TheCosmologicalandSolarLithiumProblemsAndtheneedformodelsofnon-standardtransportmechanismsinsidestars

JorgeMeléndez Dep.Astronomia,Univ.SãoPaulo

ThenucleiofthelightelementsweresyntheGzedinthefirstminutesaIertheBigBangFinalabundancesdependonbaryondensityη10

credits: NASA

CosmicMicrowaveBackground

A(Li)=2.67dex (Li/H=4.6510-10)PredictedprimordialLiabundance:

Cyburtetal.2016

Planck(previouslyWMAP)

Baryondensityη10=6.10±0.04 (Planck2015)

Spite&Spite(1982)

RelicLiobservedinmetal-poorstars([Fe/H]<-1)

Wavelength

RelaGveFlux

Asplundetal.(2006)

Stars(Li=2.0–2.25)

Aokietal.(2009) ‏

2.7

Lithiuminstars:Triangles:Asplundetal2006Squares:Bonifacioetal.2007FilledCircles:Aokietal.2009

CMB+BBN

CosmologicalLiproblemPlanck+BBN(Li=2.67)

Discrepancyofabout0.5dex(factorof3)!

SoluGon:newphysics/cosmology?-Fengetal.(2003):superweaklyinterac:ngmassivepar:cledarkma>ersignalsfromtheearlyUniverse-Jedamziketal.(2004):Didsomethingdecay,evaporate,orannihilateduringbigbangnucleosynthesis?-Cocetal.(2007):Coupledvaria:onsoffundamentalcouplingsandprimordialnucleosynthesis-Erkenetal.(2012):AxionDarkMa>erandCosmologicalParameters-Mosquera&Civitarese(2014):SterileneutrinosandBigBangNucleosynthesisinthe3+1scheme-Satoetal.(2017)Asolu:ontoLiproblembylong-livedstau

NewphysicscouldsolvetheLiproblemAsplundetal.(2006)paperhas~350citaGons

StellarsoluGon:Atomicdiffusion?

FromourmodelswithdiffusionwederivethattheaverageLiabundancealongtheSpiteplateauisaboutafactorof2lowerthantheprimordialone.Asaconsequence,thederivedprimordialLiabundancewouldbeconsistentwithahighHeandlowdeuteriumBBN;thisimpliesahighcosmologicalbaryondensityasinferredfromtheanalysesofthecosmicmicrowavebackground.

PreWMAP!

StellarsoluGon:Atomicdiffusion+grad+turbRichardetal.(2005)computedstellarmodelsincludingdiffusion+radiaGveacceleraGon+turbulence

Atleast0.2dexreducGoninstellar7Li

Fuetal.2015

StellarsoluGon:Atomicdiffusion+grad+overshooGng+PMStreatment

?Fuetal.2015

Fieldstarsshowthatmoremodelsareneeded

Meléndezetal.(2010),updated

ComparisonoffieldhalostarswithmodelsbyRichardetal.(2005)

Meléndezetal.(2010),updated

LidepleGoninstarsseemsmetallicitydependent

-2.5 < [Fe/H] < -2.0

-3.0 < [Fe/H] < -2.5

Moremodelsareneeded!Meléndezetal.,inprep.

ApJ2012

NGC6397[Fe/H]=-2.1

SignaturesofatomicdiffusionintheglobularclusterNGC6397

Nordlanderetal.2012

Thesolarlithiumproblem

•  ThesolarLiisabout160Gmeslowerthaninmeteorites.

•  Liburnsat2.5106K;belowtheconvectionzone:nodepletioninthephotosphere!

www.kgs.ku.edu/

ESO

Solartwins:StarsliketheSunwithin100KineffecGvetemperature,andwithin0.1dexinluminosityand[Fe/H]àmassastheSunàsimilarstellarevoluGon

IshardtostudylithiumRe

laGveFlux Al

Fe

Fe

AlFe

Fe

Fe FeFe

Li

FeFeFe

Fe

Ca

Si

Si

Fe

Fe

Fe

Wavelength(Å)

R=110000S/N=500-1000

Sun

HIP102152

Lithiumdecreasesforoldersolartwins

Carlos,Nissen&Melendez(2016)

Moststarsfollowalithium–agecorrelaGon,includingstarswithplanets

16CygB(planethost)isnormalinLi.Perhaps16CygAaccretedaplanet

Whichisthe“correct”model?

Asweaddmoredataandimprovetheages,itseemsthatnoneofthemodelsreproducethesolartwins

Carlos,Meléndez,Spinaetal.,inprep.

GCEworsensagreement?

GalacGcarchaeologyusingsolartwinsfromHARPS

Bedell,Bean,Meléndezetal.,submived

ArethesetrendsonlyduetodifferentenrichmentchannelsofsupernovaIa&II?OralsodifferenGalatomicdiffusion?

AretheabundanceraGosrelevantforbuildingexoplanetsindependentofage?

Bedell,Bean,Meléndezetal.,submived

Solartwins(bluepoints)suggesthighchemicalhomogeneityinC/O&Mg/Si.

HowaretheraGosaffectedbyatomicdiffusion?

C/O

Mg/Si

Howspecialisourplanetarysystem?

Smallpart(597-603nm)ofsolartwin&Sun’sspectra

ExampleofMagellanspectraof11solartwinsandtheSun(totalspectralcoverage3350A-1μm)

Meléndezetal.2009,ApJ,704,L66

Oursolarsystemisnothostbyatypical‘Sun’

Δ abundance: Sun-<twins>vs.atomicnumberZSuntypical:Δ =0Sunweird:Δ ≠0

Meléndezetal.2009

~ 0.08 dex ~ 20% CorrelaGonishighlysignificantprobability~10-9tohappenbychanceIt’smostlikelytowinthelo>ery

Sun’sanomaliesarestronglycorrelatedtothedustcondensaGontemperatureoftheelements!

Volatile elements

Dust condensation temperature (K)

Meléndez,Asplund,Gustafsson,Yong2009,ApJLe>ers

ThelateaccretedgasintheconvecGon

zonewasdeficientinrefractoriesThemissing

refractoriesmaybelockedintherockyplanetsandrockycoresofgiantplanets

Meléndezetal.2009

Timescaleproblemforplanetsignatures?InthestandardsolarmodeltheconvecGon

zoneshrinkstocurrentvalueaIerdiskisgone

Mamajek2009StandardsolarmodelSerenelli2011

Baraffe&Chabrier2010

MoreworkneededonaccreGonhistoryoftheearlySunandcomposiGonofaccretedmaterial

EpisodicaccreGon

Meléndezetal.2009

Areopenclusterschemicallyhomogeneous?

arXiv:1803.04461v1

M67:aboutsolarageandsolarmetallicity

SignaturesofatomicdiffusioninM67

Soutoetal.arXiv:1803.04461v1

Liu,Asplund,Yongetal.,inprep.

MoreevidencesofatomicdiffusioninM67

Turnoffstars

Subgiantstars

MoreevidencesofatomicdiffusioninM67

Liu,Asplund,Yongetal.,inprep.

Moreonchemicalhomogeneityofopenclusters:Pleiades.Analysisof5twinsstarsshowchemicalanomalies.Planetsignatures?When?Spinaetal.,submived

TucciMaiaetal.submived):starwithoutplanet(16CygA)is~0.03dexmoremetal-rich

Twinstarsinbinariescanalsobechemicalhomogeneousduetoplanets

16Cyg

Anotherbinarysystemwithabundancedifferences:XO-2.Bothstarshostplanets

Ramírezetal.2015.SeealsoTeskeetal.2015;Biazzoetal.2015

0.6MJ>0.3MJ+>1.4MJ

Teskeetal.2016

Conclusions

•  ExtensivecalculaGonsofnon-standardstellarmodelsareurgentlyneededfordifferentapplicaGons,suchasthecosmologicalandsolarlithiumproblems,GalacGcchemicalevoluGon,asteroseismology,andtheplanet-starconnecGon

•  ThenoGonofchemicalhomogeneityadoptedbychemicaltaggingischallengedbytheeffectsofatomicdiffusionandplanets

Jorge Melendez

Extra slides

Sunswithwhitedwarfcompanions

Schirbeletal.2015

Dust from AGB star?

Schirbeletal.2015

SignaturesofformerAGBstar

Schirbeletal.2015Yisnotwell-reproducedbytheAGBmodels

Diverseabundancesignaturesunveiledinthesolartwin18Sco

asolartwinyoungerthantheSunandrichinrefractories,s-processandr-processelements

UsingUVspectraobtainedattheVLT/ESO

18Sco(brightestsolartwin,V=5.5)UVES+VLTR=110000(red)R=65000(blue)

Richinsilverandothern-captureelements

Richin

refractorye

lements

Age=2.9Gyr

Meléndezetal.2014,ApJ791,14August10,2014

SubtracGngTcondtrend

Meléndezetal.2014,ApJ

observations

AGB model (Amanda Karakas)

18Sco(brightestsolartwin,V=5.5)UVES+VLTR=110000S/N=800

Sr

Yb

Mo

Ru

Pd

Ag

YZr

Ba

La

Ce

Pr

NdSm

Eu

Gd

Dy

PerfectagreementbetweenresidualabundancesandpredicGonsfromtheSSr-processfracGons

Meléndezetal.2014,ApJ

Actually TWO lithium problems (Asplund et al. 2006): too much Li-6, too little Li-7

Asplund et al. (2006)

Li-6

Li-7 Expected primordial lithium

Lithiuminextremelymetal-poorstarsusingHIRESatKeck(10meter)

Stellar spectrum observed with Keck (exposure time of 5 hours)

Asplund&Melendez(2008)

hvp://www.aanda.org/arGcles/aa/abs/2013/06/aa21406-13/aa21406-13.html

3D+NLTEforLiandotherelements