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2

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2: .................................................................................133 ................................................................................................................134 .................................................................................................................144 .............................................................................................................149

3: .........................................................................155 ....................................................................................................................156 ................................................................................................................165

4: - ................................................172 ..............................................................................................................173 .........................................................................................................182

5: .....................................................................................191 .............................................................................................................192 .......................................................................................................................197 ........................................................................................................................203 ......................................................................................................................211 ........................................................................................................218 ..........................................................................................................225 ...............................................................................................................228

6: .................................................................................231 ...........................................................................232 ...............................................................................................................233 .................................................................................................................238 ...................................................................................................................241 ................................................................................................................249

7: & ........................................................261 ..............................................................................................................262 .........................................................................................................266 ...............................................................................................................269 ......................................................................................................269 ...........................................................................................................275

8: ..............................................................................281 .........................................................................................................282 ..................................................................................................................284 .................................................................................................................292 .............................................................................................................298 .................................................................................................................311

3

9: .........................................................................321 ...........................................................................................................322 ..........................................................................................................330 ..............................................................................................................336 .....................................................................................................................341 ............................................................................................................348 & ...............................................................................................356

10: & ......................................................370 & ................................................................................371 ..........................................................................................................380 ......................................................................................................................384 ................................................................................................393 ..............................................................................................406 .........................................................................................................418

11: ..............................................................................429 ...............................................................430 & ........................................................................................431 ...................................................................................................................443 ................................................................................................................451 & ...............................................................................................460 .....................................................................................................................476 ...................................................................................................................483 & ............................................................................................489 .................................................................................................................501

12: ......................510 ...........................................................................................................511 ....................................................................................................................515 ..............................................................................................................521 ...................................................................................................................531 ............................................................................................................540 .........................................................................................................549 .......................................................................................................557

13: ().....................574 ...............................................................................................................575 ........................................................................................................582

14: .....................................................................591 ........................................................................................................592

15: ..............................................................605 ........................................................................................................606 .................................................................607 ..............................................................................................................612 ................................................................................................................617 ...................................................................................................................621

16: ............................................................................................630 ....................................................................................................................631

.......................................................................................................637 .....................................................................................................669 .............................................................................................................670 ................................................................676 .............................................................679

4

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5

1934 , William ertram urrill (1890-1961), , . , , flora , . . , , 1. urrill, , . , , Salvia fruticosa Mill. (. Salvia triloba L.) (Turrill, 1937, . 197-292). , , . , 20 , . , 19 . ( & , 1991). (1777-1853), (, 1831). John Sibthorp (1758-1796) . . , . , , . Al-Kindi ( Prioreschi, 2002, . , ) .

1 75 12 .

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13 , . 14 , (. Eliade, 1968). 15 , , ( & , 1986). 16 , ircea liade, . . 17 , . , J. arrison, , : , . , . ( ) , ( ) . 18 Stubbs & ligh . (Sigerist ) , . 19 . . 43 (. . V 15). .: . . 132 (. . . 31). 20 . oehm, Diels, ilsson, , Guthrie, urkert, Gomperz, .

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() ( ) ( ) , 23 . (335-280 ..), ( 340 - ;), , . . , . , . , , 24. , 25 () . . 26, . (160-220 ..) 600 27. Leonardo da Vinci 1800 . , . . ( ). , ( ), ( , , , ), , (calamus scriptorius), . , , , , . ( ). , (, 2005). , , . Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) (, 2005). (Staden, 1989). . , , , . (). , ,

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20

. , , . , . (304-250 .), . (280 ..) , . ' 293 .. (, , , .). ' . , , . . , . , . . . , . , , . , , , , , , , . Thomas Willis (1622-1675, Cerebri Anatome, 1664) Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679, De motu animalium, 1645). , . , , . . , . . . , , , . S, (). , . . (Pollak, 1969). , .. (? 217 ..)

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28 ,. 29 .. 30 : ( , 6.38). 31 50 (37, 39, 40, 43 .). 32 , , 19.408.18: ,. .

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23

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, , , ( 2 . ..), (2 . ..), (2 . ..), (2 . ..), Sextus Empiricus35 (160-210 ..) Marcellus Empiricus (4 5 . ..). Celsus De Medicina. (1 . ..) 36 (.. , , ) (Loukaides, 1953). . (21 ) , . (80 58 ..) 3 (1), , , (2), (3). ( 1100 ..) 30 (. ).

, , , ( 170 ..), ( , 17a.794.2 17b.94.8).

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24

(3 2 . .., ), , , , ( , 13.502.9). , . . . , (, , 12.357.2). , Marcellus Empiricus Marcellus Burdigalensis ( ) ( 400) De medicamentis , , . 394 (Magister Officiorum, ) ' (347 395). Marcellus . pater familias (Rawson, 1985). Marcellus - . Aisus Esus. , herbarium (Stannard, 1973), . , - Scribonius Largus. 36 , ( Largus ). 131. 25 , galbanum ( Ferula gummosa), sagepenum ( Ferula persica), , , (Astragalus adscendens, A. gummifer A. tragacanthus). . 10 , antidotus Cosmiana (29.11), 73 (Stannard, 1973). , . (1 . ..), (. Moog, 1996). , . . . . . , , , . . , , . . . . , 2 . .. Caelius Aurelianus,

25

Muscio . Celsus , . . ( ) . . : , (fluens), . , , ( ). . , . . , . , . :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. . . , , . Caelius. ( Caelius Aurelianus, Chronicae Passiones, i.137). () (, Caelius Aurelianus, Acutae Passiones, iii.16 , , 1.26). ( 70 95 ..), . , . ( ). . , (Nutton, 2005). , ( , 10.4.18 ., , 18a.247 ). . (). 3 , , . , (Weckowicz et al., 1990). , (.. 3, 5, 7 . ) (Leith, 2008).

37 (. ). (Caelius Aurelianus, Celerum passionum libri III Tardarum passionum libri V, 1990), (Drabkin, 1950).

26

, (Cichorium intybus L.) (Wood, 2008). (1 2 . ..) , , ( ) ( Caelius Aurelianus, . ). . , (98 138 ..) . (Marcellus Empiricus, De medicamentis liber, 19). De Anima ( 4 ), (Tertullian, De Anima, cc. 6, 8, 14, 15, 25, 44). ( Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm). Sextus Empiricus (160 210 ..), , , , . , . Caelius Aurelianus ( , 5 . ..) Sicca . (Celeres Acutae Passiones, 3 ) (Tardae Chronicae Passiones, 5 ) 38. . Medicinales Responsiones, . , (salutaria praecepta) (. Rose, Anecdota Graeca et Latina, . ii, 1870). , (.. Gynaecia). Muscio ( Mustio) Gynaecia, 500 .., 900 .. ( MS. 3714). . , , . . , 9 15 . Der Rosengarten39, Eucharius Rsslin ( 1470-1526) 1513 (Wiesner, 2004). . , 6 . (Hasson & Green, 1994). Muscio 40, (Temkin, 1991). 38 : Celerum passionum libri III Tardarum passionum libri V, 1990, : Drabkin, I. E. (ed.), Caelius Aurelianus, On acute diseases and on chronic diseases, Chicago 1950. 39 ( ) . , 1540, The Birth of Mankind. 40 (1 . ..) ( 1 2 . ..) (. , , 1.2 7.2, , 3.9) 1 . .. . , (124 129-40 ..), (, , 4.16). , , , .

27

(25 90 ..) , , , (De Materia Medica ), 70 77 .., 19 . . . . 90 .. , . , . , . , , . . 600 . , , Juliana Anicia (512 ..), . . , . , , , , , , . , , . . , , . ( , .), . 1 . .., . ( ) , . . . . . . , , ( , 8.642.4).

28

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29

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1. (De causis et signis acutorum morborum).

2. (De causis et signis diuturnorum morborum).

3. (De curatione acutorum morborum).

4. (De curatione diuturnorum morborum). . Crassus 1552 ( ), Goupylus 1554. . Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682 1771), (Weber, 1996). : , . , , 1 . .. , 3 . .. , , . (1 . ..) (, , III.172). . . , , . ( , 1.3). (1 2 . ..). . . , . 1 . .. , . , , ., . ( ), (. ), (98 117 ..), (, 2000). .

30

, . ( 60-140 ..) . , ( ). , , . , . , . , . . 10 , , , , , , . . , : , , , , , , , . . . . 129 .. 199 .. , , , , . 400 , 100. 20 ( ) 10% , 300 .. (Nutton, 2001a). , , 1540 Vesalius. , . , , , , . , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . .

31

, , ., . , , , , , , (, 2005). . . , . , , (, 2005). , , , . . . , . . , , . . , . , , (, 2005). , . , , . - , , . . , , , . (Veratrum album Helleborus spp., . ). , . , , , . ,

32

, . , . : , , . , , . , , , , . Parkinson (paralysis agitans): , , , . . , . , , , (, ). , . ( ) , . . , , , Meniere. : , , . , . . , . . . , . . , , , , ( Crocus sativus), ( Commiphora myrrha Commiphora abyssinica) ( Styrax officinalis Styrax benzoin). (Helleborus sp. Veratrum album), (Mandragora officinarum), (Hyoscyamus niger Hyoscyamus albus) ( Papaver somniferum). , , . , , , , . , . : , , . , , , .

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38

Luis Garca Ballester (1936-2000), Pedro Lan Entralgo (Nutton, 2001b McVaugh, 2002). (. Quod animi mores corporis temperamenta sequantur), , . Ballester , (Nutton, 2001b), 1979 198641. 2 . .. , (Nutton, 2001b). Ballester , , Rosa Mara Moreno Rodrguez42. Ballester 1989, 6 , , (Ballester, 1993). , . Owsei Temkin, Vivian Nutton, Philip van der Eijk . , , . 4 . .. , . , 361 362. , (, ). ( 320 400) . , (4 . ..). 355 .. (332-363 ..)

41 : Ballester, L. G. 1968. Lo mdico y lo filosfico-moral en las relaciones entre alma y enfermedad. Asclepio 20, pp. 99-134. ib. 1969. La psique en el somaticismo mdico de la Antigedad: la actitud de Galeno. Episteme 3, pp. 195-209. ib. 1969. Medicina y tica en la obra de Galeno. Medicina Espaola 62, pp. 280-288. Ib. 1970. La historia clnica en la patologa galnica. Medicina Espaola 63, pp. 155-160. Ib. 1981. Galen as a medical practitioner: problems in diagnosis. In: V. Nutton (ed.), Galen: problems and prospects. London, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, pp. 13-46. Ib. 1988. Soul and body, disease of the soul and disease of the body in Galens medical thought. In: Paola Manuli & Mario Vegetti (eds.), Le Opere psicologiche di Galeno, Naples, Bibliopolis, pp. 117-152. Ib. 1994. Galen as a clinician: his methods in diagnosis. In: W. Haase & H. Temporini (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt, Teil II, Band 37, 2, Berlin-New York, Walter De Gruyter, pp. 1636-1671. Ib. 1995. Elementos para la construccin de las historias clnicas en Galeno. Dynamis 15, pp. 47-65. Ib. 1997. Introducciones. In: Galeno, Sobre la localizacin de las enfermedades (De locis affectis). Madrid, Gredos, pp. 1-120. 42 Moreno Rodrigez, R. M. & Ballester, G. L. 1982. El dolor en la teora y prctica mdicas de Galeno. Dynamis 2, pp. 3-24. Moreno Rodrigez, R. M. 1983. El concepto de dithesis par physin (estado preternatural) en la patologa de Galeno. Dynamis 3, pp, 7-27. Ib. 1984. El concepto de discrasia en la patologa galnica. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad de Granada. Ib. 1985. La teora de las discrasias y su funcin diagnstica y teraputica en la obra de Galeno. Asclepio 37, pp. 105-131. Ib. 1985-1986. Acerca de la cualidad del calor innato en las fiebres, segn Galeno. Dynamis 5-6, pp. 11-30. Ib. 1987-1988. El concepto galnico de causa en la doctrina mdica. Su significado en el contexto cientfico-social. Dynamis 7-8, pp. 25-57.

39

. , . 355 ( ) (337-361 ..) , . , (, , 1). (Baldwin, 1984).

, , , , 363 .. (Lascaratos & Voros, 2000)43.

, (. Athanassiadi-Fowden, 1981). . , (Blockley, 1980 Baldwin, 1984) . . , .

( Bassemaker & Daremberg, 1851-1862, ), . , , . 25 70 72 . . , , .. . , , .

, , , . , (347-; ..). (), . (. Vitae Sophistarum), , . .

. 362 : , , , , , . : 43 Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae, 25.3.6 & 23) .

40

, , , , , .

(11 ., , 1.532.8-10) , (645 676-749) ( , , 96.1284.45-47) (, 2008).

. , , (Nutton, 2005). ( 370), (), 44 . 15 , (. De motibus dubiis De motibus membrorum liquidis45). (Nutton, 2001a). , .. (Finger, 2011) ( , , 6.23-73).

, (410-; ..) . ( ), . , , , , (annonae). , , 19 . (Duffy, 1984). , (Moffatt, 1973 Nutton, 1984). , (Nutton, 1984), . , , , . ( , .1246)

44 : Antwerp, 1575, Oxford, 1671, Halle, 1802. Alfanus I (. 1085), Hoizinger, 1887 Burgundio (. 1193), Burkhardt, 1891-1896. . Eijk & Sharples, 2008. 45 , , . Niccolo da Reggio (1308-1348). , Vivian Nutton (Nutton & & Bos, 2011). . . 46,,,.,,,.,

41

, , , . .

. . 4 ., 5 6 ., (. 444) , (454 526), . 6 . . , . , . ( 16) , . 47. . (, .140) (. , 1986). : , ( & -, 1987). 1535 1542 (Aetii medici graeci contractae ex veteribvs medicinae Tetrabiblos, Froben). Corpus Medicorum Graecorum A. Olivieri (Aetii Amideni Libri

..,.,,,,,,,,,,.,..,,,..,,.,.47 (48 ..), (3 . ..), (391 ..) (Amr ibn Al Aas, 642).

42

medicinales I-IV, 1935, VII 1 & 2). 48 . . 49.

50 ( 500) (. , .20751) . , . , ( 610), (Patrologia Graeca, 87.352). , Menuthis ( ), , , , ( ) . , , . : . , , (, 60). . Resaena , (Kessel, 2012).

(525-605) 525 .. .

48 (, 1901), , (, . 21, 1909, . 3-144), (, . 18, 1906, . 241-302) (, . 23, 1911, . 265-392). (1875-1966) , . (, .), , , . , . 49 , 1892. 50 , , ( ). 51 ,.,,,.,.,,,...,,,..52 : , , . , , 2003.

43

. , (Duffy, 1984). , , , . . , , . ( 530-582 594) : (470 534, ), ( ), ( ) , .

, , . () , , . , , . , . ( , , , 1.563.1153) (, 1.565.254). (. De Lumbricis), 55 . . , . (1275-1328 ..) . , . , - (56 ), .. , ( , 1.407.5)57. Jacobus Goupylus (, 1548), , (Rhazae de Pestilentia Libellus ex Syrorum Lingua is Graecam Translatus)58. ( ) Hieronymus Mercurialis (, 1570)59.

, , . , , . (, I.577.2-3), (, II.5.2). , (.. , I.601.10-11, II.439.3, II.457.14), ,

53 54 ,. 55 , ( 2 - 3 . ..), ( .). 56 , 2.585.15: ,,,,.57 ,... 58 Alexander von Tralles. Original Text und Ubersetzungnebst einer einleitenden Abhandlung.Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Medicin. Th. Puschmann, 2 , 1878-79. 59 , J. L. Ideler, Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, , 1841, . 305-311.

44

(, I.609.22, II.123.19-21). (, II.205.12). , (, II.207.13).

. : . , , , . , , (, II.375.10-1660).

6 7 . . . , (865-925, . ). 61, ( ), , . . Hinrich Biesterfeldt Y. Tzvi Langermann (2.232462) (Bos et al., 2005). , . , 63. , . , , , (12 ) (30 ). 7 ., , . . . . . 5 (Smith, 1867):

60 ,.,,,.61 , , , Lugduni Batavorum, 1745. J. L. Ideler, Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, , 1841, . 107-120. 62 .,,,,. 63 Shem Tov ben Isaac Tortosa, 1267 New York, JTSA MS2720 (ff. 13a-b). Biesterfeldt Langermann , (Bos et al., 2005).

45

(. De Corporis Humani Fabrica). , 5 . . (. De Genitura De semine, Littr VII, 470) (. De natura foetus, De natura embryonic, De natura puerorum De Natura Pueri). . J. P. Crassus (, 1536), (. De purgantibus, De purgatoriis remediis, De remediis, Remedia, De pharmaciis, De farmaciis De medicamentis purgantibus)64. Guilielmus Morell 155565. Guilielmus Alexander Greenhill (, 1842)66.

(. De Urinis). , , . . 67 1533 (De Urinis, . Albanus Torinus, , De Pulsibus) 160868. Thorn. Guidot (Lugdunum Batavorum69, 1703 1731) , , 70.

(. De Excrementis Alvinis). Guidot , De Urinis71.

, .

(De Pulsibus). ( ). F. Z. Ermerins Anecdota Medica Graeca (Lugdunum Batavorum, 1840), .

(. Apotherapeutica Theophilii). , (1944a).

(1017-1087, . )

64 H. Stephens Medicae Artis Principes (, 1567). Crassus , . 65 Crassus. Morell Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, 12 , Crassus. 4 5 ( ) (, 1817). 66 Crassus, , . 67 Pontius Virunius ( Ponticus Virmius) Articella (. ). 68 Iatrosophistae De Urinis Liber Singularis. Fed. Morell. 69 Leyden. 70 J. L. Ideler, Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, 1 (, 1841), . 261-283. 71 J. L. Ideler, Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, 1 (, 1841), 397-408.

46

(Dimitriadis, 1971), .

(625? 690?) , , . , . . , . ( Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 809 873). 6 . Abulcasis (936-1013). , , . , , , , (, 2004). , . , . 9 . , . 2283 , , , 1624. 1552 . Migne (. 1857-1866, Patrologia Graeca, 64.1076-1309, 5 .). (. De Natura Hominis) 1836 J. A. Cramer (Anecdota Graeca e codd. manuscriptiis bibliothecarum oxoniensium, 3.1-157). 9 ., ( , ) ( 790 869). , , , , , , . . 72. , ( 830-856) . , . . Al Mamun. , 2.000 . , ( , .). : 73, (. Kousis, 1944b). . , 24 . (, , , , , , , .).

72 . 73 , , F. Z. Ermerins, Anecdota Medica Graeca, Lugduni Batavorum, 1840.

47

(Renehan, 1970). , (, , , , ). , , , , (, , , , , , , .). (, , , , , .). ( ), ( ) (, .). , , , , (, , , , .). (. ). (codex Scorialensis . - III. - 7), Corpus Medicorum Graecorum ( Robert Renehan, Akademie Verlag, , 1969). 10 . ( 950 ..), 74. 75 ( , 905-959), . : , . 156876 1794-179577. . . 300 ( ) , , . . . , , . , (Sonderkamp, 1984). (10 11 .), , 78. ( ) , . (De acutis et diurnis morbis). , . . : , , , , . , . , . 74 Sonderkamp (1984) 16 . , . 1558-1587 , , . . ( , , 4 5 . .., ). 75 , (. -, 1995). 76 Noni, medici clarissimi, De omnium particularium morborum curatione, . H. Martium, Strasbourg. 77 Theophanis Nonni Epitome de curatione morborum Graece ac Latine, Ope codicum manuscriptorum recensuit notasque adiecit J. St. Bernard, I-II, Gotha-Amsterdam, . 78 10 11 .

48

1944 [] 280 (Kousis, 1944c). 1947. , . , . , , ( ) ( ). , , : . () () . , , ( ), (), ( ) . , , , , , , , . ( , 11 .) , . . (Pingree, 1964). : (. Syntagma de alimentorum

facultatibus De cibarium facultate)79, , ( ) , (Temkin, 1962). .

To ' (Brunet, 1939).

(. Conspectus rerum naturalium)80

5 : , , , , , , .

,

.

( 1080). Kalilag Damnag ( Pacatantra, Sjberg, 1962).

( , ) ( 13 .) , . ' . 79 , Bernandus Langkavel, Bibliotheca Teubneri, Lipsiae 1868. Thesaurus Linguae Graeceae . 80 A. Delatte, Anecdota Atheniensia et alia, Volume 2 (Paris, 1939), 1-89 ( ). Thesaurus Linguae Graeceae .

49

. ( ), 48 2.500 , . . , , , , , , . 16 ., (.. 1651 ). (1275 1328) , , , . ' (1282 1328), . . : ,

, , .

,

, , .

81. (Hohlweg, 1984).

82, ,

. 19 .

83.

.

, . , (234-149 ..), Varro (116-27) Columella (De re rustica, 60-65 ..). ( 360 ..) 84. 85, ( 365 ..), , . , (Scarborough, 1984a).

81 , , Aldus, 1556. 82 . , , , , J. L. Ideler, Physici et Medici Graeci minores, Vol. II, Berolini, 1842, . 3-192. 83 , J. L. Ideler, Physici et Medici Graeci minores, Vol. II, Berolini, 1842, . 353-463. 84 M. Wellman. 1894. Didymos. RE, vol. II. 85 .

50

, , . Caelius Aurelianus , (Pigeaud, 1982)86. , , , (Nutton, 1984). , 87 ( ), , (.. ). , ( ). , 88, . (. Baader, 1984). - . For the Layman, (Nutton, 1984). O Scribonius Largus , . O Scribonius ( 60 ..) , . , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , (Barb, 1963). , , 449 , , (Honigmann, 1944). 67 . ( , 11.585). , (Jones, 1957 Edelstein, 1937). , ' . . (.162) , (Nutton, 1984). : 14 ., Norwich 17 (Jacquart , 1981, Pelling, 1982 Cipolla, 1976).

86 G. Harig & D. Nickel Caelius CML. 87 2 Ideler, Physici et Medici Graeci. 88 , , (Nutton, 1978).

51

( ) ( ), (), . 370, . , , . 11 ., 8 9 . (Constantelos, 1968). /, , Jundishapur (Nutton, 1984, Miller, 1984). Timothy Miller , . 12 . - (Miller, 1997). 6-7 . ( Westerink, , Ibn Ridwan) ( 11 , ) (15 16 26 ). (Summaria Alexandrinorum Alexandrian Syllabus) Westerink ( 89). (De Sanitatis Tuenda) , , (Lieber, 1981). , . Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Iskandar, 1976):

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. : , ,

, . 9. : ,

, , . 10. . 11. : , ,

. 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. . 16. .

89 Dumbarton Oaks, (Westerink, ).

52

Ibn Ridwan - 7 90. 4 3 (, ), , . : , , . , . (.. ) . 4 : 4 , , , . (), , , . , () . , , . Ibn Ridwan , . Hunayn ibn Ishaq : , , . , , (De anatomicis administrationibus). , . 3 6 , , , . ( ), . ibn Ishaq 4 : , , , . Resaena, . ibn Ishaq , Hubaysh 889 .. : . , . ( ) , , . . , Ibn Ishaq, , . 16 : (4 ), (4 ), (4 ) (4 ). . . , . ' Resaena . Ayyiib al-Ruhawi ( ) ( 829). ibn Ishaq 16 90Abu al-Hasan cAli Ibn Ridwan al-Misri (. 1061): l Nafic fi kayfiyyat taclim sinacat al-tibb ( ).

53

Yiihanna Ibn Masawayh (Mesue, . 857) , Hubaysh 5 . , : ( Ibn Ishaq , 17) , 3 . , 14 . . Ibn Ridwan : , , . ( 6 ). , , . . , MS 6037 ( Majlis-i Shiura-yi Milli) 14 ( ). . . , Ibn Ridwan, ( , , , , 91), , , . , . . . , . , , . , , , , , . (Ibn Ridwan, . Iskandar, 1976). , . Ibn Ridwan , , , . . 1 . .. : , , , . . 3 ( , Vaticanus gr. 300, fol. 192r):

1. . . 2. . . 3. .

.

91 : ( ), , ( 570 495) (200 214 284 298), ( 300 ..) (90 168 ..). ( , 262 190 ..) ( ).

54

. , : , (Duffy, 1984). Resaena (. 536) , Resaena . (Nutton, 1984). . , . Resaena , 535 . . , (Nutton, 1984). (Risala) Hunayn Ibn Ishaq . (Syriac Galen Palimpsest92) , , Ibn Ishaq (Kessel et al., ). Rhazes (Muhammad ibn Zakariy Rz ) (865-925) , , (750-1257 ..). Rey ( Razi), (). Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari ( Merv, 808-855), Tabaristan . , 93. , , . . Muktafi (901-907) . Rey . . . . Ibn an-Nadim (. Lapis Philosophorum), 12 7 . al-Kindi (801-873) . . 200 , , ( 19 ). : (al-Hawi, . Continens Liber).

9 , . , . . 1279 Faraj ben Salim94

92 ( VIXI). 93 Caraka Samhita Sushruta Samhita. 94 Farragut Girgenti Moses Farachi Dirgent Ferrarius Franchinus (2 13 .). , Anjou. De medicamentis expertis ( Liber de medicinis expertis Experientia medicalis) , ( , , . Walzer, 1944 Frede, 1985), Tacuini gritudinum ( , . Taqwim al-Abdan)

55

. , (Savage-Smith, 1996).

(Man la Yahduruhu Al-Tabib).

. , , . 36 , , . , , , , .

(Shukuk 'ala alinusor Al Shakook ala Jalinoos).

, , 4 . . 4 . . , , . 4 . , ( ), ( ), , 4 . , (. ). , 4 , . : . , . , . , , , . , . . . . , .

(Isbateh Elmeh Pezeshki).

(Dar Amadi bar Elmeh Pezeshki).

(Ketab dar Padid Amadaneh Sangrizeh)

.

(Ketabeh Dardeh Roodeha). (Ketab dar Dard Paay va Dardeh Peyvandhayyeh Andam).

Ibn Jazla ( Strasburg 1532). Steinschneider Faraj Masarjawaih (MS. Bibliothque Nationale, Paris, No. 7131), Ferrarius.

56

(Dar Hey'ateh Kabed ).

(Dar Hey'ateh Ghalb).

(Soodhayeh Serkangabin).

(Al-Asrar). ,

Abu Mohammed ben Yunis (, ). 3 :

o , .

o .

o : , , (, , , ), , , , . , , ( ) .

6 , , , .:

1. (al-arwah): , , ( ).

2. (al-ajsad): , , , , (plumbago), (kharsind) .

3. (al-ahjar): ( , FeS2, marqashita), , , ( , tutiya), , lapis lazuli, , ( , caeruleum ), ( ), , ( ), .

4. 95 (al-zajat): ( ) (al-shabb) (qalqadis), (), (suri), (qulqutar) (qalqand).

5. ( ): ( ) 96.

6. (al-amlah): , ( ), ( ), ( ), , , .

95 vitreus, , , :

() (CuSO4) . (ZnSO4) . () (FeSO4) . () [Fe2(SO4)3] . (CoSO4) ,

20 () . , . . , . Visita Interiora Terrae Rectificando Invenies Occultum Lapidem, . 15 . Basilius Valentinus, Azoth (Azoth, ou le moyen de faire l'or cach des philosophes, de frre Basile Valentin, 1624). 96 (. borax) . buraq, , .

57

(Sirr al-Asrar), . , . .

(Abulcasis, Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al- Zahrawi, , 936-1013), . . (Kitab al-Tasrif), 1000, 30 . (Concessio ei data qui componere haud valet) , . (Hamarneh & Sonnedecker, 1963). , . . 13 . (Liber theoricae nec non practicae Alsaharavii, Sigismund Grimm, Augsburg 1519). 26 , . 29 , , , , . 29 ( 46% ) , , , , . 28 , 13 . Liber Servitoris ( Nicolaus Jenson, 1471). 30 97 , , , . : , (. 30 , al-Zahrw, 1973). ibn Sina (Ab Al al-usayn ibn Abd Allh ibn Sn, Pur Sina) 980 .. Afshana ( ) 1037 Hamadan ( ). , , , , 450 . 240 , 150 40 . :

(Kitab Al-Shifa), 1014-1020.

(Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb), 5 , 1025

, , (.. Montpellier Leuven, 1650) (Randall & Bennett, 1966). - . ( Hui Huihui Yaofang, . Yuan, 1271-1368, Kong & Chen, 1996) Geez ( debtera) (Strelcyn, 1951).

al-Kindi (Abu Yusuf Yaqub Ibn Ishaq Ibn al-Sabbah al- Kindi, 803-873) al-Kufah al-Mamun al-Mutasim. al-Mutawakkil (847-861), 97 3 : 1, , 2, , , , 3, (. 30 , al-Zahrw, 1973).

58

861. , , , , , . 270 , 30 (Hamarneh, 1986 1997). . , ( , . Dunlop, 1971): , , , . , (sar). , . ( ) () . ( ) ( ). ( ). , . al-Kindi Aqrabadhin98 , . (Levey, 1966). Aqrabadhin . , (Fi marifati quwal adwiya al-murakkaba, . De gradibus medicine99), , . . al-Kindi .

1 1

1 2 1

2 4 1

3 8 1

4 16 1

1 1 2

2 1 4

3 1 8

4 1 16 12. , al-Kindi. Jacquart & Micheau, 1996. , / = 2n, = , = n = . al-Kindi . al-Kindi , Roger Bacon (1214-1294) . 98 , (Habib, 1981). 99 , 12 ., .

59

, , . De gradibus 12 . al-Kindi (Prioreschi, 2002): , . , , . (, 1017 - Monte Cassino, 1087) 11 . , Monte Cassino, . , , Razes Ali Ibn Massaouia Baghdad, Ibn Imran, Ibn Suleiman Ibn Al-Jazzar. 17 . . Ibn Ridwan100 ( 988 1061) , . , 101. Ibn Ridwan 11 . , , . , (MS. Tibb 483, p. 9, 11. 6-10, p. 10, 11. 5-7 MS. 4026, . Arberry, p. 2, 11. 8-10, 11. 19-20) (Iskandar, 1976). Ibn Ridwan , . , (MS. Tibb 483, p. 16, 11. 6-11 MS. 4026, . Arberry, pp. 4, 1. 26-5, 1. 3). ( Mosheh ben Maimon Ms ibn Maymn), , . 1135 1204 . . , , Abu Bakr Ibn Bajja (Avempace) (. 1139) (Ibn Rushd Averroes, . 1198). , ( , . . E. I. J. Rosenthal, 1956). ( Mishnah, 1168 Genizah ( ganaz, ) . Ben Ezra

100Abu'l Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri, , . 101 Ibn Ridwan: (Useful book on the quality of medical education). MS Tibb 483 (Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, ) MS 4026 (Chester Beatty Library, ).

60

. (. Efraim Lev & Zohar Amar, 2008).

. , . , ( , . Kraemer, 2006). , (.. ), , Abraham ben Yiju , Genizah ( 1137-1149) (Goitein, 1973, Goitein & Friedman, 1999).

al-Mu izz (. 975) 972 al- Azhar, , , . , . , . , . , (Dar al-ilm), . . , (Ivry, 1986, 1991 1995).

(rais al-yahud, . ) , . al-Malik al-Afdal ( Ibn Abi Usaybia, 1203-1270). al-Afdal: . , ( 1191 Joseph ben Judah, . 1975), ( Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, . S. M. Stern, 1962), . , , Al-Qad al-Fadil ( ) al-Baysani (11351200), , . al-Fadil, . al-Fadil , ( ).

, , , , 11 (. Fred Rosner, Kraemer, 2006), . , (halakhot fusul). , , . Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr, . :

61

, (Extracts from Galen, The Art of Cure), . .

(Commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates), .

(Medical Aphorisms of Moses, . Fusul Musa, . Pirkei Moshe ), 1.500 . , .

, . (Treatise on Cohabitation),

. Taqi ad-Din Ibn Umar, .

, , .

(Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes).

(Regimen of Health, 1198), .

(Discourse on the Explanation of Fits), .

(Glossary of Drug Names), 405 , , , , .

(1200), . . , ( 1974, 15-3). , . , (Misneh Torah, 11.12 Kraemer, 2006).

, , ( ), . ( ), . : ... . , . , . , . , . , , . . ,

62

. Unani (Unani Tibbia), . unan, . Unani . , . (debtera) . debtera, Geez, . , 102. . . Gotze (1923) . 1956 Duchesne-Guillemin , (West, 1971). (Mansfeld, 1971 Thivel, 1981). Filliozat , , , , prana tridoshas Ayurveda (Filliozat, 1949). . Susruta Samhita (, 3-4 . ..103) Yavana (1.13.13, . Jolly, 1951). , . Tang (618-907), Taizong, . Songtsen Gampo (Srong btsan sgam po) (618-841). Khepei Gaten (mKha pai dga ston) Shecha Kunkhyab (Shes bya kun khyab) : Bharadvaja , Hsuan-yuan Huang-ti Galenos Throm (Khrom), . Gyuthog Yonten Gonpo (Gyuthog yontan mgonpo) (Stein, 1972, Beckwith, 1979 Yeshe De Project, 1986)104. (galenos galenus, . Beckwith, 1979), (Jlinus). . . , . 102 . Worell, Griaule, Lifschitz, Strelcyn, Rodinson oung. Strelcyn. 103 , Bower Manuscript, 500-550 .. (Dani, 1986 Sander, 1987). 104 Mgo sngon bsduspa Dephoi gtar dpyad. Mi jigspaI mtshon cha, . . . Biji Tsanpailaha Halaanti (Beckwith, 1979).

63

, . , . , , . , . , , (Hohlweg, 1995). . (1580/85 1656/57). , . . , , , , (, 1850). . 1674, 12 (, 1983). . 14 . , ( 1347), ( 1378), , 14 . , . 1538 (Hohlweg, 1995). , 13 . , 1669. ( 1584 68 20 ). , , . () (), . , , , . (Klostermedizin Mnchsmedizin) , . , 15 . , . 1494, . Bibl. statale oratoriana dei Gerolamini, XXII.1 (472 ), , 67 , 19 105. , (, , ). 18 . , , ,

105 19 10 : 6 , 1 (), 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 1 2 ( ). Ideler (J.L.Ideler, 1842, Phys. et med. gr. min. II, . 286-302, 303-304 305-306 ). (-) Moraux (Moraux, 1985, Ps.-Gal. De signis ex urinis).

64

. , (), (), (1641 1709, , 106), (1748 1833, Montpellier). 15 . , , . , . 1669 , , , , . 1713 (Royal Society of Medicine) 1714 . . ( 1659), . . . , , , . . . 80 E. Jenner, . Jenner -. 19 . Montagu ( ), 1817 (, 1970 1975). , . , , 15 16 . , , . Pietro Abano ( 1260) , , , . , ( 1539 ) ( 1533), 1545. , 1805 . , , , . : , . , . . , . , . , (, 1999).

17 . . ( ) 106 , Harvey (, 1868).

65

. 107 1650 ( ), ( ). . , . . 1703. , :

1. ( 3 ). 2. . 3. ( 4 ). 4. . 5. , . 6. . 7. . 8. .

(1768-1823) . () . , (, 1970). , . . . .. :

( , , 1812). (, 1818). (, 1818). (, 1819).

1819 ( 1940) (-Hirner, 2008). ( ) , .

Jamnagar Gujarat Vayaskara Mooss malayali (Kerala). . Caraka Samhita ( , 3 2 . ..), Vagbhata108 ( Vahata) . .

107 , . (. . 4, 1907, . 27-82) (1997). 108 Vagbhata Vahata 7 . .. Ashtanga Sangraha Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita.

66

, . , , , . . , . . , Kerala malayalam ( ) (Zimmerman, 1989). Zimmerman . , , , . , , ( , ) . , . (Clark, 2000), . : ... (. 2 3). ( , 4.127.1): ,,. , . , (. . ), . 19 . . Samuel Thomson (1769 1843) New Hamshire Lobelia inflata L. , . , (Capsicum annum), Lobelia. Thomson New Guide to Health; or Botanic Family Physician (1822) $20. . 1840 100.000 . Thomson , (Eclectic School). Alva Curtis (Independent Thomsonian Medical Society) . . (Eclectic Medical Institute) Worthington Ohio 1833 Cincinnati 1939. John Uri Lloyd, John Milton Scudder, Harvey Wickes Felter, Finley Ellingwood .

67

(.. Michael Moore). (vital force), . (homeostasis), . , , . , . (autotoxemia), Thomson, ( .), , ( , .). , , . : . (), , , . (diffusive stimulants, ) (relaxing diaphoretics), . (hypotrophic, ). , (Wood, 2002). , , , . , ( ). () , , , , (Wood, 2002). , (Priest & Priest, 1982). (stimulating astrigents), (stimulating diaphoretics). (), . ( stress). (irritation), (depression), . (sthenic response) , , . , (nervine relaxants). (. 5). (asthenic response) , , , , (). Priest & Priest (1982) . , Szechuan (Zanthoxylum piperitum, Zanthoxylum simulans Zanthoxylum schinifolium). (. 5).

68

, (trophic state) . , (.. ), , , , . . . (. 13).

(Zingiber officinalis L.) Szechuan ( Zanthoxylum simulans Hance)

Bayberry (Myrica spp.)

(Nepeta cataria L.) (Sambucus nigra L.) Milkweed (Asclepias spp.)

(Crataegus spp.) (Rosa spp.) Vaccinium spp.

(Hamamelis virginiana, H. vernalis) (Quercus spp.) Bayberry (Myrica spp.)

Hydrastis (Gentiana lutea .) (Populus spp.)

(Zingiber officinalis L.)

Szechuan ( Zanthoxylum simulans Hance)

(Capsicum annuum L.)

Lobelia inflata L. Milkweed (Asclepias spp.)

Actaea Kava-kava (Piper methysticum) Piscidia

(Capsicum annuum L.) Cola Paullinia

Equisetum Verbascum Prunus

Viola Lobelia inflata L. Asclepias

(Althaea) Filipendula (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Hydrastis Szechuan ( Zanthoxylum simulans Hance)

(Gentiana lutea .)

Humulus Dioscorea Geranium

Rumex (Rhamnus spp.) Collinsonia

Dioscorea Chionanthus Chelidonium

Berberis (Iris spp.) Leptandra

Equisetum Kava-kava (Piper methysticum) Galium

Verbascum Capsella Barosma

69

Dioscorea Trillium Viburnum

Caulophyllum Cimicifuga (Actaea) Vitex

Leonorus Lycopus Cereus

Convallaria (Crataegus spp.) Cytisus

Passiflora Scutellaria Gelsemium

Capsicum Ginkgo biloba Cola

/

Avena ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) Damiana (Turnera diffusa)

(Arctium spp.) Stellaria (Plantago spp.)

Equisetum Verbascum (Inula helenium)

(Crataegus spp.) (Rosmarinus officinalis) Cereus

(Gentiana lutea .) Filipendula (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

(Iris spp.) Oplopanax Silybum

/

Silybum (Taraxacum officinale) Cynara

Rhamnus (Taraxacum officinalis) (Inula helenium)

Equisetum Chimaphila (Urtica spp.)

Aletris Chamaelirium Caulophyllum

13. . Michael Moore (1941 2009) : 1990 Lloyd Cincinnati Ohio, , ( ) -. (1939) . , , . 19 ., , . Samuel Hahnemann, 18 . 1790, Hahnemann Materia Medica William Cullen.

70

, Cullen, . , , , (similia similibus curantur). , Hahnemann , . H 1796 o o . , (Organon der rationellen Heikunst, 1810), 294 . (Materia Medica Pura), . , Hahnemann , , , . Hahnemann . , , . , , (Campbell, 2008). H 1825 (vitalism) , . , Hahnemann ( ) , . , . (Naturopathy, Naturopathic Medicine, Natural Medicine) (Nature Cure). , Thomas Allinson (1858 1918) (Hygienic Medicine) 1880, , . naturopathy 1895 John Scheel Benedict Lust (1872 1945), Sebastian Kneipp . , , , , . 1901 (American School of Naturopathy) 1902 (Naturopathic Society of America, 1919 American Naturopathic Association). 20 . 25 . Flexner ( ) 1910 Lust 1945 (American Medical Association) 1940 1963. 1958 5 (Naturopathy Doctor N.D.). . 92/73/ 4-0075/97 .. .

71

; Francis Adams 1847. . Adams 19 . , , , , , , . , , . , .

72

(decoctum, decoction) [ = , ]

( , , 78.174).

5 30 . 5 ( ), (, ) 20 30 . . (maceratio decoctum). 3 2 . 24 . : 30 gr 60 gr 750 ml , 500 ml, 150 ml . (infusum, infusion, tisane, ptisan) [ ] tisane ptisan , . . , , . 5 30 . 1 3 1 . . : 30 gr 75 gr 600 ml , 1 3 . (extractum, extract) [ = ]

, ( , , 63.130).

. . . : 1 1 .

73

(intraits) , . (.. , , , ). (maceratio) [ ]

, , , , (, , 8.3).

, 2 12 . . : 25 gr 500 ml . (tinctura, tincture) . 1:5, 1 5 . 70%, 40 90% ( ). 2-3 , . . , (laudanum, , Papaver somniferum L.). , 2 . (, ) ( 5 ml) 25-50 ml . . : 200 gr 600 gr 1 lt , 5 ml . , , .

74

, , .. ( PY Un 267). , , , . 4 , , . (sirupus, syrup) , , . , 200 100 . . . . . , . : . : 500 ml 500 gr , 5-10 ml, . (succus) . . . . . : 100 ml 10 lt . (pulvis) [ ] . ( ) . , . , .

75

. : 1 , 3 .

, ... (, , 1.43).

Un 267 , , 109. (, ) , , . . . , . : , , , (, , 29). ( ) (, 22 , , 2.629). , , . 1 , . :

1. (). 3 . . : . : 250 gr 750 gr 500 ml .

2. ().

2-3 . . : .

109 O-do-ke a-ko-so-ta / tu-we-ta a-re-pa-zo-o / tu-we-a a-re-pa-te / ze-so-me-no: .

76

(cream) . , . , , . . . 3 . . . . . : 150 gr , 70 ml , 80 ml 30 gr . (ointment) , . , : , ( , , 22.426). , (). , . , . , . . 2 . ( ). . : 500 gr , 60 gr . (compress) [ + ] ( , ) , (5-20 ml 500 ml ) . .

77

. ( ) 2-5 . , . . ()

, (, , 8.372).

, , . . , . , . 1-2 , . 30 . (lotion) , , . . 40 ml 20 ml (Borago officinalis). 2-3 . , . (balm liniment) , . , , . Opodeldoc (opoponax, bdellium aristolochia)

78

. Dit Da Jow () . . (, .). 5-10 20 ml ( 1 ) . . ( ) (, )

... ( , , 7.454).

. , . . . 24 , . ' 1 cm 2 cm. 20 ml , 100 ml 80 ml . . 20 gr . 2 . . , . , .

79

(, pills)

( , , 133.298).

, . , , . , . , , . . , . . , 5-10 20 ml (1 ) . . . : 5 10 20 ml (1 )

80

1 ml = 20 5 ml = 1 20 ml = 1 1 = 150-200 ml

1. c : c :

2. : 3. c , : c , : , + : c , : c :

4. & c : c :

81

82

1:

83

Castanea sativa Miller : Fagaceae : Castaneae Folium () : , , , : , , , , : chestnut tree : chataignier : Edelkastanie : .: , , : , , : , : .: , : , : , [: (, 2008)] : , , : , & : ( , ), , , : Qi , ( ), , ( ), , , , . : (, , ) : : : ( ), : ( ) : 30 gr 500 ml (, 3-4 100 ml ) : : , . : . , (, , 4.5.4110). , 110 oon mn Tmloj cei ka Msioj Olumpoj pol t kruon ka tn diosblanon, ti d mpelon ka mhlan ka an

84

(Dalby, 2001). , 50 .. (, 1987). : ( , 5.4.2 .) (, 4.8.11). (54b), , (Dalby, 2001). . , , , ( , 1.106111). , 6-12 % . (rutin), (hesperidin), (quercetin), (apigenin), (morin), (naringin), (galangin) (kaempferol) (Basile et al., 2000). X , , () ( 112), (-, , 493113). , 114, ( , Quercus spp., . ) ( , 1.106.3). () (, , 2.30.3115) (, 2.49.5116, , , IX.35) (Colchicum spp.) (,

111 a d Sardiana blanoi, j tinej lpima kasta- naj mta Dij balnouj kalosi, stfousi ka ata, tn mown t esi drastika, ka mlista metax tj sar- kj ka to lpouj floij. d srx ka toj fmeron pepwksin rmzei. 112 : , , . . 113 kstana dspepta ka kakcuma, yucr ka xhr ka fusdh ka gastrj fektik t d yukt t fusdej potqentai, ej d trofn od tata pitdeia. okas pwj balnia. 114 , 1-3 (, 1980). . 115 kastanwn fyhma, 116 kastanwn floio pzema

85

2.152.1117). ( , 11.647118 11.648119), . (80.3), , , . 120 ( , 4.7.17). (, 3.3.6), (, 3.13.10121), ( , , 3.15.19), (, 3.18.11) (, 14.61.1). . (, 2.407122). , ( , 1.81.3),

117 fhmrou d poqntoj, ka Kolcikn kalosin, fele kastanwn t ntj leon sn onJ, . 118 'All per mn tn pikrn p plon fexj ersetai. tn d per tn stufntwn ka xwn aqij nalabntej lgon piqmen dh tn proskousan at teleutn. t tonun asthrn, ti mn klelumnon st strufun namnhsqnai cr tj asqsewj. tij d gnesij ato, nn ersetai. peid t strufnn sma ge- dj te ka yucrn n, kluqsetai kat' ngkhn tricj, qermainmenon, grainmenon, sunamfteron ma pscon n mn on qermanhtai mnon, ok sti mn oq' grteron ote malakteron, ll sklhrn mnon piktsetai gluk- thta, kaqper a tn drun blanoi ka mlista a noma- zmenai kastaneai. : , . , , . 119 strufnj d ma ka glukj te tj mursnhj ka tj crdoj ka tj druj, ka plon mn glukj strufnj tj kastaneaj nomazmenoj 120 [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauvois] 2 .. 600 .., Tille Hoyuk (Zohary & Hopf, 2000). 121 Osa pleona trofn ddwsi t smati qrmoi trfimoi, kstana, fak, o glukej fonikej, stafdej a glukeai ka lipara, blanoi, goggulj, n ka bounida kalosin 122 ka t kstana d pt summtrwj sqimena ka m pnu sunecj felosin odn gr cousi yucrn otwj sqimena ka prosti toj eumatismoj mblnousin conta t mtrion paccumon ka dhkton. . ( ).

86

(, 3.46.4123). , (30 gr 500 ml, 3-4 100 ml ), , , , , , , (, 1972 Schauenberg & Paris, 1981). (.. ) , (Grieve, 1931). . O (, 1972). T (Schauenberg & Paris, 1981). Culpeper (1652) . H..A. . A , , (, 1987) . (, , ) , (Pitchford, 1993, , 2008). , . . , . . ( ). ( ) Qi ( 124). , ( ), 125 ( , , ), , , (Pitchford, 1993 , 2008). , , , . , .

123 yucr d t dukraa parcoh di tn nantwn nai rton te on ato n onJ doton ka tn defqon trefqon krm- bhn, katnwn te geuqwan ka tafdwn ka rniqo kat t r- kon, ka onou pintwan 124 , , - . 125 Qi .

87

, I (Schauenberg & Paris, 1981). (Calliste et al., 2001), , , (Basile et al., 2000). (, , ) . . , , . ,