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1. | | | |, .x x x

2. | | | | | | , (0, ).a a

3. | | | | | | .xy x y

4. , A B 5. xv=, .

6. .

7. : d(x,y)=d(x-1,y-1)

8. x, y : d(x,y)=d(x,-y)

9. : |+|

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34. , , |+|=|||-|||

35. , , : v va a

36. , , : 1 1

aa

37. 2++=0 , =0.

38.