The Cosmic Phantom Field

• A kind of Quintessence Field

• Observational Constraints ω around -1

1. Phantom Energy

2. The Big Rip

3. The Nature of Phantom Field

4. Accretion on Black Holes and Wormholes

5. Thermodynamics

6. Conclusions

SUMMARY

Phantom energy

• Equation of State:

• Energy Density:

• Violation of DEC:

• Definition of Field:

ωρ=p)1(3

0)( ωρρ +−= aa

(The Natural Scenario where Wormholes Crop up !)

10 −<⇒<+ ωρp

)(2

1 2 φφρ V+= &

)(2

1 2 φφ Vp −= &

ρωφ )1(2 +=⇒ &

Flu

id

The Big Rip

• K=0 Quintessence:

• K=0 K-Essence:

• Chaplygin Gas:

( ) [ ] 10,)( )1(3/2* <<−∝ −− βββttta

+

+

+

+

+∝ +− )1(31;

)1(2

43;)1(2

21,1 α

αα

αα

CaFt)2/1( −>α

[ ])1|(|3/22/)1|(|3

0 )1|(|2

3)(

−−−−

−−=ω

ω ω tata

a(t)

t*

→ ↑ρ

ω<-1a(t)

→ ↑ρ

p+ρ<0

[Caldwell, Kamionkowski & Weinberg, PRL91, 071301 (2003)]

TODAY

END OF EVERYTHING

22 billion yrs before Big Rip

60 million yrs before Big Rip

3 months before Big Rip

30 minutes before Big Rip

<< 1 s before Big Rip

BIG RIP

Milky Way destroyed

Solar System breaksapart

Earth explodes

Atoms ripped apart

Phantom Energy TearsApart the Solar System

and Everything in It

Is phantom energy made up of Axions ?

≡→≥+

=−<φ

ωφ

ρω 1

.2

01

!PureImaginaryW.E.C.:

Rank-three Antisymmetric Tensor Field (Supergravity)Axion:

µναµνα AAA =2∫

+−−= MA LAG

RgxdS 24

16π

: Thee-Form Field Strength

+−= )(22

2

1316 MTAAGG µνµνµν π 0* =Ad

ναβ

µαβµν AAA =2 * = Hodge Dual

ε)(rfA =• FRW

•Volume Form:ε

[PFG-D, PR D69, 063522 (2003)]

The solutions to the Equations of Motion for SphericallySymmetric Axion in FRW are the Same as the Solutions tothe Equations of Motion obtained from the FRW Action

for a Scalar Field with a Boundary Term

TT

S Na

NG

N

adta

GS 0

.

3

0

.2

.2

3 |816

1 φφφπ

π−

+−= ∫

Or from the Same Action with the Scalar FieldRotated to Imaginary Axis, Without that Boundary

Term.

Phantom Energy can be Interpreted as BeingMade of Axions !!

Accretion of Phantom energy onto Black Holes

+−

=

+ 2/)1(30 )()1(

1

)(

ω

ωtat

CMM

MtM

i

i

&

⇒−< 1ω• Black holes steadily loss their mass and vanish at theBig Rip

• That process prevails over Hawking thermal radiation

• Conflict with thermodynamics?

{

ρωπ )1(4 2 += AMM&[Babichev, Dokuchaev & Eroschenko, gr-qc/0402089, PRL (in press, 2004)]

Accretion of Phantom energy onto Wormholes

ρωπ )1(2 20

20 +−= Bbb&

b0

2/)1(30

0

00

1 ω++=

Cabtb

bb

i

i

i

&

Universe

Mouths

Throat ofthe

Wormhole

• Avoiding the Big Rip ?

• Non-causal evolution ?Big

Trip ?{

[PFG-D, astro-ph/0404045, PRL (in press, 2004)]

Phantom thermodynamics

• Temperature

• Entropy

• Occupation Number

( ) ( ) 1||/

/1

±= TkhT Be ν

ωαννρ

||3)1|(| ωωκ aT −−=

VT

CS||/1

0 1||

||ω

ω

−

−= Always

Positive

Same Expression,different Physics

1. “hotter” thananything !!

2. Conflict with BHaccretion Solved

{

[PFG-D & Sigüenza, PLB589, 78 (2004)]

Phantom “Anti-Laser” EffectE

nerg

y

Ene

rgy

T > 0 T < 0

_ > -1 _ < -1

P = e - E/T P = e+E/|T|

T < 0

Sp

on

tan

eou

s e

mis

sio

n

Sp

on

tan

eou

s a

bso

rpti

on

Sp

on

tan

eou

s +

Sti

mu

late

dab

sorp

tio

n

mnA

mnBn

mB

n

m

Population“Inversion”

“New” EinsteinCoefficients

Conclusions ?• The subject of the Phantom Field is rather speculative, butnot more than other stuffs also assumed to make up DarkEnergy.

• The properties of phantom energy are rather weird andinclude an increasing energy density as the universe expandsin a super accelerated fashion, so as the big rip and thepossibility for a big trip.

• Phantom energy may be made up of axions with an extremelysmall mass.

• Phantom energy is accreted by black holes and Lorentzianwormholes in which it produces unexpected effects that canremarkably affect the future evolution of the universe.

• If the universe is filled with phantom energy, then it can bealso characterized by a negative temperature.