Post on 13-Jul-2020
The Cosmic Phantom Field
• A kind of Quintessence Field
• Observational Constraints ω around -1
1. Phantom Energy
2. The Big Rip
3. The Nature of Phantom Field
4. Accretion on Black Holes and Wormholes
5. Thermodynamics
6. Conclusions
SUMMARY
Phantom energy
• Equation of State:
• Energy Density:
• Violation of DEC:
• Definition of Field:
ωρ=p)1(3
0)( ωρρ +−= aa
(The Natural Scenario where Wormholes Crop up !)
10 −<⇒<+ ωρp
)(2
1 2 φφρ V+= &
)(2
1 2 φφ Vp −= &
ρωφ )1(2 +=⇒ &
Flu
id
The Big Rip
• K=0 Quintessence:
• K=0 K-Essence:
• Chaplygin Gas:
( ) [ ] 10,)( )1(3/2* <<−∝ −− βββttta
+
+
+
+
+∝ +− )1(31;
)1(2
43;)1(2
21,1 α
αα
αα
CaFt)2/1( −>α
[ ])1|(|3/22/)1|(|3
0 )1|(|2
3)(
−−−−
−−=ω
ω ω tata
a(t)
t*
→ ↑ρ
ω<-1a(t)
→ ↑ρ
p+ρ<0
[Caldwell, Kamionkowski & Weinberg, PRL91, 071301 (2003)]
TODAY
END OF EVERYTHING
22 billion yrs before Big Rip
60 million yrs before Big Rip
3 months before Big Rip
30 minutes before Big Rip
<< 1 s before Big Rip
BIG RIP
Milky Way destroyed
Solar System breaksapart
Earth explodes
Atoms ripped apart
Phantom Energy TearsApart the Solar System
and Everything in It
Is phantom energy made up of Axions ?
≡→≥+
=−<φ
ωφ
ρω 1
.2
01
!PureImaginaryW.E.C.:
Rank-three Antisymmetric Tensor Field (Supergravity)Axion:
µναµνα AAA =2∫
+−−= MA LAG
RgxdS 24
16π
: Thee-Form Field Strength
+−= )(22
2
1316 MTAAGG µνµνµν π 0* =Ad
ναβ
µαβµν AAA =2 * = Hodge Dual
ε)(rfA =• FRW
•Volume Form:ε
[PFG-D, PR D69, 063522 (2003)]
The solutions to the Equations of Motion for SphericallySymmetric Axion in FRW are the Same as the Solutions tothe Equations of Motion obtained from the FRW Action
for a Scalar Field with a Boundary Term
TT
S Na
NG
N
adta
GS 0
.
3
0
.2
.2
3 |816
1 φφφπ
π−
+−= ∫
Or from the Same Action with the Scalar FieldRotated to Imaginary Axis, Without that Boundary
Term.
Phantom Energy can be Interpreted as BeingMade of Axions !!
Accretion of Phantom energy onto Black Holes
+−
=
+ 2/)1(30 )()1(
1
)(
ω
ωtat
CMM
MtM
i
i
&
⇒−< 1ω• Black holes steadily loss their mass and vanish at theBig Rip
• That process prevails over Hawking thermal radiation
• Conflict with thermodynamics?
{
ρωπ )1(4 2 += AMM&[Babichev, Dokuchaev & Eroschenko, gr-qc/0402089, PRL (in press, 2004)]
Accretion of Phantom energy onto Wormholes
ρωπ )1(2 20
20 +−= Bbb&
b0
2/)1(30
0
00
1 ω++=
Cabtb
bb
i
i
i
&
Universe
Mouths
Throat ofthe
Wormhole
• Avoiding the Big Rip ?
• Non-causal evolution ?Big
Trip ?{
[PFG-D, astro-ph/0404045, PRL (in press, 2004)]
Phantom thermodynamics
• Temperature
• Entropy
• Occupation Number
( ) ( ) 1||/
/1
±= TkhT Be ν
ωαννρ
||3)1|(| ωωκ aT −−=
VT
CS||/1
0 1||
||ω
ω
−
−= Always
Positive
Same Expression,different Physics
1. “hotter” thananything !!
2. Conflict with BHaccretion Solved
{
[PFG-D & Sigüenza, PLB589, 78 (2004)]
Phantom “Anti-Laser” EffectE
nerg
y
Ene
rgy
T > 0 T < 0
_ > -1 _ < -1
P = e - E/T P = e+E/|T|
T < 0
Sp
on
tan
eou
s e
mis
sio
n
Sp
on
tan
eou
s a
bso
rpti
on
Sp
on
tan
eou
s +
Sti
mu
late
dab
sorp
tio
n
mnA
mnBn
mB
n
m
Population“Inversion”
“New” EinsteinCoefficients
Conclusions ?• The subject of the Phantom Field is rather speculative, butnot more than other stuffs also assumed to make up DarkEnergy.
• The properties of phantom energy are rather weird andinclude an increasing energy density as the universe expandsin a super accelerated fashion, so as the big rip and thepossibility for a big trip.
• Phantom energy may be made up of axions with an extremelysmall mass.
• Phantom energy is accreted by black holes and Lorentzianwormholes in which it produces unexpected effects that canremarkably affect the future evolution of the universe.
• If the universe is filled with phantom energy, then it can bealso characterized by a negative temperature.