unit

NTF noise transfer functionp ratio between the bandwidth of the entire signal (including

the wanted and interferer channels) and the bandwidth of thewanted signal only

P power consumption Wq ratio of the amplitude of an overall signal, consisting of both

wanted and interferer components, to that of the wanted sig-nal only

SINAD signal/noise-and-distortion ratio; i.e. ratio of the power of thewanted signal to the sum of the noise power and the distortionpower. All are integrated over the channel bandwidth and arepresent simultaneously

SINADdB SINAD expressed in decibels dBSNR signal/noise ratio; i.e. ratio of the power of the wanted sig-

nal to the noise power. Both are integrated over the channelbandwidth and are present simultaneously

SNRdB SNR expressed in decibels dBSTF signal transfer functionT absolute temperature Kv̂IN instantaneous amplitude of a wanted signal Vv̂MIN minimum amplitude of a wanted signal Vv̂MAX maximum amplitude of a wanted signal Vvn short-hand notation for the rms value of an input-referred,

equivalent noise source, measured over the wanted channelonly

V

VDD positive supply voltage VVSS negative supply voltage V

LIST OF SYMBOLS