Χώμα και Ξύλο_Πολυτεχνείο Κρήτης

!"#$ & %&'(

2004

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

;63.6<=µ68,:

1. !"#$%&%'……………………………………………………………………………... 3

2. ($ )*+"$ ,$#")- ./")- $01 23 0$+4/516 µ78+" #'µ4+$

2.1. 9/")- 23. 0$+4/51623:………………………………………………………………4

2.2. ;*%8+36$ ./")- …………………………………………………………………….10

3. !0"/3%' 2&6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6………………………………………………………11

4. >$+-%3624: 03. 40"<+3*6 #2$ <3µ")- ./")-…………………………………….12

5. ?$2$6-/&#@ 467+%4"$: #2$ )2A+"$- !)2Aµ@#@ 23. ?*)/3. B&': LCA )2"+A3.…13

6. C+'#@ D"/")=6 0+3: 23 04+",-//36 <3µ")=6 ./")=6

6.1. E46")7: $+87:………………………………………………………………………..16

6.2. F")3/3%")1 04+",$//362")1 "#3B*%"3 2&6 ./")=6………………………………..17

6.3. >+3<"$%+$D7: ./")=6………………………………………………………………18

6.4. >4+",$//362")- 8$+$)2@+"#2")- ,$#")=6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6…………………….20

7. >$+$<3#"$)- ./")-

7.1. 9/")- )$2$#)4.': 2@: 4//@6")': 0$+$<3#"$)': $+8"24)236")':………………23

7.2. 9/")- )$2$#)4.': 2@: 0$+$<3#"$)': )"67B")@: $+8"24)236")':……………….24

7.3. (3 G*/3 #2@6 0$+$<3#"$)' %"$0&67B")' $+8"24)236")'………………………27

8. C=µ$

8.1. ;*#2$#@ 0+3H162$

8.1.1. I<+$6' ./")-……………………………………………………………………...29

8.1.2. >@/3)36A$…………………………………………………………………………30

8.1.3. J+%"/3:…………………………………………………………………………….30

8.1.4. >@/1:………………………………………………………………………………30

8.1.5. ?4+$µ")-…………………………………………………………………………..31

8.2. !A<@ 4<$D=6…………………………………………………………………………32

8.3. K<"12@24: 03. <"$5724" 23 8=µ$…………………………………………………....34

8.4. ?$2$#)4.7: $01 8=µ$

8.4.1. C$+$)2@+"#2")-……………………………………………………………………36

8.4.2. C&µ-2"63" 23A83"

8.4.2.1. L3µ'……………………………………………………………………………..38

8.4.2.2. M1%3" )$2$#2+3D':-0+3#2$#A$………………………………………………40

8.4.3. ;2$54+303A@#@ 23. 8=µ$23:…………………………………………………...42

8.4.4. >4"+-µ$2$ #2$54+303A@#@:……………………………………………………..44

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 1

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9. N*/3

9.1 E46")- 8$+$)2@+"#2")-………………………………………………………………46

9.2. L3µ' 23. G*/3.……………………………………………………………………..46

9.3. K<"12@24: 23. G*/3.

9.3.1. O.#")7: "<"12@24:…………………………………………………………………46

9.3.2. P@8$6")7: "<"12@24:

9.3.2.1. O$"61µ463 4"<")1 ,-+3:………………………………………………………..49

9.3.2.2. 9%+$#A$………………………………………………………………………….49

9.3.2.3. !/$#2")12@2$……………………………………………………………………50

9.3.2.4. I62387:…………………………………………………………………………..51

9.3.2.5. ;)/@+12@2$ )$" $6238' #4 D53+-…………………………………………….52

9.3.2.6. Q4+µ3$%&%"µ12@2$…………………………………………………………….52

9.3.2.7. I)3.#2")7: "<"12@24:……………………………………………………………53

9.3.2.8. ;.µ04+"D3+- #4 0.+)$%"-…………………………………………………….53

9.4. J//$ #23"84A$ %"$ 23 G*/3

9.4.1. !A<@ <762+&6……………………………………………………………………...55

9.4.2. >+3#2$#A$ 23. G*/3.…………………………………………………………….56

9.4.3. P3+D7: 23. G*/3. #2@ <1µ@#@…………………………………………………56

9.5. >4+",$//362")- 8$+$)2@+"#2")- 23. G*/3.………………………………………58

9.6. ;*%8+36@ 0+$)2")'…………………………………………………………………59

9.7. ;84<"$#µ1: µ4 ,-#@ 23 G*/3………………………………………………………60

9.8. >4"+$µ$2"#µ1:………………………………………………………………………62

10. ?$2$#)4.' <$07<&6 $01 G*/3 )$" 8=µ$…………………………………………64

11. ?$2$#)4.' #24%=6 $01 G*/3 )$" 8=µ$…………………………………………...66

12. ;*%)+"#@ ./")=6

12.1. !67+%4"$- 4)03µ07: D$"63µ763. 23. 54+µ3)@0A3.……………………………68

12.2. IG"3/1%@#@ 46$//$)2")=6 ./")=6 )$2$#)4.':…………………………………73

12.3 ?1#23: )$2$#)4.': µ4 46$//$)2")- ./")-……………………………………….75

13. ;.µ04+-#µ$2$……………………………………………………………………….77

14. R",/"3%+$DA$…………………………………………………………………………79

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 2

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

1. >.?,@A@B S $6-02.G@ 2&6 40"#2@µ=6 )$" 2@: 24863/3%A$: 784" µ78+" #'µ4+$ 3<@%'#4" 0+3:

µ"$ 4G7/"G@ 2&6 )$2$#)4.=6 )$" 2&6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6. T2#" 67$ <3µ")- ./")- µ4

)$/*24+4: "<"12@24: 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" 0+3: 8-+@ 2@: $6238': 23.:, 2@: 1/3 )$"

µ")+124+@: $0$"23*µ46@: 404G4+%$#A$: )$" 2@: 3")363µA$: 23.:.

;2$ 0/$A#"$ 23. 4)#.%8+36"#µ3* 2$ µ78+" #'µ4+$ 0$+$<3#"$)- ./")- 03.

$62/'5@)$6 $01 2@ D*#@ )$" 8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 $01 23.: )$23A)3.: 2@: )-54

04+"38': %"$ 6$ ")$6303"'#3.6 2": 40A 2103. $6-%)4: %"$ )$2$#)4.' )$2$/.µ-2&6

0$+$µ4+A#5@)$6. ;2@ 67$ 4038' µ"$ 2-#@ 462.0&#"$#µ3* )$" 40A<4"G@:

4)µ42$//4*2@)4 2": "<"12@24: 2&6 #*%8+36&6 ./")=6 )$" 3<'%@#4 #4 <+$#2@+"12@2$

03. G7D.%4 $01 2": ,$#")7: $6-%)4: <@µ"3.+%A$: 2@: )$" 724"64 6$ ")$6303"'#4"

0+1#5424: $6-%)4:.

($ #*%8+36$ 7+%$ 78$#$6 72#" 2@6 $.5462")12@2- 23.: $//- )$" 23 8$+$)2'+$ 461:

7+%3. 03. 0@%-B362$: $01 $6-%)@ #7,42$" 2@ D*#@ )$" $)3/3.54A 23.: )$6164: 2@:.

I0327/4#µ$ 2@: .07+µ42+@: <"1%)&#@: 2&6 $#2")=6 )762+&6 )$" 2@:

4%)$2-/4"U@: 2@: .0$A5+3., 2@: 462$2")': )$" #.86- $/1%"#2@: 4)µ42-//4.#@: 2&6

D.#")=6 01+&6, 2@: ,"3µ@8$6")': )$" 4µ03+")': $6-02.G@: µ4 2": $0$"2'#4": 23.: %"$

µ4%-/@: )/Aµ$)$: 2486")- 7+%$ ' 0"3 0+1#D$2$, 2@: $6-02.G@: 23. µ$B")3*

23.+"#µ3* 03. $#)4A 0"7#4": $)1µ@ )$" #4 04+"5&+"$)7: )$2- 2$ -//$ 04+"387: 4A6$" @

.03,-5µ"#@ 23. 04+",-//3623:, 21#3 23. D.#")3* 1#3 )$" 23. $65+&03%463*:.

P4 2": )$2$#2+3D7: )$" $//3"=#4": 03. 0+3)-/4#$6 $.2- 2$ D$"61µ46$, 2$

#23"84A$ 2@: $+8"24)236")': )/@+363µ"-: 23. 0$+4/51623: 7%"6$6 #0$6"124+$ ()$"

403µ76&: 03/.2"µ124+$). I07)2@#$6 µ"$ "<"$A24+@ $GA$ &: µ36$<")7: 3-#4":-

"#3++30A$:, 03")"/A$: )$" $65+=0"63. µ72+3. µ7#$ #23 #*%8+363 24863)+$2")1

04+",-//36 03. 8$+$)2@+AB42$" $01 $6$+8A$, µ363236A$ )$" %"%$62"#µ1 ', $)1µ@, )$"

&: 0+12.0$ %"$ 2@ <@µ"3.+%A$ 461: $65+&0"6124+3. 04+",-//3623: #23 µ7//36.

;2": µ7+4: µ$: 1/3 )$" 04+"##124+3 2$ 04+",$//362")- B@2'µ$2$ %A6362$"

$62")4Aµ463 46<"$D7+3623: )$" #"%- #"%- 1/3 )$" 04+"##124+3" 23µ4A: 2@: B&': )$" 2@:

<+$#2@+"12@2$: 23. $65+=03. $6$B@23*6 µ"$ #2+3D' 0+3: 2@6 04+",$//362")'

54=+@#@.

;2$ 0/$A#"$ 2@: $4"D1+3. $6-02.G@:, @ 0+3#2$#A$ 2@: $+8"24)236")': )$" 23.

04+",-//3623: $0324/4A $0$A2@#@ 2@: #*%8+36@: 0+$%µ$2")12@2$:.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 3

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

2. C, 0D3., 7,?.01 :/.01 ,2= +4 2,36/E=8 µF<3. ?Bµ63,

2.1 9/")- 23. 0$+4/51623:

?$2- 2@6 4038' 23. /A53. 03. <"-+)4#4 03/* 04+"##124+$ 8+16"$ $01 )-54 -//@

4038' 03/"2"#µ3*, 3 -65+&03: B3*#4 #4 #.648' 40$D' µ4 2@ D*#@ )$" '2$6

4G$+2@µ763: $01 2$ #23"84A$ 2@:. [1]

S 0+=2@ D-#@ 2@: 4038': 23. /A53. 4A6$" %6&#2' µ4 23 163µ$ 0$/$"3/"5")'. ($

1+"$ 2@: <46 4A6$" #$D=: )$53+"#µ76$. 903/3%AB3.6 2@6 0+=2@ 4µD-6"#@ 23.

$65+=03. 600.000 7&: 550.000 8+16"$ 04+A03. 0+"6 $01 2@6 4038' µ$: )$" 2@6

76$+G@ 2@: µ7#@: 0$/$"3/"5")': 4038': %*+& #23 100.000 0.C. )$2- 2@6 0$/$"3/"5")'

4038' @ !.+=0@ )$/*0242$" $01 0$%42=64:. F -65+&03: <46 )$23")4A #4 µ16"µ$

µ7+@, $//- 04+"D7+42$", %"$2A $%634A 2@6 0$+$%&%' )$" 2@6 )$//"7+%4"$ 2@: %@: )$"

40","=64" µ163 $01 23 ).6'%" )$" 23 U-+4µ$ (#.//4)2")' 3")363µA$).

P42- 23 20.000 .03/3%AB3.6 32" $+8AB4" 6$ )$2$#)4.-B4" 0+184"+4: )$/*,4:, $01

2": 303A4:, 10&: 4A6$" D$64+1, <4 #=5@)4 2A032$. E46")-, )$2- 2@6 4038' $.2' @

$+8"24)236")' 4A6$" $6*0$+)2@, 10&: -//&#24 )$" )-54 7663"$ )$2$#)4.':. S <4*24+@

D-#@ 2@: 4038': 23. /A53., @ 643/"5")' $+8AB4" %*+& #23 7.500 0.C. 04+A03.. >3//-

0+-%µ$2$ $//-B3.6 )$2- 2@ 643/"5")' 4038'. F" 0$%42=64: ,$5µ"$A$ 4G$D$6AB362$"

)$" 23 )/Aµ$ %A642$" 10&: 23 #@µ4+"61. >$+-//@/$ #.624/4A2$" @ /4%1µ46@

«0$+$%&%")' 40$6-#2$#@»: 3" -65+&03" %"$ 0+=2@ D3+- $+8AB3.6 6$ 0$+-%3.6

$%$5- %"$ 2@ B&' 23.: µ4 2@6 )$//"7+%4"$ 2@: %@: )$" 2@6 4)µ42-//4.#@ 2&6 B=&6, 2$

303A$ 4G@µ4+=63.6. S #.//4)2")' 3")363µA$ 04+"3+AB42$" ,$5µ"$A$. I62A 23. 0$/$"3*

2+103. B&': 2&6 04+"D4+1µ46&6 3µ-<&6, 3" -65+&03" 4%)$5A#2$62$" #4 <"-D3+4:

04+"387: µ16"µ$ )$" %"$ 0+=2@ D3+- <@µ"3.+%4A2$" @ 7663"$ 2@: "<"3)2@#A$: 2@: %@:. S

67$ $.2' $62A/@U@ %"$ 2@ B&' D$A642$" 32" G4)A6@#4 $01 2@ P7#@ I6$23/' )$" %+'%3+$

<"$<15@)4. C$+$)2@+"#2")' 4A6$" @ 4G-0/&#@ 23. $65+=03. #4 1/3 236 )1#µ3, @

8+@#"µ303A@#@ )$24+%$#µ76&6 10/&6 )$" 4+%$/4A&6 $01 0.+"21/"53 )$" @ $6-02.G@

2@: 84"+32486A$:, 2@: $%%4"30/$#2")': (8&+A: 2@ 8+'#@ 2+383*), 2@: .D$62")': )$" 2@:

0/4)2")':. [1]

P7#$ #2@6 643/"5")' 4038' <"$)+A6362$" 07624 µ4%-/4: 4612@24: /$=6, 03.

$+%124+$ <@µ"3*+%@#$6 $62A#23"83.: 03/"2"#µ3*:. ?$" 3" 07624 $.27: 4612@24:

$6$02*##3.6 #"%- #"%- $+8"24)236")', @ 303A$ 4A6$" -//324 )$5$+- &D4/"µ"#2")'

()$23")A4:, )2/.) )" -//324 8$+$)2'+$ 5+@#)4.2")3* )$" µ6@µ4"$)3*. ?-54 4612@2$

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 4

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8+@#"µ303"4A ,$#")- 3+"#µ76$ ./")-, 2$ 303A$ 8$+$)2@+AB3.6 2@6 $+8"24)236")' 2@:.

L"$)+A63.6 2@6 4G-0/&#@ 23. 643/"5")3* 03/"2"#µ3*, &: 4G'::

>+=2@ 4612@2$: ?462+")' I#A$, I+µ46A$, >4+#A$, K+-), I6$23/")' ;.+A$ )$"

P4#3032$µA$, µ4 404)2-#4": 0+3: 2@6 )3"/-<$ 23. K6<3* )$" 23 >3.62B-µ0 2&6

K6<"=6. ;4 $.2' 2@6 4612@2$ @ 4038' 23. /A53. D2-64" &: 23 3.500 0.C. 04+A03. )$" 23

./")1 <3µ': 03. 40")+$24A 4A6$" 3 0@/1: (8+'#@ 23*,/&6 #2@6 $+8"24)236")') $//-

)$" 3 /A53:. [1]

L4*24+@ 4612@2$: P4#3%4"$)' M4)-6@, IA%.023:, R. ID+")', 6@#"- 2@: P4#3%4A3.,

$)27: 2@: P. I#A$: )$" 2@: ;.+A$, K2$/A$, !//-<$, ?+'2@, 6@#"- 23. I"%$A3. µ4

407)2$#@ #2@6 K#0$6A$ )$" 2@6 >3+23%$/A$. ;2@ <4*24+@ 4612@2$ @ 4038' 23. /A53.

D5-64" &: 23 2.500 0.C. 04+A03. )$" 40")+$24A &: ,$#")1 ./")1 <3µ': @ 072+$. ;4

$.2'6 $6')3.6 2$ 643/"5")- 2@: !//-<$: 03. 7<&#$6 $+%124+$ 2@ 57#@ 23.: #23

µ"6&")1 )$" 236 4//$<")1 03/"2"#µ1 2@: 4038': 23. 8$/)3* )$" %"$ 23.: 303A3.: 5$

%A64" /1%3:. !0A#@: #2@6 IA%.023 .DA#2$2$" 643/"5")1: 03/"2"#µ1: 03. 3<@%4A

$+%124+$ #4 4)4A636 23. )+-23.: 2&6 O$+$=. !6<"$D7+362$ )2A#µ$2$ 2@: 4038':

$.2': <"$#=5@)$6 #2@ 6'#3 P-/2$, 103. µ4%-/$ µ6@µ4A$ ' 6$3A #4 #0'/$"$

D$64+=63.6 4"<")' $6-02.G@ )$" 40"<4G"12@2$ #2@ /-G4.#@ 23. /A53.. [1]

(+A2@ 4612@2$: ?462+")' !.+=0@, )3"/-<$ 23. L3*6$,@, P$*+@ 5-/$##$ )$"

404)2-#4": 0+3: 2": ;)$6<"6$,")7: 8=+4:, 2@6 E$//A$ )$" 2@6 I%%/A$. ;4 $.2'6 2@6

4612@2$ 40")+$24A #$6 ./")1 23 G*/3. I+8AB4" 04+A03. #2$ 1.500 8+16"$ 0.C.. ;2":

0+=24: D-#4": 2@: 643/"5")': 4038': #2@6 !.+=0@ 40")+$23*6 3" )$/*,4: µ4 #8'µ$

#2+3%%./1 ' 4//4"U34"<7: $01 G*/$, µ4 #27%@ $01 0/4)27: +-,<3.: )$" -8.+$. ;2@6

24/4.2$A$ D-#@ -+8"#$6 6$ %A6362$" 3" /"µ6$A3" 3")"#µ3A. E6&#23A 4A6$" $.23A %*+& $01

23 L3*6$,@, 2": /Aµ64: 2@: !/,42A$: (E464*@: )$" Neuchatel), %A6362$6 #4 µ7+@ +@8-

)$" )$2- )$616$ #2@+AB362$6 #4 )$2$)1+.D3.: 0$##-/3.: 1-1.5 µ72+3 0-6& $01 2$

64+-. T6$ G*/"63 0-2&µ$ #2@+"B12$6 0-6& #23.: 0$##-/3.: )$" 0-6& #4 $.21

#2@612$6 3" )$/*,4:, G*/"64: 40A#@: µ4 #27%@ $01 )$/-µ"$ )$" -8.+$. P"$ )"6@2'

%7D.+$ #*6<44 23 0-2&µ$ µ4 2@6 $)2', 46= µ7#$ $01 2": )$/*,4: <"$µ3+D&612$6

)$2$0$)2', $01 2@6 303A$ µ03+3*#$6 6$ U$+4*3.6. [1]

>$+4µD4+4A: µ4 23.: 0$+$0-6& 3")"#µ3*: '2$6 3" 24++$µ-+4:, 03. $6')3.6

1µ&: #2@6 4038' 23. 8$/)3*. ?362- #4 032$µ3*: #8@µ$2"B12$6 µ4 04+"µ42+")' 2-D+3

03. %7µ"B4 64+1, 76$ 3+53%=6"3 µ7#$ #23 303A3 )$2$#)4.$B12$6 0$##$/10@)23

0-2&µ$ µ4 )$/*,4:. >$+-<4"%µ$ 23. 4A<3.: 783.µ4 #2@ R. K2$/A$, )362- #236 032$µ1

>-<3 (P3<76$, >-<3,$). F" )$/*,4: 4A8$6 )$636")' 0/$"#"&2' )$2$#)4.' #23.:

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 5

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

23A83.: 23.:, $01 G*/3 46A324 )$" 0@/1 µ$BA µ4 -//4: 4/$D+7: */4:. [1]

($ #03.<$"124+$ )$2-/3"0$ 2@: 643/"5")': 4038': 4A6$" 2$ µ4%$/"5")- µ6@µ4A$.

>+1)4"2$" %"$ )$2$#)4.-#µ$2$ µ6@µ4"$)3* 8$+$)2'+$, 2$ #03.<$"124+$ $01 2$ 303A$

,+75@)$6 #2@ E$//A$ )$" 2@6 I%%/A$. F" /$3A 0-62&: 03. <@µ"3*+%@#$6 #2@6

!.+=0@ 2$ µ4%$/"5")- µ6@µ4A$ <46 0$+3.#A$#$6 #4 µ42$%467#24+@ 4038'

$+8"24)236")' 23. /A53., #4 $62A54#@ µ4 23.: /$3*: 2@: <4*24+@: 4612@2$:

(P4#3%4"$)3*:). [1]

(72$+2@ !612@2$: J0& I6$23/', ?A6$, K$0&6A$. ;4 $.2'6 2@6 4612@2$ %A642$"

8+'#@ /A5&6, 0@/3* (23*,/&6) )$" G*/&6 #4 03//3*: #.6<.$#µ3*:, 03. 3<@%4A #4

µ42$%467#24+@ 4038', #4 "<"12.0@ $+8"24)236")'. E"$ 2@6 0+=2@ 04+A3<3 2@:

$+8"24)236")': 2@: J0& I6$23/': 4/-8"#2$ 0+-%µ$2$ 4A6$" %6&#2-. F )*)/3: 2@:

$+%124+$ 404)24A642$" #2@6 P3%%3/A$, 2@6 K6<3)A6$, 2@6 ?3+7$ )$" 2@6 P$/$"#A$. [1]

>7µ02@ 4612@2$: ?462+")' )$" V12"3: Iµ4+")'. ;4 $.2' 2@6 4612@2$ µ4%-/3 +1/3

70$"G4 0-/" @ )$24+%$#A$ )$" @ 46 %764" 8+'#@ 23. /A53.. [1]

P4 2@6 0-+3<3 /3"016 23. 8+163. 3" 0+1%363" 23. #*%8+363. $65+=03.,

,4/2"=6362$: 2$ ./")- )$" 2": µ451<3.: )$2$#)4.':, )$21+5&#$6 6$ <=#3.6 µ3+D'

)$" 4#&24+")' <"-2$G@ #23.: 8=+3.: 2723"$ =#24 6$ )$/*023.6 2": <"$+)=:

$.G$61µ464: $6-%)4: 23.:.

($ ./")- 03. 8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 %"$ 2": )$2$#)4.7: '2$6 $+8")- 3#2- )$" <7+µ$2$

B=&6 )$5=: )$" G*/$ )$" 4/$D+124+$ D.2")- 0+3H162$ )$" µ42- D.#")3A /A53". ;"%--

#"%- 1µ&: µ4 2@6 )$2$#)4.' )$" ,4/2A&#@ 4+%$/4A&6 $01 µ72$//3 (8$/)1 ' #A<@+3) 3

-65+&03: -+8"#4 6$ 404G4+%-B42$" 2$ 0+=2$ $.2- <3µ")- ./")- )$" "<"$A24+$ 23.:

/A53.: )$" 2$ G*/$ )$" 6$ )$2$#)4.-B4" )$/*24+$ 7+%$.

!").1 ;)@6' K6<"-6&6 #2@ ,1+4"3 Iµ4+")' [2]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 6

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

!").2 >42+182"#23 3A)@µ$ #2@6 ?+'2@ [3]

F /A53: '2$6 23 ./")1, 03. /1%& 2&6 )$/=6 µ@8$6")=6 "<"32'2&6 23. )$" ).+A&:

2@: µ4%-/@: $6238': 23. #23 8+163, $0327/4#4 23 ).+"124+3 <3µ")1 ./")1.

;'µ4+$ #=B362$" /A5"64: )$2$#)4.7: µ4%-/@: 2486")': 24/4"12@2$:. E7D.+4:, 24A8@

D+3.+A&6 )$" $)+301/4&6, /A5"63" 0*+%3" )$" 53/&27: #27%4:, .<+$%&%4A$, µ4%-/$

<@µ1#"$ )2A+"$ )$" 6$3A, @/")A$: 8"/"-<&6 42=6.

>3//3A 0"#24*3.6 32" 2$ 072+"6$ )2A+"$ 0$+3.#"-B362$" #2@6 "#23+A$ 0+"6 $01 2":

G*/"64: )$2$#)4.7:. S 4µ04"+A$ <4A864" 32" @ 404G4+%$#A$ 2@: 072+$: 4A6$" 03/* 0"3

<*#)3/@ $01 32" 23. G*/3.. ;4 $.21 $: 0+3#57#3.µ4 23 %4%361: 32" @ D&2"- )$" 3"

01/4µ3" 4G$D-6"#$6 2$ )$2-/3"0$ 23. G*/3. )$" -D@#$6 µ163 A86@ $01 072+$. [4]

E"$ 2@6 )$2$#)4.' 2&6 0.+$µA<&6 8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 G*/"6$ 0/$A#"$. P-/"#2$

2$ 4+%$/4A$ 03. 8+@#"µ303"3*#$6 3" G./3.+%3A 2@: I"%*023., #.µ04+"/$µ,$63µ76&6

2&6 )30"<"=6 )$" 2&6 84"+3)A6@2&6 0/$6=6, µ3"-B3.6 03/* µ4 2$ #@µ4+"6-. I)1µ$

)$" #2$ )4Aµ46$ 2@: RA,/3., #2": 04+"%+$D7: 2@: )$2$#)4.': 23. 6$3* 23. ;3/3µ=62$

<"$,-B3.µ4 32" 8+@#"µ303"'5@)4 G*/3 $01 23.: )7<+3.: 23. M",-63.. [4]

(3 %4%361: 32" #2": µ4#3%4"$)7: 8=+4:, 10&: %"$ 0$+-<4"%µ$ @ !//-<$,

#.6$62-µ4 072+"64: )$" 18" G*/"64: )$2$#)4.7: <")$"3/3%4A2$" $01 2@6 7//4"U@ 23.

G*/3. #$6 0+=2@ */@. F" µ3+D7: 1µ&: $62")$2302+AB3.6 2@ 8+'#@ G*/3. #2$

0$/$"124+$ 8+16"$. ;4 76$6 2.0")1 $+8$"3/3%")1 6$1 10&: 3 6$1: 23. >$+546=6$

23. 53. 0.8. $"=6$, ,+A#)3.µ4 )A364: #2+3%%./3*:, µ4 µ.24+' $01/@G@ )$" %4+3*:,

10&: $)+",=: 4A6$" )$" 3" )3+µ3A 2&6 <762+&6. (3 40"#2*/"3 '2$6 23 <3)-+" 03.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 7

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

0$23*#4 #4 1/3.: 23.: )A364: )$2- 0/-23: 23. )2"+A3.. >-6& #4 $.21 23 <3)-+"

23035423*#$6 %&6"$)- <3)-+"$, 03. #.%)+$23*#$6 2$ 0-6& 0$2=µ$2$. W2$6 24/")-

3 6$1: )$2$#)4.-#2@)4 $01 072+$, 3" %&6A4: 4G4/A82@)$6 #2$ %6&#2- µ$: 2+A%/.D$.

I)1µ$ )$" 2$ )"361)+$6$ 03. ,+A#)362$" $6-µ4#$ #23.: )A364: )$" 23 40"#2*/"3,

µ"µ3*62$" #4 µ4%-/3 ,$5µ1 2@6 0+3@%3*µ46@ 8+'#@ G*/"6&6 <"$23µ=6, 03.

23035423*62$6 #23 #@µ4A3 $.21 %"$ 6$ 0+3#2$27U3.6 23.: G*/"63.: #2*/3.: $01 2@6

.%+$#A$.

Wµ&: 23 G*/3 #2@6 !.+=0@ <46 4A6$" 0$623* 4)/4)21. ;2@ R$/2")' )$" #2":

;)$6<"6$,")7: 8=+4: .0'+84 0-62$ $0154µ$ G./4A$: )$" ).+A&: G./4A$: 4/-23. 03.

µ03+3*#4 6$ 8+@#"µ303"@54A $04.54A$: #2@6 )$2$#)4.'. [4]

(3 G*/3 '2$6 40A#@: $01 2$ 0+=2$ ./")- 03. 8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 %"$ 2@6

)$2$#)4.' )$2$/.µ-2&6 )$" $+%124+$ #.6542124+&6 )$23")"=6. !0A#@: $01 )3+µ3*:

<76<+&6 $)$27+%$#2&6 ' )$24+%$#µ76&6 <@µ"3.+%'5@)$6 38.+=#4": 3")"#µ=6 )$"

$)+301/4&6, #27%4: #0"2"=6 )$" 6$=6, %7D.+4:, 3<3#2+=µ$2$ )$" µ")+- D+-%µ$2$

%"$ 2@ #.%)+-2@#@ 2&6 .<-2&6. !/-8"#24: 1µ&: G*/"64: )$2$#)4.7: <"$2@+'5@)$6

µ78+" #'µ4+$ /1%& ).+A&: 2@: µ")+': $6238': 23. G*/3. #2": 4G&24+")7: #.65')4:.

!").3 I6$0$+-#2$#@ /"µ6$A3. 3")"#µ3* 2@: 643/"5")': 4038': #2@ /Aµ6@ 2@: ?&6#2$62A$:

(G. Mansuelli). [1]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 8

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

(7/3:, 8+@#"µ303"'5@)4 $01 2$ 0$/"- 8+16"$ &: <3µ")1 ./")1 )$" 23 8=µ$, 03.

04+"784" -+%"/3, <@/$<' 3 0@/1:. ;2@6 $+8' 8+@#"µ303"'5@)4 .01 µ3+D' )36"-µ$23:

(/-#0@) %"$ 6$ %4µA#4" 2$ )46-, 03. .0'+8$6 #4 )$2$#)4.7: $01 $)$27+%$#23.:

/A53.: ' G*/$. I+%124+$ 3 0@/1:, µ4 )$2-//@/@ 404G4+%$#A$, ,4/2"=5@)4 03"32")- )$"

.01 µ3+D' 0+A#µ$23:, &: &µ' 0/A653: (0/A5+$), %"$ 03//3*: $"=64: '2$6 23

#03.<$"124+3 <3µ")1 ./")1, "<A&: 103. #0-6"B$6 3" /A53". (7/3: µ4 23 U'#"µ3 23.

0@/3* 7%"64 <.6$2' @ 0$+$#)4.' ./")=6 $6=24+@: 03"12@2$:, 2$ 303A$ µ78+" #'µ4+$

8+@#"µ303"3*62$" #4 03//7: 4D$+µ3%7:. (723"$ ./")-, 03. 363µ-B362$" )4+$µ")-,

4A6$" 3" 30210/"653" (23*,/$), 2$ )4+$µA<"$ )$" 3" )4+$µ")7: 0/-)4:.

!").4 ;.%)+12@µ$ )2"+A&6 µ3618&+&6 3")@µ-2&6 82"#µ76&6 $01 /-#0@, #23 V73 P4G")1

[2]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 9

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

2.2 ;*%8+36$ 9/")-

F" /A53", 2$ G*/$ )$" 2$ )4+$µ")- ./")- $0327/4#$6 2$ ,$#")- <3µ")- ./")- &: 2$

µ7#$ 23. 04+$#µ763. $"=6$. I01 2124 4µD$6AB362$" /1%& 2@: $6$)-/.U@: 67&6

0@%=6 467+%4"$: 67$ <3µ")- ./")- µ4 .U@/124+3. ,$5µ3* "<"12@24:. [5]

($ ,$#")124+$ $01 $.2- 4A6$":

- F !"#$"%&'. 9/")1 $+)42- 0$/"1 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" &: #.%)3//@2")' */@ 2&6

)1))&6 2@: -µµ3. #2$ )36"-µ$2$.

- F "()&*+'. ;2@6 $+8' 8+@#"µ303"'5@)4 .01 µ3+D' 8.23#"<'+3., $+%124+$ &:

8-/.,$: )3"61:, 27/3: &: 8-/.,$: .U@/': $6238':. P4%-/$ 2486")- 7+%$

)$2$#)4.-B362$" $01 8-/.,$, 10&: 0.8. %7D.+4: µ4 -63"%µ$ µ4%$/*24+3 $01 2$

1200m )$" )2A+"$ *U3.: 0-6& $01 300m.

- (3 %",µ$-%+. C+@#"µ303"4A2$" &: #.6<42")' */@, 10&: 3 $#,7#2@:, $//- 784"

03/* )$/*24+4: #.%)3//@2")7: "<"12@24:. I01 2#"µ7623, -µµ3 )$" 8$/A)"$ -+8"#$6 6$

)$2$#)4.-B362$" 2486@23A /A53", <"$D1+&6 µ3+D=6 )$" <"$#2-#4&6. P4 2@6

46#&µ-2&#@ µ7#$ #23.: 2486@23*: /A53.: #"<4+76"&6 +-,<&6 <@µ"3.+%'5@)4 23

30/"#µ763 #).+1<4µ$. ($ 24/4.2$A$ 3%<162$ 8+16"$ 23 -30/3 )$" 23 +./,"µ$-+

"01*2)3µ! $0427/4#$6 23 )$2' 4G38'6 <3µ")1 ./")1 #4 1/$ #84<16 2$ 4A<@ 2&6

2486")=6 7+%&6.

- ($ ./!"%,04. !A6$" 2$ 64124+$ <3µ")- ./")- )$" 4µD$6A#5@)$6 µ1/": 0+"6 $01 60

8+16"$. !A6$" 0+3H162$ 2@: 8@µ")': ,"3µ@8$6A$: µ4 03//7: <.6$212@24:.

;'µ4+$ 4G$)3/3.53*6 6$ 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" 21#3 2$ 0$/"- <3µ")- ./")- (/A53",

G*/$, )4+$µ")-), 1#3 )$" 2$ 64=24+$ (#A<@+3:, 2#"µ7623, 0/$#2")-). ;.6<.$#µ76$

µ-/"#2$ µ42$G* 23.: <A63.6 0/'53: -//&6 ./")=6. [5]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 10

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

3. >2./4@B +A8 94µ.0G8 :/.0G8

E"$ 2@6 40"/3%' 23. )$2-//@/3. ./")3* #2@6 )$2$#)4.' $0$"24A2$" %6=#@ 2&6

"<"32'2&6 2&6 ./")=6 )$" 2@: #.µ04+"D3+-: 23.:. W0&::

- F" 4G&24+")7: 40"<+-#4":, 03. <7842$" 23 7+%3, <@/$<' 3" 54+µ3)+$#"$)7:

µ42$,3/7: 23. 04+",-//3623:, @ .%+$#A$, 3 0$%421:, 23 @/"$)1 D&:, 3 '83:, 3" 8@µ")3A

0$+-%3624:, @ +$<"467+%4"$, 23 A<"3 ,-+3: 2&6 ./")=6, 3" &5'#4": 2&6 %$"=6, @ 0A4#@

23. 64+3*, 2$ ,-+@ $62")4"µ76&6, µ@8$6@µ-2&6, $65+=0&6, ,"3µ@8$6")=6

0+3H162&6, 3 #4"#µ1:.

- F" $0$"2'#4": 03. .0-+83.6 $01 23 7+%3 0+3)4"µ763. 6$ /4"23.+%'#4" #&#2-

)$" 6$ 4)0/@+=#4" 23 #)301 %"$ 236 303A3 0+33+AB42$".

- F 2+103: 03. $62"<+3*6 2$ <3µ")- ./")- #2": 4G&24+")7: 40"<+-#4":, <@/$<' 3"

"<"12@24: 2&6 ./")=6. ?-54 ./")1 $62"<+- µ4 <"$D3+42")1 2+103, 0$+3.#"-B4" <@/$<'

µ4%$/*24+@ ' µ")+124+@ $6238' $01 76$ -//3 ./")1, 12$6 2$ ./")- $.2- .03#23*6 2@6

A<"$ 4G&24+")' 40A<+$#@ [0.8. 23 G*/3 4A6$" 4/$D+124+3 $01 23 8-/.,$ (784" µ")+124+3

4"<")1 ,-+3:), $62784" /"%124+3 $01 $.216 #2": 4G&24+")7: <.6-µ4": (5/AU4&:,

4D4/).#µ3* )/0), $//- 0$+3.#"-B4" µ4%$/*24+@ $6238' #2@ <"-,+&#@].

- F" 3")363µ")3A 0$+-%3624: 10&: @ 2"µ' $%3+-: 23. ./")3*, @ 4.)3/A$ µ42$D3+-:

23. #236 2103 03. )$2$#)4.-B42$" 23 7+%3, @ *0$+G@ 40$+)=6 $0354µ-2&6 #2@6

$%3+-, 2$ 7G3<$ #.62@+'#4&: )$" 0+3#2$#A$: 23. ./")3* µ42- 2@6 46#&µ-2&#' 23.

#23 7+%3 ).-. [5]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 11

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

4. ;,31@48+65 24: 62.934D8 ?+, 94µ.01 :/.01 ;2@6 )$2$#)4.' 40"<+3*6 0$+-%3624: 23. 4G&24+")3* 04+",-//3623:. P4+")3A $01

$.23*: $0324/3*6 2": ).+"124+4: $"2A4: D53+-: 23. 7+%3.. J//3" 0+704" 6$

$62"µ42&0"#53*6, µ4 <"-D3+3.: 2+103.: %"$ 6$ µ03+7#4" 23 7+%3 6$ 4)24/7#4" 236

0+33+"#µ1 23..

E"$ )-54 )$2$#)4.' 0+704" 6$ 0+3#<"3+"#53*6 )$" 6$ µ4/42@53*6 $+8")- 1/3" 3"

0$+-%3624: $.23A 03. .DA#2$62$" #2@6 04+"38' =#24 6$ 40"/4853*6 2$ )$2-//@/$

./")- 03. 5$ 23.: $62"µ42&0A#3.6.

>+1)4"2$" %"$ 0$+-%3624::

- O.#")3*: )$" µ@8$6")3*:. ;4 $.23*: $6')3.6, µ42$G* 2&6 -//&6, @ 54+µ12@2$

)$" 23 U*83:, 3 -64µ3:, 23 64+1 )$" 3" <"$D1+&6 4"<=6 <.6-µ4": (D3+2A$) 03.

464+%3*6 40-6& #23 7+%3.

- C@µ")3*:. !A6$" 2$ <"-D3+$ 3G7$ 03. ,+A#)362$" #2@6 $2µ1#D$"+$, 2$ <"-D3+$

-/$2$ 03. 4A6$" <"$/.µ76$ µ7#$ #23 64+1 )$" %46")- 8@µ")7: 3.#A4: 03. 7+8362$" #4

40$D' µ4 23 7+%3 /1%& /4"23.+%")': $6-%)@: ( 10&: 0.8. #2": <4G$µ467: 8@µ")=6

0+3H162&6, #2": <4G$µ467: /$<"3* )$" )+$#"3* ).-.).

- F+%$6")3*:. L"-D3+3" µ*)@24:, 03. $6$02*##362$" #4 #)"4+1 )$" .%+1

04+",-//36, )$5=: )$" <"-D3+3" µ")+33+%$6"#µ3A 03. )3//3*6 #2$ *D$/$ µ"$:

)$2$#)4.': µ42$G* 2@: .U@/': )$" 2@: 8$µ@/': #2-5µ@: 23. 64+3*. [5]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 12

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

5. %,+,81/A?H 68F3@6.,5 ?+, 0+I3., - >0+IµH?H +4: 0D0/4: JAB5 (LCA) 0+.3I4:

;2$ )2A+"$ )$2$6$/=642$" µ4%-/@ 03#12@2$ 467+%4"$:. S )$2$6-/&#@ $.2'

04+"/$µ,-64" 2@6 467+%4"$ 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" #4 1/@ 2@ <"-+)4"$ 23. )*)/3. 2@:

B&': µ"$: 3")3<3µ': )$" $.2' $0$"24A2$":

- E"$ 2@6 0$+$%&%' 2&6 ./")=6 )$" 2@ µ42$D3+- 23.:

-?$2- 2@ <"-+)4"$ 2@: )$2$#)4.': 2@:

- ?$2- 2@ D-#@ 2@: 4)µ42-//4.#@: 23. )2"+A3.

- E"$ 2@ 57+µ$6#@, 236 $4+"#µ1, 2@6 0$+$%&%' B4#23* 64+3*, %"$ 2@6 $6-%)@

.%"4"6':, 23 D&2"#µ1 )$" 2@6 2+3D3<3#A$ 2&6 #.#)4.=6

- E"$ 2@6 )$24<-D"#@ )$" 2$ $03++Aµµ$2$ [6]

S $+8")' 04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$ 4A6$" -µ4#@ )$" 7µµ4#@ )$" 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" %"$ 2@6

)$2$#)4.', µ42$D3+- )$" 2303572@#@ 2&6 0+3H162&6 23. )2"+A3.. S -µ4#@ 467+%4"$

4A6$" $.2' 03. 3.#"$#2")- )$2$6$/=642$" #2@6 )$2$#)4.' )2"+A&6. I62"0+3#&04*4"

2@6 24/")' µ42$D3+- )$" 2303572@#@ ./")=6 )$" #23"84A&6. S 7µµ4#@ 467+%4"$

$62"0+3#&04*4" 2@6 467+%4"$ 03. )$2$6$/=642$" #2@6 0$+$%&%' ./")=6 )$2$#)4.':

)$" 2@6 $0$+$A2@2@ µ42$D3+- 23.:. S 7µµ4#@ 467+%4"$ $0324/4A 23 µ4%$/*24+3

)3µµ-2" 2@: 04+"481µ46@: 467+%4"$:. I62"0+3#&04*4" 2@6 0$+$%&%' 461: #23"84A3.

$03)/4"#2")- 8&+A: 2@ µ42$D3+- 23. 0+3: )$" $01 2@6 4%)$2-#2$#@ 23. )2"+A3.. [7]

S 04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$ )$" 3" 4)03µ07: $4+A&6 23. 54+µ3)@0A3. 03. #842AB362$"

µ4 2@6 )$2$#)4.' 2.0")- $0324/3*6 76$ #842")- µ")+1 2µ'µ$ $01 $.21 03. $0$"24A2$"

%"$ 2@6 $+8")' )$2$#)4.' )2"+A&6. [7]

S 7663"$ 2@: !)2Aµ@#@: 23. ?*)/3. X&': $0324/4A ,-#@ %"$ #*%)+"#@

46$//$)2")=6 ./")=6, #.#2$2")=6 )$" .0@+4#"=6. W#36 $D3+- 2$ )2A+"$ 04+"/$µ,-64"

2@6 $6-/.#@ )$" 2@6 4)2Aµ@#@ 2&6 04+",$//362")=6 40"02=#4&6 2&6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6

)$5Y 1/@ 2@ <"-+)4"$ B&': 2@: )$2$#)4.':. S µ4%$/*24+@ 0+3#0-54"$ %"$ )$2$61@#@

2@: #842"B1µ46@: µ4 2$ )2A+"$ 4)2Aµ@#@: 23. )*)/3. B&': 0+3#$6$23/AB362$" #4

40A04<3 $6-/.#@: µ4 $03%+$D'. [7]

F )*)/3: B&': 2&6 )2"+A&6 4A6$" 03/*0/3)3: #4 #87#@ µ4 -//$ 0+3H162$ µ"$ )$"

04+")/4A4" 40"02=#4": $01 0/'53: )*)/&6 B&': #.#2$2")=6 ./")=6 )$" #.#2@µ-2&6

/4"23.+%A$: 2@: )$2$#)4.':. F )*)/3: B&': 2@: 467+%4"$: )$" -//&6 04+",$//362")=6

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 13

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

40"02=#4&6 04+"/$µ,-64" 12" 04+")/4A42$" #2@6 0$+$%&%', 8+'#@ )$" µ42$)A6@#@

461: )2"+A3..

>+1#D$24: 04+"%+$D7: )*)/3. B&': )2"+A3. $6$D7+362$" #4 40A04<$ )*)/3. B&':

03. $D3+3*6:

- (@ /4023µ4+' 4)2Aµ@#@ 2&6 40"02=#4&6 0$+$%&%': 2&6 ./")=6 03.

8+@#"µ303"3*62$" &: <3µ")- ./")-, #.#2$2")- )$" #23"84A$ #2@6 )$2$#)4.'.

- (@ 8+'#@ 01+&6 )$" 2": 04+",$//362")7: 40"02=#4": 2@: $+8")': 0$+$%&%': 23.

)2"+A3..

- (@6 40$64µD$6"B1µ46@ 46#&µ$2&µ76@ 8+'#@ 01+&6 )$" 2": 04+",$//362")7:

40"02=#4": 03. 0+3)*023.6 $01 2@6 464+%' /4"23.+%A$ 23. )2"+A3. )$" 04+"/$µ,-64"

4)4A64: 2": 40"02=#4": 03. $D3+3*6 <"$2'+@#@, 40"µ7/4"$ )$" /4"23.+%A$ 23. )2"+A3.,

(467+%4"$ 03. $0$"24A2$" %"$ 57+µ$6#@, )/"µ$2"#µ1, $4+"#µ1 )$" D&2"#µ1 2&6

4#&24+")=6 8=+&6 )$" /4"23.+%A$ #.#)4.=6). [7]

- (@ 8+'#@ 01+&6 )$" 2": 04+",$//362")7: 40"02=#4": )$24<-D"#@: )$" <"-54#@:

23. )2"+A3. #23 27/3: 2@: 464+%': 23. <+$#2@+"12@2$:. [7]

(3 0+=23 40A04<3 4A6$" #.%)4)+"µ763 %"$ ./")- µ163, 46= 2$ -//$ $6$D7+362$" #4

./")- )$" #.#2$2")- %"$ 2@6 4D$+µ3%' 23.: #2$ 0/$A#"$ 461: #.%)4)+"µ763. #84<A3..

M4023µ4+' $6-/.#@ )*)/3. B&': #.86- 40&D4/4A2$" 2@6 $+8")' 467+%4"$ )$" 2$

04+",$//362")- <4<3µ76$ )$" )-64" µ")+' $6$D3+- #2": µ42704"2$ D-#4":. S 467+%4"$

03. $0$"24A2$" #2@6 $+8")' )$2$#)4.' 461: )2"+A3. 3+AB42$" #$6 2@6 04+"481µ46@

467+%4"- 23., µ"$ 7663"$ 03. 784" 404)2$54A 6$ 04+"/$µ,-64" )$" 2": $7+"4: 4)03µ07:,

10&: 08 23 CO2. [7]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 14

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

;2@ E$//A$ @ µ753<3: HQE $0324/4A 76$ 0/$A#"3 03. $04.5*642$" #4 "<"3)2'24:,

$+8"27)2364: )$" 4"<")3*: µ@8$63/1%3.: )$" 0+3Z035724" 2@ #.µ,3/' ,"3µ@8$6"=6 )$"

3")3<3µ")=6 40"84"+'#4&6 =#24 6$ <+$#2@+"303"@53*6 #4 µ"$ 3")3/3%")'

$+8"24)236")' 03. )"64A2$" #2$ 0/$A#"$ 2@: ,"=#"µ@: $6-02.G@:.

FK 14 ;(FCFK (F9 HQE [6]

(Haute Qualite Environnementale:

9U@/' >4+",$//362")' >3"12@2$)

K.,<6I3.?H +A8 62.931?6A8 ?+4 6LA+63.0= 263.71//48 *.040,+,?06:B - I+µ36")' #87#@ 23. )2"+A3. µ4

23 -µ4#3 04+",-//36 23.

- F/3)/@+&µ76@ 40"/3%' 2&6

2+10&6 )$" 2&6 ./")=6 2@:

)$2$#)4.':

- !+%32-G"$ $#546=6 38/'#4&6

*.049.,<6I3.?H - L"$84A+"#@ 2@: 467+%4"$:

- L"$84A+"#@ 23. 64+3*

- L"$84A+"#@ 2&6 $03++"µµ-2&6

- !0"#)4.' )$" #.62'+@#@

KHµ.4:3@I, .0,8424.H+.04D 6?A+63.04D 263.71//48+45 M86?H - 9%+3µ42+")' -64#@

- I)3.#2")' -64#@

- F02")' -64#@

- J64#@ 1#D+@#@:

(@6I, - 9%4"363µ")7: #.65')4:

- >3"12@2$ 23. $7+$

- >3"12@2$ 23. 64+3*

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 15

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

6. X3B?H -./.0G8 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.0G8 :/.0G8

6.1 E46")7: $+87:

?-54 )2A+"3, $64G-+2@2$ $01 2@6 $"#5@2")' 23. $GA$, #.6<742$" µ4 2$

3")3#.#2'µ$2$ µ7#& 2@: 3")3/3%")': $/.#A<$:, #2@6 303A$ #.µµ42783.6 23 64+1, 3

$7+$: )$" @ 467+%4"$. E"$ 6$ µ@6 4A6$" $+6@2")' )$" #4 ,-+3: 23. 04+",-//3623: @

#87#@ $.2', 2$ )2A+"$ <46 $+)4A µ163 6$ 4G3")363µ3*6 467+%4"$ $//- 5$ 0+704" )$" 6$

)$2$#)4.-B362$" 1#3 23 <.6$21 µ4 3")3/3%")- ./")- )$" 6$ 0$+-%3.6 1#3 23 <.6$21

/"%124+$ $01,/@2$ )$" $03++Aµµ$2$. !)21: 23. µ4/'µ$23: %"$ $03D.%' 2&6

%4&µ$%6@2")=6 $)2"63,3/"=6 ' 2@: )$2$#)4.': 2&6 )2"#µ-2&6 #*µD&6$ µ4 2": $+87:

2@: ,"3)/"µ$2")': $+8"24)236")': 5$ 0+704" 6$ 40"<"=)42$" 40A#@: @ 8+@#"µ303A@#@

./")=6 D"/")=6 0+3: 23 04+",-//36. [8]

E"$ 6$ .0-+84" "#1++30@ #.6*0$+G@ ,7,$"$ )2A#µ$23:- 04+",-//3623: 5$ 0+704"

6$ 784" 0+3@%@54A 2@: )$2$#)4.': µ4/72@ 23. 04+",-//36 8=+3., 2@: )/A#@:, 23.

0+3#$6$23/"#µ3*, )$" 1/&6 2&6 -//&6 8$+$)2@+"#2")=6 #23"84A&6 03. 5$

µ03+3*#$6 6$ #.µ,-//3.6 #23 #&#21 #84<"$#µ1. [8]

S 40"/3%' 2&6 ./")=6 784" 6$ )-64" µ4 2@6 40A<+$#' 23.: #23 D.#")1 04+",-//36,

#23 4#&24+")1 04+",-//36 2@: )$23")A$: )$" #2@6 .%4A$ 2&6 8+@#2=6. S $G"3/1%@#@

2&6 40"02=#4=6 23.: 784" 6$ )-64" µ4 236 )*)/3 B&': 23.: )$" #.%)4)+"µ76$ µ4 2@6

0$+$%&%', 4D$+µ3%', 8+'#@ )$" #.62'+@#@, )$24<-D"#@ )$" $03µ-)+.6#' 23.:. [6]

($ 8+@#"µ303"3*µ46$ ./")- 5$ 0+704" 6$ 4A6$" 230")- =#24 6$ 236=642$" @ 230")'

3")363µA$ )$" 6$ 04+"3+AB362$" 3" 3<")7: µ42$D3+7: )$" @ ,"3µ@8$6")' 0$+$%&%' 23.:

5$ 0+704" 6$ $0$"24A /A%@ 467+%4"$. [6]

S 0"3 3")3/3%")' #2-#@ #2@6 )$2$#)4.' 5$ '2$6 @ 40"/3%' 24/")- ./")=6 03.

$62$03)+A6362$" )$/*24+$ #2": $0$"2'#4": 23. 7+%3. )$" #236 0+3Z03/3%"#µ1 23.,

4A6$" $6$64=#"µ$ )$" $6$).)/=#"µ$ )$" <46 0+3)$/3*6 )A6<.63 %"$ 2@6 .%4A$.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 16

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

6.2 F")3/3%")1 04+",$//362")1 "#3B*%"3 2&6 ./")=6

(3 3")3/3%")1 "#3B*%"3 461: 3")3<3µ")3* ./")3* /$µ,-64" .01U@ 2@6 03#12@2$ 23.

./")3*, 2@6 467+%4"$ )$" 23 64+1 03. 4A6$" $6$%)$A$ #2$ <"-D3+$ ,'µ$2$ 23. )*)/3.

B&': 23. 10&::

- 2@6 4G$%&%' 2@: 0+=2@: */@: )$" 2@ µ42$D3+- 2@: 0+3: 23 4+%3#2-#"3,

- 2@ ,"3µ@8$6")' 0$+$%&%',

- 2@ µ42$D3+- 0+3: 23 4+%32-G"3,

- 2@6 4D$+µ3%'

- 2@ #.62'+@#@, 40"#)4.',

)$" 2@6 0"5$6' $6$67&#' #2@

<"-+)4"$ 2@: 8+'#@: 23. )2"+A3.,

- 2@6 )$24<-D"#@,

- 2@6 $03,3/' 2&6 $03++"µµ-2&6. [6]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 17

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

6.3 >+3<"$%+$D7: ./")=6

F" 0+3<"$%+$D7: 2&6 ./")=6 03. µ03+3*6 6$ %A63.6 $03<4)2- #4 µ"$

,"3)$2$#)4.' 0+704" 6$ ")$6303"3*6 2": 0$+$)-2& $6-%)4::

$) 6$ 40"2+703.6 2@6 4A#3<3 4.63H)=6 %"$ 2@6 .%4A$ µ")+3).µ-2&6,

,) 6$ µ@6 $.G-63.6 23 03#3#21 2@: D.#")': +$<"467+%4"$: 3*24 23. #2$2")3*

@/4)2+"#µ3*,

%) 6$ µ@6 $04/4.54+=63.6 23G")- $7+"$, 542")- "162$, 40")A6<.6@ #)16@ "6=6

($µA$623:)

<) 6$ 0$+783.6 )$/' 54+µ")' )$" $)3.#2")' µ16&#@

4) 6$ 40"2+703.6 2@ <"$2'+@#@ 461: $64)23* $01 236 $65+=0"63 3+%$6"#µ1

40"07<3. .%+$#A$:,

#2) 6$ 783.6 )$2$6$/=#4" #2@ D-#@ 0$+$%&%': 23.:, 1#3 23 <.6$21 /"%124+@

467+%4"$

B) 6$ µ@6 783.6 40",$+*64" 23 04+",-//36, #2@ D-#@ 0$+$%&%': )$" µ42$D3+-:

23.:, µ4 23G")- $01,/@2$ )$" $03++Aµµ$2$,

@) 6$ µ@6 0+37+8362$" $01 D.2")- 4A<@ 03. $04"/3*62$" µ4 4G$D-6"#@

5) 6$ 0$+-%362$" #4 1#3 23 <.6$21 µ")+124+@ $01#2$#@ $01 236 2103

)$2$6-/&#': 23.:,

") 6$ µ03+3*6 6$ $6$).)/&53*6 ' 6$ 40$6$8+@#"µ303"@53*6 [8]

;2$ 0/$A#"$ µ"$: 04+",$//362")': 0+3#7%%"#@:, 4A6$" $6$%)$A$ @ %6=#@ 2@:

#*654#@: 2&6 ./")=6 )$" 2@: <"$<")$#A$: 0$+$%&%': 23.:. ;'µ4+$ 4A6$" 4/-8"#24: 3"

40"84"+'#4": 03. 783.6 4G$#D$/A#4" 0"#2303A@#@ ISO 14001.

(3 1989 <@µ3#"4*2@)4 @ !.+&0$H)' )$24.5.62'+"$ 3<@%A$ ‘>+3H162$ )$2$#)4.':’

)$" µ42$D7+5@)4 #23 <A)$"3 2&6 8&+=6-µ4/=6. I01 2124 @ !.+&0$H)' T6&#@

)"6@2303"'5@)4 %"$ 6$ 40"/7G4" 2$ $6$%)$A$ 4+%$/4A$ %"$ 2@6 4D$+µ3%' 2@:. ($

#23"84A$ µ4//362")=6 2486")=6 4.+&0$H)=6 4%)+A#4&6 %"$ 03/.-+"5µ$ <3µ")-

#23"84A$ %"$ 23 )2A+"3 %A6362$" 40A#@: $62")4Aµ463 <"$<")$#"=6 7%)+"#@:. (3 2001

54#µ3542'5@)4 76$: 04"+$µ$2")1: )$636"#µ1: µ4 2A2/3 ‘>/@+3D3+A$ %"$ 2$

04+",$//362")- 8$+$)2@+"#2")- 2&6 0+3H162&6 )$2$#)4.':-µ453<3/3%A$ )$" 0+12.03

04+",$//362")': <"$)'+.G@:. [6]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 18

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

P"$ 4.+&0$H)' )$2-2$G@ %"$ 2$ <3µ")- #23"84A$ 23. )2"+A3. µ03+4A 6$ 4.63'#4" 2@6

$6-02.G@ 2&6 04+",$//362")=6 ./")=6 03. 783.6 '<@ <3)"µ$#24A #4 3+"#µ764:

8=+4:. [6]

;2@6 !//-<$ 7%"64 @ 0+=2@ 0+3#0-54"$ 04+",$//362")': $G"3/1%@#@: 2&6

#.6@57#24+&6 3")3<3µ")=6 ./")=6 #4 76$6 )$2-/3%3 03. 4G7<&#4 23 9>!C[L!, 2@6

F")3/3%")' L1µ@#@, 2000. [9]

(3 #A%3.+3 4A6$" 0-62&: 12" @ 04+",$//362")' 03"12@2$ µ03+4A µ163 6$ %46")4.24A

12$6 2$ 3")3/3%")- ./")- 5$ 4A6$" 4*)3/$ <"$57#"µ$ )$" #4 0+3#"2' 2"µ'.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 19

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

6.4 >4+",$//362")- 8$+$)2@+"#2")- ,$#")=6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6

($ ,$#")- ./")- 10&: 3 8-/.,$:, 23 #).+1<4µ$, 23 8=µ$ )$" 23 G*/3 783.6

<"$D3+42")7: 40"02=#4": #23 04+",-//36.

;2$ 0/$A#"$ 2@: ,"=#"µ@: $6-02.G@: 0+704" 6$ 04+"3+AB42$" @ 8+'#@ 4)4A6&6 2&6

./")=6 03. 0+3)*023.6 $01 2@ ,$+"- ,"3µ@8$6")' 404G4+%$#A$, 03. $0$"23*6 03//'

467+%4"$ )$" 8+@#"µ303"3*6 µ@ $6$64=#"µ@ 0+=2@ */@, 10&: #.µ,$A64" µ4 23 8-/.,$

)$" #23 #).+1<4µ$.

>+704" 6$ /$µ,-642$" .01U@ 40A#@: 12" #2@6 04+A02&#@ 03. 8+@#"µ303"3*62$"

./")- µ4 µ")+7: 7#2& 03#12@24: +$<"467+%4"$:, @ $+8")' )$" 403µ76&: $64)2' <1#@

D.#")': +$<"467+%4"$: µ03+4A 6$ $.G@54A µ78+" )$" 50%, %4%361: 03. 5$ 784"

40",/$,4A: #.6704"4: %"$ 23.: 8+'#24: 2@:.

(3 µ04216 $+µ7 $04/4.54+=64" 42'#"$ 100-180 mR, 2$ )1))"6$ 23*,/$ 140-180

mR, 2$ #.6'5@ µ-+µ$+$ 40mR, 23 G*/3 30 mR )$" 3 %+$6A2@: 240-400 mR 23 8+163.

[8]

!").5 >3#- +$<"467+%4"$: 03. <7842$" 3 -65+&03: $01 23 04+",-//36[8]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 20

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

S 40"/3%' ./")=6 0+704" 40A#@: 6$ %A642$" #*µD&6$ µ4 23 01#3 $.2- 40"2+703.6

2@ +3' 2&6 642+36A&6 03. 0+37+8362$" $01 2@ %@ )$" @ 303A$ 4µD$6AB42$" µ4 2@

µ3+D' µ")+3).µ-2&6 #2@6 4.63H)' 04+"38' 2&6 2,85-3 gHZ %"$ 2@6 $65+=0"6@ .%4A$.

[8]

;2@6 04+A02&#@ 8+'#@: #).+3<7µ$23: <46 0+704" 6$ $µ4/4A2$" 23 %4%361: 12" 3

30/"#µ1: <@µ"3.+%4A #2@6 1/@ )$2$#)4.' 76$ D$"61µ463 $62A#23"83 µ4 23 D$"61µ463

23. )/&,3* 23. Faraday, <@/$<' 76$ 8=+3 4624/=: µ36&µ763 $01 @/4)2+")- )$"

@/4)2+3µ$%6@2")- )*µ$2$, 18" 1µ&: )$" 2$ µ$%6@2")-, µ4 $0327/4#µ$ 2@6 0"5$6'

4µD-6"#@ 0+3,/@µ-2&6 .%4A$: #23.: )$23A)3.: 23.. [8]

S $03<4)2' 0-62&: $6$/3%A$ ./")=6 #4 µ"$ )$2$#)4.' 03. 5$ #7,42$" 23

04+",-//36, #*µD&6$ µ4 236 )$5@%@2' Karl Ernst Lotz, 4A6$" 1/3 µ4 ‘#)/@+-’ ./")-,

10&: 23 µ04216 )$" 3 #A<@+3:, 1/3 µ4 ‘3.<724+$’ ./")- 10&: 2$ 23*,/$, )4+$µA<"$ )$"

1/3 µ4 ‘D.#")-’ ./")- 10&: G*/3, D4//1: )2/.. [8]

E4%361: 4A6$" 12" @ 03"12@2$ 2&6 ,"=#"µ&6 )2"+A&6 4G$#D$/AB42$" ).+A&: µ4 2@6

$6-µ4"G@ 2&6 ./")=6 0+3: ,4/2"#2303A@#@ 2&6 <.6$232'2&6 23.: )$" 04+"3+AB362$:

#23 4/-8"#23 2@6 03#12@2$ )-54 ./")3* 03. 4D$+µ1B42$". [6]

(3 8=µ$ $0324/4A 76$ )$/1 .%+354+µ")1 +.5µ"#2' 03. <46 04+"/$µ,-64" A64:,

02@2")- 3+%$6")- #*6542$ ./")- ' ,$+"- µ72$//$, $//- 23 U'#"µ1 23. )$2$6$/=64"

03/* 467+%4"$. P03+4A ,7,$"$ 6$ 8+@#"µ303"@54A )$" &µ1 8=µ$.

(3 8=µ$ 40"2+704" 40A#@: 2@6 4)µ42-//4.#@ -µ4#$ 2&6 %'"6&6 40"<+-#4&6,

$D3µ3"=6362$: 2$ 0/436-#µ$2$ @/4)2+")3* D3+2A3. )$" 0$AB362$: 23 +1/3 23.

,"3/3%")3* 4G"#3++30"#2'. [6, 8] (04+"##124+$ 8$+$)2@+"#2")- %"$ 23 8=µ$ #4/.29)

(3 G*/3 $0324/4A 230")1 <3µ")1 ./")1, <"$57#"µ3 #4 40$+)' 03#12@2$, 23. 303A3.

3 µ42$#8@µ$2"#µ1: $0$"24A /A%@ 467+%4"$. !A6$" 03/* 03+=<4: ./")1 03. µ42$<A<4"

1/4: 2": 40"<+-#4": 2@: %@:, 21#3 2": 542")7: 1#3 )$" 2": $+6@2")7:. W/$ 2$ 4A<@ G*/&6

1µ&: 12$6 .03#23*6 404G4+%$#A$ µ4 D.#")1 2+103 $03823*6 0+3D./$)2")7:

"<"12@24:, $D3* 3.<424+303"3*6 2$ ,$+"- "162$ )$" 2": @/4)2+3#2$2")7: 40"<+-#4": 23.

04+",-//3623: )$" 4G"#3++303*6 2@6 .%+$#A$ 23.. [6, 8]

I0324/4A -+$ 46$//$)2")' /*#@ µ4 "<"$A24+3 46<"$D7+36 $6 2@+@53*6 3+"#µ764:

#.65')4: #842")7: µ4 2@6 4D$+µ3%' 23..

W0&: 0$+-<4"%µ$ 3 7/4%83: 4)03µ0=6 D3+µ$/<4\<@: #23.: 4#&24+")3*: 8=+3:

$01 #.µ0"4#µ76$ 0+3H162$ G*/3., 10&: µ3+"3#$6A<4: )$" )$0/$µ-<4:, 103.

8+@#"µ303"4A2$" )1//$ 3.+A$: D3+µ$/<4\<@:. S #.%)762+&#' 2@: #236 $7+$

4#&24+")=6 8=+&6 $.G-64" µ4 2@6 $*G@#@ 2@: #842")': .%+$#A$: )$" 2@:

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 21

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

54+µ3)+$#A$:, 46= µ4"=642$" µ4 2@6 $*G@#@ 23. +.5µ3* 4G$4+"#µ3* 23. 8=+3. )$" µ4

2@6 @/")A$ 2@: 0@%':. [8, 9] (04+"##124+$ 8$+$)2@+"#2")- 23. G*/3. #2@ #4/. 47)

W2$6 #2@6 )$2$#)4.' 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" 072+4:, $.27: 0+704" 6$ #.µD&63*6 µ4 2@

%4&/3%")' #*#2$#@ 23. 4<-D3.:. I.21 %"$2A $6 @ 0+37/4.#@ 23.: 4A6$" <"$D3+42")'

$01 4)4A6@ 23. 4<-D3.:, 5$ 0+3)$/7#3.6 <36@2")7: <"$2$+$87: #2@ µ42-<3#@ )$" 2@6

"#3++30A$ 2&6 %'"6&6 )$" )3#µ")=6 ).µ-2&6, 4G$"2A$: 2@: µ4%-/@: <"$D3+-:

$%&%"µ12@2$: 2&6 ./")=6. F0124 3" ,$#-/24: )$" 3" %+$6A24: 2$"+"-B3.6 )$/*24+$ #2$

@D$"#24"3%46' 4<-D@. !6= 2$ 23*,/$ 2$"+"-B3.6 µ4 2$ $#,4#23/"5")- 4<-D@, %"$2A

$0/3*#2$2$ @ -+%"/3: 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" %"$ 2@6 )$2$#)4.' 23.: 0+37+842$" $01

2@6 $03#*654#@ $.2=6 2&6 4<$D=6. [8]

E"$ $.21 0-62$ #*µ,3./3: %"$ 2@6 40"/3%' 2&6 ./")=6 2&6 )2"+A&6 5$ 0+704" 6$

4A6$" @ 0$+$<3#"$)' $+8"24)236")' 2@: )-54 04+"38':, %4%361: 03. <46 0$+$2@+4A2$"

#2": #*%8+364: )$2$#)4.7:. S 0$+$<3#"$)' $+8"24)236")' 8+@#"µ303A@#4 ./")- 23.

04+",-//3623: #*µD&6$ µ4 2": ,$#")7: $6-%)4: 23. $65+=03. )$" <@µ"3.+%'5@)4 #4

#.%)4)+"µ763 2103 #4,1µ46@ 0-6& $01 1/$ 23 04+",-//36. F0124 #A%3.+$ 0+1)4"2$"

%"$ µ"$ 3")3/3%")' $+8"24)236")'.

!"#$#%&'( )*+,#µ- .+./#01 ),. %$2"1 ".,.)"'%34 ,-4 '$$-+2"34, "2+562"-4 ".2 72.89+562"-4 .0:2,'",#+2"34 8#% 80#5"%;.+ .8< $.#*4 8#% )'=1),-".+ 8'02))<,'0# .8< 1$$#%4 ,# /%)2"< 8'02=1$$#+ ".2 ,24 2>2#µ#0/('4 ,#% ),. 8$.()2. ,-4 .0:2,'",#+2"34 >-µ2#%07(.4.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 22

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

7. ;,3,94?.,01 :/.01

7.1 9/")- )$2$#)4.': 2@: 4//@6")': 0$+$<3#"$)': $+8"24)236")':

S 072+$ 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" &: ,$#")1 ./")1 )$2$#)4.': #2$ 04+"##124+$

0$+$<3#"$)- )2A#µ$2$ 2@: 8=+$: µ$:. ;4 µ")+124+@ 7)2$#@ 8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 #23

0$+4/516 3" 0/A653" (&µ3A ' 30210/"653") 46= #*65423" 23A83" $01 G*/3 )$" #3,-

(2#$2µ-<4:) 8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 #23.: 3+1D3.: ' &: 4#&24+")- 8&+A#µ$2$ /1%& 23.

µ")+3* 23.: ,-+3.:. ?2A#µ$2$ 4G 3/3)/'+3. $01 G*/3 4A6$" µ-//36 $#.6'5"#2$ #236

4//@6")1 8=+3, 46= 3 #.6<.$#µ1: 03//=6 ./")=6 #2@ <"$µ1+D&#@ 2@: 23"8303"A$:

4A6$" $+)42- #.6@5"#µ763:. [10]

($ 0$2=µ$2$ )$" 3" #27%4: )$2$#)4.-B362$" ).+A&: $01 G*/3 )$" 4<+-B362$" #2$

)$2$)1+.D$ µ7/@ 23. D7+362$ 3+%$6"#µ3*. S 03"12@2$ 2@: )$2$#)4.':, 2$ ./")- 03.

8+@#"µ303"3*62$", 3" <"$23µ7: )$" @ #.6<4#µ3/3%A$ 4G$+2=62$" $01 236 2103, 23

8+163, 2$ µ7#$ )$2$#)4.':, 2$ <"$57#"µ$ ./")-, 23 )1#23: )$" 2@6 24863/3%A$. ;4

0+184"+$ )2A#µ$2$ ' #4 04+"387: 03. 23 G*/3 #0$6AB4" 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" <3)3A $01

)3+µ3*: ' )/$<"- <762+&6 8&+A: )$µ"- ' µ4 µ")+' 404G4+%$#A$. ;4 -//4: )$2$#)4.7:

@ G./4A$ 4A6$" 04/4)@2' )$" @ #.6<4#µ3/3%A$ 0$+3.#"-B4" µ4%-/@ 03")"/A$. (3 µ72$//3

#4 D7+3.#4: )$2$#)4.7: -+8"#4 6$ 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" $+%124+$ )$" #4 µ")+124+@

)/Aµ$)$. [10]

!").6. P36$#2@+-)" M$#@5A3..

(.0")1 0/$2.µ72&03 <&µ$23#)70$#23 #0A2" [11]

!").7. !#&24+")1 )$µ$+1#0"23. [11]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 23

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

7.2 9/")- )$2$#)4.': 2@: 0$+$<3#"$)': )"67B")@: $+8"24)236")':

F" )$23")A4: #2@6 )"67B")@ 0$+$<3#"$)' B&%+$D")' 4A6$" 2303542@µ764: )362- #4

/1D3.: )$" 032-µ"$, #4 #)@63%+$D")- D.#")- 04+",-//362$. I67)$546 #2@6 40"/3%'

2@: 57#@: 3")3<1µ@#@: #@µ$#A$ <A642$" #23 04+",-//36 )$" #23 fengshui. [12] S 3µ3"3%764"$ )$" @ $+µ36A$ 0$+- 2@6 03")"/A$ 2&6 $6$%)=6 )$" 2&6 $0$"2'#4&6

<*#)3/$ 40"2.%8-6362$" $//- $0324/3*6 *U"#2@ 40"<A&G@ #2@6 0$+$<3#"$)'

)$23")A$.

W#36 $D3+- 236 )$2$#)4.$#2")1 #)4/421, 23 ,-+3: $6$/$µ,-63.6 3" G*/"63" <3)3A

)$" 3 <3µ")1: #)4/421:. (3 #*#2@µ$ 2&6 G*/"6&6 .03#2./&µ-2&6 )$" <3)=6

8+@#"µ303"4A2$" %"$ 6$ .03#2@+AG4" 2$ µ4%-/$ %4A#$, 2@ #3DA2$, 236 @µ"=+3D3, 2@

#27%@ µ4 2$ )4+$µA<"$. S #*6<4#@ 2&6 #24%=6 46$//$##1µ463. *U3.: $03<4")6*4" 2":

"<"$A24+4: <.6$212@24: 2@: G*/"6@: )$2$#)4.':. ($ <3)-+"$ .03#2@+AB362$" $01 2":

)3/=64:, @ #27%@ )$/*0242$" µ4 )4+$µA<"$, 3 04+",-//36 23A83: 4A6$" 8&µ-2"63:, µ4 '

8&+A: 40")-/.U@ $01 23*,/$. [12] ;*µD&6$ µ4 2@6 0$+$<3#"$)' 0+$)2")', 2$ #0A2"$ )2AB362$" 0-6& #4 76$ 40A04<3

$01 4µ,3/"#µ763 8=µ$, 072+4: ' 23*,/$. >72+"64: ,-#4":, D2"$%µ764: $01 µ4%-/4:

072+4:, 23035423*62$" #23 40A04<3 )$" )3/=64: µ7#$ #2": ,-#4":. W2$6 3" )3/=64:

23. "#3%4A3. #.648AB3.6 )$" #236 1+3D3, 4)4A 23035424A2$" U4*2")@ ,-#@ $01 G*/3.

F" $+87: #84<"$#µ3* #2@6 0$+$<3#"$)' )"67B")@ )$23")A$ <46 $03,/703.6 #4

)$µA$ 04+A02&#@ 2@6 0$+$%&%' 461: 4G4B@2@µ763. 8=+3. $//- #2@ <@µ"3.+%A$ µ"$:

<3µ': 03. 5$ ")$6303"4A 2": $6-%)4: 23. )$23A)3. %"$ 8=+3. P4 ,-#@ 2$

8$+$)2@+"#2")- 23. 2+"#<"-#2$23. $+8"24)236")3* 8=+3. 40"/7%42$" 23 0"3

")$6303"@2")1 <3µ")1 #*#2@µ$, #27+43, 0+$)2")1 )$" )$/$A#5@23. F #84<"$#µ1:

0$+-//@/$ 4)µ42$//4*42$" 2": "<"12@24: 2&6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6 )$" 404G4+%-B42$" 2":

/4023µ7+4"4: µ"$: 40$+)3*: #*654#@: <3µ=6. [12]

($ )$2$#)4.$#2")- ./")- 03. 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" #2@6 )$23")A$, 0+704" 6$ 4A6$"

D2@6- )$" $654)2")- )$" µ")+- #4 µ7%453:. >+704" 6$ 4A6$" 4*)3/$ #2@6 404G4+%$#A$,

2@6 2303572@#@ )$" 2@ <"$2'+@#@ )$" 6$ 0+3#$+µ1B362$" 4*)3/$.

;4 $.2- #.µ04+"/$µ,-6362$" 23 8=µ$, 23 µ04216, @ G./4A$, 2$ 23*,/$, )$" 3"

072+4:. (3 8=µ$ 4A6$" D2@61 )$" "<$6")1, -D5363 %"$ 8+'#@. ($ ./")- 03. µ03+3*6 6$

8+@#"µ303"@53*6 µ42- $01 <"0/' 404G4+%$#A$ 4A6$" 23 µ0$µ03*, 23 )$/-µ", 23 -8.+3,

23 0/$#2")1, 23 8$+216", 23 0$6A, 23 #83"6A, 23 ,"6*/"3, 23 %.$/A )$5=: )$" -//$ 03.

0+3#<A<3.6 0-62$ 23 <")1 23.: 8$+$)2'+$ #2@6 )$2$#)4.'. [12]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 24

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

F" -65+&03" 8+@#"µ303"3*6 #2": )$2$#)4.7: 23.: 4%8=+"$ ./")- 03. 4A6$"

$64G-62/@2$. ;2": 0"3 G@+7: 04+"387: 23 40A04<3 23. .01%4"3. 64+3* 4A6$" 8$µ@/1, @

.<$2102&#@ #0-6"$ )$" @ 0/$#2")12@2$ 2@: %@: )$/', 72#" #.86- 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" %"$

2@6 )$2$#)4.' 23A8&6. (3 8=µ$ $6$µ4"%µ763 µ4 -8.+3 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" 40A#@: %"$ 2@6

)$2$#)4.' 2@: 40"D-64"$: 2@: #)40': )$" 2@: 4G&24+")': )$" 4#&24+")': 40"D-64"$:

2&6 23A8&6. [12]

F" 23A83" $62783.6 8&+A: 54µ4/A&#@, )$5=: 23 8=µ$ 4A6$" G@+1 12$6 $.23A

)$2$#)4.-B362$". MA%$ )3µµ-2"$ 23*,/&6 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" %"$ 2@6 40A#24U@ 23.

23A83. )$" 2@ #2$54+303A@#' 23.. ;.6'54": 04+",-//3624: 23A83" )$" 23A83" $./=6,

4A6$" D2"$%µ763" $01 0/A653.: )$" 8=µ$. S 4G&24+")' 40"D-64"$ 23.: 40"8+A42$" µ4

/-#0@ µ4 -8.+$ 46= #4 -//4: 04+"02=#4": 0$+$µ764" $640A8+"#2@, µ4 2$ #@µ4A$

#*6<4#@: 4)2454"µ76$. ;2": 2+$8"7: 40"D-64"4: 23. 23A83. )-0324 #)$/AB362$" <"-D3+$

µ32A,$.

!").8 L3µ")- #23"84A$ $01 8=µ$ )$" 0/A653.: #2@6 )"67B")@ 0$+$<3#"$)' $+8"24)236")'

[12]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 25

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

F" 23A83" $01 8&µ-2"6$ 23*,/$ 4A6$" @ 4G7/"G@ 2&6 8&µ-2"6&6 23A8&6. ?$5=: 3

23A83: 8&+AB42$" #4 µ")+124+$ µ7+@ 4A6$" 03/* 0"3 4*)3/3 6$ #24%6=#4" )$" @

)$2$#)4.' 23. %A642$" 4.)3/124+@. ($ 23*,/$ 4A6$" 2$ 0"3 <"$<4<3µ76$ ./")- #2$

)2A+"$ $01 $02' %@. I6-/3%$ µ4 236 2+103 0$+$%&%': 23.: 8&+AB362$" #4 23*,/$

03. 0$+-%362$" .01 G@+' )$" .%+' 404G4+%$#A$. [12]

P4 #)301 6$ $032+$04A @ $010/.#@ 2&6 23A8&6 $01 23 64+1 2@: ,+38':, 23

$72&µ$ )$/*0242$" $01 #4"+7: 0+3#2$24.2")=6 )4+$µ"<"=6. >3//7: D3+7: @ )3+.D'

2&6 8&µ-2"6&6 23A8&6 )$/*0242$" $01 )$/-µ"$. ;4 23A83.: 03. 783.6 )$2$#)4.$#24A

$01 8=µ$ <@µ"3.+%4A2$" µ"$ 40"D-64"$ 40")-/.U@: $01 -8.+$, )$/-µ"$, 23*,/$ '

072+"64: 0/-)4:. J//3" 2+103" 0+3#2$#A$: 4A6$" @ 2303572@#@ 461: <4µ$2"3* $01

)$/-µ"$ )-2& $01 236 23A83 %"$ $4+"#µ1, 23 -0/&µ$ G*/"6&6 /3.+A<&6 04+$#µ76&6

µ4 /-<" ' $)1µ$ )$" @ )-/.U@ 8$µ@/- #236 23A83 )$" 23 <-04<3 µ4 µ"$ 40"D-64"$ $01

072+"64: 0/-)4: ' #0$#µ76$ )4+$µA<"$. [12]

!").9 L3µ")- #23"84A$ $01 8=µ$ )$" 0/A653.: #2@6 )"67B")@ 0$+$<3#"$)' $+8"24)236")'

[12]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 26

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

7.3 (3 G*/3 #2@6 0$+$<3#"$)' %"$0&67B")@ $+8"24)236")'

(3 G*/3 4A6$" 76$ µ36$<")1 B&62$61 ./")1 03. $62$03)+A642$" #2": 4038"$)7:

$//$%7: )$" 2": )$"+")7: #.65')4:. F" $+8$A3" E"$0&67B3" 54&+3*#$6 23 G*/3 76$

4"<")1 ./")1 0+3")"#µ763 µ4 G48&+"#27: 03"12@24:. F" )2A#24: 754#$6 2$ 54µ7/"$ µ"$:

230")': 0$+-<3#@: 03. $6$02*85@)4 #4 µ"$ .032.0=<@ #.µD&6A$ µ4 23 )/Aµ$ )$"

$6702.G$6 µ"$ $0/' $"#5@2")' 03. $0324/4A µ7+3: 2@: µ36$<")': 230")': D"/3#3DA$:

#2@6 K$0&6A$. [13]

L.3 ,$#")7: 464+%4"$)7: 54&+'#4": #2@ %"$0&67B")@ $+8"24)236")' 4A6$" 3 D.#")1:

<"-8.23: D&2"#µ1: )$" 3 $4+"#µ1: )$2- 2@ <"-+)4"$ B4#2=6 )$" .%+=6 )$/3)$"+"=6. S

$"#5@2")' $6$µA85@)4 4<= µ4 2486")7: )$" 0+$)2")7: $6$B@2'#4": )$" 3<'%@#4 #4

"<"$A24+4: G*/"64: <3µ7:. S )$2$61@#@ 2@: D*#@: )$" 2&6 D.#")=6 ./")=6 $0324/4A

3.#A$ $6-02.G@: 2@: %"$0&67B")@: )3./23*+$:. S $+µ36")' )$" $G"3#7,$#2@ #87#@

µ42$G* $65+=0&6 )$" D*#@: 8$+$)2@+AB4" 1/@ 2@ %"$0&67B")@ $62A/@U@. S

064.µ$2")', $"#5@2")' )$" <"$63@2")' #.6$A#5@#@ 4G$+2-2$" $01 2@6 $+µ36A$ µ4 23

04+",-//36. [13]

($ <762+$ %"$ )$2$#)4.7: #2@6 K$0&6A$ <"$/7%362$6 µ4 µ4%-/@ D+362A<$ )$"

0+163"$. P-/"#2$ /A%3" <4G"327864: µ-#23+4: )-0324 %A6362$6 "4+4A: .04*5.63" 6$

µ42$,",-#3.6 2@6 03/*0/3)@ %6=#@ 1#36 $D3+- 23 G*/3 )$" 2@6 )$2$#)4.' #2@6

401µ46@ %46"- µ[email protected]µ46&6. [13]

F" G./3)103" #.##=+4.$6 2$ G*/$ µ4 #4,$#µ1 )$2$)1+.D$ µ4 23 -)+3 03. '2$6

0"3 )362- #2": +AB4: 23.: 6$ ,/704" 23 7<$D3:. F" 2486A24: 2$ 8+@#"µ303"3*#$6 #2$

)2A+"$ µ4 236 A<"3 2+103. F" )3/=64: 23035423*62$6 0-62$ µ4 2@6 )$24*5.6#@ µ4 2@6

303A$ µ4%-/&6$6, µ"$ )$" 54&+3*62$6 )$)' 2*8@ 6$ 2303542@53*6 $6-03<$.

F" E"$0&67B3" /-2+4.$6 23 <762+3 2@: B&': 23.: #$6 #*µ,3/3 <@µ"3.+%A$: )$" @

$"#5@2")' $62A/@U@ 23.: 4G4/A85@)4 )$" $6$02*85@)4 #4 24)236")'. P-/"#2$ $6702.G$6

µ"$ %/=##$ 04+",$//362")': $"#5@2")': #2": <3µ7: $01 G*/3. ;8@µ$2303A@#$6 23

04+",-//36, 0+-G@ )$//"2486")' 03. 4µ0/7)42$" µ4 µ*53 )$" 064*µ$. S %"$0&67B")@

"<7$ $.2': 2@: #8@µ$2303A@#@: #.µ04+"/-µ,$64 $6$67&#@ )$" $03)$2-#2$#@.

?$//"4+%=62$: <-#@ 3" %"$0&67B3" #.678"#$6 2@6 )$//"7+%4"$ µ"$: )3./23*+$: %"$ 23

G*/3. T82"#$6 )2A+"$ $01 G*/3, 76$ ./")1 03. #.#842AB42$" µ4 2@ D*#@ $//- )$" µ4 2@6

3µ3+D"- 23. .0$+)23* 04+",-//3623:. F" %"$0&67B3" 04+"##124+3 $01 -//3.: /$3*:

#84<A$#$6 )$" #84<"-B3.6 <A6362$: ,-#@ #2@ D*#@. [13]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 27

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

!").10 E"$0&67B")3: )'03: [2]

!").11 N*/"6$ #23"84A$ <@µ"3.+%3*6 )$2-//@/4: #.65')4: $4+"#µ3* )$" D&2"#µ3* #23

4#&24+")1 2@: %"$0&67B")@: )$23")A$: [13]

!").12 L&µ-2"3 %"$ 2#-" %"$0&67B")@:

)$23")A$: [2]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 28

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8. !Gµ, 8.1. ;*#2$#@-0+3H162$

8.1.1. I<+$6' ./")-

)IE.8, 234N=8+, 4A6$" 2$ <"-D3+$ ,3@5@2")- <3µ")- ./")-, 03. 0+37+8362$" $01

23.: D.#")3*: /A53.: µ4 µ@8$6")1 24µ$8"#µ1 23.:. C$+$)2@+AB362$" &: ,3@5@2")-,

%"$2A <46 µ03+3*6 6$ 8+@#"µ303"@53*6 µ16$ 23.: %"$ 2@6 )$2$#)4.' 461: <3µ")3*

#23"84A3. $//- 0+704" 6$ $6$µ"853*6 µ4 76$ 03/21 #.%)3//@2")': */@:, 10&: 3

$#,7#2@:, 23 2#"µ7623, @ -#D$/23: )$" 3" #.6542")7: )1//4:. I01 23 µA%µ$ $.21

0+3)*023.6 ./")- )$2-//@/$ %"$ <1µ@#@. ?$2- 2@6 0'G@ )$" 2@6 #)/'+.6#@ 2&6

µ"%µ-2&6 $.2=6, 2$ /A5"6$ 0+3H162$ <4 #.µµ42783.6 464+%- )$" %"$ $.21 )$/3*62$"

#.6'5&: ,93,8B :/.01. [5]

($ 0"3 #.6@5"#µ76$ $01 2$ $<+$6' ./")- 4A6$" 2$ 8$/A)"$, @ -µµ3:, 23 $µµ38-/")3,

23 8=µ$ )$" 3" #)164: (µ$+µ$+1#)36@ )/0.)

($ 8$/A)"$ 783.6 µ7%453: 7mm &: 70mm )$" <"$)+A6362$" ).+A&: $01 2":

#2+3%%./4µ764: $)µ7: 23.: )$" 2@ /4A$ 40"D-64"- 23.:. ($ 8$+$)2@+"#2")- $.2-

3D4A/362$" #236 )./"6<+"#µ1, 03. 783.6 .03#24A )$2- 2@6 )A6@#' 23.: µ7#$ #23.:

84Aµ$++3.:. >+37+8362$" $01 )-54 D*#4&: 042+=µ$2$. C+@#"µ303"3*62$" #4

04+"3+"#µ76@ )/Aµ$)$ %"$ 2@6 )$2$#)4.' #).+3<4µ-2&6 )$" 04+"##124+3 %"$ 2@6

.03<3µ' 2&6 <+1µ&6. !6= 2$ 0/$2"- 8$/A)"$ (/$2*0"$) 4A6$" $)$2-//@/$ %"$

#).+3<7µ$2$, /1%& 2@: µ")+': #.6-D4"$: 03. 0$+3.#"-B3.6.

S D.#")' -µµ3: $0324/4A2$" $01 )1))3.: %&6"=<4": )$" #2+3%%./3*:. R+A#)42$"

#4 $D536A$ #2": 0$+$/A4: (5$/-##"$), #2": )3A24: 2&6 032$µ=6 (032$µA#"$) , #4

46$0357#4": µ7#$ #2@ %@ (3+.)2') )$" 27/3: #2": 7+@µ3.:. I6-/3%$ µ4 2@ #*#2$#'

2@: <"$)+A642$" #4 8$/$B"$)', 12$6 04+"784" #4 µ4%-/4: 03#12@24: 8$/$BA$,

$#,4#23/"5")', $+%"/")' ).3.).

S 8$/$B"$)' -µµ3: 03. 0+37+842$" $01 0$+$/A4:, 4A6$" @ 0"3 )$2-//@/@ %"$ 2@6

)$2$#)4.' <3µ")=6 ./")=6. !A6$" #)/@+', %&6"=<@:, $654)2")' #23.: )$"+")3*:

0$+-%3624: )$" )$5$+' 8&+A: G764: 0+3#µAG4":, 4)21: $01 $/-2". [5]

(3 0+=23 $01 2$ ./")- 2@: )$2@%3+A$: $.2': 03. 8+@#"µ303A@#4 3 -65+&03:,

4A6$" 23 8=µ$. >4+"784" /4023*: )1))3.: -µµ3., 03. 0+3'/5$6 $01 2@6 $03#-5+&#@

2&6 042+&µ-2&6, )$" µ"$ D.#")' #.%)3//@2")' 3.#A$, 2@6 0@/3)36A$.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 29

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.1.2. >@/3)36A$.

S 0@/3)36A$ 4A6$" &: 0+3: 2@6 0+37/4.#' 2@:, D.#")' )36A$ $6 )$" <46 ,+A#)42$"

4/4*54+@ #2@ D*#@ 0-+$ µ163 #4 #0-6"4: 04+"02=#4":. !A6$" $6$)$24µ76@ µ4

$<+$64A: */4: <"$D1+&6 #.#2-#4&6 )$" ).+A&: µ4 -µµ3. (3 µA%µ$ $.21 2@:

0@/3)36A$: )$" 2&6 $<+$6=6 ./=6 $0324/4A 23.: %6&#23*: 0@/3*: ' $+%A/3.:.

S 0@/3)36A$ <46 784" 3+"#µ76@ D.#")' (3+.)23/3%")') ' 8@µ")' #*#2$#@.

;.#2$2")- 2@: 4A6$" <"-D3+4: 76.<+4: 46=#4": 23. 0.+"2A3. )$" 23. $+%"/A3.. I6')4"

#2@6 )$2@%3+A$ 2&6 $4+")=6 )36"=6 )$" #24+4303"4A2$" 12$6 4G$2µ"#24A 23 64+1 03.

4A6$" $6$µ4µ"%µ763 µ4 $.2'6. S G'+$6#@ 2@: 784" &: $0327/4#µ$ 6$ )3//3*6 2$ µ1+"$

2&6 $<+$6=6 ./")=6 µ4 23.: )1))3.: 2@: )36A$: )$" µ42$G* 23.:. ;2@6 "<"12@2$ $.2'

,$#AB42$" @ )$2$#)4.' 2&6 &µ30/A65&6.

!-6 µ42- 2@6 G'+$6#@ <"$032"#24A µ4 64+1, @ )36A$ 40$67+842$" #2@6 0/$#2")' 2@:

)$2-#2$#@ )$" 23 #24+41 03. 4A84 <@µ"3.+%@54A <"$/*42$". ?$2- 2@6 102@#@ (U'#"µ3)

@ 0@/3)36A$ 8-64" 23 64+1, 03. ,+A#)42$" #2$ µ1+"- 2@: ()+.#2$//")1 64+1) )$"

µ42$2+7042$" #4 µA$ #2$54+' 76&#@. !)4A ,$#AB42$" @ )$2$#)4.' 2&6 30210/"65&6

(23*,/$), 2&6 )4+$µ"<"=6, )/0. [5]

8.1.3. J+%"/3:

S -+%"/3: <@µ"3.+%4A2$" $01 2@6 $03#-5+&#@ 2&6 $#2+A&6. >4+"784" /4.)1

)$5$+1 )$3/A6@ )$5=: )$" -/4.+3 042+&µ-2&6, 3G4A<"$ 23. #"<'+3. )$" -//4:

0+3#µAG4": 03. )$53+AB3.6 23 8+=µ$ 2@:. H 2'G@ 23. )$3/A6@ 40"2.%8-642$" µ163 µ4

2@6 0$+3.#A$ #.//"0$#µ-2&6. ;4 )3+4#µ76@ 0/$#2")' )$2-#2$#@ 8+@#"µ303"4A2$"

03/*0/4.+$ #$6 #24%$6&2")1 µ7#3. [14]

8.1.4. >@/1:

F 0@/1: 4A6$" D.#")1 µA%µ$ $01 -+%"/3 )$" /4021)3))$ &: µ4#1)3))$ $µµ=<@

#.#2$2")-. P4 2@6 G'+$6#' 23. #)/@+*642$" )$" #.#27//42$" 21#3 04+"##124+3 1#3

04+"##124+@ -+%"/3 04+"784". F 40"5.µ@21: ,$5µ1: $0A#86$#@: %"$ 0@/3)$2$#)4.4:

40"2.%8-642$" µ4 2@6 $6-µ"G@ µ4 -µµ3, )$µA$ D3+- )$" µ4 042+=<@ $<+$6', )$5=: )$"

µ4 -8.+3 ' -//$ 03+=<@ ./")-. F 0@/1: #2@6 24/")' G@+' )$2-#2$#@ 784" )$/7:

@83µ36&2")7: )$" 54+µ3µ36&2")7: "<"12@24:. >$+3.#"-B4" µ4%-/@ 4.$"#5@#A$ #23 64+1

)$" #236 0$%421 12$6 .%+$654A. !A6$" ./")1 0.+$6$#2$/2")1, <4)2")1 '/&#@:. (3A83"

$01 -63023.: 0/A653.: (0/A5+4:) )$" <-04<$ #.µ0.)6&µ76$ <"$ )+3*#4&6, 783.6

03/* µ4%-/@ <"-+)4"$ B&': (µ03+4A )$" 200 8+16"$). [14]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 30

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.1.5 ?4+$µ")-

>+1)4"2$" %"$ 2$ 0+3H162$ 302': $+%A/3.. (3 8+=µ$ 23.: 4A6$" )$#2$61, )1))"63,

)A2+"63 $6-/3%$ µ4 2": 0+3#µ4AG4": #4 -/$2$ #"<'+3.. S -+%"/3: 0$+$#*+4" $65+$)")-

-/$2$ $#,4#2A3. )$" µ$%6@#A3., µA)$, $#2+A3.:, 8$/$BA$ $01 23 072+&µ$ 03.

0+37+842$". ;4 04+A02&#@ 03. 3 8$/$BA$: 4A6$" #4 µ4%-/@ $6$/3%A$ 3 0@/1:

0/-542$" 4*)3/$ $//- 12$6 U'642$" #.#27//42$". W2$6 3 0@/1: 4A6$" 0$8*:

0+3#2A5462$" ./")- 03. µ4 23 U'#"µ3 <46 #.#27//362$" 10&: 8$/$B"$)' -µµ3:, #$µ1:

(#)16@ )4+$µ")=6). E"$ 2": 03+#4/-64: 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" )$3/A6@: µ4 -#2+"3 )$"

8$/$BA$.

S )$2$#)4.' )4+$µ")=6 04+"/$µ,-64" )$24+%$#A$ 0+=2@: */@:, µ3+D303A@#@,

$0$7+&#@, #8@µ$23.+%A$, G'+$6#@, U'#"µ3. (3 8=µ$ $6$µ4"%6*42$" #4 <"-D3+4:

$6$/3%A4: #*µD&6$ µ4 2@6 04+"4)2")12@2- 23. #4 )$3/A6@ )$" 2$ 0+3H162$ 03.

0+1)4"2$" 6$ )$2$#)4.$#23*6. (3 µA%µ$ $/7542$" =#24 6$ )36"303"@53*6 2$

$65+$)")- -/$2$ )$" 12$6 U@53*6 2$ )4+$µ")- 6$ µ@6 .0-+84" )A6<.63: 6$ #0-#3.6

µ4 2@ <"$#23/' /1%& 7)/.#@: <"3G4"<A3. 23. -65+$)$. ?$" 24/")- <"$,+7842$" %"$ 6$

%A64" )$/*24+$ -/4#@ )$" $6-µ4"G@. [15]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 31

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.2. !A<@ 4<$D=6

($ 4<-D@ 8&+AB362$" #4 2+4": )$2@%3+A4::

($ ,+$8=<@ )$" #.µ0$%' 4<-D@ 2$ 303A$ 0$+3.#"-B3.6 #842")- µ4%-/@ $6238'

#2@6 0$+$/$,' D3+2A&6. [17]

($ @µ",+$8=<@ 4<-D@ 03. 4A6$" ,+-83" µ$/$)3A )$" @ $6238' 23.: 4A6$" µ")+124+@

$01 2$ ,+$8=<@ )$" "<"$A24+$ 40")A6<.63" #2@6 04+A02&#@ 03. .0-+83.6 46<"-µ4#$

/402- #2+=µ$2$ $+%A/3. 2&6 303A&6 @ <"$,+38' µ03+4A 6$ 0+3)$/7#4" 2@6 )A6@#@

#2+=µ$21: 23.: )$" #.640$)1/3.5$ 0+3,/'µ$2$ .038&+'#4&6.

($ 0@/=<@ )$" $+%"/=<@ 4<-D@ 03. 783.6 0+37/54" $01 <"-D3+$ 3+.)2-. F"

)1))3" 23.: 0+37+8362$" #.6'5&: $01 2@6 $03#-5+&#@ µ$/$)=6 ).+A&:

042+&µ-2&6 ' $)1µ@ )$" #)/@+=6 042+&µ-2&6 03. )-2& $01 8@µ")7: $62"<+-#4":

<@µ"3*+%@#$6 042+=µ$2$ µ4 µ")+124+@ #)/@+12@2$.

'W2$6 @ <"-µ42+3: 2&6 )1))&6 23.: ).µ$A642$" $6-µ4#$ #4 5-80 µ")+1µ42+$,

363µ-B362$" 0@/=<@ )$" 12$6 4A6$" µ")+124+3" $01 5 µ")+1µ42+$ 363µ-B362$"

$+%"/=<@. ($ 4<-D@ $.2- 4A6$" #84<16 $<"$07+$#2$ $01 23 64+1 )$" 23 $03++3D3*6

4*)3/$. >$+- 2@ µ4%-/@ .<$23$03++3D@2")12@2- 23.: $62"<+3*6 #2@6 $03µ-)+.6#@

23. 64+3* $01 2@ µ-B$ 23.:, <@/$<' 4A6$" .<$23$03++3D@2")-, 8&+A: $0$+$A2@2$ 6$

4A6$" )$" .<$2304+$2-.

;.6'5&:, 2$ $+%"/=<@ 4<-D@ $0324/3*62$" $01 <"-D3+$ 3G4A<"$, .<+3G4A<"$ )$"

-/$2$ 23. $+%"/A3.. ;2$ 0@/=<@ 4<-D@, 3" µ4%$/*24+3" )1))3" 4A6$" #.6'5&:

8$/$B"$)3A, 3" µ")+124+3" 4A6$" $#,4#23/"5")3A.

S ,$#")' <"$D3+- 2&6 $µµ&<=6 4<$D=6 $01 2$ 0@/=<@ )$" "<"$A24+$ $01 2$

$+%"/=<@ 4A6$" 12", 12$6 #2$ $µµ=<@ @ .%+$#A$ G404+6-4" 76$ 3+"#µ763 1+"3, <4A863.6

6$ $0324/3*6 76$ 0/$#2")1 #$5+1 #=µ$. !6= $62A#23"8$ #2$ 0@/=<@, <"$2@+4A2$" @

#.638' 23.:.

(3 03#3#21 23. 64+3* 03. 04+"783.6 2$ #.64)2")- 4<-D@, <46 40@+4-B4" µ163 2":

D.#")7: "<"12@27: 23.: $//- )$" 236 1%)3 23.:. ($ #.64)2")- 4<-D@ <46 4A6$"

$#.µ0A4#2$ $//- #.6'5&: 03/* #.µ0"4#2-, )$" @ #.µ0A4#@ 23. 1%)3. 23.: 4A6$"

<"$D3+42")' $01 $.2'6 03. 0+3)$/4A 2": )$5"B'#4": #2$ 8$/$+- 4<-D@. W2$6 #4 76$

#.64)2")1 7<$D3: 0+3#57#3.µ4 D3+2A$, 3" )1))3" #.6'5&: <46 $//-B3.6 #842")-

57#4":, $//- @ 0A4#@ 23. 64+3* 03. ,+A#)42$" $6-µ4#$ #23.: )1))3.: $.G-642$".

($ 3+%$6")- (D.2")-) 4<-D@ µ3"-B3.6 µ4 2$ 0@/=<@ )$" $+%"/=<@ µ4 )1))3.:

04+A03. 1 µ")+1µ42+3. I01 8@µ")' -03U@ 4A6$" $#2$5' µ"$ )$" $6-µ4#$ #23.:

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 32

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

)1))3.: 23.: .0-+83.6 )$" 3+%$6")- ./")-, 0+34+81µ46$ $01 2@6 $03#*654#@

D.2=6 ' B=&6. !04"<' 04+"783.6 )$" 4/4*54+3 -65+$)$, 783.6 µA$ 8$+$)2@+"#2")'

µ.+&<"- )$" <A63.6 #23 7<$D3: 76$ %)+AB3 7&: )$" µ$*+3 $)1µ@ 8+=µ$. [17]

($ 4<-D@ $.2- 04+"783.6 03//7: D1+7: @/4)2+3/*24: 03. µ03+3*6 µ4 2": 8@µ")7:

23.: $62"<+-#4": 6$ 0+3)$/7#3.6 <.#-+4#2$ D$"61µ46$ #2$ 3")3<3µ")- ./")- 10&:

2$ )36"-µ$2$, 2$ G*/$, 236 30/"#µ1 )2/.

;.6'5&:, 2$ 4<-D@ 03. #.6$623*µ4, <46 µ03+3*6 #23 #*63/1 23.: 6$ .0$853*6

#4 µA$ )$2@%3+A$, $//- #4 04+"##124+4:.

S )$2-2$G@ 2&6 4<$D=6, #*µD&6$ µ4 23.: <"4564A: )$636"#µ3*:, 8$+$)2@+AB42$"

$6-/3%$ µ4 2@6 )$2@%3+A$ 23.: µ4 <*3 %+-µµ$2$ 23. M$2"6")3* $/D$,'23., 10&:

D$A642$" #236 0A6$)$ [17] :

!").13 ?$2-2$G@ 4<$D=6 #*µD&6$ µ4 23.: <"4564A: )$636"#µ3*: [17]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 33

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.3. K<"12@24: 03. <"$5724" 23 8=µ$

S -+%"/3: 4A6$" 23 #@µ$62")124+3 ./")1 %@: 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" #2@6 )$2$#)4.'.

!A6$" ./")1 03. $6$02*##4" 2@6 0/$#2")12@2- 23. 12$6 $6$µ"%6*42$" µ4 76$ µ")+1

03#1 64+3*. ;2$ 04+"##124+$ $0357µ$2$ $+%A/3. #.86- 3 )$3/A6@: 4A6$" 23

$D536124+3 3+.)21 ./")1 µ4 03#3#21 03//7: D3+7: 80%. F 8$/$BA$: $)3/3.54A 236

)$3/A6@ )$" 70362$" -//$ µ42$//4*µ$2$ 10&: 3 "/A2@:, 3 8/&+A2@: )$" 3 8$/3.BA2@:.

;23"84A$ 03. .0-+83.6 #4 #@µ$62")7: 03#12@24: #4 $.2- 2$ $0357µ$2$ 4A6$" 23

0.+A2"3, @ $/3.µA6$, 3 #A<@+3:, 23 $#,7#2"3, 23 µ$%6'#"3, 23 6-2+"3, 23 )-/"3, )$" 3

D=#D3+3: #4 03")A/$ 03#3#2-. F" -+%"/3" ,+A#)42$" 12" <"$5723.6 0/$#2")12@2$, µ4

23 µ7#3 1+3 23. 3+A3. 0/$#2")12@2-: 23.: 22.18% )$" 76$ µ7#3 1+3 <4")2=6

0/$#2")12@2$: 21.88%. S 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 8$/$BA$ 03. ).µ$A642$" µ42$G* 1.7 )$"

35% 40"<+- #2@6 0/$#2")12@2$ 2@: $+%A/3.. !-6 4A6$" 03/* .U@/', @ 0/$#2")12@2$

5$ µ4"&54A. S 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 64+1 2@: $+%A/3. 40A#@: 0$+$2@+4A2$" 12" 4A6$"

8$µ@/'. [18]

F" )$3/"6"2")3A -+%"/3" 4A6$" )$2-//@/4: 0+=24: */4: %"$ 2@6 )$2$#)4.' )4+$µ")=6

0+3H162&6 )$" 4"<=6 .%"4"6':. !A6$" )$/3A %"$ 2@6 0$+$%&%' 8+&µ-2&6, %"$ 2@6

)$2$#)4.' 23*,/&6 40A#2+&#@: )$" 23A8&6. [18]

F" 54+µ")7: "<"12@24: 2@: $+%A/3. 23 )$5"#23*6 03/* )$/1 ./")1 %"$ )$2$#)4.'

#236 2+30")1. !A6$" D2&81: $%&%1: 2@: 54+µ12@2$:. ($ 0+3H162$ 2@: $+%A/3.

$03++3D3*6 2@ 54+µ12@2$ 03/* $+%- 2$ B4#2- $03%4*µ$2$ 46= 23 4#&24+")1 2&6

<&µ$2A&6 0$+$µ764" <+3#4+1. S 54+µ12@2$ 03. #.##&+4*42$" <"$/*42$" $+%- 2":

6*824:. >$+- 2$ 0/4364)2'µ$2$ 2@: $+%A/3., 2$ 0+3H162$ 2@: $0$"23*6 3.#"$#2")'

,4/2A&#@ %"$ 6$ 4A6$" 40"5.µ@2': 03"12@2$:. E"$ 0$+-<4"%µ$ @ "#8*: #.µ0A4#@: 2&6

G4+$µ76&6 µ0/3) $01 -+%"/3 4A6$" 8$µ@/', 46= 7)54#@ #4 .%+$#A$ <@µ"3.+%4A

0+1#542@ ,/-,@. E"$ 23 /1%3 $.21 $0$"24A2$" 0+3#4)2")' 54=+@#@ 23. 2+103.

0$+$%&%': )$" 2@: )$2$#)4.$#2")': 2486")':. [18]

T+4.6$ 784" <4AG4" 12" $6 $#)4A2$" ")$6303"@2")' #.µ0A4#@ )$2- 2@ <"-+)4"$

0$+$%&%':, @ #.µ0"4#2")' <*6$µ@ 2&6 G@+$µ76&6 $+%"/")=6 µ0/3) µ03+4A 6$

$.G@54A. S 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 64+1 µ03+4A 40A#@: 6$ 4/4%854A 46= 2$ µ0/3) 5$

.03,/@53*6 #4 40"2$8.61µ46@ %'+$6#@. [18]

S R $GA$ 2&6 23A8&6 $01 8=µ$ 4A6$" 8$µ@/' %" $.21 $6$µ7642$" 6$ -%3.6 2@

54+µ12@2$ #4 76$ )2A+"3 )$2- 2@ <"-+)4"$ 23. )$/3)$"+"3*. F µ4%-/3: 1%)3: 2&6

23A8&6 )$" @ #.#842"B1µ46@ 54+µ")' )$5.#27+@#@ #2@ µ42$D3+- 54+µ12@2$: $01 7G&

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 34

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

0+3: 2$ µ7#$ µ03+4A 6$ 3<@%'#4" #4 ")$6303"@2")' /4"23.+%A$. F" 4G&24+")3A

8&µ-2"63" 23A83" µ03+3*6 6$ $0324/7#3.6 µ4#3/$,@27: µ4%-/&6 54+µ3)+$#"$)=6

µ42$#2+3D=6 03. ,3@53*6 #2@6 4G$#D-/"#@ µ"$: ")$6303"@2")': 54+µ3)+$#A$: #4

76$ )2A+"3.

I6 )$" -%4" 2@ 54+µ12@2$ 23 )$/3)$A+" 3 8&µ-2"63: 23A83:, 3" .03#2@+")27: 2&6

8&µ-2"6&6 )$2$#)4.=6 236AB3.6 12" µ4%-/3 µ7%453: 2&6 23A8&6 µ42+"-B4" $.2' 2@6

40A<+$#@. [19]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 35

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.4. ?$2$#)4.7: $01 8=µ$

8.4.1. C$+$)2@+"#2")-

($ ./")- )$2$#)4.': $0324/3*6 #.86- 23 70%23. )1#23.: )$2$#)4.':. S

04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$ 2@: %@:, #$6 ./")1 8$µ@/': 467+%4"$: #.6'5&: $0324/4A2$" $01

2@6 467+%4"$ 03. )$2$6$/=642$" #4 )-03"$ 0+&2$+8")' )36"3+2303A@#@ )$" #2@

µ42$D3+-. P"$ )$" 23 8=µ$ µ03+4A 6$ 0$+$854A 230")-, $.2- 23 )1#23: µ03+4A

#84<16 6$ $µ4/@54A. [20]

S 8+'#@ 23. 8=µ$23: /$µ,-64" .01U@ 23 #842")1 µ")+1 )1#23: #4 #87#@ µ4 $.21

2&6 µ3627+6&6 ./")=6 )$" 2@6 $D536A$ 23.. (3 8=µ$ µ-/"#2$ 784" 54+µ")7: ")$612@24:

03. 23 )$5"#23*6 "<$6")1 %"$ )$2$#)4.7: #4 2+30")1 )/Aµ$. [18]

;$6 76$: 2+103: 03/"2")':, @ 8+'#@ 3")3<3µ")=6 ./")=6 230")': 0+37/4.#@:

0+704" 6$ ."3542@54A %"$ 8$µ@/3* )1#23.: )$23")A4:, 8$µ@/=6 4"#3<@µ$2"=6. P")+':

)/Aµ$)$: ,"3µ@8$6A4: 0+704" 6$ /4"23.+%'#3.6 %"$ 6$ <"4.)3/*63.6 2@ <"-54#@ 2&6

230")=6 ./")=6 #4 0+3#"27: 2"µ7:. [18]

F" 0$+$<3#"$)7: )3"6&6A4: $6$02*##3.6 23 8=µ$ #$6 76$ $01 2$ 0"3 #@µ$62")-

<3µ")- ./")- /$µ,-6362$: .01U@ 2": $0$"2'#4": #4 $6238', 23 04+",$//362")1

46<"$D7+36 #2@6 404G4+%$#A$ )$" 8+'#@ 23. ./")3*. [20]

;*µD&6$ µ4 2@6 03")"/A$ 2&6 <"$D1+&6 2*0&6 4<-D3.:, 2": )/"µ$2")7: #.65')4:,

23 03/"2"#2")1 .01,$5+3 )$" 23.: 3")363µ")3*: 0$+-%3624:, $6$02*85@)$6 <"-D3+3"

2+103" 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" 23 8=µ$. W0&: @ #.µ0"4#µ76@ %@, 23*,/$

)$/3.0"$#µ76$ µ4 &µ' %@ )$" U@µ76$ #236 '/"3, #.µ0"4#µ76$ 23*,/$ ).$. P"$ )$" 3"

0$+$<3#"$)7: )3"6&6A4: <46 µ03+3*#$6 6$ )$2$6$/=#3.6 µ4%-/4: 03#12@24: $01

8=µ$ ' %$"-65+$)$ %"$ 6$ 404G4+%$#23*6 2@ %@, 3" 04+"##124+3" -65+&03" 54=+@#$6

12" µ03+3*6 6$ ,$#"#23*6 #23.: D.#")3*:, 464+%4"$)3*: 01+3.:. I.21 $0$"23*#4

$)+",' )$" /4023µ4+' %6=#@ 230")=6 )/"µ$2")=6 #.65@)=6 $01 2@ µ"$ µ4+"- )$" $01

2@6 -//@ µ"$ /3%")' )$2$61@#@ 2&6 8$+$)2@+"#2")=6 /4"23.+%A$: 2@: %@: #$6 ./")1

)$2$#)4.':. [20]

P4 23 07+$#µ$ 23. 8+163. @ 8+'#@ 2@: %@: #$6 <3µ")1 ./")1 -//$G4. I.21 '2$6

$0$+$A2@23 $+8")- %"$ #.648' <"$84A+"#@ )$" #.86' 40"<"1+5&#@ 2&6 <3µ=6 $01

#.µ0"4#µ763 8=µ$ )$" 2&6 )2"+A&6 $01 8&µ-2"6$ 23*,/$, /1%& 2@: 8$µ@/': 23.:

$6238': )$" 46 µ7+4" $01 2@6 4µD-6"#@ )$"63*+%"&6 24863/3%"=6 03. )-63.6 2@6

404G4+%$#A$ 2&6 0+3H162&6 $01 8=µ$ 0"5$6'.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 36

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

S ."3572@#@ 1µ&: 2@: #*%8+36@: )$2$#)4.': $01 8=µ$ )$" 2&6 #*%8+36&6

./")=6 784" $62")$2$#2'#4" 2": 0$+$<3#"$)7: µ451<3.:. P3627+6$ <3µ")- ./")- $01

8=µ$ #.640-%362$" µ451<3.: µ4 .U@/' 464+%4"$)' )$2$6-/&#@, 04+",$//362")'

.03,-5µ"#@ )$" 4/4.57+&#@ µ4%-/&6 03#32'2&6 <"3G4"<A3. 23. -65+$)$ )$" -//4:

4)03µ07:. [20]

!").14 >+3)$2$#)4.$#µ76$ #23"84A$ &µ30/A65&6

0-83.: 504). )$" *U3.: 704). #2@6 )$23")A$ Salvatierra #2@

]46 2@: E$//A$: [6]

!").15 F+"B162"$ 23µ' 03. <A64" 2@ <"-2$G@ 2&6 <3µ")=6 #23"84A&6 2@: )$2$#)4.': (8=µ$

– G*/3 - #).+1<4µ$) [6]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 37

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.4.2. C&µ-2"63" 23A83"

8.4.2.1. L3µ'

S )$2$#)4.' 8&µ-2"6&6 23A8&6 ,$#AB42$" #23 %4%361: 12" 12$6 #.%)4)+"µ76$ ./")-

4<-D3.: µ4 2@ #&#2' 04+"481µ46@ .%+$#A$ #.µ0"7B362$" 4/$D+-, <"$2@+3*6 2@

#.638' 23.: =#24 6$ #8@µ$2A#3.6 76$ $+)42- #)/@+1, <.6$21 )$" #24+41 #=µ$. S

$0$+$A2@2@ #.638' 40"2.%8-642$" $01 #.µ0A4#@ 461: #842")- #24%63* µA%µ$23: %@:

03. 23035424A2$" #4 )/4"#21 0/$A#"3, ' $01 23 D.#")1 #27%6&µ$ 461: .%+3* µA%µ$23:

40A#@: 2303542@µ763. -µ4#$ #4 76$6 23A83. ;4 )-54 04+A02&#@ $01 2@ #2"%µ' 03. 3

23A83: )$2$#)4.$#24A @ #.638' <"$+)4A µ163 1#3 2$ ./")- <"$2@+3*62$" #24%6-. [21]

>$+$<3#"$)- 3" 2+4": )*+"3" 2*03" )$2$#)4.': $01 8=µ$ 4A6$" 0/A653: $01 0@/1,

#.µ0"4#µ763 8=µ$ )$" #.µ0"4#µ76$ 24µ-8"$ $01 8=µ$.

F" 23A83" 03. )$2$#)4.-B362$" 8&+A: )$/3*0" $0324/3*62$" $01 8=µ$ 03.

04+"784" -+%"/3 )$" -µµ3 )$5=: )$" -8.+3 03. 0+3#2A542$" %"$ 6$ ,3@5'#4" #23

#27%6&µ$ )$" 6$ $032+7U4" 2@ <@µ"3.+%A$ +&%µ=6. (3 82A#"µ3 %A642$" µ4 2@6

2303572@#@ 461: µ$/$)3* $//- )$" #.64)2")3* µA%µ$23: #4 #2+=µ$2$, 46= @

40"D-64"$ 23. 23A83. 04+")10242$" #2$<"$)- µ4 D2.-+" %"$ 6$ <"$µ3+D&54A @

4G&24+")' 40"D-64"$ 23.. [21]

!").16 (3A83: $01

8=µ$ #4 ,-#@ $01

0.+1/"53 )$" 23*,/3

µ4 #24+4&µ76@ µ4 #*+µ$ $8.+3#)40' #8@µ$2303"@µ76@ #4 0+"36"#µ763 <+*"63 0/$A#"3.

^2$6 0+3#2$24.1µ463: )$" $01 2": <.3 0/4.+7: $01 )A2+"63 $#,7#2@ )$" 0/*#@ µ4 /A03:. F

23A83: µ03+4A 6$ 40","=#4" /1%& 23. 12" @ $8.+3#)40' <"$2@+4A2$" #4 )$/' )$2-#2$#@ ()-54

15 8+16"$ 0"5$6=:), 23 $#,7#2&µ$ $6$64=642$" (0"5$6=: )-54 5 8+16"$), 46= 23 40A04<3 23.

4<-D3.: <"$2@+4A2$" #4 )$/' )$2-#2$#@ )-2& $01 )3+.D' 2@: ,-#@:. [21]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 38

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

S 4µ,3/"#µ76@ %@ 0$+-%42$" µ4 @µ"#24%6' µ753<3. I0324/4A2$" $01 8=µ$ 8$µ@/':

04+"4)2")12@2$: .%+$#A$: 03. 23035424A2$" #4 #$6A<4: )$/3.0=µ$23:. T6$ 2723"3

"<$6")1 µA%µ$ $0324/4A2$" $01 8=µ$ µ4 04+"4)2")12@2$ 25-30% #4 -+%"/3 )$" 70-75%

#4 -µµ3 )$" 8$/A)" #4 76$ #&#2- ,$5µ363µ@µ763 µA%µ$ µ4 4/-8"#2$ )46- $7+$. [21]

?$2$#)4.' 23A8&6 µ03+4A 6$ %A64" )$" µ4 µ4%-/$ -)$.#2$ µ0/3) $01 $+%"/")1

7<$D3:. ($ µ0/3) #8@µ$2303"3*62$" µ4 2@6 2303572@#@ 23. 4<-D3.: #4 G*/"6$

)$/3*0"$. I6 )$" 4A6$" µ4%$/*24+$ #4 µ7%453: $01 2$ 23*,/$, @ $+8")' 0+3423"µ$#A$,

3" <"$<")$#A4: )$/3.0=µ$23: )$" #24%6=µ$23: $)3/3.53*6 0$+$<3#"$)7: <"$<")$#A4:

)$2$#)4.': 23*,/&6. (3 µA%µ$ %46")- 04+"784" 23./-8"#23 50% -µµ3 $6 )$" #.86-

µ03+4A 6$ ,+454A 85% -µµ3: / 8$/A)" µ4 04+"481µ46@ -+%"/3 5-15%. !<-D@ 03.

04+"783.6 µ4%-/@ $6$/3%A$ $+%A/3. .0-+84" $6-%)@ 6$ #.µ04+"/-,3.6 #.6<42")-

./")- 10&: -8.+3 ' 83+2-+". [21]

F" <"$<")$#A4: µ4 2": 303A4: 23 8=µ$ <"$µ3+D=642$" #4 23*,/$ 04+"/$µ,-64"

µ-/$G@ 5+.µµ-2&6, G'+$6#@ #236 '/"3 )$" U'#"µ3. !A6$" <"$<")$#A4: 03. $0$"23*6

µ4%-/3 #&µ$2")1 µ1853 $//- <46 783.6 µ4%-/3 )1#23:. (3 ./")1 03")A/4" $6-/3%$ µ4

2@6 03"12@2$ %@: 2@: 04+"38':. [18]

($ 24µ-8"$ $+%A/3. µ03+3*6 4)21: $01 23 6$ #24%6=#3.6 #236 '/"3, 6$ 4)2453*6

#4 D&2"-. ;2@6 04+A02&#@ $.2' <46 4A6$" $6-%)@ 6$ #2$54+303"@53*6.

V210"$ 24863/3%A$ µ03+4A 6$ .0-+84" %"$ 2@6 0$+$%&%' 23*,/&6 4)2454"µ76&6

#2@ D&2"- µ4 2@ 8+'#@ G*/3. )$" -8.+3. &: )$*#"µ&6. F -65+$)$: 54&+4A2$" 12"

4A6$" )$/*24+3 40A#@: 46$//$)2")1 )$*#"µ3.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 39

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.4.2.2. M1%3" )$2$#2+3D': – 0+3#2$#A$

F" )*+"3" /1%3" )$2$#2+3D': 2&6 )2"+A&6 $01 8=µ$ 4A6$" #.++A)6&#@, +-%"#µ$,

<"-,+&#@ )$" µ@8$6")' ,/-,@ 03. 3D4A/42$" -µ4#$ ' 7µµ4#$ #23 64+1. Wµ&:

8+@#"µ303"=62$: 2$ )$2-//@/$ $+8"24)236")- #87<"$, <3µ")7: 2486")7:, µ72+$

#2$54+303A@#@:, 2$ )2A+"$ $01 8=µ$ µ03+3*6 6$ )$2$#)4.$#23*6 µ4 40"2.8A$ #4

04+"387: µ4 <"-D3+3.: 2*03.: )/Aµ$23:. P4 4"<")' µ-/"#2$ D+362A<$ )$" <"$84A+"#@

µ03+3*6 6$ <"$2@+@53*6 %"$ <4)$42A4:. [20]

W/3" 3" 2*03" )$2$#)4.': $01 8=µ$ 8$+$)2@+AB362$" $01 8$µ@/' $6238'. F"

#@µ$62")7: "<"12@24: 03. /$µ,-6362$" .01U@ %"$ ,4/2A&#@ 23.: 4A6$" @ "#8*:

#.µ0A4#@:, @ $03++1D@#@ 64+3* )$" @ $62A#2$#@ #2": )$"+")7: #.65')4:. L"-D3+4:

µ753<3" 783.6 $6$02.854A %"$ 2@6 $62"µ42=0"#@ 2&6 µ4"364)2@µ-2&6 23.:. [20]

F" 0/A653" U'6362$" #4 54+µ3)+$#A$ 0$+$%&%': 700-1000 3C %"$ 6$ 783.6

$6238'. ;4 $.2' 2@6 04+A02&#@ $0$"23*62$" µ4%-/$ 03#- )$.#Aµ3. 03. 4G$+2=62$"

$01 236 2*03 23. )$µ"6"3*. S 0$+$%&%' µ-/"#2$ 2&6 0/A65&6 #.63<4*42$" 40A#@:

$01 7)/.#@ <"3G4"<A3. 23. -65+$)$. [20]

!").17 I+%"/")- 24µ-8"$ #4 23*,/"6@

,-#@. ($ µ0/1) 4A6$" #24+4&µ76$ µ4

$#,7#2@ )$" -+%"/3, #3,$2"#µ76$ µ4

46"#8.µ763 µ4 -8.+$, #3,- $#,7#2@ )$"

-µµ3.. (3 24/4A&µ$ 4A6$" $01

$#,4#230/.#Aµ$2$. J//$ 46$//$)2")-

24/4"=µ$2$ µ03+3*6 6$ 4A6$" $#,7#2@:

µ4 /-<" ' $µµ=<@: 0A##$. [21]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 40

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

F" 4G&24+")7: 40"D-64"4: 2&6 23A8&6 #84<16 0-62$ 0+3#2$24*362$" µ4 #3,-2"#µ$

' $#,4#230/.#Aµ$2$. 90-+84" 40A#@: $6-%)@ %"$ <@µ"3.+%A$ %4A#&6, #.6483*:

40"D-64"$: 40A#2+&#@:, 0/A653. $03µ16&#@: )$" -//&6 #.#2@µ-2&6 03. 5$ 2":

0+3#2$27U3.6. [21]

E"$ 6$ 0$+-%3.6 24µ-8"$ #.%)+A#"µ@: #.µ0"4#2")': "#8*: µ4 24µ-8"$ 2#"µ7623., 3"

23A83" 03. )$2$#)4.-B362$" $01 24µ-8"$ "/*3: 8+4"-B42$" 6$ 0+3#2$24.23*6 $01 2@

,+38'. P"$ )$" @ -+%"/3: $03++3D- 23 64+1 )$" D3.#)=64" )$" #.++")6=642$"

$+%124+$ 12$6 4G$2µ"#24A 23 64+1, µ4 $0327/4#µ$ 2@ <@µ"3.+%A$ +&%µ=6, 3" 23A83"

µ03+3*6 6$ #3,$2"#23*6 µ4 )36A$µ$ 2#"µ7623. %"$ 6$ $03D4.854A @ <"4A#<.#@

.%+$#A$:. >+34G387: #24%=6 µ03+3*6 6$ 8+@#"µ303"@53*6 %"$ 6$ 0+3#2$24*#3.6

23.: 23A83.:, 46= 54µ4/"$)3A 23A83" µ03+3*6 6$ 0+3#2$24.23*6 $01 04B3<+1µ"3 03.

82AB42$" %*+& $01 2$ )2A+"$. [18]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 41

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.4.3. ;2$54+303A@#@ 23. 8=µ$23:

S 0$+$<3#"$)' )$2$#)4.' $01 8=µ$ 8+@#"µ303"4A 8$µ@/': 467+%4"$: ./")- 03.

µ03+3*6 6$ $6$,$5µ"#53*6 %"$ 6$ ,4/2"=#3.6 2": "<"12@27: 23.:, µ4 /A%3 0+1#5423

)1#23: 1#36 $D3+- 2@6 467+%4"$. M1%& 2@: 4.+4A$: 8+'#@: )$" 23. 8$µ@/3* )1#23.:

2@: %@: #$6 <3µ")1 ./")1, @ $6$,-5µ"#' 2@: 4A6$" 0"3 0"5$61 6$ 40"2*84", #4 #87#@ µ4

0"5$6' $62")$2-#2$#@ $01 67$ ./")- ' µ4 404G4+%$#A$ 2@: µ4 µ451<3.: 03. 4A6$"

$)+",3A )$" µ@ <"$+)4A:. [20]

;2$54+303A@#@ 23. 8=µ$23: #.640-%42$" 2@6 2+30303A@#@ 2&6 "<"32'2&6 461:

#.#2'µ$23: $01 8=µ$, 64+1, $7+$ 03. 4G$#D$/AB4" <"$+)4A: "<"12@24:. S

#2$54+303A@#@ 4A6$" $0$+$A2@2@ 12$6 23 ./")1 4A6$" 4)2454"µ763 #4 .%+$#A$. [20]

(3 8=µ$ µ03+4A 6$ 46"#8.54A $01 D.#")7: A64:. _64: $01 D.2- )$" /$8$6")-

/4"23.+%3*6 &: ./")1 30/"#µ3* µ4 236 A<"3 2+103 03. /4"23.+%3*6 3" A64: 23.

30/"#µ763. #).+3<7µ$23: )$" 0$+4µ03<AB3.6 2@ +@%µ-2&#@ $01 23 #27%6&µ$, µ4

2@6 )$2$63µ' 2@: 762$#@: 03. 0+3)*024" $01 2@ #.++A)6&#@ 23. 0@/3* $01 23

)*+"3 µ7+3: 23. ./")3*. S 0+3#5')@ "6=6 10&: 23 -8.+3 40"2+704" $*G@#@ 2@:

$6238': 15% 23./-8"#23 #4 #87#@ µ4 23 ./")1 8&+A: A64:. [20]

>3//7: 0$+$<3#"$)7: )3"6&6A4: 8+@#"µ303"3*6 04+"22=µ$2$ $01 $%4/-<4: )$"

-//$ B=$ #$6 #2$54+303"@27:. W2$6 @ )30+"- 0+3#2A542$" #4 µ"$ µ-B$ $01 8=µ$ #4

.%+' µ3+D', <@µ"3.+%4A2$" 76$ $<+$67: )$/3*0" #23 303A3 @ #.64)2")12@2$ $6-µ4#$

#2$ µ1+"$ 23. 8=µ$23: $.G-64". S )30+"- )$2- #.6704"$ 04+").)/=64" 2$ µ1+"$ )$" 2$

)3//- µ42$G* 23.: #4 G@+$#A$ )$" <"$2@+4A 2@ #2$54+12@2- 23.: 1#3 <46 4A6$"

4)2454"µ76$ #4 76236@ .%+$#A$. S *0$+G@ "6=6 #2@6 )30+"- 40A#@: µ4"=64" 23

#8@µ$2"#µ1 +&%µ=6 #23 0+3H16. [20]

F" "<"12@24: 2@: <3µ")': %@: µ03+3*6 6$ ,4/2"&53*6 40A#@: µ4 2@6 0+3#5')@

./")=6 10&: 23 2#"µ7623, 3 $#,7#2@:, @ 0A##$.

(3 2#"µ7623 4A6$" 23 0"3 #.6@5"#µ763 ./")1. R4/2"=64" 2@ #.64)2")12@2$ 23.

8=µ$23:, 2@ /4"23.+%")12@2$ 23. µ"$ )$" 0+3)$/4A $*G@#@ 2@: 0/$#2")12@2$: 23.

8=µ$23: 8$µ@/': 0/$#2")12@2$: )$" 2@ µ4A&#@ 2@: 0/$#2")12@2$: 2&6 #.64)2")=6

8&µ-2&6. [18]

(3 76.<+3 2#"µ7623 464+%4A µ4 <.3 2+103.:. >+=2$ $62"<+- µ4 236 4$.21 23. ' µ4

$µµ=<@ #)4/421 %"$ 6$ #8@µ$2A#4" $#,4#23)36A$µ$ )$" <4*24+36 µ03+4A 6$ .03#24A

µ"$ $62A<+$#@ 2+"=6 D-#4&6 µ4 2@6 "/* 6$ #8@µ$2AB4" J6/F 2#"µ7623. )$"

2#"µ4623/-#0@, 2$ 303A$ #4 24/")' $6-/.#@ 46=6362$" #246-. F" $0$"23*µ464:

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 42

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

03#12@24: 4G$+2=62$" $01 2@6 )3))3µ42+A$ )$" 2@ <3µ' 23. 8=µ$23: )$" 236 2+103 µ4

236 303A3 $.21 8+@#"µ303"4A2$". [20]

S #2$54+303A@#@ µ4 8+'#@ $#,7#2@ #.86- 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" %"$ 8=µ$ 03. 04+"784"

#.%)4)+"µ763 )/-#µ$ $+%A/3.. ($ $0324/7#µ$2$ $01 2@ #2$54+303A@#@ $#,4#2A3.

03")A/3.6 )$" 4G$+2=62$" $01 2@ D*#@ 23. $+%"/")3* 3+.)23* )$" 4A6$" )$/*24+$ #4

.U@/7: 04+"4)2")12@24: $01 $+%"/30.+"2")- -/$2$, 0.+A2"$ )$" #"<@+3*8$ .<+3G4A<"$.

(3 µA%µ$ 0+704" 6$ 0+$%µ$2303"@54A %+'%3+$ )$" 0+3#4)2")- =#24 6$ 4G$#D$/"#24A

)$/1 $6$)-24µ$ $#,7#2@ µ4 8=µ$. E"$ 03/* 0/$#2")- 4<-D@ 23 $6$)-24µ$ 0+704" 6$

%A64" #4 <.3 D-#4":, µ4 <"$)30' µ"$: ' <.3 @µ4+=6 46<"-µ4#$. S #2$54+303A@#@ µ4

$#,7#2@ µ4"=64" 2@ µ7%"#2@ G@+' 0.)612@2$ 8=µ$23: $+%A/3. 46= $.G-64" 2@ ,7/2"#2@

04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 .%+$#A$. >+3#5')@ $#,7#2@ 0+3)$/4A µ4A&#@ 23. 8$+$)2@+"#2")3*

<"1%)&#@: 23. $+%"/=<3.: 4<-D3.: )$" µ"$ $*G@#@ #23 1+"3 #.++A)6&#@:. [18, 20]

S 0A##$ $.G-64" 2@6 $62A#2$#@ #4 0A4#@ )$" 2": "<"12@24: #24%$6303A@#@: 2&6

8&µ-2"6&6 23A8&6. >+1)4"2$" %"$ 0+3H16 03. $0324/4A2$" $01 23./-8"#236 40%

03/.)$+,36")- (hydrocarbons, fillet).

!6"#8*4" 04+$"27+& 2@ 8$µ@/' 54+µ")' $%&%"µ12@2$ )$" 0$+784" #2$ 24µ-8"$

$)+$A$ 4#&24+")' G@+12@2$. S 0A##$ 0+704" 6$ $6$µ"854A µ4 <"$/.2")- 03. 3<@%3*6

#4 04+")30' ' <"$#)3+0"#µ1 2@: #4 64+1 #$6 %$/-)2&µ$. ;.6'5&: 8=µ$ 03.

04+"784" 0-6& $01 50% -µµ3, $0$"24A 4-6% %$/$)2303"@µ76@ 0A##$ )$2- ,-+3: %"$

")$6303"@2")' #2$54+303A@#@. !6= 4<-D@ 03. 04+"783.6 /"%124+3 $01 50% -µµ3

$0$"23*6 7-12% 0A##$. F0124 $62A#23"8$ %"$ 8=µ$ .U@/': 04+"4)2")12@2$: #4 -+%"/3

$0$"24A2$" 0+3#5')@ 04+A03. 15% 0A##$:. S $0324/4#µ$2")12@2$ 2@:

#2$54+303A@#@: 4G$+2-2$" $01 2@ µAG@. P4%-/@ µAG@ µ03+4A 6$ $.G'#4" 2@6

$03++1D@#@ µ42- 23 #27%6&µ$ /1%& 0+1&+3. #0$#Aµ$23: 23. %$/$)2=µ$23:. P"$

)$" 23 ./")1 4A6$" <@/@2@+"=<4:, 2$ 24µ-8"$ $01 8=µ$ 03. #2$54+303"4A2$" $01 0A##$

$03)+3*3.6 D.#")- 2+&)2")- )$" 4+042-. [18, 20]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 43

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8.4.4. >4"+-µ$2$ #2$54+303A@#@:

;4 <.3 µ4%-/$ 8&+"- 2@: Botswana 04"+-µ$2$ 7<4"G$6 12" @ 0$+$<3#"$)' <1µ@#@

µ4 8=µ$ µ03+4A 6$ ,4/2"&54A µ4 8+'#@ #.%)4)+"µ76&6 $6$/3%"=6 2#"µ7623. )$"

$#,7#2@ 03. /4"23.+%3*6 &: #2$54+303"@27:. >3//- 040"4#µ76$ )$"

#2$54+303"@µ76$ 23*,/$ )$2$#)4.-#2@)$6 )$" <3)"µ-#2@)$6. [20]

?$2- 2@ <"-+)4"$ 2&6 <3)"µ=6 2$ µ@ #2$54+303"@µ76$ 23*,/$ 5+.µµ$2A#2@)$6 #4

µ")+1 8+36")1 <"-#2@µ$ $D3* ,.5A#2@)$6 #23 64+1, 46= 2$ 23*,/$ $01

#2$54+303"@2' )30+"-: 7#0$#$6 µ42- $01 12-24 =+4: #4 µ4%-/$ 24µ-8"$, #4 #87#@

µ4 2$ 23*,/$ 03. <46 '2$6 #2$54+303"@µ76$. ($ 23*,/$ µ4 #2$54+303"@2' $01

0A##$ <4 5+.µµ$2A#2@)$6 µ7#$ #4 24 =+4: $//- $6702.G$6 µ4%-/4: $#2$54A: +&%µ7:

03. µ03+4A 6$ 4A6$" 23 $0327/4#µ$ $640$+)3*: µAG@: µ4 23 87+", 8=µ$23: µ4 0A##$.

P@8$6")' µAG@ 03. 40"2+704" 46"$A$ )$2$63µ' 0A##$: #23 8=µ$, µ03+4A 6$ 4G$/4AU4"

2$ $<*6$µ$ #@µ4A$ )$" 6$ #2$µ$2'#4" 2": +&%µ7: =#24 6$ 0+3#<=#4" µ4%-/@ $6238'

#2$ 23*,/$. [20]

S µ4/72@ $03)$/*024" 12" 2$ µ@ #2$54+303"@µ76$ 23*,/$ )$" $.2- 03. 4A6$"

#2$54+303"@µ76$ µ4 )30+"- )$" 0A##$ 4A6$" $640$+)' #4 04+"02=#4": $0=/4"$:

8=µ$23: )$" $03#*654#@:. ($ 23*,/$ 03. '2$6 #2$54+303"@µ76$ µ4 2#"µ7623 <46

$03#.6<75@)$6 12$6 4"#'85@#$6 #23 64+1. S $*G@#@ 2@: 04+"4)2")12@2$: #4 2#"µ7623

4/-22&#4 2@6 $03++1D@#@ 64+3* 2&6 23*,/&6 )$" 23*,/$ #2$54+303"@µ76$ µ4

04+"##124+3 $01 7.5% 2#"µ7623 7D2$#$6 23 1+"3 7% $03++1D@#@: 64+3*, 03. 4A6$"

$03<4)2' %"$ U@µ76$ 23*,/$ 03. 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" #4 .%+' <3)"µ'. [20]

S <"-,+&#@ 23. 8=µ$23: #4 23*,/$ µ4 #2$54+303A@#@ $01 2#"µ7623 )$" $#,7#2@

µ4"=5@)4 12$6 23 03#1 23. #2$54+303"@2")3* ./")3* $.G'5@)4 #2$ µA%µ$2$. F"

<3)"µ7: 7<4"G$6 12" 2$ 23*,/$ 03. 0$+'85@#$6 $01 8=µ$ µ4 µ4%-/@ 04+"4)2")12@2$

#4 -µµ3 <"$,+=5@)$6 2+4": µ4 27##4+": D3+7: 04+"##124+3 $01 2$ 23*,/$ 03.

0$+'85@#$6 $01 8=µ$ µ4 µ4%-/@ 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 -+%"/3. S $6238' 2&6 23*,/&6

03. 783.6 #2$54+303"@54A µ4 2#"µ7623 4A6$" <.3 D3+7: µ4%$/*24+@ $.2=6 µ4

$#,7#2@. [20]

C=µ$ µ4 µ4%-/@ 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 -µµ3 )$" 8$µ@/' #4 -+%"/3 46<4A)6.2$" %"$

#2$54+303A@#@ µ4 2#"µ7623, 46= 8=µ$ µ4 µ4%-/@ 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 -+%"/3 4A6$"

)$/*24+3 6$ #2$54+303"4A2$" µ4 $#,7#2@ $01 -03U@ $6238':. ($ 23*,/$ 03. 4A6$"

#2$54+303"@µ76$ µ4 $#,7#2@ )$" 03. 0$+-%362$" $01 8=µ$ 03. 784" .U@/'

04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 -µµ3, 0+704" 6$ #2$54+303"@53*6 µ4 04+"##124+3 $01 15%

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 44

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

$#,7#2@, ' 6$ )$/3.0&53*6 µ4 µ4%$/*24+@ 0A4#@ %"$ 6$ ")$6303"'#3.6 2":

$0$"2'#4":. [20]

F" 0$+-%3624: #2$54+303A@#@: <46 0+704" 6$ 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" $<"$)+A2&:.

>+704" 6$ %A6362$" 04"+-µ$2$ %"$ 6$ $6$%6&+AB42$" 3 )$2-//@/3: 2*03: 0$+-%362$

#2$54+303A@#@: )$" 3" #&#27: 04+"4)2")12@24:. [20]

!").18 P7#4: 2"µ7: "#8*: #.µ0A4#@: 8&µ-2"6&6 23*,/&6, µ4 ' 8&+A: #2$54+303A@#@ ($01

8=µ$ 2@: Mahalapye )$" Tsabong, 8&+"- 2@: Botswana) [20]

!").19 P7#@ 0.)612@2$, <"-,+&#@ #23

8=µ$ )$" $03++1D@#@ 64+3* $01 2$

8&µ-2"6$ 23*,/$ 03. 4A6$"

#2$54+303"@µ76$ µ4 2#"µ7623 )$" $#,7#2@

#2": 04+"02=#4": 2&6 <.3 8&+"=6

Mahalapye )$" Tsabong, #236 0+=23 )$"

<4*24+3 0A6$)$ $62A#23"8$ [20]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 45

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9 'D/4

9.1. E46")- 8$+$)2@+"#2")-

(3 G*/3 $0324/4A #03.<$A3 )$" 8+'#"µ3 ./")1. ;@µ$62")- 0/4364)2'µ$2- 23. 4A6$" @

4*)3/@ 404G4+%$#A$ 23., @ .U@/' #24+412@2$ µ4 #.%)+"2")- 4/$D+1 ,-+3:, @ )$/'

µ36&2")' ")$612@2$ $01 2@ 54+µ12@2$ )$" 23 U*83:, @ 03")"/A$ 8+&µ-2&6, #84<A&6

)$" 0.)612@2$: )$" @ <.6$212@2$ 04+$"27+& 404G4+%$#A$: )$" <"$+)': <"-54#': 23..

;$6 )$2$#)4.$#2")1 ./")1, 0$+3.#"-B4" µ4%-/3 46<"$D7+36 /1%& 2&6 0$+$0-6&

0/4364)2@µ-2&6 )$" 4A6$" $01 2$ /A%$ ./")- 03. 0+37+8362$" $01 B=624:

3+%$6"#µ3*:. F" "<"12@27: 23. 4G$+2=62$" $01 23 4A<3: )$" 2@6 @/")A$ 23. <76<+3.,

$01 236 0+3#$6$23/"#µ1 2&6 64+=6, $01 2": #.65')4: B&': 23. $01 236 2+103

#.62'+@#@: )$" )$24+%$#A$: 23. G*/3.. I01 8@µ")' -03U@ $0324/4A2$" $01 /"%6A6@

)$" ).22$+A6@. T2#", 12$6 76$ G*/3 04+"784" 15% .%+$#A$, $0324/4A2$" $01 -65+$)$

35%, .<+3%163 5%, 3G.%163 55% 04+A03. )$" µ")+- 03#- $B=23., 54A3., )$/A3.,

0.+"2A3.. [14,15]

9.2. L3µ' 23. G*/3.

;4 )-542@ 23µ' 23. )3+µ3* #236 -G36- 23., 0$+$2@+3*62$" 3µ1)462+3" )*)/3". (3

4#&24+")1 23. 4A6$" µ$/$)1 )$" $0324/4A 2@6 4624+"=6@. I)3/3.54A 23 )$+<"1G./3 03.

$0324/4A2$" $01 B=64: #)/@+7: )$" µ$/$)7: #4 46$//$%' 03. D$64+=63.6 2@6 @/")A$

23. <76<+3.. TG& $01 23 )$+<"1G./3 ,+A#)42$" 23 #3µD1 ' #3µD1G./3 03. 4A6$"

µ$/$)1. I0324/4A2$" $01 2-4 42'#"3.: <$)2./A3.: 03. <46 783.6 $)1µ@ #)/@+*64".

P42- 23 #3µD1G./3 $)3/3.54A -//3: <$)2*/"3:, µ$/$)1: )$" $.21:, 23 )-µ,"3 03.

)-54 8+163 #8@µ$2AB4" 76$ <$)2*/"3 #3µD1G./3. 4#&24+")- )$" 76$ <$)2*/"3 D/3"3*

4G&24+")-.

S $6-02.G@ 30124 23. <76<+3. %A642$" #23 7G& µ7+3: 23. )3+µ3*. F 0$/"1: D/3"1:

4G&24+")- 64)+=642$" )$" $0324/4A µ7#3 0+3#2$#A$: 23. <76<+3. $01 2": )$"+")7:

µ42$,3/7: )$" 2$ 7623µ$. F" 42'#"3" <$)2*/"3" $0324/3*62$" $01 A64: 0+3#$6$23/"#µ7-

64: )$2- µ')3: 23. <76<+3. )$" #8@µ$2AB3.6 2$ $%%4A$ ).)/3D3+A$: 2&6 8.µ=6. [14,

15, 22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 46

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

!").20 ?$2- µ')3: 23µ' 461: <762+3., $6$0$+-#2$#@ 2@: 42'#"$: $6-02.G@: )3+µ3* )$"

)/$<"=6 [14]

!").21 S <3µ' 23. G*/3. [14]

!").22 !%)-+#"$ 23µ' <762+3. [22]

!").23 S 8@µ")' #*654#@ 2@:

#.µ0$%3*: */@: 23. G*/3. [22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 47

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.3. K<"12@24: 23. G*/3.

F" "<"12@24: 23. G*/3. )$2$2-##362$" #2": 4G': <*3 ,$#")7: )$2@%3+A4::

(": O.#")7: 10&: 23 8+=µ$, @ #2"/0612@2$, @ .D', @ 3#µ'.

(": µ@8$6")7: )$" 2486")7: 10&: @ #)/@+12@2$, @ 0.)612@2$, @ 4.)$µUA$ )$" 3"

$62387: #4 4D4/).#µ1, 5/AU@, )-µU@, /*%"#µ$, 2+",' )$" )+3*#@.

9.3.1 O.#")7: "<"12@24::

S 42+.0B 68+D2A?H 461: G*/3. 0+3#<"3+AB42$" $01 2@6 .D' 2@: D.#")': 23.

40"D-64"$: )$" 23 8+=µ$ 23.. I.21 ).µ$A642$" $01 -#0+3-)A2+"63 (<4#032-)",

4+.5+4/-2@, #3.@<")1), 7&: )A2+"63 )$#2$61 (<+.:, µ4/A$, 1+4%)36, µ$)3+7 ),2./.),

#)3*+3 )$#2$61 ()$+.<"-, 2A), ,7%)4), µ$*+3 (7,463:), ,"3/42A (<$µ$#)@6"-) ).-.

P4 2$ #87<"$, 2": %+$µµ7: ()$636")7: ' $)$616"#24:), 2$ #8'µ$2$, 2$ 64+- )$" 23.:

<"$D3+42")3*: 8+&µ$2"#µ3*:, 2$ G*/$ <@µ"3.+%3*6 03")"/A$ 462.0=#4&6 21#3 #2@6

40"0/303"4A$, 1#3 )$" #2": -//4: 3")3<3µ")7: 8+'#4":. P4 2@6 4G7/"G@ 2&6 ,4+6")"=6,

.0-+84" #'µ4+$ @ <.6$212@2$ 8+&µ$2")=6 40"/3%=6 %"$ 2$ $63"8218+&µ$ G*/$ '

)$0/$µ-<4: ().+A&: L4#032-)" (Ash) #4 03/* µ4%-/@ 03")"/A$).

!"<")3A µ03+3*6 6$ 0+3#<"3+A#3.6 23 4A<3: 461: G*/3. $01 23 8+=µ$ 23., 23.:

<$)2./A3.: )2/.

>3//- G*/$ 783.6 µA$ 8$+$)2@+"#2")' 4?µB 03. 3D4A/42$" #2": +@2A64:, 2$ $"57+"$

7/$"$ )$" 2": /3"07: 3.#A4: 03. 4µ032AB3.6 2$ )*22$+- 23.. W2$6 23 G*/3 G4+$54A, @

3#µ' 23. 4G$#546AB4". I6 2.816 @ 3#µ' 23. G*/3. $//-G4" )$" %A64" <.#-+4#2@ #@µ$A64"

0&: 784" 0+3#,/@54A $01 µ*)@24:.

P4+")- <76<+$, 10&: @ )$#2$6"- )$" @ <+.:, 783.6 µA$ 8$+$)2@+"#2")- 0")+' @6D?H

03. 0+37+842$" $01 2": 02@2")7: 3.#A4: (2$6A64:) 03. 04+"783.6. P4 2@6 7)54#' 23.:

#236 '/"3 @ %4*#@ $.2' 4G$#5464A.

F" µ")+3#)30")7: <"$D3+7: <3µ=6 03. 4µD$6AB362$" ).+A&: #2": 4%)-+#"4:

40"D-64"4: 23. G*/3., 8$+$)2@+AB3.6 )$" 2@6 :-B 23.. F" <"$D3+7: $.27: 3D4A/362$"

#23 µ7%453: 2&6 ).22-+&6, #2@6 )$2$63µ' 23.: )$" #236 $.G@2")1 <$)2*/"3. P4 ,-#@

2$ )+"2'+"$ $.2- @ .D' <"$)+A642$" #4 /402' )$" 2+$84A$.

P4+")- G*/$ 0$+3.#"-B3.6 µA$ D.#")' ?+./28=+H+, 03. 4A6$" 0"3 4µD$6': #2":

$)2"6")7: 40"D-64"4:. W#4: 04+"##124+4: $)2A64: ,%$A63.6 )$2- 2@6 )30' 23. )3+µ3*,

21#3 04+"##124+3 #2"/061 4A6$" 23 G*/3. [17]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 48

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.3.2. P@8$6")7: "<"12@24:

9.3.2.1. O$"61µ463 4"<")1 ,-+3:

(3 D$"61µ463 4"<")1 ,-+3: 4A6$" @ #87#@ 23. ,-+3.: 0+3: 236 1%)3 23.. S %6=#@

23. $0324/4A 76<4"G@ 2&6 "<"32'2&6 23. G*/3. 10&: 2@: <.6$212@2$: 404G4+%$#A$:,

2@: #24+412@2$:, 2@: 4/$#2")12@2$:, 2@: #)/@+12@2$:. P"$ )$" 23 ,-+3: )$" 3 1%)3:

23. G*/3. 40@+4-B362$" $01 2@6 .%+$#A$, 0$A+63.µ4 #&#2- #.%)+"2")- #23"84A$ µ163

12$6 0+1)4"2$" %"$ ./")- µ4 1µ3"$ .%+$#A$. S G@+- 0.)612@2$ µ42$G* 2&6 <"$D1+&6

4"<=6 G./4A$: ).µ$A642$" µ42$G* 0.1 (%"$ G*/3 µ0-/#$) µ78+" 1.3 (%"$ 2+30")1 G*/3

E3.$H-)36). 90-+83.6 <@/$<' G*/$ #2$ 303A$ 2$ )46- )$2$/$µ,-63.6 23 0.9% 23.

1/3. 1%)3. )$" -//$ #2$ 303A$ 2$ )46- )$2$/$µ,-63.6 23 0.20% 23. 1%)3.. !A6$"

0-62&: <.6$216 G*/$ 03. 0+37+8362$" $01 236 A<"3 )3+µ1 6$ 0$+3.#"-B3.6

<"$D3+42")' 0.)612@2$, %"$2A 23 #3µD1 4A6$" $+$"124+3 $01 2@6 )$+<"-. J+$ 23

D$"61µ463 ,-+3: $.G-642$" $6-/3%$ µ4 236 /1%3 03. $.G-64" @ $6$/3%A$ 23.

)$+<"1G./3.. !0A#@: 0$AB4" +1/3 23 0/-23: 2&6 42'#"&6 <$)2./A&6. [14, 17]

!").24 R-+3: $6- ).,")1 µ72+3 2&6

).+"124+&6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6 [22]

9.3.2.2. 9%+$#A$

(3 G*/3 4A6$" .%+3#)30")1 ./")1. I03,-//4" ' $03++3D- .%+$#A$ µ78+" @

04+"481µ46@ #4 $.21 .%+$#A$ 6$ ,+454A #4 "#3++30A$ µ4 236 04+",-//362$ $7+$. (124

407+842$" )$2-#2$#@ "#3++30A$: 2@: .%+$#A$: 23. G*/3.. I.2' @ "#3++30A$ 4G$+2-2$"

-µ4#$ $01 2@ 54+µ3)+$#A$ )$" 2@ #842")' .%+$#A$ 2@: $2µ1#D$"+$:. F0124 76$

$03G@+$µ763 G*/3 12$6 4)2454A #4 .%+' $2µ1#D$"+$ 24A64" 6$ 40$6$0+3#/-,4"

.%+$#A$ )$" 6$ <"$#2$/4A ' 23 $62A5423. [22]

S .%+$#A$ 23. G*/3. 40@+4-B4" 1/4: #84<16 3" "<"12@24: 23. 03. 783.6 6$ )-63.6 µ4

2@ #24+412@2$, 2@ <.6$212@2$ 404G4+%$#A$:, 2@ +A)6&#@ )$" 2@6 .%+3#)30")12@2$, 2@6

$62A#2$#@ 03. 0+3,-//4" $.21 #23.: µ*)@24: )$" 2$ 7623µ$ )2/. P4%-/4: 46$//$%7:

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 49

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

#2@6 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 .%+$#A$ 23. G*/3. µ4"=64" 2@6 $6238' 23. )$" 0+3G464A

0$+$µ3+D=#4":. [14, 22]

S 04+"481µ46@ #2@6 G./4A$ .%+$#A$ 0+704" 6$ 4/7%842$" )$2- 2@ ,"3µ@8$6")'

0$+$%&%'. F" )$636"#µ3A 3+AB3.6 12" @ G./4A$ %"$ 23.: D7+3624: 3+%$6"#µ3*: 0+704"

6$ 784" 04+"481µ46@ .%+$#A$ 19% ' /"%124+3. S 0$+$µ1+D&#@ 23. G*/3. µ42- 2@6

404G4+%$#A$ 23. $03D4*%42$" 12$6 $.21 0+3#$+µ3#54A $+8")- #4 $62A#23"83

03#3#21 .%+$#A$: 23. 8=+3. 03. 0+1)4"2$" 6$ 2303542@54A (0.8. 3")3<3µ")' G./4A$

19%, %"$ )3.D=µ$2$, 0$+-5.+$, 4G&24+")7: 01+24: 12 7&: 15%, %"$ 70"0/$,

4#&24+")7: 01+24:, 0$+)72$ #4 8=+3.: 03. 54+µ$A6362$" µ4 )462+")' 57+µ$6#@ 8

7&: 10%). [14, 22]

S G'+$6#@ 23. G*/3. 40"2.%8-642$" µ4 D.#")1 #27%6&µ$ 2&6 G*/&6 #2@6

$2µ1#D$"+$ ' #4 4"<")- #24%6&2'+"$ %"$ 6$ 40"2$8.654A @ <"$<")$#A$. [14, 22]

9.3.2.3. !/$#2")12@2$

S 4/$#2")12@2$ 23. G*/3. 4A6$" #842")- µ4%-/@. P"$ G*/"6@ )$2$#)4.', $)1µ$ )$"

704"2$ $01 µ"$ .U@/' D1+2"#@ 03. 0+3)-/4#4 2@6 0$+$µ1+D&#' 2@:, G$6$0$A+64"

$µ7#&: 2@6 $+8")' 2@: µ3+D'. I.2' @ <.6$212@2$ <"$#23/': <A642$" $01 23

#.624/4#2' 4/$#2")12@2$: (#.624/4#2':) !. 9U@/1: #.624/4#2': ! #@µ$A64" 4/-8"#2@

4/$#2")12@2$ )$" µ-/"#2$ $.21: $.G-64" 12$6 $.G-64" 23 D$"61µ463 ,-+3: )$"

4/$22=642$" 12$6 $.G-642$" @ .%+$#A$ )$" @ 54+µ3)+$#A$ 23. G*/3.. [14, 17]

!").25 ;.%)+"2")1: 0A6$)$: 2&6 µ72+&6 4/$#2")12@2$: G*/3., #).+3<7µ$23: )$" 8-/.,$ [22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 50

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.3.2.4 I62387:

I6238' 8$+$)2@+AB42$" @ µ7%"#2@ <.6$2' 2-#@ )$" 4A6$" 3 /1%3: 2@: <*6$µ@: 03.

3<@%4A #4 5+$*#@ 0+3: 2@ <"-µ42+3.

- S $6238' #4 4D4/).#µ1 23. G*/3. )$2- 2@6 )$24*5.6#@ 2&6 "6=6 4A6$" 04+A03. 10

D3+7: µ4%$/*24+@ $01 2@6 $6238' #4 4D4/).#µ1 )-542$ #2@6 )$24*5.6#@ 2&6 "6=6.

P"$ )-542$ )+4µ$#µ76@ G*/"6@ +-,<3: 5+$*42$" µ163 $01 2@6 0A4#@ 23. ,-+3.: 2@:

#4 76$ µ')3: $01 15 7&: 30 8"/"1µ42+$. ;.%)+"2")- 76$: 8-/.,$: µ04216 #4 04+A03.

5 8"/"1µ42+$ )$" 76$: 8-/.,$: 4/$2@+A&6 #4 18 8"/"1µ42+$. [14]

-S $6238' #4 )-µU@ 461: G*/3. 4A6$" #842")- µ4%-/@ #4 #87#@ µ4 23 4/-8"#23 ,-+3:

23. )$" $0324/4A 0/4367)2@µ$ 2&6 G*/"6&6 3")3<3µ=6. [14]

- F" )$2- µ')3: 2@: 3.<724+@: B=6@: 3+"B162"4: 2-#4": <"-2µ@#@: 4A6$" #.86- 3

)*+"3: 0$+-%362$: #23 #84<"$#µ1 2&6 <3)=6. >+3)$/3*62$" $01 2$ )$µ02")- D3+2A$

)$" 0+3G463*6 2@ µ7%"#2@ )$2- µ')3: <"$2µ@2")' 2-#@ 0$+-//@/$ 0+3: 2": A64:, #236

3.<724+3 -G36$. [22]

(3 G*/3 4A6$" 03/* $654)2")1 #4 )$2$036'#4": 03. 0+3)$/3*62$" $01 04+"3<")7:

<.6$µ")7: D3+2A#4": (10&: 0.8. #2": %7D.+4:). E"$ )+3.#2")- D3+2A$, 3" 40"2+401µ464:

2-#4": µ03+3*6 6$ $.G@53*6 )$" )$2- 100%. S $6238' 0-62&: 23. G*/3. $.G-642$"

12$6 $.G-64" )$" 23 D$"61µ463 ,-+3:. P"$ µ4%-/@ 0+3@%3*µ46@ *0$+G@ )/$<"=6

0+3)$/4A 4/-22&#@ 2@: $6238': ).+A&: #4 4D4/).#µ1. W/4: 3" "<"12@24: 03.

46"#8*3.6 2@6 $6238' 40@+4-B362$" 0-62$ )$" $01 2@ <"-+)4"$ 2@: )$2$016@#@:. [14,

17, 22]

!").26 I6"#32+30A$ 23. G*/3. [22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 51

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.3.2.5. ;)/@+12@2$ )$" $6238' #4 D53+-

W#3 0"3 #)/@+1 4A6$" 23 G*/3 21#3 0"3 <*#)3/$ %A642$" @ 404G4+%$#A$ 23.. S

#)/@+12@2$ $.G-64" µ4 $*G@#@ 23. D$"61µ463. ,-+3.:, $6-/3%$ µ4 23 03#3#21

#)/@+3* G*/3. ()$+<"1G./3). W2$6 @ )$2$016@#@ %A642$" )$2- 2@6 )$24*5.6#@ 2&6

"6=6, 2124 @ #)/@+12@2$ 4A6$" <"0/-#"$ #4 #87#@ µ4 12$6 %A642$" )-542$ 0+3: $.2'6.

;)/@+- 7&: 03/* #)/@+- G*/$ 54&+3*62$" 3 <+.:, @ µ4/"-, @ )1))"6@ 3G"-.

S $6238' #4 D53+- $.G-64" 12$6 $.G-64" 23 D$"61µ463 ,-+3:, @ #)/@+12@2$ )$" @

G@+12@2$ 23. G*/3.. [14, 17]

9.3.2.6. Q4+µ3$%&%"µ12@2$

(3 G*/3 784" -+"#24: 54+µ3µ36&2")7: "<"12@24: /1%& 23. 03+=<3.: 2@: )$2$#)4.':

23.. S 54+µ")' $%&%"µ12@2$ 23. G*/3. )$2- 2@ <"4*5.6#@ 2&6 "6=6 4A6$" 04+A03.

<"0/-#"$ 2@: $%&%"µ12@2$: 23. G*/3. )-542$ 0+3: 2": A64: )$" $.G-64" 12$6 $.G-64" 23

D$"61µ463 ,-+3: )$" @ .%+$#A$ 23. G*/3..

M1%& $.2': 23. 2@: "<"12@2$:, 23 G*/3 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" %"$ 2@6 4076<.#@ 3+3D':,

23A8&6 )$" <$07<&6. P-/"#2$ #4 04+A02&#@ A<"&6 #.65@)=6 54+µ3)+$#A$:

<&µ$2A3., 76$ <-04<3 $01 G*/3 $03++3D- /"%124+@ 54+µ12@2$ $01 23 $65+=0"63

#=µ$ #4 #87#@ µ4 76$ <-04<3 0$+$<4A%µ$23: 8-+@ µ4 40A#2+&µ$ $01 P.V.C. [14,

17, 22]

!").27 Q4+µ")7: "<"12@24: 2&6

)3"6=6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6 ()$2- AITC) [22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 52

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.3.2.7. I)3.#2")7: "<"12@24:

F" )$/7: $)3.#2")7: K<"12@24: 23. G*/3. 4A6$" 03/* %6&#27: (0.8. )$2$#)4.'

µ3.#")=6 3+%-6&6, $)3.#2")' $"53.#=6 #.6$./"=6 )/0.). E"$ 2@6 8+@#"µ303A@#@ 23.

G*/3. #2": )$2$#)4.7:, $03D$#"#2")' #@µ$#A$ 784" @ $)3.#2")' #.µ04+"D3+- 23.

G*/3. #2@ µ16&#@ 2@: 467+%4"$: 23. '83. )$" #2@ µ4A&#@ 2@: µ42$,A,$#@: 2@:

467+%4"$: $.2': 23. '83. #23.: %4"236")3*: 0+3: $.216 8=+3.: (@83µ16&#@). S

#842")- )$/' 0+1#/@U@ )$" µ42$,A,$#@ 23. '83. #2": G*/"64: )$2$#)4.7: 464+%4A

<.#µ46=:. I.27: 3" "<"12@24: 4G3.<424+=6362$" 46 µ7+4" µ4 )$2-//@/4:

)$2$#)4.$#2")7: µ42$2+307: 10&: 0.8. @83µ36=#4": 2&6 0$2&µ-2&6, <@µ"3.+%A$

03//$0/=6 23"8&µ-2&6, )$5=: )$" µ4 2@6 8+@#"µ303A@#@ )$2-//@/&6 G*/"6&6 '

0/$#2")=6 ./")=6 (@83µ36&2")=6 0/$)=6).

9.3.2.8. ;.µ04+"D3+- #4 0.+)$%"-

(3 G*/3 $0324/4A 4*D/4)23 ./")1. P03+4A µ4 )$2-//@/$ 0+3#2$24.2")- µ7#$ 6$

)$2$#24A $654)2")1. (3 #A%3.+3 4A6$" 12" G*/"64: )$2$#)4.7: µ03+3*6 #4 04+A02&#@

0.+)$%"-: 6$ #.µ04+"D4+53*6 4.63H)124+$ #4 #87#@ µ4 -//$ ./")- 03. 54&+3*62$"

-)$.#2$. M1%& 2@: 8$µ@/': 54+µ3$%&%"µ12@2$:, 2$ 4G&24+")- #2+=µ$2$ 2&6 <3)=6

µ03+3*6 6$ 0+3#2$24*#3.6 2$ 4#&24+")- $01 2": .U@/7: 54+µ3)+$#A4:. M1%& 23.

8$µ@/3* #.624/4#2' 54+µ")': <"$#23/': 23. G*/3., 3" D3+4A: )$" 3" )3/=64: <46

0$+$µ3+D=6362$" )$51/3.. S #24+412@2$ 23. G*/3. 4/$22=642$" $+%- )$"

0+33<4.2")- µ4 $*G@#@ 2@: 54+µ3)+$#A$:, #4 $62A54#@ µ4 23 8-/.,$, 23 $/3.µA6"3 )$"

2$ 0/$#2")-. [14, 22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 53

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

!").28 ;*%)+"#@ $6238=6 #2@ D&2"- [22]

!").29 ;87#@ µ42$G* 54+µ3)+$#A$:

40"D-64"$: )$" $0$"23*µ463. 8+163. %"$ 2@6

$6-D/4G@ .01 2@6 40A<+$#@ D/1%$: [22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 54

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.4. J//$ #23"84A$ %"$ 23 G*/3

9.4.1. !A<@ <762+&6

($ <762+$ <"$)+A63µ4 #2$ )&63D1+$, µ$/$)- G*/$, )$" #2$ 0/$2*D.//$ µ4 #)/@+-

G*/$. ($ #)/@+- G*/$ 4A6$" 0"3 $)+",- )$" 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" 4)4A 103. .0-+84" D53+-

)$" 2+",'.

I01 2$ )&63D1+$ #.6@57#24+$ 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" 23 7/$23 )$" 23 04*)3.

(3 7/$23 784" G*/3 )"2+"6&01, )$24+%-B42$" 4*)3/$ 4A6$" µ$/$)1 )$" 3")363µ")1.

(3 04*)3 23. ,3++- ' ;3.@<")1 4A6$" #842")- #)/@+1, 4/$D+- )A2+"63 )$" <46 784"

03//3*: +1B3.:.

(3 04*)3 /-+2B"63 4A6$" G$653)1))"63 µ4 04+"##124+3.: +1B3.: $01 23 ;3.@<")1,

4A6$" 0"3 #)/@+1 $01 23 ;3.@<")1 )$" 04+"784" 04+"##124+3 +42#A6".

(3 04*)3 I.#2+"$)1 (0"2:-0-"6) 0+37+842$" $01 2": 612"4: S.>.I 46= 2$

0+3@%3*µ46$ 04*)$ 0+37+8362$" $01 2@6 !.+=0@, <46 784" 03//3*: 01+3.: 30124

784" µ4%-/@ 0.)612@2$, µ4%-/@ #)/@+12@2$ )$" 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" %"$ 0$2=µ$2$.

(3 04*)3 W+4%)36 (W+"%)36-0-"6) 0+37+842$" $01 2@6 04+"38' 23. 032$µ3*

W+4%)36, @ µ4%-/@ 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 +42#A6" 23. 0+3#<A<4" µ4%-/@ $6238' #2@6

40A<+$#@ 2@: .%+$#A$:.

I01 2$ 0/$2*D.//$ 03/* %6&#2- 4A6$" @ 3G.-, @ <+.:, @ )$#2$6"-, @ /4*)$, @

D24/"-, @ D/$µ3.+"-.

S 3G"- 4A6$" #)/@+1 G*/3 )"2+"6&01 µ4 0.)6- 64+-, 0$+-%42$" )$" #2@6 !//-<$ $//-

2$ µ4%$/*24+$ 03#- G./4A$: 3G"-: 0+37+8362$" $01 2@6 I.#2+A$. C+@#"µ303"4A2$"

03/* #2@6 40"0/303"A$.

S ,$/$6"<"- (<+.:) 4A6$" G*/3 #)/@+1 )$" ,$+*, #23 64+1 $.G-64" @ $6238' 23. )$"

#)3.+$A64". C+@#"µ303"4A2$" #2@6 )$2$#)4.' 0$2&µ-2&6 )$" 40A0/&6 µ"$ )$" µ42- 2@

#2A/,&#@ 0$+3.#"-B4" 4G$"+42")' 4µD-6"#@.

S D24/"- 784" µ4%-/@ #)/@+12@2$ )$" µ$)+3B&A$ $//- <*#)3/$ )$24+%-B42$".

C+@#"µ303"4A2$" #2@6 3")3<3µ")' %"$ ,$+"7: )$2$#)4.7:

S )$#2$6"- 4A6$" 03/* )$/': 03"12@2$:, 784" 8+=µ$ #2$823)A2+"63, 784" µ4%-/@

$6238' )$" &+$A$ 4µD-6"#@ µ42- #2A/,&#@. C+@#"µ303"4A2$" #2@6 40"0/303"A$.

S /4*)$ 4A6$" µ$/$)1 G*/3 µ")+': $6238':. [15]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 55

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.4.2. >+3#2$#A$ 23. G*/3.

(3 G*/3 784" $6-%)@ 6$ 0+3#2$24.24A $01 2@ D&2"- )$" 23.: µ")+33+%$6"#µ3*:.

E"$ 2@6 0+3#2$#A$ 23. G*/3. $01 µ")+33+%$6"#µ3*: µ03+4A 6$ %A64" 40A#2+&#@ µ4

-#D$/23 03. 4µ03<AB4" 2@6 .%+$#A$ 6$ 0+3#,-/4" 23 G*/3 )$" 6$ 23 <"$032A#4" µ4

µ")+33+%$6"#µ3*: 12$6 23 G*/3 ,+A#)42$" µ7#$ #23 7<$D3:. !0A#@: 40"D$64"$)'

$0$65+-)&#@ µ03+4A 6$ 0+3#2$24*#4" 23 4#&24+")1 $01 2$ µ")+1,"$ ' 2$ 7623µ$.

;2@6 04+A02&#@ $.2' 1µ&: 4/$22=642$" @ <"$23µ' 23. G*/3..

P4 4µ032"#µ1 23. G*/3. µ4 )+41B&23 ' <"-/.µ$ 54H)3* 8$/)3* ' 8/&+"3*83.

U4.<$+%*+3. ' 8/&+"3*83. .<+$+%*+3. 2$ 303A$ /4"23.+%3*6 #$ <@/@2'+"$

0$+4µ03<AB42$" @ $6-02.G@ µ")+33+%$6"#µ=6. !6= 3 4µ032"#µ1: µ4 /"67/$"3 ' @

)-/.U@ µ4 4/$"38+=µ$2$ µ03+4A 6$ 0+3#2$24*#4" $01 2@6 .%+$#A$ )$" 23.:

µ")+33+%$6"#µ3*:.

E"$ 2@6 0+3#2$#A$ $01 2@ D&2"- µ03+4A 6$ %A64" 4µ032"#µ1: µ4 <"-/.µ$ D&#D3+")3*

$µµ&6A3. 23 303A3 12$6 23 G*/3 0.+&54A, 4)/*4" $7+"$ 03. 4µ03<AB3.6 2@6 $6-D/4G@.

[15, 17]

9.4.3. P3+D7: 23. G*/3. #2@ <1µ@#@

-(3 D.#")1 G*/3 µ03+4A 6$ 8+@#"µ303"@54A $04.54A$: $D3* )$5$+"#24A, &: G*/"63:

)*/"6<+3:, "<"$A24+$ 12$6 4A6$" 04+"3+"#µ76@: <"$23µ':. I.23* 23. 4A<3.: @ G./4A$

$03)$/4A2$" ?+34@@:/B.

W2$6 @ )3+µ3A 3+53%&6AB362$" 0+184"+$ 2124 $6$D4+1µ$#24 #2@6 26/60H+B G./4A$.

;2@6 04+A02&#@ 03. 3" )3+µ3A 0+"36AB362$" #4 242+$%&6")7: ' 3+53%&6")7: <"$23µ7:

2124 0+1)4"2$" %"$ 2@6 0+"36"#2' ' 0+"#2' G./4A$.

;23 4µ01+"3 @ G./4A$ 0+3#D7+42$" #4 2.0303"@µ764: <"$23µ7: 10&: 2$ )$<+16"$, 2$

µ"#3)-<+36$, 2": #$6A<4:, 2": 0"83#$6A<4:.

- F" )$0/$µ-<4: 0$+-%362$" $D3* 54+µ$654A )$" .%+$654A 3 )3+µ1: µ4 $2µ1 )$"

)304A #4 D*//$ 0-83.: 0,25-6 8"/"3#21µ42+$. P4 2@6 *%+$6#@ )$" 57+µ$6#@ 23 G*/3

%A642$" 4*)$µ023. P4 23.: )$0/$µ-<4: $01 #)/@+- G*/$ )$/*02362$" D5@6- )$"

µ$/$)- G*/$ #4 70"0/$.

- ($ $62")3//@2- D*//$ ()162+$-0/$)7) 0+3)*023.6 12$6 )3//@53*6 3, 5 ' 7 D*//$

0-83.: 1 µ78+" 3 8"/"3#2=6 )-542$ µ42$G* 23.:. S )1//@#@ %A642$" #23.: 120°C µ4

)1//$ )$B4`6@:, <"$+)4A 10 /402- )$" %A642$" .01 0A4#@ 5at. W2$6 23 )162+$ 0/$)7

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 56

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

0+33+AB42$" %"$ 70"0/$ 23 7G& D*//3 4A6$" $01 #)/@+1 G*/3 8&+A: +1B3.:.'"

- F" "610/$)4: ' "63#$6A<4: (fiberboards) 0$+-%362$" µ4 #.µ0A4#@ $2µ3* µ7#$ #23

G*/3 )$" 4)216&#@ =#24 23 G*/3 6$ 8&+"#24A #4 A64:. P4 #.µ0A4#@ )$" )1//$

G$6$)3//3*6 µ42$G* 23.: #4 03+=<@ D*//$ µ4 0.)612@2$ 0,2 gr/cm3 )$2-//@/$ %"$

µ36=#4": '83. #4 $A53.#4:. P4 µ4%$/*24+@ 0A4#@ $.G-64" @ 0.)612@2$ )$" @ $6238'

)$" )$2$#)4.-B362$" /$,7: 4+%$/4A&6, 8$+216"$ (8-+62-µ01+62).

- F" µ3+"3#$6A<4: (particleboards),(VFRF>IV) 0$+-%362$" 12$6 $03++Aµµ$2$

)$24+%$#A$: G*/3., -8.+3, )$/-µ"$ )$" /402- )/$<"-, µ42- $01 236 24µ$8"#µ1 23.: #4

0-83: 04+A03. 461: 8"/"3#23* #.µ0"7B362$" )$" #.%)3//3*62$" µ4 #.6542")' +@2A6@.

- >@83#$6A<4: (plaquages) <@µ"3.+%3*62$" 12$6 $01 2": <.3 0/4.+7: µ"$: #2+=#@:

$01 /4023*: 0'84": 40")3//=62$" /402- $62")3//@2- D*//$. >+1)4"2$" %"$ $+)42-

"#8.+7: G./10/$)4: 03. 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" #4 40")$/*U4":, #4 4046<*#4": )$" #2@6

)$2$#)4.' 40A0/&6. [15, 17, 22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 57

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.5 >4+",$//362")- 8$+$)2@+"#2")- 23. G*/3..

(3 G*/3 $0324/4A $6$64=#"µ3 D.#")1 01+3, $0$"24A /A%@ 467+%4"$ %"$ 2@6

404G4+%$#A$ )$" 2@ µ42$D3+- 23. 46= <4 µ3/*64" 23 64+1, 236 $7+$ )$" 23 7<$D3:.

I01 23 0$+4/516 $0324/4A 76$ #03.<$A3 ./")1 )$2$#)4.':.

(3 04+"3+"#µ763 ,-+3: 23. <46 $0$"24A 8+'#@ µ4%-/&6 µ@8$6")=6 4+%$/4A&6

30124 04+"3+AB362$" 3" 51+.,3" )$" 3" #)164: )$2- 2@ D-#@ 2@: )$2$#)4.':. [6]

C+@#"µ303"4A2$" #2@ #2'+"G@ 2@: #27%@:, #2@6 )$2$#)4.' )3.D&µ-2&6, 01+2&6,

0$+$5*+&6, 40A0/&6, %"$ 4046<*#4": 23A8&6 )$" <$07<&6.

($ #23"84A$ )$2$#)4.': $01 G*/3 4.633*6 2@ µ4A&#@ 2&6 <$0$6=6 )$" 2&6

)$5.#24+'#4&6 #23 4+%32-G"3 µ"$ )$" 2.0303"3*62$" )$" 0+3)$2$#)4.-B362$" #23

4+%$#2'+"3. ;.#2'µ$2$ µ4 G*/"63 #)4/421 40"2+703.6 46"#8.µ76@ µ16&#@ µ4

04+"3+"#µ763 0-83: 23A8&6 46= 2$ $03++Aµµ$2$ 23.: µ03+3*6 6$ $6$).)/&53*6, 6$

)$3*6 0$+-%362$: 467+%4"$, ' 6$ .03#23*6 ,"3/3%")' 404G4+%$#A$ $03,-//362$:

µ45-6"3, 23 303A3 µ03+4A 6$ $G"303"@54A. [6]

S 8+'#@ 23. G*/3. #.µ,-/4" #2@ µ4A&#@ 23. D$"63µ763. 23. 54+µ3)@0A3..

($ <762+$ $03++3D3*6 CO2 %"$ 6$ 0$+-%3.6 ).22$+A6@ )$" /"%6A6@, $D3µ3"=63.6

)$" #2$54+303"3*6 236 -65+$)$ )$" 4/4.54+=63.6 3G.%163 #2@6 $2µ1#D$"+$. W2$6

76$ <762+3 µ42$#8@µ$2AB42$" #4 ./")1 )$2$#)4.':, )$5.#24+4A @ #2"%µ' 03. 3

-65+$)$: 03. #2$54+303"'5@)4 $01 2@ D&23#*654#@ 5$ $03++"D54A #2@6

$2µ1#D$"+$ µ4 $03#*654#@ ' )$*#@.

I6 23 G*/3 )$4A #23 27/3: 23. )*)/3. 23. )2"+A3., 23 $65+$)")1 $7+"3 03. 4A6$"

$035@)4.µ763 #23 G*/3 40"#2+7D4" #2@6 $2µ1#D$"+$. P03+4A /3"016 6$ 54&+@54A 12"

23 "#3B*%"3 23. G*/3. 76$62" 2@: 3/")': .04+57+µ$6#@: $62"#23"84A µ4 µ@<76, 46=

$.21 2&6 -//&6 ./")=6 )$2$#)4.': (µ72$//3, #).+1<4µ$, %.$/A, 0/$#2")- ./")-) 4A6$"

542")1 %"$2A @ )$2$#)4.' 23.: 8+4"-B42$" 03/* 467+%4"$ )$" 4/4.54+=64" )$2- #.6704"$

CO2. [6]

S 8+'#@ G*/3. 0+3#<A<4" .U@/' 03"12@2$ #2@6 )$23")A$ ' #2@6 4+%$#A$ %"$2A

+.5µAB4" D.#")- 2@6 .%+$#A$ 23. )$5$+3* $7+$, )$5"#2- 2": 40"D-64"4: $0$/7: )$"

54+µ7: #2@6 40$D', 4G$#D$/AB362$: 54+µ")' -64#@. !A6$" 1µ&: 3")3/3%")' µ163 $6

$.21 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" 8&+A: 2@6 0+3#5')@ 23G")=6 3.#"=6. [6]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 58

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.6 ;*%8+36@ 0+$)2")'

;'µ4+$ @ $/1%"#2@ G*/4.#@ 23. <-#3.:, @ 8&+A: D+$%µ3*: 3")304<303A@#@ µ$BA

µ4 2@6 $0$//32+A&#@ )$" 2@6 $01<3#' 23. %"$ %4&+%")7: )$//"7+%4"4: )$" D.#")- @

+$%<$A$ #.++A)6&#' 23. /1%& 0.+)$%"=6 )$27#2@#$6 23 -//324 D2@61 $.21 )$"

-D5363 ./")1 0$6-)+",3 )$" <.#4*+423.

F" 0$+$0-6& 0$+-%3624: µ$BA µ4 2@ +$%<$A$ 4G7/"G@ 2@: 8@µ4A$: )$" 2@:

,"3µ@8$6")': 0$+$%&%':, 7#2+4U$6 23.: )$2$#)4.$#27: #4 0"3 D2@67: 46$//$)2")7:

/*#4":. [8]

(": 24/4.2$A4: <4)$42A4: 23. 203. $"=6$ 23 G*/3 #$6 <3µ")1 ./")1 #2$<"$)-

$62")$2$#2-5@)4 $01 ./")- 10&: 23 #A<4+3, 23 23*,/3, 23 30/"#µ763 #).+1<4µ$ )$"

0"3 0+1#D$2$ 23 0/$#2")1. (3 G*/3 04+"D+36'5@)4 )$" 54&+'5@)4 )$2=24+3 $01

-//$ ./")- /1%& ).+A&: 23. )"6<*63. %"$ 0.+)$%"- )$" 2&6 0+3,/@µ-2&6

$)3.#2")':. ;'µ4+$ 3" 40"#2'µ364: , 4+4.6@27:, µ@8$6")3A $62"/$µ,-6362$" 2@6

$6-%)@ %"$ $*G@#@ 8+'#@: 23. G*/3.. ($ 24/4.2$A$ 8+16"$ %A642$" #@µ$62")'

$6-02.G@ #2@6 )$2$#)4.' )2"+A&6 µ7#3. *U3.: µ4 G*/"6@ <3µ'. I.2' @ 0+$)2")'

7%"64 0+$%µ$2")12@2$ µ4 2@6 2.0303A@#@ )$" 2@6 $6$67&#@ 23. )=<")$

0.+30+3#2$#A$: #4 <"-D3+4: 4.+&0$H)7: 8=+4: %*+& #23 1990. T2#" 76$ $01 2$

46$//$)2")- ./")- #2@6 $%3+- 2@: )$2$#)4.': 7%"64 23 #2+=µ$ $01 #.µ0$%7: G*/3

#4 0$2=µ$2$ )$" 23A83.: , 03. 0$+784" <.6$212@2$ #*%)+"#@: 1#36 $D3+- 2@6

3")363µA$ )$" 2@6 03"12@2$ B&': )$" 2&6 8$+$)2@+"#2")=6 461: D"/")3* %"$ 23

04+",-//36 ./")3*. [25]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 59

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.7. ;84<"$#µ1: µ4 ,-#@ 23 G*/3

!A6$" %4%361: 12" 23 4#&24+")1 )/Aµ$ 2@: )$23")A$: 40@+4-B42$" ).+A&: $01

0$+-%3624: 10&: 2@ 57+µ$6#@, 236 $4+"#µ1, 23 04+A,/@µ$ 23. )2"+A3. )$" 2$ ./")-,

23.: )-23")3.:, 2$ 70"0/$. ($ 24/4.2$A$ 8+16"$ 23 #*6@54: 03+=<4: 03. 0$+7842$"

$01 2": )$2$#)4.7: 2&6 23A8&6 )$" 23. 0$2=µ$23: 784" 40"#@µ$654A 12" /4"23.+%4A #$6

0$5@2")1 #*#2@µ$ ")$61 6$ 0+3D./-G4" 2": µ42$,3/7: 23. 4#&24+")3* )/Aµ$23: 1#36

$D3+- 2@ 54+µ3)+$#A$ )$" 2@6 .%+$#A$. [25]

S -64#@, .%4A$ )$" 464+%4"$)' 8+'#@ #842AB362$" #246- µ4 2@6 4#&24+")'

54+µ3)+$#A$ )$" .%+$#A$. ;.%)4)+"µ76$ µ4 2": µ42$,3/7: 23.: #23 8=+3 )$" 23

8+163. E"$ 23 /1%3 $.21 .0-+84" @ 40"5.µA$ 6$ $6$02.854A #84<"$#µ1: %"$ 0$5@2")7:

µ451<3.: )$" 464+%4"$)- #.#2'µ$2$ 8$µ@/': 762$#@: 03. 5$ <"$µ3+D=63.6 23

4#&24+")1 )/Aµ$. I.27: 3" µ753<3" %A6362$" <@µ3D"/4A: )$5=: 4A6$"

#.64"<@2303"@µ764: 464+%4"$)- )$" D"/")7: 0+3: 23 04+",-//36. [25]

;&#2' 8+'#@ 2@: $035@)4.µ76@: 54+µ3)+$#A$: )$" .%+$#A$: #23 )2A+"3 µ03+4A 6$

#.µ,-/4" #2@6 0$5@2")' $*G@#@ 2@: -64#@: #23 4#&24+")1 2@: )$23")A$: 46= µ4"=64"

2@6 $6-%)@ %"$ $6$0/'+&#@ $01 U*G@ )$" 57+µ$6#@.

!").30 !#&24+")1: 8=+3: 6@0"$%&%4A3. #23 Pliezhausen #2@ E4+µ$6A$ [6]

(3 G*/3 4A6$" %6&#21 12" 4A6$" $#2$57: 12$6 @ 04+"481µ46@ .%+$#A$ 23. 4A6$"

8$µ@/124+@ $01 23 #@µ4A3 <"$012"#@: 2@: <3µ': 23., %"$ $.21 3" #84<"$#27:

0+3#0$53*6 6$ )+$2'#3.6 23 40A04<3 2@: 04+"481µ46@: .%+$#A$: 23. #4 µ"$ #842")-

)362- #2@6 04+"481µ46@ "#1++30@ .%+$#A$ 23. G*/3. µ4 236 $7+$ 23. 04+",-//3623:.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 60

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

?-2& $01 #.6'54": #.65')4: #4 4#&24+")1 )/Aµ$ @ #842")' .%+$#A$ ).µ$A642$" µ42$G*

30% 23 84"µ=6$ )$" 60% 23 )$/3)$A+". I.2' @ <"$D3+- .%+$#A$: 0+3)$/4A 4% $//$%'

#2@6 04+"481µ46@ .%+$#A$ 2@: µ-B$:. E"$ $.21 @ .04+"#8*3.#$ 2-#@ 4A6$" 6$

0+3#2$24.23*6 3" G*/"64: 40"D-64"4: $01 2@6 )A6@#@ .<+$2µ=6. S 8+'#@ #.µ0$%3*:

G./4A$: 3<@%4A 1µ&: #4 µ4%$/*24+@ 4/4.54+A$ 03. 784" 6$ )-64" µ4 2@6 0"5$612@2$ 6$

4)57#4" 2": G*/"64: 40"D-64"4: $04.54A$: #4 76$ 4#&24+")1 )/Aµ$. I.21 )$5A#2$2$"

<.6$21 µ4 µ"$ )$/' <"$#2$#"3/3%")' #2$54+12@2$ $.2=6 2&6 <3µ=6 03. 40"2+703.6

04+"##124+4: $//$%7: #2@6 04+"481µ46@ .%+$#A$ µ7#$ #23 G*/"63 ./")1. [25]

!").31 >3/.)$23")A$ Salvatierra #2@ ]46 2@: E$//A$: [6]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 61

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

9.8. >4"+$µ$2"#µ1:

!A6$" %4%361: 12" 3 -65+&03: 63"=54" 0"3 -642$ #4 #.%)4)+"µ76@ .%+$#A$ )$"

54+µ3)+$#A$. 904+,3/")- .U@/' ' 8$µ@/' 54+µ3)+$#A$ ' .%+$#A$ 0+3)$/4A µ@

-64#@. E"$ ,-#"µ@ 24)µ@+A&#@ 2@: 54+µ")' #.µ04+"D3+-: )$" 2@: .%+$#A$: 461:

8=+3. µ7#& 461: #84<"$#µ3* 03. 54&+4A D.#")3*: )$" 3")363µ")3*: 0$+-%3624:

03. #842AB362$" µ4 2@6 54+µ")' -64#@ )$" 2@6 464+%4"$)' )$2$6-/&#@ $0$"24A2$"

7+4.6$ [25]

E"$ 2@6 $G"3/1%@#@ 2@: <"$µ1+D&#@: "<$6")3* 4#&24+")3* )/Aµ$23:

8+@#"µ303"=62$: µ4%-/4: 40"D-64"4: $01 4µD$67: #.µ0$%7: G*/3

0+$%µ$2303"'5@)4 µ"$ 04"+$µ$2")' µ4/72@ #4 4 )$23")'#"µ$ <"$µ4+A#µ$2$ 461:

03/.=+3D3. )2"+A3. #2@ ;3.@<A$. I.2' @ µ4/72@ 7<&#4 µ42+'#4": 54+µ3)+$#A$: )$"

.%+$#A$: 03. <4A863.6 )$5$+- 12" #.µD&63*6 µ4 $.27: 03. #.6"#23*62$" %"$ 76$

)$/1 4#&24+")1 )/Aµ$ µ4 4G$A+4#@ 2@ <"-+)4"$ )+*&6 04+"1<&6 03. 4%%+-D3.6

8$µ@/' #842")- 4#&24+")' .%+$#A$. ($ 0+=2$ $0324/7#µ$2$ $03<4")6*3.6 12" µ"$

µ4%-/@ 04+"38' $01 4µD$67: #.µ0$%7: G*/3 #.64"#D7+4" #2@6 µ4A&#@ 2&6

4#&24+")=6 54+µ3)+$#"$)=6 µ42$,3/=6. L4 <4A863.6 1µ&: 12" µ"$ µ4%-/@ 04+"38'

$01 4µD$67: #.µ0$%7: G*/3 µ03+4A 6$ $035$++*64" )$5@µ4+"67: <"$).µ-6#4": #2@

#842")' .%+$#A$. [25]

E"$ 236 0+3#<"3+"#µ1 23. µ4%753.: 2@: 40"D-64"$: 4µD$63*: #.µ0$%3*: G*/3.

03. µ03+4A 6$ #.64"#D7+4" #2@ µ4A&#@ 2&6 4#&24+")=6 µ42$,3/=6 54+µ3)+$#A$: )$"

.%+$#A$: $0$"24A2$" 0+1#542@ 7+4.6$.

!").32 (3µ' 23. 4G&24+")3* 23A83. ($), 23. ,1+4"3. )$" 612"3. 4G&24+")3* 23A83. (%) )$"

23. 4#&24+")3* 23A83. $6-µ4#$ #4 <.3 <"$µ4+A#µ$2$. [25]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 62

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

P4 ,-#@ #.%)4)+"µ76@ µ453<3/3%A$ 03. $)3/3.5'5@)4 #4 76$ )2A+"3 %+$D4A&6

23. 0$640"#2@µA3. 2@: Riverina #2@6 I.#2+$/A$ .03/3%A#2@)$6 +37: 54+µ12@2$: #2@6

4#&24+")' 40"D-64"$ 2&6 23A8&6 )$" #23 8=+3 µ7#$ #2$ <&µ-2"$ 8+@#"µ303"=62$:

$)+",4A: 54+µ3%+-D3.:. T6$: <4<3µ763: #.624/4#2': 54+µ")': µ42$D3+-:

54&+'5@)4 <4<3µ763: )$" #.µD=6@#4 µ42$G* µ42+@µ76&6 )$" .03/3%"#µ76&6 +3=6

54+µ12@2$: %"$ 2": 54+µ3)+$#"$)7: <"$D3+7: )$" 2": )"6'#4": $7+$ 03. .0'+8$6 #23

%+$D4A3. [19]

F" .03/3%"#µ3A µ42$D3+-: 54+µ12@2$: 7<4"G$6 12" 23 D3+2A3 54+µ12@2$: $01 236

$6$23/")1 23A83 '2$6 23 A<"3 µ4 23 54+µ")1 D3+2A3 <"'5@#@:, $//- µ163 23 25% 2@:

4G$0/&µ76@: $)2"63,3/A$: 23. 54+µ")3* D3+2A3.. F 4#&24+")1: <.2")1: 23A83:

$03++1D@#4 1#@ 54+µ12@2$ 4G704µU4 3 $6$23/")1:. ($ <4<3µ76$ 7<4"G$6 12" 3

$6$23/")1: 23A83: 40",+$<*64" 2@6 0+&"6' µ7%"#2@ $)2"63,3/A$ 03. µ42$,",-B42$"

#2@6 4#&24+")' 40"D-64"$ 23. 23A83. µ78+" 23 $01%4.µ$. (3 0-2&µ$, 23 2$,-6" )$"

-//3" 23A83" $03++3D3*6 54+µ12@2$ )$2- 2@ <"-+)4"$ 2@: @µ7+$: #.µ,-//362$:

40A#@: #23 <+3#"#µ1 23. )2"+A3.. [19]

!").33 P42+@µ764: )$" .03/3%"#µ764: µ42+'#4": +3=6 54+µ12@2$: #23.: 23A83.: $01

4µ,3/"#µ763 8=µ$. [19]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 63

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

10. ?$2$#)4.' <$07<&6 $01 G*/3 )$" 8=µ$

S 3")3/3%")' 4076<.#@ 461: <$07<3. µ03+4A 6$ 4A6$" 4A24 )$2$#)4.' 461: G*/"63.

<$07<3. (8&+A: 8@µ")- ,4+6A)"$) 4A24 2303572@#@ )4+$µ")=6 0/$)"<A&6 4A24 27/3:

2303572@#@ µ$+µ-+&6 8$µ@/3* 03#3#23* +$<"467+%4"$:, 03. 6$ 40"2+703.6 2@

<"$04+$212@2$ 2&6 4.63H)=6 %"$ 2@6 .%4A$ µ")+3).µ-2&6, #2@ ,"3/3%")' 04+"38' 2&6

0,6 µ4 6 gHZ. L46 46<4A)6.62$" 3" µ3)724:, 2$ 0/$#2")- )$" 2$ #.6542")- <-04<$. [8]

;4 04+"02=#4": 0-62&: 03. 40"<"=)42$" µ"$ )$5$+- 04+",$//362")' <"$84A+"#@

2@: )$2$#)4.':, 23 <-04<3 µ03+4A 6$ <"$µ3+D&54A )$" $01 8=µ$.

;2@6 04+A02&#@ G*/"63. 0$2=µ$23:, 3 D7+&6 3+%$6"#µ1: $0324/4A2$" $01 G*/"6$

<3)-+"$ )$" #$6A<4:. S )$2$#)4.' 04+"3+AB42$" µ7#$ #23 ).+A&: #=µ$ 23. )2"+A3. '

0+34G784" <@µ"3.+%=62$: $63")23*: ' )$/.µµ763.: 4G=#24:.

(3 0-2&µ$ 0+704" 6$ <@µ"3.+%4A 76$ 40A04<3 03. 6$ ")$6303"4A 2": #.65')4:

8+'#@: 23., 6$ 4G$#D$/AB4" µ16&#@, 6$ µ42$,",-B4" #&#2- 2$ D3+2A$ 03. D7+4" #2$

)$2$)1+.D$ µ7/@ 23. D7+3623: 3+%$6"#µ3* )$" $01 )4" #2@ %@. [10]

I0$"24A2$" $6238' 2&6 40"µ7+3.: #23"84A&6, $)$µUA$ 23. #.#2'µ$23: )$2$#)4.':

)$" #&#2' #.64+%$#A$ µ4 2": /"53<3µ7: )$" 2$ .03#2./=µ$2$. S #&#2' <"-2$G@ )$"

#.6$+µ3%' 2&6 µ4/=6 23. D7+3623: 3+%$6"#µ3* )$5"#2- 23 #*#2@µ$ -)$µ023. [10]

F D7+36 3+%$6"#µ1: $0324/4A2$" $01 G*/"6$ <3)-+"$, 2303542@µ76$ $6- 40-454).

)$" #$6A<4: +$µ032$+"#µ764: ' #.6'5&: $0/- )$+D&µ764: 0-6& #4 $.2-. I6-/3%$

µ4 23 -63"%µ$ .0-+84" 0+&24*3.#$ ' )$" <4.24+4*3.#$ <"$<3)A<&#@. ;0$6"124+$

#.6$62=62$" 0$2=µ$2$ µ4 µ16&#@ µ4 <"-D3+$ 4/$D+- )$" #24%6- ./")- 10&:

#)&+A4: ' )A##@+", 03. 23035423*62$" $6-µ4#$ #23 0-2&µ$ )$" 23 U4.<30-2&µ$.

[10]

!").34 N*/"63 <-04<3 µ4 072#&µ$ [22]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 64

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

($ <-04<$ 03//=6 $+8$A&6 )2"+A&6 '2$6 #.86- 18" )-2" 04+"##124+3 $01 )$/-

0$2@µ763 8=µ$. >-6& $01 23 8=µ$ 23035423*62$6 -8.+3 ' U$5"- &: $6$64=#"µ3

)-/.µµ$. S 03"12@2$ )$" @ 40",A&#@ 2723"&6 <$07<&6 #'µ4+$ 4G$+2-2$" $01 2@ D*#@

23. 4<-D3.: )$" 2@ <.6$2' $03#2+-%%"#@, 2@6 )$2-#2$#@ 2@: 3+3D': 23. )2"+A3.

103. ,+A#)42$" )$" 2@6 7)2$#@ )$" 236 2*03 2@: 8+'#@:. [21]

P4 2@ 8+'#@ $#,7#2@ ' %*U3. µ03+3*#4 6$ #8@µ$2303"@54A 76$: 2*03:

$#5463*: 2#"µ46276"$: 0/-)$:. (723"4: 0/-)4: 8+@#"µ303"3*62$6 #23 7<$D3: @ #2$

$6=24+$ 0$2=µ$2$. [21]

I)1µ$ )$" #'µ4+$ 0$2=µ$2$ $01 8=µ$ µ03+3*6 6$ #2$54+303"@53*6 µ4

40-/4"U@ 2@: $6=24+@: 40"D-64"$:, "#304<=6362$: 10-15% 23. 1%)3. 23. 8=µ$23:

µ4 76.<+3 $#,7#2@, )$2$,+78362-: 23 µ4 2+.0@21 +$62"#2'+" )$" #.µ0"7B362-: 23 µ4

+3/1- <36@2'. I.21 40"2.%8-642$" #4 7<$D3: µ4 04+"4)2")12@2$ #4 D.#")' -+%"/3. [21]

!-6 23 0-2&µ$ 784" /A%@ ' )$51/3. -+%"/3 2124 @ #2$54+303A@#@ µ03+4A 6$

40"24.854A µ4 40A#2+&#@ 10-15% $01 2#"µ7623 D2"$%µ763 $01 A#$ µ7+@ 2#"µ7623.

01+2/$62, $#,7#2@ )$" )36"3+2303"@µ76@: #2-82@: )$.#Aµ3.. ;&#2' 0+3423"µ$#A$

)$" #.µ0A4#@ µ03+4A 6$ 784" #&#2- $0324/7#µ$2$.

904+,3/")' 8+'#@ 0-62&: 2&6 )$2&D/"=6 µ03+4A 6$ ,/-U4" 23 <-04<3 )$"

.0-+84" $6-%)@ %"$ #8@µ$2"#µ1 #.86- µ"$: µ3.#)4µ76@: #$6A<$:- 8$/"3*. P03+4A

40A#@: @ 04+"481µ46@ $6$/3%A$ 2#"µ7623. 6$ $.G@54A %"$ 6$ $62"µ42&0"#24A 76236@

8+'#@. ;4 $.2' 2@6 04+A02&#@ 1µ&: 3 8$+$)2'+$: 23. 0$2=µ$23: 4A6$" 0"5$61 6$

$//-G4". [21]

!"). 35 !#&24+")1 0$+$<3#"$)': )$23")A$: 2@: ]1<3. µ4 0-2&µ$ $01 )$/- 0$2@µ763

8=µ$ [11]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 65

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

11. ?$2$#)4.' #24%=6 $01 G*/3 )$" 8=µ$

F" #24%-#4": <"$)+A6362$" #4 3+"B162"$ <=µ$2$ )$" )4)/"µ764: #27%4:.

($ 3+"B162"$ <=µ$2$ #.6$62=62$" ).+A&: #2$ 6@#"-. S G*/"6@ )$2$#)4.' 784" 2":

A<"4: #2$2")7: $+87: µ4 2$ 0$2=µ$2$ 0+3#2A542$" 1µ&: @ $6-%)@ %"$ 54+µ3µ16&#@ )$"

<@µ"3.+%A$ +*#4&6. [10]

I62"0+3#&04.2")' 4A6$" @ )$2$#)4.' <=µ$23: #4 /$H)- #0A2"$ 2@: IA%"6$:. ($

<3)-+"$ 23035423*62$" $0’ 4.54A$: #2@6 23"8303"A$ #4 $01#2$#@ 30-40 4). µ42$G*

23.:. >-6& #4 $.2- 23035423*62$" )$/-µ"$, )/$<"- )$" %"$ 6$ )/4"#23*6 2$ )46-

µ0$A63.6 D+*%$6$ 03. #.%)+$23*6 76$ 0$8* #2+=µ$ D*)"$. T04"2$ #2+=642$"

)3))"618&µ$ )$/- 0$2@µ763 )$" 27/3: <"$#2+=642$" $+%"/")' %@ 03. )./"6<+=642$"

%"$ 6$ #)/@+*64" )$" 6$ <=#4" 2@6 )$2-//@/@ .%+3µ16&#@. >4+"µ42+")- @ #27U@ 23.

23A83. <"$µ3+D=642$" µ4 #$µ-+" ' 0/-)4:. S #.62'+@#@ 2@: 40")-/.U@: 0+704" 6$

%A642$" µ"$ D3+- 23 8+163. F" +*#4": 4A6$" 4/$D+"7: %"$ 6$ µ@6 G40/7642$" 23 8=µ$.

>$+4µD4+4A: 4A6$" 3" )$2$#)4.7: <&µ-2&6 #4 1/$ 2$ 6@#"-. >3//7: D3+7: 2$ )$/-µ"$

$62")$5A#2$62$" µ4 #8"#210/$)4: ' %A6362$" µ")27: )$2$#)4.7:. [10]

!"). 36 M4023µ7+4"$ )$2$#)4.':

<=µ$23: )$" 0$2=µ$23: #2@ M7+3 [11]

!").37 ;27%@ $01 )3+µ3*: )$" )$/-µ"$ #2@ M7+3 [11]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 66

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

F" #.6@57#24+4: )4)/"µ764: #27%4: #236 4//@6")1 8=+3 4A6$" 3" 242+-+"824:, 3"

242+-+"824: µ4 +-8@, 3" 242+-+"824: µ4 +-8@ )$" 0+34G38'. (3 µ4%$/*24+3 0+1,/@µ$

23.: 4A6$" @ 0$+$/$,' 2&6 0/-%"&6 &5'#4&6 03. µ42$,",-B3.6 2$ )4)/"µ76$

<3)-+"$. [10]

I6-/3%$ µ4 23 #*#2@µ$ )$2$#)4.': )$" 2@ #2$2")' 40A/.#@ 23.: 3" #27%4:

<"$)+A6362$" #2": $62"#2@+"B1µ464: #27%4:, 2": #27%4: µ4 0.)6' $62"#2'+"G@ 2&6

)4)/"µ76&6 <3)=6, 2$ B4.)2- )$" 2": µ")27: )$2$#)4.7:. S 40")-/.U' 23.: 03")A/4" )$"

#.6'5&: %A642$" µ4 )4+$µA<"$ ' #8"#210/$)4: 0-6& #4 )$/-µ"$ ' 072#&µ$. [10]

($ )4+$µA<"$ $01 -+%"/3 4A6$" 0+$)2")- 46$//$)2")- ./")- #)40':. P03+3*6 6$

)$2$#)4.$#23*6 $01 )$2-//@/@ -+%"/3 03. 4)2A542$" #2@ D&2"- #4 $0/3*: )/",-63.:

#D"%)2'+&6, 8+@#"µ303"=62$: $%+32")- $01,/@2$ 10&: µA#83.: )$/$µ03)"3*,

)$/-µ"$ )$" D/3"3*: +.B"3* &: )$*#"µ$. !A6$" $654)2")-, 783.6 )$/7: "<"12@24: )$"

4A6$" #24%$6- #23 64+1. [18]

S D*24.#@ #24%=6 µ")+': )/A#@: #.6$62-2$" #4 03//7: 8=+4:. S D*24.#@ µ03+4A

6$ #.µ,-/4" #2@6 $)3.#2")' )$" 54+µ")' µ16&#@ 2&6 #24%=6. P03+4A 6$ #.µ,-/4"

40A#@: µ4"=6362$: 2@ 54+µ3)+$#A$ 2@: #27%@:, #2@6 $*G@#@ 2@: <"-+)4"$: B&': 2@:.

($ D.2- D"/2+-+3.6 2@ #)16@ )$" +.5µAB3.6 2@ 54+µ3)+$#A$ 23. µ")+3)/Aµ$23: 466=

40A#@: )$2$)+$23*6 23 70-90% 23. 64+3* 2@: ,+38':. [6]

;2@ ;23.2%-+<@ @ D*24.#@ 2&6 #24%=6 04+"/$µ,-642$" #23 #87<"3 03/43<3µ")':

$6-02.G@: %"$ 04+"##124+$ $01 15 72@, 46= 03//7: %4+µ$6")7: 01/4": $)3/3.53*6

'<@ 23 0$+-<4"%µ- 2@:. [6] !").38 L=µ$ µ4 0$24/"-

#2@ M7+3 ($<"-,+383 8=µ$

03. .0-+84" #23 6@#A) [11]

!").39 O.24µ763 <=µ$ [6]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 67

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

12. ;*%)+"#@ ./")=6

12.1. !67+%4"$-4)03µ07: $4+A&6 23. D$"63µ763. 23. 54+µ3)@0A3.

P4/72@ %"$ 2@6 467+%4"$ )$" 2": 4)03µ07: $4+A&6 23. 54+µ3)@0A3. 03. #842AB362$"

µ4 2@6 40A 2103. )$2$#)4.' µ4 46$//$)2")' 8+'#@ G*/3., 8-/.,$ )$" #).+3<7µ$23:

&: <3µ")=6 ./")=6 8+@#"µ303"4A 2@6 0"3 #*%8+36@ ,-#@ <4<3µ76&6. >+&2$+8")-

#2384*4" #2@6 4G$)+A,&#@ 2@: #842")': $6$/3%A$: 03. @ <"$<")$#A$ )$2$#)4.':

$62"0+3#&04*4" #4 #87#@ µ4 2@ #.63/")' $+8")' 04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$ )$" $6

.0-+83.6 #@µ$62")7: <"$D3+7: $6-µ4#$ #2$ 46$//$)2")- ./")-. ($ 0$+$<4A%µ$2$

03. 40"/785@)$6 )$" 2$ <4<3µ76$ %"$ 2@6 $6-/.#@ #842AB362$" µ4 2@6 )$2$#)4.$#2")'

,"3µ@8$6A$ 23. ?$6$<- )$" $0324/3*6 µ7+3: 2@: µ4/72@: ATHENA %"$ 2@6 $6-02.G@

461: 4+%$/4A3. 4)2Aµ@#@: 23. )*)/3. B&': 03. 40"2+704" 23.: #84<"$#27: 6$

#.%)+A63.6 2@ #842")' $GA$, 2$ 03#- 467+%4"$:, 2": $7+"4: 4)03µ07:, 2$ .%+- )$" 2$

#24+4- $01,/@2$ 03. #842AB362$" µ4 2@6 0$+$%&%' )$" 2@6 4%)$2-#2$#@

46$//$)2")=6 #84<A&6. [7]

(3 03#1 2@: 467+%4"$: 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" #2@6 )$2$#)4.' 03")A/4" $01 ./")1 #4

./")1.

E"$ 23 G*/3 @ 467+%4"$ )$2$#)4.': )$" 3" 4)03µ07: $4+A&6 23. 54+µ3)@0A3.

)"63*62$" $01 8-20 MJ/m2 )$" 0.8-2.5 kg/m2 $62A#23"8$, µ4 2@ µ42$D3+- 2&6 4+%$2=6

6$ $0324/4A 23 ).+"124+3

#.#2$2")1.

!").40 ($) !67+%4"$

)$2$#)4.': – G*/"6$ <3µ")-

#23"84A$, (,) 4)03µ07: $4+A&6

23. 54+µ3)@0A3. #2@6

)$2$#)4.' –G*/"6$ <3µ")-

#23"84A$ [7]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 68

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

($ #23"84A$ 8-/.,$ 2.0")- #.640-%362$" 2@ 8$µ@/124+@ 467+%4"$ )$" 4)03µ07:, 3-

7MJ/m2 )$" 0.4-1.0kg/m2 $62A#23"8$. !G$A+4#@ $0324/4A 23 8$/*,<"63 #*#2@µ$ µ4

.U@/124+4: $GA4:. S µ42$D3+- 4+%$2=6 )$" @ 40A 2103. 8+'#@ 4+%$/4A&6 $0324/3*6

#@µ$62")- #.#2$2")- 2@: 467+%4"$: )$" 2&6 4)03µ0=6. [7]

!").41 ($) !67+%4"$

)$2$#)4.': – 8$/*,<"6$

<3µ")- #23"84A$, (,)

4)03µ07: $4+A&6 23.

54+µ3)@0A3. #2@6

)$2$#)4.' – 8$/*,<"6$

<3µ")- #23"84A$ [7]

F" <3µ7: µ4 #).+1<4µ$ $0$"23*6 2@ µ4%$/*24+@ 467+%4"$ )$" 783.6 2":

µ4%$/*24+4: 4)03µ07:, 20-120MJ/m2 )$" 5-20 kg/m2. [7]

S 0+$%µ$2303A@#@ 40A 2103. 2&6 #.6<7#4&6 $0$"24A 2$ µ4%$/*24+$ 03#- %"$ 2@

µ42$)A6@#@ 2&6 4+%$2=6 $01 )$" 0+3: 2@6 )$2$#)4.' )$" $0324/4A 23 40-50% 2@:

#.63/")':.

E"$ 2@6 )$2$#)4.' 23A8&6 @ 467+%4"$ 4A6$" 60-90MJ/m2 µ4 236 4G30/"#µ1 6$

$0324/4A 23 55-65% 2@: 464+%4"$)': 8+'#@:. [7]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 69

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

S 467+%4"$ )$" 3" 4)03µ07: %"$ 0+3)$2$#)4.$#µ763 #).+1<4µ$ 4A6$" 03/*

8$µ@/124+4: $01 2@6 40A 2103. )$2$#)4.' 20-35MJ/m2 )$" 4-5 kg/m2 µ4 2@

µ4%$/*24+@ $6$/3%A$ 6$ #842AB42$" µ4 2$ ./")- )$" 2@ µ42$D3+- 23. 4G30/"#µ3*. [7]

!").42 ($) !67+%4"$

)$2$#)4.': – <3µ")-

#23"84A$ $01 #).+1<4µ$,

(,) 4)03µ07: $4+A&6 23.

54+µ3)@0A3. #2@6

)$2$#)4.' – <3µ")-

#23"84A$ $01 #).+1<4µ$

[7]

S #87#@ 2@: 467+%4"$: )$2$#)4.': 1#36 $D3+- 2$ $63A%µ$2$, 23 µ7%453: 23.

)3A/3. )$" 23 D3+2A3 %"$ 2$ <"-D3+$ ./")- )$" #.#2'µ$2$ <"$D7+4". ;4 /A%4:

04+"02=#4": @ 467+%4"$ µ4"=642$" µ4 µ4%$/*24+$ $63A%µ$2$ )$" D3+2A$ 46= #.6'5&:

$.G-64" /1%& 2@: 0"5$6': $6-%)@: %"$ 0$+$0-6& ./")1 ' 2@: $*G@#@: 2@:

$0$"23*µ46@: 467+%4"$: /1%& µ42$D3+-:.

>+=23 40A04<3 $6-/.#@: 2@: 467+%4"$: 2.0")- #.µ04+"/$µ,-64" 2@6 -µ4#@

467+%4"$ 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" $01 236 4G30/"#µ1 )$" 2@6 #.640$)1/3.5' 23. µ1/.6#@

#2@6 4D$+µ3%' 1/&6 2&6 <3µ")=6 ./")=6, #.#2$2")=6 )$" 2@ µ42$D3+- 2&6 ./")=6

)$" #.#2$2")=6 0+3: )$" $01 23 8=+3 4+%$#A$:. (3 <4*24+3 40A04<3 $6-/.#@: <46

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 70

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

#.µ04+"/$µ,-64" 2@6 467+%4"$ 03. 8+@#"µ303"4A2$" $01 236 4G30/"#µ1 )$" 2@6

40$)1/3.5@ µ1/.6#@ $01 2$ 38'µ$2$ ' -//$ µ@8$6'µ$2$ 03. 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" #2@

<"$<")$#A$ 2@: )$2$#)4.':, 2@: #.62'+@#@: 23. 4G30/"#µ3*, 2@: <"4)04+$A&#@: )$"

4D$+µ3%': )$" 2@: µ42$D3+-: 2&6 4+%$2=6. [7]

S µ42$D3+- 23. 0+3#&0")3* 0+3: )$" $01 23 8=+3 2@: )$2$#)4.': 4A6$" 76$

#@µ$62")1 #.#2$2")1 2@: <"$<")$#A$: )$2$#)4.': 03. ).µ$A642$" µ42$G* 5-85%.

S ATHENA 8+@#"µ303"'5@)4 %"$ 6$ 0$+784" 2@6 $+8")' 04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$ )$"

2": $7+"4: 4)03µ07: 23. D$"63µ763. 23. 54+µ3)@0A3. %"$ µ"$ 40"/3%' <3µ")=6

<"4+%$#"=6, 4G$%&%', 0$+$%&%' )$" )$2$#)4.$#2")7: $GA4:. ($ 1+"$ 23. #.#2'µ$23:

4A6$" )+"2")- #2@6 04+",$//362")' $6-/.#@ )$" @ ATHENA <46 #.µ04+"/$µ,-64" 2@

µ42$D3+- 2&6 4+%$2=6 #2$ 2+A$ 40A04<$ 2@: 04+"481µ46@: 467+%4"$: )$" 2&6 $4+A&6

4)03µ0=6. [7]

P"$ )3"6' 0+3Z0154#@ 03. %A642$" #2": $6$/*#4": 04+"481µ46@: 467+%4"$: 4A6$"

12" 23 2µ'µ$ 2@: )$2$#)4.': 04+"/$µ,-64" #84<16 23 7-10% 2@: #.63/")':

04+"481µ46@: 467+%4"$:. [7]

S 467+%4"$ )$2$#)4.': )$" 3" 4)03µ07: $4+A&6 03")A/3.6 $01 23 76$ <3µ")1

#*#2@µ$ #23 -//3 )$" "<"$A24+$ $6-µ4#$ #2": µ4%$/*24+4: )$2@%3+A4: ./")=6. E"$ 2":

<3µ7: G*/3. )$" 8-/.,$ @ 467+%4"$ )$2$#)4.': 4A6$" #4 8$µ@/124+@ $6$/3%A$ &:

0+3: 2@ #.63/")' 04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$ #4 #87#@ µ4 23 2" #.6'5&: 54&+4A2$" )$" 23.

#).+3<7µ$23: .U@/124+@. Wµ&: %"$ 2": $7+"4: 4)03µ07: @ <"$<")$#A$ )$2$#)4.': %"$

<3µ7: #).+3<7µ$23: $62"0+3#&04*4" µ"$ #@µ$62")- µ4%$/*24+@ $6$/3%A$. [7]

($ #8'µ$2$ <4A863.6 2@ #842")' $6$/3%A$ 03. @ )$2$#)4.' $62"0+3#&04*4" #2@

#.63/")' 04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$ )$" 2": 4)03µ07: $4+A&6, $//- #.µ04+"/$µ,$63µ76&6

)$" 2@: µ42$D3+-: 2&6 4+%$2=6 #4 40A04<3 )$2$#)4.':. S .0154#@ 4<= 4A6$" 12" @

µ42$D3+- #4 40A04<3 4G$%&%': )$" 0$+$%&%': 4A6$" $#'µ$62@ #4 $6- µ36-<$ ,-#@

0$+$%&%': #.6$+µ3/1%@#@:. ;4 $.2' 2@6 04+A02&#@ @ )$2$#)4.' $01 8$/*,<"6$

#23"84A$ 4A6$" $)1µ$ 0"3 8$µ@/', 2-5% )$" @ )$2$#)4.' $01 G*/3 6-16%. Wµ&: @

)$2$#)4.' $01 #).+1<4µ$ $62"0+3#&04*4" 23 11-25% 2@: #.63/")': 04+"481µ46@:

467+%4"$:. >-/" %"$ 2": $7+"4: 4)03µ07: @ #842")' $6$/3%A$ 03. $62"0+3#&04*4" 23

#).+1<4µ$ 4A6$" .U@/124+@ $01 $.2' 2@: 467+%4"$:. [7]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 71

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

!").43 ($) !67+%4"$ )$2$#)4.':/

04+"481µ46@ 467+%4"$

(#.µ04+"/$µ,$63µ76@: 2@: µ42$D3+-:

2&6 4+%$2=6), (,) 4)03µ07:

)$2$#)4.':/ 04+"481µ464: $7+"4:

4)03µ07: 23. D$"63µ763. 23.

Q4+µ3)@0A3. (#.µ04+"/$µ,$63µ76@:

2@: µ42$D3+-: 2&6 4+%$2=6) [7]

;@µ$62")7: $//$%7: #.µ,$A63.6

$6-µ4#$ #23 03#1 467+%4"$: )$" 2&6

$4+"=6 4)03µ0=6 03. #842AB362$" µ4

2@6 )$2$#)4.' 46$//$)2")=6 <3µ=6

$01 G*/3, 8-/.,$ )$" #).+1<4µ$. (3

#).+1<4µ$ 2.0")- #.640-%42$" µ"$

#4"+- $01 .U@/124+4: 03#12@24:. [7]

!").44 ($) P7#@ 467+%4"$ )$2$#)4.':

%"$ <3µ")- #23"84A$ $01 G*/3, 8-/.,$ )$"

#).+1<4µ$, (,) µ7#4: 4)03µ07: $4+A&6 23.

Q4+µ3)@0A3. 2@: )$2$#)4.': %"$ <3µ")-

#23"84A$ $01 G*/3, 8-/.,$ )$" #).+1<4µ$

[7]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 72

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

12.2. IG"3/1%@#@ 46$//$)2")=6 ./")=6 )$2$#)4.':

E"$ 2@6 $G"3/1%@#@ ./")=6 03. 8+@#"µ303"3*62$" #2@6 )$2$#)4.' 784" %A64" 7+4.6$

03. ,$#AB42$" #4 0+3#3µ3A&#@. (3 0+1%+$µµ$ 54+µ")': $6-/.#@: QUICK 03.

µ03+4A 6$ 8+@#"µ303"@54A 4A6$" ,3/")1 µ"$ )$" $+8")- $6$02*85@)4 %"$ 0$5@2")1

#84<"$#µ1 )2"+A3.. I01 23 µ3627/3 µ03+3*6 6$ /@D53*6 .01U@ 0$+-%3624: 10&: 3

D.#")1: $4+"#µ1:, 0/A5"6$ 0$2=µ$2$ )2/.. P-/"#2$ 3" 0+3,/7U4": 23. 0+3%+-µµ$23:

783.6 '<@ $G"3/3%@54A #4 0-6& $01 30 D.#")- 4G$4+"B1µ46$ )2A+"$. J//3 #@µ$62")1

0/4367)2@µ$ 23. 0+3%+-µµ$23: 4A6$" @ 0+3#$+µ3#2")12@2- 23. 03. 40"2+704" 2@6

7+4.6$ <"$D1+&6 46$//$)2")=6 10&: 23 ./")1 )$2$#)4.':, 23 8+=µ$, 3

0+3#$6$23/"#µ1:, @ )$2$#)4.', 23 )/Aµ$ ).$. [26]

!").45 ;84<"-%+$µµ$ 4#&24+")=6 54+µ3)+$#"=6 $7+$ %"$ <"$D3+42")- )$2$#)4.$#2")-

./")- [26]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 73

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

(3 #8'µ$ 2@: 4")16$: 45 <4A864" 2@6 42'#"$ 4/-8"#2@ )$" µ7%"#2@ 4#&24+")'

54+µ3)+$#A$ $7+$ %"$ )-54 76$ $01 2$ <"$D3+42")- ./")- 12$6 <46 40"84"+4A2$" @

57+µ$6#@ ' U*G@ 23. 4#&24+")3* 8=+3.. ;@µ$62")1 4A6$" 23 %4%361: 12" )$676$ $01

2$ <3µ")- ./")- <46 0$+4A84 2@6 $0$"23*µ46@ 4/-8"#2@ 54+µ3)+$#A$ 8&+A: 0+1#542@

4#&24+")' 57+µ$6#@. P"$ )$" @ )$/3)$"+"6' U*G@ <46 4A6$" <.6$2' #2": 8$µ@/7:

3")363µ")- )3"612@24: 23 #8'µ$ 2@: 4")16$: 46 <4A864" 2": $0$"2'#4": #4 57+µ$6#@ 23

84"µ=6$ %"$ 2@ <"$#D-/"#@ µ"$: µA6"µ3.µ 54+µ3)+$#A$: 163 C. I01 1/$ 2$ ./")-

0/A65"63" 23A83" )$" #)40' $01 -8.+3 <A63.6 2": )$/*24+4: 54+µ")7: #.65')4:. S

8+'#@ 0@/3* 4A6$" "<"$A24+$ 0+$)2")' #4 $%+32")7: 04+"387: 103. 3 0@/1: 4A6$"

-D5363:. [26]

!").46 ;84<"-%+$µµ$ 464+%4"$)': )$2$6-/&#@: %"$ <"$D3+42")- )$2$#)4.$#2")- ./")-

[27]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 74

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

12.3. ?1#23: )$2$#)4.': µ4 46$//$)2")- ./")-

S V"%@+A$ 4A6$" µ"$ 8=+$ 03. 04"+$µ$2AB42$" #23 %+'%3+@ $#2")303A@#@. ;2183:

2@: ).,7+6@#@: #2@ V"%@+A$ %"$ 6$ ,4/2"=#4" 2": #.65')4: )$23")A$: 4A6$" 6$

)$2$#)4.-#4" @ A<"$ 8$µ@/3* )1#23.: )$23")A4:. [18]

E4%361: 4A6$" 12" 3" )$23")A4: 0-62$ 4A6$" 03/* $)+",7: %"$ 6$ $%3+$#23*6 ' 6$

463")"$#23*6 $01 23.: D2&83*:. T84" µ-/"#2$ 0$+$2@+@54A 12" 23 )1#23: 2&6

<3µ")=6 ./")=6 $0324/4A #84<16 23 60% 23. #.63/")3* )1#23.: )$2$#)4.':. F0124 @

<3µ")' %@ $0324/4A 230")1 ./")1 -µ4#$ <"$57#"µ3 )$" 3")363µ")1 µ"$ )$" 784"

$03<4"854A 32" )3#2AB4" /"%124+3 #2@6 )$2$#)4.' #4 #87#@ µ4 µ4%-/$ 24µ-8"$ -µµ3. '

µ04216. [18]

S µ4/72@ 03. 7%"64 7<4"G4 12" .0-+84" 40% 4G3")361µ@#@ #2@ 8+'#@ 230")=6

./")=6 #4 #87#@ µ4 µ3627+6$ #2@6 A<"$ $)+",=: )$2$#)4.'.

(3 04A+$µ$ 8+@#"µ303A@#4 0'/"6$ 24µ-8"$ #2$54+303"@µ76$ µ4 2#"µ7623 )$"

)4+$µA<"$ 3+3D': $01 2#"µ4623A64:. S µ4/72@ $0324/3*62$6 $01 )2A#µ$2$ <.3

<"$µ4+"#µ-2&6 µ4 <.3 .063<&µ-2"$ 23 )$576$. ;2@6 )$2$#)4.' 2&6 24µ$8A&6

8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 $µµ=<@: )$" $01 8$/A)" "/*: µ4 ,$5µ1 0/$#2")12@2$: #4 03#3#21

10-20% µ4 µ7%"#2@ #.++A)6&#@ 6%. [18]

($ )2A+"$ 03. 82A#2@)$6 23 1986 )1#2"#$6 15.000 V, µ4 2$ ./")- 6$ $0324/3*6 23

55% 23. #.63/")3* )1#23.:. ;2@6 04+A02&#@ 03. $.2- )2"B12$6 µ4 #.6@5"#µ76$

./")- 5$ )1#2"B4 80.000V.

(3 1999 #84<"-#2@)$6 µ0/3) $0324/3*µ46$ $01 4 µ36-<4: µ4 <"$µ4+A#µ$2$ 2

.063<&µ$2A&6, <"$µ4+A#µ$2$ 2 .063<&µ$2A&6, <"$µ4+A#µ$2$ 3 .063<&µ$2A&6.

S 8+'#@ 24µ$8A&6 $01 0@/1 #2$54+303"@µ76&6 $01 2#"µ7623 $62A %"$ $62A#23"8$

$01 2#"µ7623, 4A84 20-35% 4G3")361µ@#@ %"$ 23. 2+4": 2*03.: )$23")A$:.

E"$ 2@6 )$2$#)4.' µ"$: µ36-<$: 0+33+"#µ76@: %"$ µ"$ 3")3%764"$

8+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 2+A$ <"$D3+42")- 46$//$)2")- ./")- )$" 7%"64 µ"$ $6-/.#@ )1#23.:.

[18]

F" 46$//$)2")7: /*#4": '2$6 G*/"6@ )$2$#)4.', 23A83" µ4 24µ-8"$ $01 2#"µ7623 )$"

23A83" $01 24µ-8"$ $01 0@/1. S <4*24+@ )$2$#)4.' )1#2"#4 03/* 04+"##124+3 $01

2": -//4: <.3 03. 4A6$" $01 46<3%46' ./")-. S 8+'#@ G*/3. 0$+4A84 28%

4G3")361µ@#@. (3 #)/@+1 G*/3 4A6$" -D5363 #2@6 04+"38' $//- .0-+84" 3 )A6<.63:

0.+)$%"-: 03. $.G-64" /1%& $640$+)=6 µ72+&6 0+3#2$#A$: , 7//4"U@ ,$#")':

µ1+D&#@: %"$ 0+1/@U@, )$" 0+=24: ,3'54"4: #2@6 3")3%764"$. P")+' $6238' #23

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 75

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

8+163 )$" )$2$#2+3D' $01 24+µA24: #.µ,-//3.6 #2@ µ4"&µ76@ 8+'#@ 23. G*/3. %"$

0$2=µ$2$ )$" 23A83.:.

S 8+'#@ #2$54+303"@µ763. µ0/3) $01 "/* 4G3")363µ4A 33% #4 #87#@ µ4 2$ µ0/3)

$01 2#"µ7623. I.2- µ03+3*6 6$ 0$+$853*6 #23 #@µ4A3 103. @ "/*: 784" #.//4854A

8+@#"µ303"=62$: 76$ 4"<")- #84<"$#µ763 µ@8-6@µ$ )$/3.0=µ$23: 03. 5$

4G$#D$/A#4" 2@6 $0$+$A2@2@ #.µ0A4#' 23.:. [18]

!").47 !)2"µ3*µ463 )1#23: µ"$: )$23")A$: 2

.063<&µ$2A&6 (µ4 #87<"3 2@: 4").48) µ4 8+'#@

<"$D3+42")=6 ./")=6 [18]

!").48 ?-23U@ )$" 1U@ )$23")A$:

2 .063<&µ$2A&6 [18]

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 76

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

13. O:µ2631?µ,+,

(3 G*/3 )$" 23 8=µ$ $0324/3*6 ./")- 03. <")$"3/3%@µ76$ µ03+3*6 6$

$03)$/3*62$" D"/")- 0+3: 23 04+",-//36.

- ;*µD&6$ µ4 2$ 1#$ $6$D7+5@)$6, 23 G*/3 )$" 23 8=µ$ 4A6$" -D536$ #2@ D*#@,

<46 .0-+84" D1,3: %"$ 6$ 4G$62/@53*6 4)21: 2@: 04+A02&#@: 23. G*/3., #4

#.%)4)+"µ764: 04+"387:.

- S <"-54#' 23.: µ03+4A 6$ %A64" $01 236 2103 103. $.2- 5$ 8+@#"µ303"@53*6 %"$

)$2$#)4.'. F0124 .0-+84" @ <.6$212@2$ 4G3")361µ@#@: 467+%4"$:.

- !67+%4"$ 4G3")363µ4A2$" 40A#@: )$" #2@6 1/@ <"$<")$#A$ 2@: )$2$#)4.': #4 #87#@

µ4 -//$ ./")- 10&: 7<4"G$6 µ4/724:.

- I//- )$" 3" 4)/*#4": $4+A&6 03. #.µ,-//3.6 #23 D$"61µ463 23. Q4+µ3)@0A3.

)$2- 2@ <"-+)4"$ 2@: )$2$#)4.': 4A6$" µ4"&µ764: #4 #87#@ µ4 -//$ ./")-.

- (3 )1#23: %"$ )$2$#)4.' µ4 8=µ$ 4A6$" µ")+1 #4 #87#@ µ4 -//$ ./")-. I//- )$" 23

)1#23: 23. G*/3., $6 )$" µ03+4A 6$ 784" $.G@54A 2$ 24/4.2$A$ 8+16"$ .0-+84" 2-#@ 6$

4G"#3++30"#24A.

- F µ42$#8@µ$2"#µ1: 23. G*/3. )$" @ 404G4+%$#A$ 23. 8=µ$23: %"$ 0$+$%&%'

23A8&6, <$07<&6 )2/., $0$"23*6 40A#@: /A%@ 467+%4"$.

- F" "<"12@27: 23.: 46<4A)6.62$" %"$ 8+'#@ 23.: &: <3µ")- ./")- $//- )$" 103.

$.27: µ4"364)23*6 µ03+3*6 6$ +.5µ"#23*6 4*)3/$ )$" 3")363µ")-.

- I0324/3*6 0$+$<3#"$)- ./")-. C+@#"µ303"'5@)$6 µ4 #3DA$ )$" #*64#@ #23

0$+4/516 30124 #A%3.+$ $0324/3*6 ./")- 03. $6$µD"#,'2@2$ 4A6$" D"/")- 0+3: 23

04+",-//36.

S )$2$#)4.' µ4 8=µ$ )$" G*/3 µ03+4A 6$ $0324/7#4" )$" #'µ4+$ 03. .0-+84"

µ4%$/*24+@ $01 -//324 $6-%)@, ,-#@ $6$D3+-: #23 D.#")1 04+",-//36.

F" )$2$#)4.7: 03. 0$+-%3.6 $.2- 2$ ./")- <4 5$ 4A6$" µ4%-/4: )$" 0/@5&+")7:, <4

5$ 4µ04+"783.6 .04+,3/' )$" 462.0&#"$#µ1. Q$ 0+3#0$53*6 10&: )$" #23

0$+4/516 6$ 0+3#4%%A#3.6 2@6 $/'54"$ µ7#& 2@: D*#@: )$" 23. #4,$#µ3* 0+3: 23

230A3 )$" 236 -65+&03.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 77

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

>FKF(S(I ([V FK?FLFPK?[V 9MK?[V [8] KLKF(S(!; 9MK?F I R E L ! ;(X S Q K KI KR KE KL K! KX P7#3: 1+3: 1. N*/3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2. O4//1: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3. J+%"/3: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4. ?4+A µ7/"##$: 3 3 3 3 3 3 - - - 3 3 - 3 3 3 - 3 5. (3*,/3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 - 2,5 6. I#,4#23)36A$µ$ 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 - 2 3 2 2 3 2 - 2,3

7. O.#")1 /"67/$"3 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 - 2,3 8. (#"µ7623 2*03.Portland

1 0 2 1 0 3 1 2 - 1 2 0 1 3 1 - 1,3

9. >/-)$ $µ"-623. 1 0 0 1 1 - 2 2 0 1 2 3 - 3 1 0 1,2 10. ;.6542")1:%*U3:

0 0 0 1 0 - 1 2 0 2 2 3 - 3 1 0 1,1

11. E.$/A 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 - 0 0 3 0 3 3 - 1 12. I#D$/210$63 1 0 1 1 3 3 - - 0 0 0 - - 0 0 - 0,8 13. >3/.4#27+$: 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0,8 14. PVC 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0,6 15. ;.6542")')1//$

0 0 0 0 3 0 - - 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0,4

16. Betaname 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0,4 17. ;.6542")1R4+6A)"

0 0 0 0 3 0 - - - 0 0 - 0 0 0 - 0,3

!]PSV!KI

I = >@%' 0+37/4.#@:

R = R"3/3%")' <"-+)4"$ B&':

E = F")3/3%")' #.µ,$212@2$

L = ?$2$6-/&#@ 467+%4"$:

! = ]$<"467+%4"$

;( = S/4)2+")7: "<"12@24:

X = Q4+µ")7: "<"12@24:

S = I)3.#2")7: "<"12@24:

Q = I62A#2$#@ #2$ µ")+3)*µ$2$

K = L"$063'

KI = 9%+$#A$ / C+163: #24%6=µ$23:

KR = ID3µ3A&#@

KE = (3G")7: 02@2")7: 3.#A4:

KL = F#µ7:

K! = (4#2 $62A#2$#@: 23. <7+µ$23:

KX = R"3/3%")1 24#2

RIQPFMFEKI

F = V$ $03D4*%42$" @ 8+'#@ 23.

1 = L4 #.6"#2-2$"

2 = IµDA,3/@ 8+'#@

3 = ;.6"#2-2$" @ 8+'#@ 23.

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 78

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

14. P&P)&*QR$S&$:

1. P$5'µ$2$ "#23+A$: 2@: I+8"24)236")':, 0+=23: 21µ3:, C$+$/-µ03. P03*+$,

!)<1#4": ;.µµ42+A$, I5'6$ 1991

2. The story of Architecture, Patrick Nuttgens, Phaidon, 1997

3. (3 ?+@2")1 #0A2", L. R$#"/4"-<@, ,Y 7)<3#@, ,",/"30&/4A3 2@: !#2A$: 1983

4. S 2486")' 2&6 G*/"6&6 )$2$#)4.=6, Jack Sobon, Roger Schroeder, !)<12@: P.

E)"3*+<$:

5. (4863/3%A$ L3µ")=6 9/")=6, I62&6A3. M4%-)@, _<+.µ$ !.%46A<3.

6. F")3/3%")' $+8"24)236")', 29 0$+$<4A%µ$2$ $01 2@6 !.+=0@, Dominique

Gauzin-Muller, 4)<1#4": ?(K]KF, 2001

7. Energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction of

alternative structural systems, Raymond J Cole, Environmental Research Group,

School of Architecture, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,

Building and Environment 34 (1999) 335-348

8. (3 F")3/3%")1 #0A2", ?=#2$ ;24D. (#A0@+$, !)<1#4": «V7$ ;*63+$»-I.M",-6@,

I5'6$ 1996

9. >4+",$//362")1: ;84<"$#µ1:, >-63. ?32#103./3., !)<1#4": University Studio

Press, L4*24+@ T)<3#@ University Studio Press, Q4##$/36A)@ 2004

10. ;@µ4"=#4":, E"$ 2@ #.62'+@#@ )$" 2": 40"#)4.7: 0$+$<3#"$)=6 )2"+A&6, ;*62$G@:

E. P$)+':-O. E3./"7/µ3:-L. P0A+@:-!. !D4#A3.-?. P./&6-:, !.P.>. (µ'µ$

I+8"24)216&6, I5'6$ 1987

11. !//@6")' 0$+$<3#"$)' $+8"24)236")', 2+A23: 21µ3:, L&<4)-6@#$-?+'2@,

!)<32")1: 3A)3: P7/"##$, I5'6$ 1990

12. Traditional Chinese Dwellings, Jing Qimin, translated by Liu Zhuangchong,

Tianjin University Press, 1999

13. Passive and low energy ecotechniques, the third international PLEA Conference,

Traditional Japanese low- technology approach to housing: an essay on wood,

Barbara Sandrisser, New York, , edited by Arthur Bowen and Simos Yannas,

Pergamon press, 1985 Ltd

14. L3µ")- 9/")-, WENDEHORST, !)<12@: P.E)"3*+<$:

15. (4863/3%A$ 9/")=6, E. ?$/)-6@, K. C$2'+@, !)<1#4": K[V, 1992

16. 9/")- G*/3, )4+$µ")-, 03/.µ4+', 4"<")- 57µ$2$ %"$ µ72$//$, >$6$%"=2$

R$#"/4A3., I6<+7$: I6<+4103./3:, I5'6$ 1995

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 79

!"#$ %$& '()* +, -./.01 2345 +4 263.71//48 94µ.01 :/.01

17. L3µ")' (4863/3%A$ 9/")- )$" !D$+µ3%7:, ;&2'+@ ?3*)@, I5'6$ 2001

18. Recourse to earth for low-cost housing in Nigeria, A.O. Olotuah, Department of

Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Building and

Environment 37 (2002) 123-129

19. Evaluating rammed earth walls: a case study, P. Taylor, M.B. Luther, Built

Environment Research Group, Deakin University, Waterfront Campus, Australia,

La Trobe University, DEME, Australia, Solar Energy 76 (2004) 79-84

20. Improving the traditional earth construction: a case study of Botswana, Alfred B.

Ngowi, Construction and building Materials, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-7, 1997

21. Practical Building Conservation [English Heritage Handbook], Volume 2, Brick,

Terracotta & Earth, John & Nicola Ashurst, Gower Technical Press

22. Q7µ$2$ 3")3<3µ")':, !P>, (µ'µ$ I+8"24)216&6, (3µ7$: ;.657#4&6

(4863/3%")': I"8µ':, F")3<3µ")', !)<1#4": ;.µµ42+A$ 1993

23. The science of structures and materials, J.E. Gordon

24. Practical Building Conservation [English Heritage Handbook], Volume 5, Wood,

Glass & Resins, John & Nicola Ashurst, Gower Technical Press

25. Contribution of indoor exposed massive wood to a good indoor climate: in situ

measurement campaign, Stephane Hameury, Tor Lundstrom, Department of

Building Sciences, Division of Building Materials, KTH- The Royal Institute of

Technology, Sweden, Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research

SLF-WSL, Switzerland, Energy and Buildings 36 (2004) 281-292

26. Life cycle assessment of flooring materials: case study, A. Jonsson, A-M.

Tillman, T. Svensson, Building and Environment, Vol. 32, No3, pp 245-255, 1997

27. Energy Efficiency of ultra-low-cost housing, E.H. Mathews, P.G. Richards, S.L.

Van Wyk, P.G. Rousseau, Building and Environment, Vol.30, No3,pp. 427-432,

1995

!"#$%&'(&)" *+,%,- - .$/"$-%"- 2004 80

Χώμα και Ξύλο_Πολυτεχνείο Κρήτης

Documents

Transcript of Χώμα και Ξύλο_Πολυτεχνείο Κρήτης