Post on 14-Jan-2017
Volos, 2012
Charalampidou S.
Combined transport for long and short distances, the case of Regional Unity of Kavala
UNIVERSITY OF THESSALYDEPARTEMENT OF PLANNING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Ν. Καβάλας
Outline of presentation
1. The development of combined transport
2. The European Policy for combined transport
3. The combined transport in Greece
4. Investigation of the operational level of combined transport in
the Regional Unity of Kavala
5. Conclusions
2/23
3/23
Categories of combined transport
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TRANSPORT (1/2)
Multimodal transport
Intermodal transport
Combined transport
Organization of combined transport
Initial transfer:By road or by sea
UploadingMain transfer:By rail or by inland waterway
Final transfer:By road
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TRANSPORT (2/2)
Advantages Reduction of the transportation’s
total cost Reliability & safety Eco-friendlier transportation Improvement of the capacity of
railways, maritime transport, inland waterways for short distances
Reduction of the management time and freight control at all levels
Services just-in-time & door-to-door
Competitive prices
Disadvantagesx Trips become longer increasing the delaysx Management processes are more complexx Absence of a single network connectionx Dissimilar technical features of the transport modes
4/23
THE EUROPEAN POLICY FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT (1/2)
What was the need for the development of combined transport?
1957-Treaty
of Rome
1992-Treaty of
Maastricht, 1rst White
Paper
1998-Framework for future
development of transport policy
2001-2nd White Paper
(combined
transport)
2011 3rd White Paper
The main problem: excessive & unequal growth of road
transport air pollution, traffic accidents, decrease of fuel
stocks 5/23
6
Sustainable transport networks,
environmental protection
Efficient transport system
between Member States
Safety
Competitive, efficient means
of transportTerritorial cohesion, economic
growth, unified European
transport area
Objectives of the EU policy for transport
THE EUROPEAN POLICY FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT (2/2)
6/23
THE COMBINED TRANSPORT IN GREECE
Combined transport in the corridor: Greece - Italy - Western Europe
Dominance of road transport (Road transport is 90% of passenger and freight transport)
Sporadic rail development according to demand
Air transportation is very important in Greek economy
Greek ships represent 40% of the capacity of the EU fleet and 20% of the world.
7/23
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (1/13)
General characteristics of the Regional Unity of Kavala
8/23
Road transport- Private motor vehicles & public transport
152 buses, 160-190 cargoes 353 TAXI
Maritime transport
- Passenger transport: port of Kavala, port of Keramoti & Prinos in Thasos- Freight transport: port of kavala “Philip II”, port of Nea Peramos &
Keramoti
Air transport- Passenger & freight transport: airport of Kavala “Great Alexander” = is very low
Rail transport- Kavala has no railway connection with the rail network- Passenger & freight transportation is served from the nearest stations
(Drama, Stavroupoli, Toxotes)
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (2/13)
9/23
Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for
transport, Xij: perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s characteristics)
Factors of the L.T.S
- Frequency of service
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (3/13)
buses
10/23
Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for
transport, Xij: perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s characteristics)
Factors of the L.T.S
- Frequency of servicebusesShips
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (4/13)
11/23
Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for
transport, Xij: perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s characteristics)
Factors of the L.T.S
- Frequency of servicebusesShipsAirplanes
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (5/13)
12/23
Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures
-Waiting time due to the discontinuity of transportation There is no complementarity & synchronization of services between buses, ships, airplanes
-Transit time at a terminal
15min. buses, 1- 2h. airplanes, 30min. ships
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (6/13)
-Ticket cost
Buses Ships
13/23
Indicators for testing the adequacy of existing infrastructures Indicators of the project CLOSER (Connecting Long and Short-
distance networks for Efficient tRansport)
- Organizational & institutional formFair & equal access Bad access to the airport (only by TAXI) & lack of concern for disabled peopleInvolved authorities Disagreements between taxi drivers & bus operators
- Number of transported passengers & cargoesYear 2010
Passengers Cargoes1.707.910 1.499.662
Passengers Cargoes296.194 453
Maritime transport
Air transport (national and international flights)
Year 2001 9.858 road passenger transport
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (7/13)
14/23
- Attributes of terminal
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (8/13)
Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway
15/23
- Attributes of terminal
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (9/13)
Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway
Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private car toward public transport
16/23
- Attributes of terminal
Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway
Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private car toward public transport
Ratio of access to a terminal by car toward public transport
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (10/13)
17/23
- Attributes of terminal
Clarity of information for the way of transition at each terminal Direct & full information (not always through internet)
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (11/13)
Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway
Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private car toward public transport
Ratio of access to a terminal by car toward public transport
18/23
- Level of costumer service information for all modes of transport while the percentage of transport with loss or damage is low to zero
The main deficiency: lack of communication between the operators non-synchronization of routes between different
modes of transport
Obstacles in the development of combined transport
19/23
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (12/13)
• Questionnaire for passengers (sample 150 persons)
They are not concerned about the existence and promotion of combined transport
They are satisfied with the transportation services provided HOWEVER they suggest improvements
• Questionnaire for companies (the 15 largest import-export companies)
100% use private vehicles for the transportation of their products 53% are satisfied with the complementarity of modes of transport They consider the connection of the city to the railway,
necessary
20/23
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (13/13)
CONCLUSIONS
• Combined transport first developed in EUGrowth of road transportEnvironmental degradation
• Greece adopted the European guidelines
Regional Unity of Kavala Safety Relatively frequent service Proximity between
terminals & motorways
vs
x Schedules are not synchronizedx Terminals are not organized & there is no use of telematicsx Deficiencies in the airport of Kavalax Lack of cooperation between the responsible authoritiesx Citizens are not concerned about combined transport
NEED FOR MEASURES21/23
REFERENCES
22/23
Sabrakos, Ε., 2005. Notes of Combined Transport, Piraeus: Department of maritime studies (in Greek).
Rassas, Ν., 2005. Community policy for Combined Transport and actions of Greece regarding this direction, Diploma thesis, Piraeus: Department of Industrial Management and Technology (in Greek).
Mitsiopoulos, Α., 2006. The application of combined transport in bulk cargoes, Diploma thesis, Piraeus: Master Program in Shipping (in Greek).
Iliopoulos, Κ., 2009. Logistic Centers promoting combined transport, Porto Heli: Conference of Greek association consulting firms (in Greek).
ECMT, 1995. European Transport Trends and Infrastructure Needs, France: OECD Publications Service.
White Paper of E.E, 2001. European transport policy for 2010 Brussels: European Commission.
White Paper of E.E, 2011. Roadmap to a Single European Area – Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System Brussels: European Commission.
Council Directive 92/106/EEC 07/12/1992 Establishment of common rules for certain types of combined cargo transport between the Member States (in Greek).
Lalenis, Κ., 2000. Transport Infrastructure in Kavala, TERRA CZM, European Program TERRA (in Greek).
Responsible authority for buses (KTEL).
The prefecture of kavala.
Kavala port authority.
23