ΑΠΟΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΛΙΜΝΗΣ ΚΑΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ

: -

.

,

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2007

,

2005-2006.

:

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, (

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.

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2005

(1995-2005)

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2005,

,

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,

Limnothrix redekei

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

.

1995-2005,

,

,

.

,

. ,

, ,

, ,

,

.

ABSTRACT

Phytoplankton changes were investigated in Lake Kastoria during the warm

period of 2005 in relation to the ten-year period (1995-2005) following a reduction in

the external nutrient loading through sewage diversion.

During the warm period of the year 2005, the lakes phytoplankton was

characterized by: higher diversity compared to previous years due to the presence of

many new species, high abundance and biomass levels with abrupt changes,

occurence of water blooms, dominance of pennate diatoms and chlorococcal

chlorophytes for the first time during the last decade and finally, delayed

development and dominance of cyanobacteria with the absence of filamentous species

such as Limnothrix redekei and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii that dominated the lakes

phytoplankton the previous years.

During 1995-2005, pronounced changes were observed both in the composition

and biomass of the lakes phytoplankton: Sorensens coefficient of similarity revealed

major floristic differences between distant years. Total biomass as well as

cyanobacteria biomass declined gradually as a response to the reduced external

nutrient loading, although prolific summer water blooms still persisted.

In given years, the role of disturbances through either the meteorological

conditions or the regulated lakes discharge (flushing) were critical for the structure of

the lakes phytoplankton. Considering the impact of flushing on nutrient dynamics,

the composition and densities of algal species towards a better lakes ecological status,

its use as an additional restoration measure could accelerate the depletion of

phytoplankton or cyanobacteria biomass in Lake Kastoria.

H1. ............................................................................................................................. H1 H1.1 ................................................................................................................... H1

H1.1.1 ................................................................................................................ H1 H1.1.2 ................................................................................................ H1

H1.2 , & ...................................... H3 H1.3 & ....................................................................... H6 H1.4 ...................................................................................................... H8

H2. ........................................................................................................ H10 H2.1 .......................................................................................................... H10

H2.1.1 & ................................................. H10 H2.1.2 ............................................................................................ H11 H2.1.3 ............................................................................................... H12

H2.1.3.1 ........................................................................................................................................ H12

H2.1 .................. H16

H3. & ....................................................................................................... H18 H3.1 ............................................................................................................. H18 H3.2 ............................................................ H18 H3.3 ...................................................................................................... H18 H3.3 & ........................................ H19 H3.4 & ........................................................................ H20

H4. ........................................................................................................... H21 H4.1 ............................................................ H21

H4.1.1 .......................................................................................................... H21 H4.1.2 & .................................................................. H23

H4.2 & ................................................................... H29 H4.3 ...................................................................................................... H30

H4.3.1 .......................................................................................................... H31 H4.3.2 .............................................................................................................. H32 H4.3.3 ..................................................................................................................... H33

H4.4 ................................................................................................................... H34 H4.5 ....................................................................................................... H35

H5. ........................................................................................................................ H38 H5.1 : & ................................................................. H38

H5.1.1 .......................................................................................... H38 H5.1.1.1 2005 ................................................................... H38 H5.1.1.2 1995-2005 ........................................................................................ H38

H5.1.2 ......................................................................................................... H39 H5.1.3 ............................................................................................................. H42

H5.1.4 , , , & ............................ H43 H5.2 ................................................................................ H44 H5.3 : & ......................................................... H46

H5.3.1 2005 .............................................................................. H46 H5.3.1 1995-2005 ................................................................................................. H47

H5.4 ..................................................................................................... H49 H5.4.1 2005 .............................................................................. H50

H5.4.1.1 ............................................................................................. H50 H5.4.1.2 ..................................................................................................... H51 H5.4.1.3 ........................................................................................................... H51

H5.4.2 1995-2005 ................................................................................................. H52 H5.4.2.1 ............................................................................................. H52 H5.4.2.2 ..................................................................................................... H53 H5.4.2.3 ........................................................................................................... H53

H5.4 .................................................................................................................. H54 H5.5 ...................................................................................................... H55

H5.5.1 2005 .............................................................................. H55 H5.5.1.1 ............................................................................................. H55 H5.5.1.2 ..................................................................................................... H56 H5.5.1.3 ........................................................................................................... H57

H5.5.2 1995-2005 ................................................................................................. H59 H5.6 ......................................................................................... H66

H6. .......................................................................................................... H70

H8. ............................................................................................................... H73 H8.1 ....................................................................................................................... H73 H8.2 .......................................................................................................................... H75

H9. ................................................................................................................... H83

1

1.

1.1

1.1.1

(Reynolds 1984a).

( , ),

,

.

, , , ,

, , , ,

,

.

(104 107 s)

.

,

, ,

(Reynolds

1984a).

1.1.2

,

. ,

(),

(Reynolds 1984b).

, ,

2

.

,

(, , )

( , pH)

(, ) (Reynolds 1984a).

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

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.

.

,

(Reynolds 1984a).

,

.

( 1988) .

3

,

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Sommer et al. (1986) ,

(PEG-model),

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(r-). ,

(-

).

. ,

,

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1.2 , &

(Odum 1969, 1971)

,

, .

,

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(climax) ,

(Sommer et al. 1993).

, Margalef (1958),

( )

(

4 ). r-

( , ), -

( , ) (Reynolds 1984b, 1988).

(Sommer 1981).

,

.

,

.

,

.

Reynolds (1993),

,

. ,

, , ,

.

Conell (1978)

,

,

, ( )

(). (Sommer et al. 1993),

,

(climax) ,

.

.

,

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,

,

5 . ,

.

1993, IAP (International Association of Phytoplankton

Taxonomy and Ecology)

,

: , ,

.

(Reynolds et al. 1993).

Reynolds (1988, 1993)

,

(Sommer et al. 1993). ,

. (

) . (

6 ),

,

( ) (Reynolds et al. 1993).

, .

Moustaka-Gouni (1993) ,

(, , )

,

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( & . 2004).

1.3 &

,

. ,

(Moss et al. 1996). , ,

,

( ) (Reynolds 1984a).

,

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(Reynolds 1984a).

.

7

,

,

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, ,

, ,

(Reynolds 1984a).

, ,

(, )

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(.. )

( ),

( )

( ) (- 2000).

,

, (Wetzel 2001)

,

.

2000, (

),

(Moss et al. 2003)

- .

,

,

(- 2000).

.

8 ,

,

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(Wetzel 2001).

:

, , ,

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( ),

(-

2000).

1.4

2005

1995-2005 .

1995-2005

,

. , (1996, 1999,

2005)

.

:

9

2005 1995-2005.

2005

1995-2005.

2005 1995-2005.

,

.

10

2.

2.1

2.1.1 &

( )

(400 30, 210 18) ( 2.1).

24 km2, 8 m 4 m,

(retention time>2 )

(Moustaka- Gouni et al. 2007).

(Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007)

(Vardaka et al. 2000, Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2006, 2007),

,

(Lanaras et al. 1989, Cook et al. 2004).

2.1: .

, (

Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007).

11

2.1.2

(- 1983),

. 2.2

Gaussen 2005 ( )

( , 614).

(25 0C), (1,1 0C).

(116,9 mm),

(11,8 mm).

(-) 184,2 mm,

,

(

) ( 1 6 ).

().

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

(C

0 )

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

(m

m)

2.2: Gaussen

2005 (

).

12

628,8

628,9

629

629,1

629,2

629,3

629,4

629,5

629,6

629,7

(m

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

(m

m)

2.1.3

: ,

1995 ( 1996

) ,

. ,

( ) (

, ),

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,

( : 626,754 m ),

-

,

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,

.

2.1.3.1

2.3

2005.

2.3: X

2005 ( ).

13

(629,384 m ),

(628,934 m ). ,

.

2.3 (

=13 cm)

( =30 cm). , -

-,

. ,

, .

(-)

,

( ),

. ,

(-),

.

(1995-2005) ( 2.1), .

(1996, 1999 2005)

( 2001

(377 mm)

-

) .

(-)

.

,

,

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14

2.1: ( m )

1995 2005 ( - 2004 ).

.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

629,124 629,244 629,274 629,014 629,294 629,174 628,904 628,384 629,264 629,344 629,254

629,244 629,414 629,264 629,174 629,334 629,184 628,954 628,444 629,444 629,414 629,264

629,314 629,564 629,294 629,264 629,424 629,294 628,954 628,494 629,454 629,444 629,294

629,4 629,624 629,294 629,264 629,474 629,35 628,944 628,574 629,494 629,464 629,384

629,424 629,594 629,294 629,274 629,434 629,384 628,934 628,634 629,494 629,484 629,334

629,364 629,514 629,254 629,274 629,384 629,324 628,904 628,574 629,494 629,454 629,304

629,264 629,344 629,124 629,154 629,324 629,194 628,744 628,464 629,444 629,254

629,144 629,254 628,924 628,954 629,224 629,054 628,574 628,354 629,314 629,084

629,144 629,144 628,814 628,884 629,134 628,914 628,404 628,354 629,194 628,954

629,134 629,154 628,804 628,904 629,094 628,854 628,304 628,524 629,194 628,934

629,084 629,144 628,904 628,984 629,144 628,854 628,284 628,584 629,294 629,144 628,944

629,064 629,224 628,944 629,154 629,224 628,864 628,314 628,894 629,304 629,204 629,034

15

2.4

1996, 1999 2005

, 1995 1997 (

)

.

1995

629.33

629.39

629.45

629.51

1996

629.59

629.62

629.65

629.68

1997

629.28

629.3

629.32

629.34

1999

629.46

629.47

629.48

629.49

2005

629.35

629.38

629.41

629.44

1 7 13 19 25 31

2.4: ( m )

1995, 1996,

1997, 1999 2005 ( ).

, .

1996, 1999, 2005 ( 2.4).

,

1996 2005 1999

( 2.2).

(m)

16 2.2: (% )

1996, 1999 2005

(

).

1996 2,4% 12 1999 0,8% 17 2005 2,4% 10

,

1996, 1999 2005 (0,4%

)

,

( ),

.

,

0,4%

1999, Moustaka et al. (2006)

0,53%

.

2.1

, Stancovi (1931) (

) Skuja (1937). 1990,

(Ocevski et al. 1975, Lanaras

et al. 1989),

(- 1990).

( )

,

, Moustaka-Gouni et al. (2006). ,

17 ,

,

( ) Vardaka et al.

(2000), (2001), Cook et al. (2004), Gkelis et al. (2005a, 2005b)

(2006). ,

( 2006).

& 18

3. &

3.1

- 2005,

.

, 2.1.

2 m

,

(, ..) (

2001).

500 mL. 20 cm

.

7.00-8.00 ..

3-5 h ( Castenholz 1998)

Lugol (Rott 1981).

3.2

,

Nikon ECLIPSE TE2000-S

, .

Huber-Pestalozzi (1938, 1941, 1942, 1950, 1955, 1961), Tikkanen (1986),

Hindk & Moustaka (1988), Komrek (1991), Anagnostidis & Komrek (1988)

Komrek & Anagnostidis (1986, 1989).

3.3

Utermhl (1958) Sandgren & Robinson

(1984) Nikon ECLIPSE TE2000-S

. Lugol 2

& 19 mL,

(

).

6 h ( Willen 1976 Rott

1981).

,

, . ,

) (,

, , )

x10 ( : Nikon 10x/0.25, Ph1 DL, /- WD 7.0),

)

(, , ) x40 (

: Nikon 40x/0.65, Ph2 DL, oo/- WD 0.57) 70 ,

(Sandgren &

Robinson 1984).

100

400 ,

20% 10% (Willen 1976).

Microcystis (

1988):

y= 1,4751 x 1,5453

3.3 &

,

. 30

(, , )

Willen (1976), Edler (1979) Hillebrand

et al. (1999).

& 20 Nikon ECLIPSE TE2000-S Nikon (DS-L1 & DS-5M)

x10 x40

.

1 g/cm3 (Rott 1981).

3.4 &

,

Shannon-Wiener () (Odum 1980), o

(.. Simpson Gleason)

.

:

)(log)(1

2 Nn

NnH i

s

i

i=

= )(log)(1

2 Bb

BbH i

s

i

i=

=

, , ni

i bi i.

Shannon-Wiener,

(eveness) :

SHE

2log=

Shannon-Wiener S

.

( taxa ) 1995-1996, 1999 2005,

Sorensen (S) (Sorensen, 1948) :

)(2

BACS +=

C taxa , A

taxa

taxa

.

21

4.

4.1

4.1.1

85

taxa ( Microcystis spp.

M. aeruginosa M. flos-aquae,

)

, , , ,

, , .

, 67 , 18

( 4.1).

4.1:

2005.

CYANOBACTERIA () Aphanocapsa elachista W. et G. S. WEST Aphanocapsa endophytica G. M. SMITH Chroococcus limneticus LEMM. Coelosphaerium minutissimum LEMM. Coelosphaerium naegelianum UNG. Merismopedia tenuissima LEMM. Microcystis aeruginosa (KTZ.) KTZ. Microcystis flos-aquae (WITTR.) KIRCHN. Microcystis ichthyoblabe KTZ. Microcystis novacekii (KOM.) COMP. Microcystis sp. Microcystis spp. Microcystis wesenbergii (KOM.) KOM. in KONDR. Snowella lacustris (CHOD.) KOM. et HIND. Woronichinia naegeliana (UNGER) ELENK. Anabaena perturbata HILL Anabaena viguieri DENIS et FRMY Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi (USA) PROK. LAVR. Limnothrix redekei (VAN GOOR) MEFFERT Planktolyngbya limnetica (ANAGN. et KOM.) KOM. - LEGN. et KRONB. Planktothrix agardii (GOM.) ANAGN. et KOM. Pseudoanabaena musicola (NAUM. et HUB.-PEST.) BOURR. CHLOROPHYCEAE () Actinastrum sp. Ankistrodesmus sp. Ankyra ocellata (KOR.) FOTT ()

22 4.1: ()

Botryococcus braunii KTZ. Coelastrum astroeideum DE-NOT. Coelastrum microporum NG. sensu auct. post. Coelastrum pseudomicroporum KOR. Crucigenia sp. Crucigeniella sp. Dictyosphaerium planctonicum TIFF. & AHLSTR. Didymocystis bicellularis (CHOD.) KOM. Franceia ovalis (FRANC) LEMM. Golenkinia radiata CHOD. Koliella longiseta (VISCH.) HIND. Lagerheimia ciliata (LAGERH.) CHOD. Monoraphidium contortum (THUR.) KOM. - LEGN. Monoraphidium griffithii (BERK.) KOM. - LEGN. Monoraphidium sp. Oocystis spp. Pediastrum boryanum (TURP.) MENEGH. Pediastrum duplex MEYEN Pediastrum simplex MEYEN Pediastrum tetras (EHRENB.) RALFS Scenedesmus acuminatus (LAGERH.) CHOD. Scenedesmus bicaudatus DEDUS. Scenedesmus communis HEGEW. Scenedesmus ecornis (EHRENB.) CHOD. Scenedesmus obtusus MEYEN Scenedesmus opoliensis P. RICHT. Scenedesmus sp. Schroederia sp. Selenastrum sp. Sphaerocystis schroeteri CHOD. Tetraedron caudatum (CORDA) HANSG. Tetraedron minimum (A. BR.) HANSG. Tetraedron triangulare KOR. Tetrastrum komarekii HIND. Tetrastrum staurogeniaeforme (SCHRD.) LEMM. Tetrastrum triangulare (CHOD.) KOM. Treubaria euryacantha (SCHMIDLE) KOR. Treubaria triappendiculata BERN. EUGLENOPHYCEAE () Euglena sp. Trachelomonas volvocinopsis SWIR. BACILLARIOPHYCEAE () Attheya zachariasii BRUN. Cyclotella sp. Fragilaria sp. Aulacoseira granulata (EHRENB.) RALFS Nitzschia acicularis W. SMITH ()

23 4.1: ()

Nitzschia palea (Kg.) W. SMITH Stephanodiscus sp. Synedra acus KG. Synedra ulna (NITZSCH) EHB. DINOPHYCEAE () Ceratium hirundinella var. furcoides (O. F. MLL.) SCHRANK Gymnodinium sp. Peridiniopsis elpatiewskyi (OSTENF.) BOURR. Peridinium sp. XANTHOPHYCEAE () Goniochloris contorta (BOUR.) ETTL DESMIDIACEAE ( ) Closterium gracile BRB. Cosmarium blyttii WILLE Cosmarium phaseolus BRB. Pseudostaurastrum sp. Staurastrum spp. Staurodesmus sp. CRYPTOPHYCEAE () Cryptomonas sp.

4.1.2 &

(48,2% ),

(24,7%)

(10,6%). 4.1 4.2

.

4.1:

2005.

24

4.2:

2005.

taxa (48)

( : 224), (37)

( : 208). ,

(>50%

),

.

4.2

. 85 taxa , 13 (..

Pediastrum simplex, Staurastrum spp. Aulacoseira granulata, Peridinium sp.)

Microcystis spp. .

, (42) (.. Dictyosphaerium

planctonicum, Microcystis wesenbergii, Trachelomonas volvocinopsis, Synedra ulna,

Ceratium hirundinella var. furcoides, Cosmarium blyttii, Cryptomonas sp.),

(12) (.. Woronichinia naegeliana, Microcystis

ichthyoblabe, Cosmarium phaseolus, Botryococcus braunii)

(18) (.. Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi, Lagerheimia

ciliata).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

25

4.2: (o) taxa ( 2005).

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243 CYANOBACTERIA Aphanocapsa elachista Aphanocapsa endophytica Chroococcus limneticus Coelosphaerium minutissimum Coelosphaerium naegelianum Merismopedia tenuissima Microcystis aeruginosa Microcystis flos-aquae Microcystis ichthyoblabe Microcystis novacekii Microcystis sp. Microcystis spp. Microcystis wesenbergii Snowella lacustris Woronichinia naegeliana Limnothrix redekei Planktolyngbya limnetica Planktothrix agardii Anabaena perturbata Anabaena viguieri Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi Pseudoanabaena musicola CHLOROPHYCEAE Actinastrum sp. Ankistrodesmus sp. ()

26

4.2: () 184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243 Ankyra ocellata Botryococcus braunii Coelastrum astroeideum Coelastrum pseudomicroporum Coelastrum microporum Crucigenia sp. Crucigeniella sp. Dictyosphaerium planctonicum Didymocystis bicellularis Franceia ovalis Golenkinia radiata Koliella longiseta Lagerheimia ciliata Monoraphidium contortum Monoraphidium griffithii Monoraphidium sp. Oocystis spp. Pediastrum boryanum Pediastrum duplex Pediastrum simplex Pediastrum tetras Scenedesmus bicaudatus Scenedesmus communis Scenedesmus ecornis Scenedesmus obtusus Scenedesmus opoliensis Scenedesmus sp. Scenedesmus acuminatus ()

27

4.2: ()

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

Schroederia sp. Selenastrum sp. Sphaerocystis schroeteri Tetraedron caudatum Tetraedron minimum Tetraedron triangulare Tetrastrum komarekii Tetrastrum staurogeniaeforme Tetrastrum triangulare Treubaria triappendiculata Treubaria euryacantha EUGLENOPHYCEAE Euglena sp. Trachelomonas volvocinopsis BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Attheya zachariasii Aulacoseira granulata Cyclotella sp. Fragilaria sp. Nitzschia acicularis Nitzschia palea Stephanodiscus sp. Synedra acus Synedra ulna DINOPHYCEAE Ceratium hirundinella var. furcoides Gymnodinium sp. Peridiniopsis elpatiewskyi ()

28

4.2: ()

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243 Peridinium sp. XANTHOPHYCEAE Goniochloris contorta DESMIDIACEAE Closterium gracile Cosmarium blyttii Cosmarium phaseolus Pseudostaurastrum sp. Staurastrum spp. Staurodesmus sp. CRYPTOPHYCEAE Cryptomonas sp.

29

4.2 &

taxa ( Microcystis spp.),

. 17106

L-1 802106 L-1 ,

( :

228), (802106 L-1)

( 4.3).

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

184 191 198 205 212 219 226 233 240 247

(

x

10

6 L-

1 )

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

(m

g L-1)

4.3:

2005.

taxa ( Microcystis spp.)

5 63 mg L-1. (63 mg L-1)

( : 228)

( 4.3).

30 ,

(20 mg L-1)

( : 208),

(63 mg L-1) ( :

228), .

4.3

, 90%

, ( 4.4).

31

4.3.1

,

8,8106 798,2106 L-1

0,18 58,8 mg L-1 ( 4.5).

, ,

( 1 ). 15 taxa

( Microcystis spp.) 103

60107 L-1 810-6 52,2 mg L-1.

(60107 L-1) M.

aeruginosa ( : 228), (>8107 L-1)

Microcystis (M. flos-aquae, Microcystis spp.)

( 4.5).

4.5:

taxa (M. aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae Microcystis spp.)

- 2005.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

(

x 1

06

L-1 )

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

(m

g L-1)

Microcystis flos-aquae

0

50

100

150

200

250

Microcystis aeruginosa

0100200300400500600700

Microcystis spp.

0

20

40

60

80

100

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

(

x 1

06 L

-1)

32

4.3.2

,

0,1106 25106 L-1,

0,4 5,4 mg L-1 ( 4.6).

41 taxa 103 20106 L-1,

4,2510-5 1,62 mg L-1.

D. bicellularis ( : 192)

>3106 L-1 C. astroeideum C. microporum ( 4.6).

, ,

( : 184)

.

4.6:

taxa (D. bicellularis, C. astroeideum, C. microporum)

- 2005.

(

x 1

06 L

-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

(

x 1

06

L-1 )

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

(m

g L-1)

Didymocystis bicellularis

0

5

10

15

20

25

Coelastrum astroeideum

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Coelastrum microporum

0

1

2

3

4

5

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

33

4.3.3

,

2,67105 4,99106 L-1

0,12 17,6 mg L-1 .

( : 208)

, (

: 235)

( : 184). ,

, ( 4.7).

9 taxa 103 4,4106 L-

1, 1,1210-3 17,17 mg L-1 .

(>103 L-1)

S. acus (4,4106 L-1, : 208) S. ulna (1,7106

L-1, : 228) ( 4.7).

4.7:

taxa (S. acus, S. ulna) -

2005.

Synedra acus

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Synedra ulna

0

1

2

3

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

( x

106

L-1)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

(

x 1

06 L

-1)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

(m

g L-1)

34

4.4

4.8

Shannon-Wiener

. .

. ,

.

4.8: Shannon-Wiener .

. .

2005.

0

1

2

3

4

Sha

nnon

-Wie

ner

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

Shannon-Wiener

0

1

2

3

4

Sha

nnon

-Wie

ner

30

40

50

60

Shannon-Wiener

0

1

2

3

4

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

Sha

nnon

-Wie

ner

0

20

40

60

80

(m

g L-1)

Shannon-Wiener

35

Shannon-Wiener 0,7 3,25 (

=2,1) 0,13 0,6 ( =

0,4), 37 48 .

, Shannon-Wiener

,

. ,

, Shannon-

Wiener (7,4 mg L-1 5,3 mg L-1,

: 192 243 ) .

4.5

taxa ( Microcystis spp.)

, ,

Microcystis spp. (>10% (Sommer 1981),

,

. 4.3

taxa,

.

4.3: taxa, (%)

2005.

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243 Anabaena perturbata 24,4 Aulacoseira granulata 15,7 37,4 12,5 Coelastrum astroeideum 10,5 Coelastrum microporum 17,2 Microcystis aeruginosa 77,1 82,8 Microcystis flos-aquae 44,0 Microcystis spp. 19,4 32,3 12,3 54,9 16,1 Microcystis wesenbergii 11,5 Oocystis spp. 15,5 Synedra acus 85,7 71,6 73,9 63,5 66,9 85,7 71,6 77,1 82,8 54,9 64,5

36

taxa. ( >50%

)

: 208, 217, 224, 228 235. ,

Synedra acus 85,7% 71,6%

, Microcystis aeruginosa

77,1% 82,8% , : 235

Microcystis (Microcystis spp.) 54,9%

.

taxa,

,

. 4.9

taxa ( Microcystis spp.) ,

0,0004 52,2 mg L-1.

taxa , C.

microporum, M. wesenbergii A. granulata

. (52,2 mg L-1) Microcystis

aeruginosa ( : 228), taxa

Microcystis.

Synedra acus Microcystis flos-aquae 17 mg L-1

( : 208) 6,8 mg L-1 ( : 184) .

taxa 3 mg L-1

.

37

4.9: taxa

2005.

(mg

L-1 )

Aulacoseira granulata

0

1,5

3

Microcystis spp.

0

1,5

3

4,5

Coelastrum astroeideum

0

1,5

3

Anabaena perturbata

00,5

11,5

2

Oocystis spp.

0

0,51

1,5

2

Coelastrum microporum

0

0,5

1

1,5

Microcystis wesenbergii

0

0,5

1

184 191 198 205 212 219 226 233 240 247


0

20

40

60

Synedra acus

0

10

20


02468

38

5.

5.1 : &

5.1.1

5.1.1.1 2005

2005,

85 taxa .

( ),

(

) ,

()

.

taxa

: . ( Microcystis, Oocystis, Staurastrum

Monoraphidium)

(..

Microcystis , Monoraphidium

) .

,

.

( ), taxa

(Eloranta 1978).

5.1.1.2 1995-2005

taxa

(67 taxa)

Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007 1998

39 1999. ,

(43%).

: .

(

)

(

) .

(

, )

,

.

(Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007).

,

(Tryfon et al. 1997, Temponeras et al. 2000).

Moustaka-Gouni et al. (2007),

, (

)

. Alvarez Cobelas & Jacobsen (1992),

, (

2001), - .

5.1.2

,

Aphanocapsa endophytica, Coelosphaerium naegelianum, C.

minutissimum, Planktothrix agardhii, Pseudoanabaena musicola Anabaena perturbata

.

, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae, M. icthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M.

wesenbergii, Merismopedia tenuissima, Limnothrix redekei Anabaena viguieri

40

( 1996, 1997 1999)

(Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007, 2001). ,

, taxa Aphanothece sp., Synechococcus sp., Pannus

spumosus, Raphidiopsis mediterranea, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena cf.

aphanizomenoides Aphanizomenon gracile,

,

(

, )

(

5.1).

5.1: Taxa

1995-1996-1997 ( 2001), 1999 (Moustaka et al. (2007) 2005

( ). taxa

2005 .

1995-1996-1997 1999 2005 Aphanocapsa elachista Aphanocapsa endophytica Aphanothece sp. Chroococcus limneticus Coelosphaerium minutissimum Coelosphaerium naegelianum Merismopedia tenuissima Microcystis aeruginosa Microcystis flos-aquae Microcystis ichthyoblabe Microcystis novacekii Microcystis sp. Microcystis spp. Microcystis wesenbergii Pannus spumosus Snowella lacustris Synechococcus sp. Woronichinia naegeliana Limnothrix redekei Planktolyngbya limnetica Planktothrix agardhii Pseudoanabaena musicola Raphidiopsis mediterranea ()

41 5.1: () 1995-1996-1997 1999 2005 Anabaena flos-aquae Anabaena cf. aphanizomenoides Anabaena perturbata Anabaena viguieri Anabaena sp. Aphanizomenon gracile Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.

, ,

,

. ,

1996-1999 1999-2005 (67% 63% ),

1996-2005 (47%).

2005, Microcystis,

(Dokulil & Teubner 2000)

,

. ,

.

,

(Kangur et al. 2003). 2005,

(1995-1996-1997 1999)

.

(24,7%

) ,

(15)

42 (3)

Synedra acus ( 4.2).

5.1.3

, ,

taxa. 41 taxa

, 25

(Actinastrum sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., Ankyra ocellata,

Coelastrum pseudomicroporum, Crucigenia sp., Crucigeniella sp., Dictyosphaerium

planctonicum, Didymocystis bicellularis, Franceia ovalis, Golenkinia radiata, Koliella

longiseta, Lagerheimia ciliata, Monoraphidium contortum, Scenedesmus bicaudatus, S.

communis, S. ecornis, S. obtusus, S. opoliensis, Schroederia sp., Sphaerocystis schroeteri,

Tetraedron triangulare, Tetrastrum komarekii, T. triangulare, Treubaria euryacatha T.

triappendiculata). Phacotus lenticularis, Dictyosphaerium pulchellum,

Monoraphidium cf. nanum, M. arcuatum, Nephrochlamys cf. willeana, Pseudodidymocystis

fina, Tetraedron cf. triangulare, Elakatothrix gevenensis, Closterium acutum Staurastrum

cf. chaetocheras,

Moustaka-Gouni et al. (2007) 1999,

.

(


,

Limnothrix redekei

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii,

(Moustaka-Gouni et al.

2006, 2007). 1999,

,

,

,

(Padisk & Reynolds 1998).

43

5.1.4 , , , &

, taxa Attheya zachariasii, Nitzschia palea,

Synedra acus, S. ulna Fragilaria sp.

, Goniochloris contorta Closterium

gracile, Cosmarium blyttii, C. phaseolus, Pseudostaurastrum sp. Staurodesmus sp.

. Taxa Cryptomonas curvata, Rhodomonas minuta,

Chrysochromulina parva Mallomonas sp.

oustaka-Gouni et al. (2007) 1999,

.

10,5% 7%

,

.

,

. ,

Moustaka-Gouni et

al. (2007) ( 1999),

,

(species pool)

,

.

,

o Rhodomonas minuta

(Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007),

(

, ) . taxa

2005 ,

(Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007). , ,

.

(, , ,

44 ) ,

.

5.2

, 85 taxa

- 2005: .

(16,3 % ) .

(48,8% ) . (20,9%

) . (14% ).

Taxa Pediastrum, Staurastrum spp., Aulacoeira

granulata, Peridinium sp., Scenedesmus communis, Tetraedron minimum, Nitschia palea,

Coelosphaerium astroeideum .., .

(

)

,

.

(

Microcystis wesenbergii, Synedra ulna, Cryptomonas sp. ..),

(50%),

: .

.

.

( )

(Padisk 1992).

Microcystis aeruginosa Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi,

, Microcystis

ichthyoblabe, Woronichinia naegeliana Cosmarium phaseolus

45

,

,

.

46

5.3 : &

5.3.1 2005

,

.

(802106 L-1)

( : 228)

(63 mg L-1),

, M. aeruginosa (=82,8%

). ,

(20 mg L-1)

( : 208), Synedra acus 86%

.

(

) ( 4.3),

Microcystis ( )

( )

Microcystis

. ,

Microcystis , , 15

, 10 mg L-1

.

,

,

10 cm 15 .

1999 (Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2006),

1991 ( 1994).

Padisk et al. (1999)

Aphanizomenon Microcystis

47

Mggelsee . ,

,

. ,

,

.

(17106 L-1)

(5,13 mg L-1) S. acus (71,6%

) ( : 217),

(38)

. ,

. ,

( )

,

(Moustaka-Gouni 1988).

, ,

(>17106 L-1) (>5 mg L-1)

.

5.3.1 1995-2005

,

(2001)

1995-1996 ( 27 1566 mg L-1),

(>90% )

Moustaka-Gouni et al. (2006)

48 1999 ( 5,6 38,9 mg L-1)

( 5.1).

5.1: ()- ()

1995, 1996, 1999 2005. (

).

1999,

,

,

.

1994 1996,

5 36

( 2001).

,

(Jeppensen et al. 2002). ,

,

(Willen 2001)

N:P, ..

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

1995 1996 1999 2005

(mg

L-1 )

49

(Padisk & Reynolds 1998). ,

(Wilander & Persson 2001). ,

Peipsi

,

(Kangur et al. 2003). , Balaton ,

(Padisk &

Reynolds 1998).

,

,

.

5.4

,

: ,

( 4.4). ,

>50%

. ,

,

.

>70% ,

( , ) >70%

. ( 50%)

.

50

5.4.1 2005

5.4.1.1

,

(1995,

1996, 1997, 1999).

(798,2106 L-1 63 mg L-1 )

M. aeruginosa

.

( ) (

) (

5.2), ( 4.3),

. ,

( 5.2)

.

(Moustaka-Gouni & Tsekos 1989).

5.2: (

) - 2005.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

182

190

198

206

214

222

230

238

246

(mm

)

0,1

1

10

100

(m

g L-1)

51

taxa

, Chroococcales

( ) (1995 2004)

( Limnothrix redekei, Cylindrospermopsis

raciborskii Aphanizomenon gracile)

.

(

: 1 6 ) ( 5.2)

2005,

(Padisk et al. 1988).

5.4.1.2

, ,

( 25106 L-1)

( ) ( 4.7),

5,5 mg L-1.

D. bicellularis,

(20106 L-1)

, (

52 (

),

S. acus, ( S. ulna)

1,5106 L-1 . ,

,

( 4.5, 4.7).

5.4.2 1995-2005

5.4.2.1

5.3

-

- 1995, 1996, 1999 2005.

5.3: -

-

2005.

1996, 1999 2005

,

, 1995

,

.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995 1996 1999 2005

(c

m)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

(m

g L-1)

-

53 ,

,

,

N:P.

5.4.2.2

,

1999 (- 2000) ,

1995, 1996, 1997,

>90%

.

,

. (Moustaka-Gouni 1988, Moustaka-

Gouni et al. 1994).

2005 ,

( )

,

.

5.4.2.3

,


1999, 0,19 mg L-1,

2004 (, ),

54 , (Eloranta 1993)

(Chorus &

Schlag 1993).

5.4

Shannon-Wiener

- 2005.

,

,

(Rojo & Alvarez Cobelas 1993, Lampert

& Sommer 1997).

(>3)

, ,

(

4.8). (3,3),

,

.

S. acus ,

M. aeruginosa. ,

,

.

, (

Shannon-Wiener)

(Rojo & Alvarez Cobelas 1993, Moustaka-

Gouni 1993),

(Chorus & Schlag 1993, Olrik & Nauwerck 1993, Jacobsen & Simonsen 1993,

Moustaka-Gouni 1993).

55

5.5

5.5.1 2005

,

Anabaena perturbata,

Microcystis aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae, M. wesenbergii Microcystis spp.,

Coelastrum astroeideum, C. microporum, Oocystis spp.

Aulacoseira granulat Synedra acus.

5.5.1.1

taxa

2005,

A. perturbata Microcystis,

(Alvarez Cobelas &

Jacobsen 1992).

, - ,

Synedra acus.


M. aeruginosa

( : 224 228)

, .

(52,2

mg L-1). ,

(Alvarez Cobelas

& Jacobsen 1992),

( ) (Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007) 1999,

( 2001, Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007).


Microcystis flos-aquae (44%

) (

: 184) ( ).

56 M. aeruginosa (

) (Komrek 1991),

.



Anabaena perturbata

Microcystis spp. (0,6 mg L-1)

(2 mL-1)

,

.

Anabaena perturbata

A. perturbata

,

.

, Anabaena

Microcystis ,

( 2001).

Microcystis spp.

,

50%

, Microcystis spp.

Microcystis ( M. aeruginosa M. flos-aquae

),

.

5.5.1.2

Coelastrum astroeideum, C. microporum Oocystis spp.

(, ), Microcystis


57 (Alvarez Cobelas & Jacobsen 1992). C. astroeideum C.

microporum

,

.

, .

()

,

.

(r-),

.

(Jensen et al. 1994),

,

.

2005, ,

(Gaedeke & Sommer 1986).

5.5.1.3

A. granulata S. acus

.


A. granulata (

)

,

.

58

Synedra acus

S. acus

70%

,

A. granulata,

,

Diatoma elongatum.

T ,

,

, (Padisk et al. 1990),

.

,


2005,

. ,

,

. ,

S. acus, ( 5.4),

.

59

5.4: . . S. acus

( : 208 217) (

10 m).

5.5.2 1995-2005

, ,

,

(- 2000).

2004

(, ),

Alvarez Cobelas & Jacobsen (1992)

.

5.2 taxa

(1995-1996-1997) ( )

(1995), (1999) (2005).

5.2: taxa 1995-

1996-1997 ( 2001), 1999 (Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007) 2005 ( ).

1995-1996-1997 1999 2005 Anabaena sp. Aphanizomenon gracile Anabaena perturbata Anabaena viguieri Cylindrospermopsis

raciborskii Microcystis aeruginosa

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

Limnothrix redekei Microcystis flos-aquae

Limnothrix redekei Microcystis aeruginosa Microcystis spp. Microcystis aeruginosa Microcystis wesenbergii Microcystis flos-aquae Coelastrum astroeideum Microcystis novacekii Coelastrum microporum Microcystis wesenbergii Oocystis spp. Aulacoseira granulata Synedra acus

60

1999,

. 1995-1996-1997,

taxa , Microcystis

Limnothrix redekei .

( M. flos-aquae A. viguieri)

(1993, 1994) ( 2001),

. (1999)

,

, (L.

redekei, C. raciborskii, M. aeruginosa)

. Aphanizomenon gracile,

1999.

2005,

: .

,

. L. redekei, C.

raciborskii A. gracile

.

,

2005,

, L. redekei C. raciborskii,

.

,

;

L. redekei

, C. raciborskii ,

61 22 0C

( N:P).

C. raciborskii A. gracile (Moustaka-

Gouni et al. 2007).

, (K-),

.

1999, --

(0,0667 mg L-1)

L. redekei, ,

(Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2006). Daphnia,

.


0,53%

(22 ) (14 ),

.

, ,

. ,

, L. redekei

C. raciborskii A. gracile, M.

aeruginosa .

2005,

, ,

,

0,4%

. ,

1999

,

62

( ),

, .

L. redekei, C. raciborskii

A. gracile ,

, 2004

(, ).

0,4%

,

1996 ( 2.4). ,

(

: 46 mg L-1) L. redekei, C. raciborskii

Microcystis,

.

L. redekei (Reynolds et al.

2002),

1999 ,

. 5.5

- 1995, 1996, 1999 2005.

1995 ,

1995-2005.

,

,

.

63

05

10152025303540

I A I A I A I A

1995 1996 1999 2005

(mg

L-1 )

5.5: L. redekei ()- ()

1995, 1996, 1999 2005 (

).

C. raciborskii, ,

22 0C

N:P

.

C.

raciborskii ( ),

A. gracile ,

L. redekei,

.

( -,

) ,

,

,

.

2005

( , 15 0C

14 0C ),

C. raciborskii A. gracile. C.

64

raciborskii ,

1999 (Moustaka-Gouni et al. 2007). ,

.

5.6

- 1995, 1996, 1999 2005.

1995 1999, 1996

2005.

5.6: C. raciborskii ()- ()

1995, 1996, 1999 2005 (

).

, C. raciborskii

(Padisk 1997),

,

, ,

.

, Microcystis M. aeruginosa,

02468

10121416

I A I A I A I A

1995 1996 1999 2005

(mg

L-1 )

65 . Microcystis

,

, ,

(Reynolds 1984a).

-,

Microcystis

L. redekei, C. raciborskii A. gracile.

, (>50 mg L-1)

Microcystis (Padisk et al.

1999). L. redekei C. raciborskii,

.

,

, C.

raciborskii A. gracile ,

, Microcystis

,

( 5.2). ,

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Balaton (Padisk &

Reynolds 1998) Albufera (Villena & Romo 2003)

, .

5.7 Microcystis

- 1995,

1996, 1999 2005.

,

. , 1996, 1999 2005,

, 1995 .

66

5.7: Microcystis ()-

() 1995, 1996, 1999 2005. (

).

1995

1996 1999 2005, ,

.

Microcystis 1999

,

.

5.6

,

( )

(Madgwick 1999).

,

1995 ,

,

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

1995 1996 1999 2005

(mg

L-1 )

67 ,

. ,

,

.

, ,

,

.

(flushing)

,

.

,

(Dokulil & Teubner 2000)

.

Daphnia,


,

,

. (

),

, (

)

.

,

. Padisk et al. (1999)

1-2% 20-30

Mggelsee

68 ,

.

Veluwemeer 1979-

1989 (Jagtman et al. 1992).

,

,

.

, ,

(Hoyos &

Comin 1999). ,

,

(Dickman 1969),

,

,

. Scheffer (1998),

1/3 ,

. ,

,

. ,

,

(Jagtman et al. 1992).

(, , ),

(Mischke 2003, Roelke et al. 2004),

,

(Mooij et al. 2005). ,

69

(, ),

,

.

,

(Scheffer et al. 2001).

,

,

( >

0,5 % ,

20-30 )

,

.

( )

,

,

,

. ,

- ,

Daphnia,

.

70

6.

: ()

,

() .

, ,

.

,

.

,

( S.

acus M. aeruginosa)

.

&

L. redekei C. raciborskii

,

,

.

71

, ,

( )

.

,

, .

&

(, )

,

.

,

, (

)

.

2005

,

. ,

.

72

, (

)

.

73

8.

8.1

, ., 2001.

.

. .

, .

, ., 2006. :

. .

. , .

, ., . , . , . , . , .

& . -, 2004. -: ;

1 , 11-13 , CD-ROM

-, ., 1990. .

. ,

.

, ., 2006.

.

. ,

. , .

-, . ., 1983.

. . ,

.

, ., 1988. ,

.

. .

, .

74 -, ., 2000.

.

. . 7468 (

), .

, ., 1994.

. .

. , .

75

8.2

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Dokulil, M. T. & K. Teubner, 2000. Cyanobacterial dominance in lakes. Hydrobiologia

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Chorus, I. & G. Schlag, 1993. Importance of intermediate disturbances for the species

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83

9. 9.1 9.2

taxa

,

.

9.3

taxa ,

.

84 9.1: ( L-1) taxa

(- 2005) .

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243

CYANOBACTERIA Anabaena viguieri 1 19 20 83 Anabaena perturbata 41 1 6 51 194 Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi 1 1 67 316 150 6 3 Aphanocapsa elachista 16308 22188 453 Chroococcus limneticus 7 7 259 350 700 784 Coelosphaerium naegelianum 77 6793.6 Limnothrix redekei 1 1 Merismopedia tenuissima 1 Microcystis aeruginosa 4165 4165 291539 583078 4165 4165 Microcystis flos-aquae 196108 18677 90272 3112.829 3112.829 Microcystis sp. 6948 32038 32424 28564 Microcystis spp. 79461 62571 16659 4733 9533 25389 54858 79845 22264 Microcystis wesenbergii 6951 6951 3476 6951 Planktolyngbya limnetica 90 156 Pseudoanabaena musicola 8771 4985 1388 1 1 1 1514 1919 1 Snowella lacustris 1 1

CHLOROPHYCEAE Actinastrum sp. 1 Ankistrodesmus sp. 1 1 1 Ankyra ocellata 1 1 252 1 1 Botryococcus braunii 1 Coelastrum astroeideum 4228 1578 757 379 448 1 1 1 1 Coelastrum pseudomicroporum 252 126 Coelastrum microporum 1010 1578 3281 631 896 631 Crucigenia sp. 1 1 ()

85

9.1: ()

184 192 201 208 217 224 228 235 243 Dictyosphaerium planctonicum 63 316 189 1 1 Didymocystis bicellularis 9024 20003 9213 1 Golenkinia radiata 1 442 126 1 1 Koliella longiseta 89 Lagerheimia ciliata 63 316 1 1 1 Monoraphidium contortum 1 1 1 1 1 1 Monoraphidium griffithii 63 1 63 1 56 14 Monoraphidium sp. 89 30 Oocystis spp. 252 252 1 1 1 1 7 Pediastrum boryanum 316 149 108 53 22 9 26 14 6 Pediastrum duplex 20 20 19 6 1 6 3 2 1 Pediastrum simplex 28 25 37 13 42 44 59 51 48 Pediastrum tetras 5 7 1 2 1 3 1 2 Scenedesmus bicaudatus 63 1 3 1 1 Scenedesmus communis 631 45 28 126 38 252 37 9 7 Scenedesmus ecornis 63 1 6 1 1 2 Scenedesmus obtusus 1 1 Scenedesmus opoliensis 316 6 7 7 20 33 18 5 Scenedesmus sp. 63 10 1 1 63 1 1 Schroederi

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