Post on 01-May-2018
Electronic Supplementary Appendix S3. Summary of study characteristics
First author(year)
Participant characteristics
Study length Predictor(s) measured Physical activity measure
Statistical results and effect sizes
Time varying covariation
QR (/15)
Armitage (2005) [47]
N=94 members from private gym
Mean age: 37.6
Males: 41Females: 53
3 months TPB1) Intention 2) Subjective norm 3) Self-efficacy/PBC
Self-report and objective measure (number of times gym card swiped)
- classified as "did not attend this week" and "did attend this week"
Intention - NS SN – NSPBC/SE – Significant β-.49
No 9
Beenackers (2012) [86]
N = 1289 Mean age: 40.7
Males: 37.8%Females: 62.2%
Western Australia Residential Environment Project (RESIDE)
2 years Self-report and objective measures of built environment GIS used to assess: 1) Residential density 2) Street connectivity 3) land-use mix 4) Transport destination 5) Recreation destinations Self-report variables: 6) Access to mixed services 7) Neighbourhood aesthetics 9) Traffic hazards 10) Crime hazards 11) Hilly streets 12) Major barriers present 13) Local parking difficult 14) Access to park 15)Access to cycling paths 16) Traffic speed usually slow 17) Traffic-slowing devices 18) Pedestrian crossings present 19) Streets are well lit at night
Self-report Cycling
Neighbourhood Physical Activity questionnaire
Dichotomous variable yes/no to cycle in a usual week
Connectivity – NSAccessibility – Small ES OR=1.54Residential density – Small ES OR = 1.52Number of recreation destinations NE
Aesthetics – NS
(Safety) Crime hazards – NSWell-lite streets - NS
Social influence - NE
Intention - NE
Self-efficacy - NS
Yes 12
20) Few cul-de-sacs 21) Intersection distance short 21) Many four way intersections 22) Many alternative routes 23) Number of transport destinations 23) Number of recreation destinations 24) Intrapersonal factors - attitude 25) Self-efficacy 26) Interpersonal factors -social influence 27) Intention
Bell (2005)[36];
Brown (2003)[106];
Brown (2009)[50]
N = 7281 – 15,935Ages 18-78 yrsFemales only
Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health
4 years; 2 surveys
Life Domains: 1)Employment status 2)Relationship status (marriage/cohabitation) 3) Motherhood status
4) Divorce
5)Age6) Income7) Ethnicity (not speaking English at home)
Self-report/study created
Survey 1: Two adapted questions from Australian National Heart Foundation Risk Factor Prevalence Study
Survey 2: Questions from Active Australia campaign surveys Categorized as (1) Inactive (2) Active
Both then calculated a PA score based on a MET score
Change in PA was categorized as "consistently sedentary",
Employment – NS
Marriage predicted a decline in PA OR = 1.5;
Becoming a mother predicted a decline in PA OR = 1.6; Remain a mother compared to remain childless predicted decline in PA OR = 1.3Parenthood – birth of first child OR = 1.67Birth of second child OR = 1.52
Divorce: NS, NE
Age: NSIncome: NSEthnicity – n/a
Yes 11
12
13
"consistently low active", "consistently active", "decreasing", or "increasing"
Boon-Heinonen (2011)[79]
Kip (2002)[129]
M = 4532 - 5115 Ages - 18-30 years
Males – 55% Female – 45% CARDIA study
United States
15 years
4 assessments
Socioeconomic status 1) Marriage2)Education3) Income4) Parenthood
5) Change in family history of health (heart attack or stroke)
Self-report
13 categories of moderate and vigorousrecreational sports, exercise, leisure, and occupational activities
Marriage – Onset of marriage significant and meaningful for decline in PA
Education – Higher education level significant and meaningful for PA increase
Income – Significant and meaningful for decrease in income related to decrease in PA among African Americans
Parenthood – Significant and meaningful among females
Change in family history of health did not predict a change in PA
Yes 9
13
Borodulin (2012)[82]
N = 718 Mean age: 62.5
National Mini Finland health
22 years 1) Smoking 2)Occupational status 4) alcohol 5) Education
Self-reportRegular moderate to vigorous Leisure time physical activity
Smoking – NS
Employment – NS
Alcohol – NS
Yes 12
survey Education – NS
Boutelle (2004)[49]
N = 1146Mean age: 37.6 Females: 917 Males: 229
Community based sample out of the U.S. Pound of Prevention Study
4 years
Assessments taken annually (after controlled for intervention)
1) Gender 2) Age 3) BMI 4) Employment 5) Ethnicity 6) Income group 7) Marital status 8) Education 9) Smoking status 10) TV/day 11) Social support (family) 12) Social support (friend) 13) Exercise level at baseline
Self-report Vigorous activity 5 Questions from the Physical Activity History questionnaire (PAH)
Measure vigorous LTPA
Gender- NS
Age – NS
Employment – NS
Ethnicity adoption NS; maintenance sig h =.25 (compared to non-Caucasian)
Income – Maintenance h=.34; adoption NS
Marriage NS
Education - Maintenance h = .24Adoption NS
Smoking - Maintenance h = .20 Adoption h = .33
Social support - NS
No 12
Chung (2009)[77]
Margolis (2013)[73]
Shaw
N = 9935 - 16,606 Mean age: 60.3
Females: 53%; non-Hispanic whites: 74%
Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 1992 U.S.
6 year studyFollow-up every 2 years
1) Income 2) Divorce
3) Gender4) Ethnicity 5) Marital status
6) Education level 7) Age 8) Work status
Self-reportDichotomous self- report with vigorous physical activity definition
Income significant and small effect for decreased PA and lower income
Divorce - NS
Gender – NS
Ethnicity – NS
Marital status - NS
Education - NS
No 12
10
13
(2008) [57]
Age: NE
Employment - NS
Coogan (2009)[37]
N = 3206Ages 21-69 African American women
Black Women's Health Study New York, Los Angeles, Chicago U.S.
6 years Assessed biennially
Environment 1) Change in housing density
Self-report
Total hours walking per week and vigorous activity
7 response categories
Housing density NS Yes 9
Cornelio (2008)[60]
N = 1246 Males: 567 Females: 679 (4 different age groups) Data from Cornelia Health Interview Survey Follow-up Study Barcelona,
8 years 1994 baseline and follow up in 2002
1) Gender 2) Age 3) Education level 4)Social class (occupation) 5) Smoking 6) Alcohol consumption 7) Health-related chronic conditions 8) Self perceived health 9) BMI
Self-reportAdapted questionnaire from US Health Interview Survey and the Welsh Heart Health Study. Physical activity classified as sedentary, light-moderate, and
No effects found for any variables
No 13
Catalonia Spain. vigorous
MVPA
Courneya (2001) [87]
Plotnikoff (2001) [130]
Plotnikoff (2009) [131]
Rhodes (2006) [100]
N = 683 –1602
Mean age: 40.59 Females: 54%
Ottawa-Carleton, Canada
Assessments made at baseline, 6 months and 1 year
1) Intention 2) Perceived control 3) Attitude 4) Subjective norm 5) Social support
6) Cognitive and behavioral processes of change
Self-report single item question "Do you engage in regular vigorous physical activity for at least 20 minutes each week?" - Regular defined as 'at least 3 times'.
Intention was a significant and meaningful predictor for maintenance (.69); NS for adoption
Perceived behavioural control – NS
Attitude - NS at Time 1, but significant and meaningful at Time 2 for adoption of PA (.43)
Subjective norm – NS
Social support – Adoption – NS; Social support predicted lower chance of relapse in second six month follow-up (.36)
More positive attitude also predicted preparers to regular exercise at 6 months (.34); Intention, attitude and social support all predicted regression from action/maintenance stage.
No 11
13
14
12
Dawson (2007)[67]
N = 551Mean age: 64.4Females: 72.1%
Participants from England and
Longitudinal 12 month follow-up
Neighbourhood environment - Barriers to neighbourhood walking 1) Health problems 2) No one to walk with 3) Aesthetics
Self-reportBritish Heart Foundation's "Daily Activities Questionnaire" adapted from
No effects found for any variables.
No 11
Scotland Recruited from "Walking the Way to Health" and "Paths to Health"
4) No pavement 5) Nowhere to go nearby (connectivity, proximity) 8) Safety 9) Worry about being knocked over by cyclist 10) Worry about tripping over broken paving stones 11) Too much traffic 12) Too much pollution 13) Gender
validated American measure
De Moor (2006)[84]
N = 19,288
Mean age: 33.0 Males: 8773Females: 10.515
Netherlands
11 years 1) Personality (neuroticism) Self-report
Study designed question
Calculated as “exerciser” or “non-exerciser”
Exercisers scored higher on Extraversion (d=.32) and lower on neuroticism (d=0.14)
No 8
Dishman (2010) [91]
N=497 Mean age: 47Males: 36.6%
Hawaii
Two yearsAssessment every 6 months
1) Processes of change (combined – doesn’t work for analysis)2) Pros and cons (attitude/outcome expectancy) 3) Self-efficacy 4) Social support
Self-reportMVPA IPAQ
NS for adoption of PA for social support
NS for adoption of PA for self-efficacy
NS for attitude/outcome expectancy
Yes 14
Droomers (2001)[78]
Slingerland (2007)[132]
N =971 – 3793
Cohort 1 ages < 45 yearsCohort 2 ages > 45 years
GLOBE Study Netherlands
Prospective study over 6 years 1991 - 1997
Self-report 1) Health status (at least one problem) 2) Emotional problems 3) Energy levels 4) Isolation 5) Mobility 6) Pain 7) Sleep 8) Self-perceived health 9) Obesity 10) Alcohol consumption 11) Smoking 12) Work responsibilities 13) Family responsibilities/parenthood 14) Locus of control 15) Neuroticism 16) Life events
Self-report Divided into 4 categories: 1) Completely sedentary 2) Lightly active 3) Moderately active 4) Highly active
Income – Meaningful for decrease in PA OR= 2.91 Small - Medium ES
Education – Higher education predicted increase in PA OR = 2.41
Employment – NS
Smoking – NS for maintenance for adults under 45 years, but meaningful for PA relapse over 45 years OR=1.56 Small
Alcohol – NS
Personality (neuroticism) – Meaningful for drop out
No 13
12
17) Long lasting difficulties with health 18) Difficulties with relationships 19) Income 20) Financial problems 21) Situational difficulties 2) Neighbourhood circumstances 23) Housing problems 24) Education 25) Income
1) Employment status
of PA for middle aged adults (OR=1.87) but NS for older middle aged adults
Parenthood – Meaningful effect for parents less likely to maintain PA compared to non-parents (OR=1.87)
Safety – NS for overall PA; Extreme neighbourhood safety circumstances associated with meaningful effects of lower PA for people over 45 years
Aesthetics – Meaningful effects for extreme neighbourhood circumstances compared to ideal neighbourhood situations associated with lower levels of PA (OR = 2.04)
Dunton (2008)[92]
N= 246 (332 was total sample, only 246 for analysis of change)Ages: 35 – 65 Males: 129Females: 200
Southern California and Minnesota
3 months Self-report 1) Anticipated effective consequence of PA behavior success and failure (affective judgement)
Self-report short version of IPAQ
Affective judgement predicted an increase in PA adoption among sedentary individuals OR = 1.83
11
Eaton (1993) [62]
N = 1081 Mean age: 42.2 Two New England Communities 1986-1991
4 years Self-report Exercise Performance: 1) Previous success with exercise 2) Previous success with weight loss 3) Participation in any programs 4) participation in exercise program Health Knowledge and beliefs: 5) Participation in weight reduction program 6) Health belief that exercise reduces CHD 7) Suggest exercise to others 8) Perceived high risk for CHD Social Support: 9) Children recommend exercise 10) Organization membership CHD Risk Factors: 11) Present cigarette smoking 12) Diabetes mellitus 13) Hypertension 14) HDL> 35mg 15) BMI (>120%) 16) Cholesterol 17) Work outside home 18) Married 19) Education more than 12 years 20) age
Self-reportMVPA
One item from Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire
Social support – Adopters h = .18; maintainers women -.58; men – 1.74
Attitude/outcome expectancy and PA adoption Small ES
Sex NS
Age – Sig for adoption among men; NS for maintenance
Marriage – NS for adoption or maintenance
Education significant and meaningful ES - .24 for adopters; .15 maintenance
Smoking NS
No 12
Eng (2005)[34]
N = 38,865 Males only Ages: 40-75
Health Professionals Follow up study (U.S.)
Longitudinal repeated measures collected at 4 year intervals
Self-report 1)Marital status (divorce)
Self-report on activities converted into METs
Divorce NS Yes 11
Evenson (2002)[74]
Ranchod (2013)[64]
N = 6812 – 7782Ages 45-64
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities
United States
2-6 year follow up
1) Ethnicity
2) Education3) Built environment (accessibility/connectivity)4) Income5) Age
Self-reportBaecke Questionnaire
Activities converted into METS semi-quantitative questionnaire adapted from the Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study
Ethnicity NS
Education NS
Accessibility/convenience NS
Income NS
Age – NS
No 10
13
Fortier (2008)[38]
N = 149 females Ottawa, Canada Mean age = 51.8 years
Longitudinal baseline and 6 month follow-up
1) Intentions 2) Autonomous motivation 3) Controlled motivation 4) Subjective norms 5) Perceived behavioural control 6) Attitudes
Self-reportCommunity Health Activities Model Program for Seniors
Intention predicted PA change ES=.23
SN – NS
SE/PBC – NS
Attitude - NS
No 9
French (1996)[83]
Schmitz (1997)[56]
M = 3,672 Males = 1,692 Females = 1,980
Drawn from the Healthy Worker Project
Longitudinal Surveyed at baseline and 2 years later
1) Smoking status
2) Marital status3)Education4) Age
Self-report Categorized as leisure time or job-related PA Scale adapted from the Physical Activity History (PAH)
Smoking – NS
Marital status – NS
Divorce – NS
Education (higher) predicted increase in PA
Yes 12
10
(Minnesota) in women but NS for men
Age – Significant and meaningful for older age and decline in PA
Fuchs (1996)[99]
N = 299 Mean age: 52.2
Females: 149 Berlin
Spring and summer/fall
1) Intention 2) Self-efficacy 3) Social support
Self-reportExercise behavior assessed by 5 items referring to activities or activity by groups (i.e. biking, endurance exercise, sports games)
Intention sig for adoption and maintenance .18
Self-efficacy – adoption NS
Social support sig in adoption .23
No 10
Godin (2009)[94]
N = 91Mean age: 40.9Females: 40Males: 51 Quebec City, Canada
3 months 1) Perceived behavioral control/self-efficacy2) Intention 3) Perceived built environment (accessibility and connectivity; aesthetics;
Self-reportLeisure-time PA "Within the last 3 months, how often did you participate in one or more physical activities of moderate intensity, totaling at least 30 min in a same day during your leisure time? (Validated measure by Gionet and Godin)
PBC/self-efficacy- NS
Intention was a significant and meaningful predictor of PA
Accessibility/connectivity – NS
Safety – NS
Aesthetics - NS
No 10
Grace (2006)[107]
N= 243Females only Mean age: 39.5 Canada
Maternity group and control group. Measured at baseline, maternity leave and returning
Pregnancy/parenthood Self-report PA Health-promoting lifestyle profile II
Motherhood - NS No 13
to work (average 16 months)
Gunnel (2014)[90]
N= 203 adults Mean age: 32.57Female – 68%Canada
6 month follow up
1) Attitude/outcome expectation
Self-reportLight, moderate and strenuous exercise Leisure time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ)
Attitude/outcome expectation - NS
Yes 13
Hamer (2012)[46]
Kouvonen (2011)[108]
N = 394 - 5395 Mean age: 54 WhiteHall study Europe
13 year follow-up (1997 – 2010)
5 year follow up (phase 5 1997-1999 and phase 7 of study 2002-2004)
1) Smoking 2) Education 3) Employment
4) Social support
Moderate to vigorous Self-report at baseline, objectively measured with accelerometers at follow-up
Smoking – NS
Education significant and meaningful for higher levels predicting PA increase
Employment - NS
Social support NS OR = 1.34 (maintaining), social support (improving) OR = 1.25
No 11
12
Hawkley (2009)[51]
N = 229 Ages 50 - 68 Chicago Health Longitudinal Study
Longitudinal Tested annually for 3 years Analysis carried out between subjects
1) Loneliness (social isolation)2) Age 3) Gender 4) Ethnicity5) Education
Self-report Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire Categorized. Self-report MVPA
Higher levels of loneliness predicted a decrease in PA OR = 1.57
Age - NS
Gender – NS
Ethnicity – NS
Education - NS
No 13
Higgins (1999)[39]
N = 258 Female onlyMean age: 20.6
18 month Longitudinal study
1) Desire (strength, permanence, stability) (attitude/outcome expectancy)
Self-report Increased cons associated with decrease in PA = -.15
Yes 11
Australia 2) Perceived behavioural control/ Self-efficacy
Used a PA level scale from Weir, Jackson, and Pinkerton (1989)
Higher self-efficacy/PBC associated with increase in PA = .31, .19
Hull (2010) [52]
N = 646
M: 52% F: 48% Mean age: 24.7
University of Pittsburgh Physical Activity Study
2 year follow-up
Self-report 1) Age2) Gender3) Ethnicity4) Income5) Education6) Marital status 7) Having a child (parenthood)
Self-report Past Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire MVPA
Age – NS
Gender – Significant and meaningful for males greater decline than females =.21
Ethnicity – NS
Income – NS
Education – NS
Marriage/cohabitation – NS
Parenthood – Significant and meaningful decline in PA among women -.48; Significant and meaningful decline in PA among males moderate effect size
Yes 13
Ingledew (1998)[72]
N = 425 Males: 282 Females: 143 Mean age: 37.8British Government employees
3 month Exercise motivation 1)Attitude/outcome expectancy2) Affective judgement3) Gender
Self-reportRegular exercise in leisure time adapted, categorised with TTM
Gender – NS
Attitude/outcome expectancy – NS
Affective judgement – Large effect for overall PA change
No 7
Kaplan (1991) [75]
N = 4025Males: 1781Females: 2238 Alameda Country Study Data came from the Human Population Laboratory's 24 -year study of adult residences Alameda Country, California
Longitudinal - interviewed in 1965 and 1974
1) Ethnicity/race2) Family income3) Occupation/employment4) Marriage/cohabitation5) Social isolation
Self-report
List of activities Constructed a 4 item Leisure-time physical activity index
Ethnicity – Significant for whites reporting more positive changes in PA compared to blacks
Income – Lower income related to decrease in PA in women but not men
Employment – Significant and meaningful for blue collar workers decrease PA more than white collar workers but not for women
Marriage/cohabitation – Significant and meaningful for marriage and PA increase
Social isolation – Significant and meaningful for PA decline
No 7
Kern (2010)[68]
N = 1,409 Males: 798 Females: 611 Terman Life Cycle Study 1922 California
Longitudinal Took qualitative information to examine PA changes across 4 decades
1) Measures of child and adult personality (neuroticism)2) Sex
Self-report Determined MET from qualitative data
Neuroticism – For men significant and meaningful for lower neuroticism but NS for women
Extraversion were more active
Conscientiousness – NS
Sex - NS
No 7
King (1998)
N = 558 - 1033 302 women and
Assessments completed at 5
1) Marital status Self-report Marital status (marriage)– NS
Yes 9
[104]
Rimal (2001)[93]
256 menAges 25 to 75 years Stanford Five City Project (California)
time points across 10 years
2) Exercise knowledge3) Exercise self-efficacy
From interviewer administered single item question on 7 -point Likert Scale
Marital status (divorce) – NS
Knowledge of PA - NS
PBC/self-efficacy – Significant and meaningful for higher PBC/self-efficacy and positive change in PA
11
Klesges(1992)[35]
N=120 adults males (non-smokers n=101; smokers n = 19)Mean age (non-smokers) 34.6 years, (smokers) 36.5 years) U.S.
Longitudinal 3 years
1) Smoking Self-report BAECKE NS No 10
Koenman (2012)[30]
N=186 Two groups, used the younger group Mean age 53.7 years Netherlands
LASA study – Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
10 years follow-up
Life events 1) Widowhood 2) Retirement
Self-reportDaily MVPA and sport or exercise in previous two weeks LASA physical activity questionnaire (LAPAQ)
N/a
Widowhood excluded only looked at in older age group Excluded for retirement
No 12
Kwan(2010)[101]
N = 127Mean age: 22.467 females; 62 males
United States
3 months 1) Affective response Self-report 3 study designed questions targeting voluntary aerobic exercise
SR 7 day Physical Activity Revall (PAR)
Positive affect during exercise predicted PA at follow up β = 0.62, p = 0.03
Yes 14
Laaksonen (2002)[69]
N = 5494 Males: 2229 Females: 2852 Ages 20 - 64 years Finnish adults
Longitudinal Baseline and 7 years later
1) Smoking 2) Sex
Self-report
Single item question on moderately strenuous leisure time PA on six point scale
Smoking – No meaningful effects
Sex - NS
No 10
Lahti (2011)[53]
N = 7332 Ages 40-60 years City of Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Health Study questionnaire
Survey 2000-2002 and again in 2007
1) Age2) Sex
Self-report
Total PA "Average weekly hours of leisure-time PA exercise within the previous 12 months"
Activities
Converted into MET-minutes per week
Age unclear statisticsSex - NS
No 12
Lee (2005)[33]
N = 80, 944 Females only Ages 46-71 years U.S.
4 year follow up 1) Marital transitions Self-reportFrequency of engagement in 8 common activities. Converted to MET-hours per week
Marriage/cohabitation - No meaningful effect
Divorce - NS
No 10
Lippke (2007)[95]
N = 1,831 Mean age: 46.6 Females: 61% Hawaii
Baseline and 6 month, and 12 months
1) Perceived behavioural control2) Intention
Self-reportTwo items from the International Physical Activity
Perceived behavioural control for maintenance of PA – No meaningful effects
No 12
Questionnaire Intention – Adoption of PA medium effect = .46, for maintenance = .18
Luszczynska (2007)[97]
N = 139Males: 80% Mean age: 29.5United Kingdom
2 year follow-up
1) Intention 2) Maintenance self-efficacy 3) Recovery self-efficacy
Self-reportRunning/jogging behavior, measured with one item
Intention – Significant and meaningful for greater intention and increase in PA
Self-efficacy – Significant and meaningful for higher self-efficacy and increase in PA
No 8
Macera (1995)[76]
N = 2533 Females: 1,542 Males: 991 Mean age: 46.25 Biracial South Carolina U.S.
4 year follow-up
1) Education 2) Smoking status 3) Ethnicity
Self-report Developed for the study. Questions referring to leisure-time PA during the past month and specific activities in the past week Classified as either inactive or active
Education – significant and meaningful for higher levels of education and higher levels of PA (for white women OR = 1.7; for African-American women OR = 3.1)
Smoking- NS
Ethnicity – White women more active over time then black women; NS for men
No 12
O’doughtery (2012)[40]
N = 127 women
Ages: 18 – 30 years
WISER study
Intervention was controlled for
PA measured at year 1 and 2
1) Ethnicity 2) Education 3) Married 4) Parenthood 5) Employment
Self-reportActivities transformed into METS per week
Self-report
MAQ
Ethnicity – NS
Education – NS
Marriage/cohabitation - NS
Parenthood – OR = 1.3 for those not meeting PA
No 13
recommendations at follow-up
Employment – NS
Panagiotakos (2008)[54]
N = 1955 (for analysis)
From total sample: Males: 1514 Females: 1528
Ages: 20-87 years old
Athens, GreeceATTICA study
5 year longitudinal
1) Age2) Sex3) Income4) Education5) Smoking6) Alcohol
Self-report
IPAQ
Age - NS for overall change in PA; Age significant and meaningful for maintainers being younger than relapsers
Sex - NS
Income – NS
Education – NS
Smoking – NS
Alcohol - NS
No 13
Pereira (2007)[41]
N= 1242 Females onlyMean age: 32.5
Boston, Massachusetts
Year and a half follow up
Before pregnancy to six months post-partum
1) Age 2) Ethnicity 3) Marital status 4) Education 5) Income 6) Employment during early pregnancy 7) Employment change from early pregnancy to 6 months postpartum
Self-report
Modification of leisure time activity section of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE)
-Prior to pregnancy 12 months recall
Age – NS
Ethnicity – Hispanic women were more active over time compared to white women; NS for all other ethnicities
Marriage/cohabitation – NS
Education – NS
Income – NS
Employment – NS
Divorce/separation – NS
Yes 10
Perkins (1993)[42]
N =488 Smokers (N=143); Former smokers (N = 121); Non-smokers (N = 224) Females Ages 42 - 50
Pennsylvania
3 year follow-up
Self-report 1) Smoking status
Self-report Paffenbarger Activity Questionnaire
Smoking – No meaningful effect
No 9
Picavet (2011)[63]
N = 4008
Males: 1555 Females: 1703 Mean age: 45.5
Doetinchem Cohort Study Monitoring project on cardiovascular disease risk factors, Europe
Netherlands
15 year follow-up, prospective observational population-based study
1) Age 2) Education 3) Sex 4) Paid job 5) Living status 6) Smoking 7) Alcohol consumption 8) Marital status
Self-reportLeisure time activities categorized into light or moderate to vigorous Self-report instrument designed for European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Age – NS
Education – NS
Sex – NS
Employment – NS
Smoking – NS
Alcohol - NS
Marriage/cohabitation – NS
No 10
Plotnikoff (2012)[96]
N = 1427 Mean age: 37.5 years Males: 648 (45.4%)
15 year follow up
TPB constructs 1) Intention 2) PBC/self-efficacy
Self-reportModified version of the Minnesota Leisure-time PA questionnaire
Self/efficacy/PBC – Meaningful effect for PA increase
Baseline intention – Significant and meaningful .15
Yes 12
Racette (2013)[29]
N = 134 graduate students U.S.
Assessed at beginning and end of 3 year
1) Sleep Self-report
Select question from American College
N/a
Insufficient number of studies to form theme
N/a 9
National Health and Nutrition survey
curriculum Health association-National College Health Assessment
One week recall
Rhodes (2008)[88]
N = 616Mean age: 42.7 Females: 74.5%
Physical Activity Workplace Study (PAWS)
Canada
6 months 1) Attitude (affective)2) Attitude (instrumental)3) Perceived behavioral control4) Self-efficacy5) Processes of change6) Subjective norms
Self-reportMVPA over past week
Study specific questions
Instrumental attitude – adoption NS; Maintenance NS; PA con’s significant and meaningful for relapsers .4
Affective judgments – NS
PBC – Significant and meaningful - .41 for maintenance; NS for adoption
Self-efficacy – Maintainers .71; adopters no meaningful effect
Processes of change – Significant and meaningful for adoption of PA ES =.43; No meaningful effect for maintenance
Subjective norms - NS
No 13
Rhodes (2014)[45]
N=314 Ages 25-40 Female: 50%
Canada
12 months – 3 assessments
1) Parenthood Objective measure of PA GT1M activity monitor worn for 7 consecutive days
Parenthood – Significant and meaningful effect for decline in PA (small – medium effect for
Yes 13
Moderate-vigorous
SR daily activity log
women); NS for men
Sallis (1986) [55]
N = 1411Men: 652Women: 759 Ages 20 to 74 years Stanford Community Health Survey California United States
1 year 1) Age2) Sex3) Education4) Smoking5) Attitude6) Knowledge of PA7) PBC/self-efficacy
Self-report Three measures of PA 1) Moderate intensity activity 2)Vigorous intensity activity 3) Global activity change
Age – N/a
Analysis was not clear
Sex – NS
Education – NS
Smoking – NS
Attitude/outcome expectancy – Meaningful for women and positive attitude and positive change in PA; NS for men
Knowledge of PA – ns
PBC/self-efficacy – Meaningful for change in self-efficacy and change in PA in men; NS for women
No 8
Sallis (1992)[61]
Sallis (1992)[80]
N = 1719 - 1739 M: 48.31 years
(San Diego, California)
24-months Social learning theory 1) Self-efficacy 2) Age 3) Neighbourhood environment
4) Education 5) Friend support 6) Family support 7) Smoking 8) Convenience of facilities 9) Home equipment 10) Benefits 11) Physical activity history 12) Smoking
Self-report
Two PA measures looking at vigorous physical activity
Three measures of PA 1) Moderate intensity activity 2) Vigorous intensity activity 3) Global activity
Education – NS for overall PA change; Meaningful effects for PA adoption and women (-.46) ; NS for men and adoption
Accessibility/connectivity NS for overall PA change; meaningful for maintenance among men (-.27) but NS for women
Safety – NS
No 11
11
13) Alcohol
Based on social cognitive theory:1) Self-efficacy 2) Modeling (surrounding friends family who exercise regularly) 3) Friend support 4) Family support 5) Barriers 6) Benefits 7) Exercise knowledge 8) Normative beliefs 9) Sports media 10) Home equipment 11) Age 12) Gender 13) Education 14) Smoking 15) Alcohol 16) Exercise history 17) Neighbourhood environment 18) Convenience of facilities
change Age – NS (d=-.03)
Sex – NS
Smoking – NS for overall PA change; Adoption meaningful effect for lower smoking in females (.3) but NS for males; NS for maintenance
Alcohol – NS
Attitude/outcome expectancy – Meaningful effect for more expected benefits of PA related to adoption for men but not women; Meaningful for maintenance and more expected PA benefits for men (-.45) but not women
Knowledge of PA – NS
PBC/self-efficacy – Higher self-efficacy related to maintenance for men (.56) but not women
Social support – Meaningful effects for women with higher social support and PA adoption; No effects for men; Maintenance NS
Subjective norm - NS
Sallis (2001)[43]
N = 226 females only N = 129 Mexican-American Mean age: 31.5N = 97 European American women Mean age: 32.3 years
Study of Children’s Activityand Nutrition (SCAN) (San Diego, California)
Longitudinal, baseline and follow up 7 years later
Self-report (interviews) 1) Ethnicity 3) Education 4) Work activity 5) Work hours
Self-report
7 day physical activity recall (PAR)
Total energy expenditure
Ethnicity – NS
Education – NS
Employment – Meaningful effects for increase in work hours among Hispanic mothers related to PA increase (.31)
No 12
Sallis (2007)[109]
N = 861 Females: 387; Males: 474 Ages 35 - 75 years
United States
Baseline and 6 month (Intervention but found no effects)
Neighbourhood environment: 1) Sidewalks2) Heavy traffic3) Hills4) Streetlights5) dogs unattended6) enjoyable scenery7) Sightings of people exercising8) Crime
Self-reportValidated 7-day physical activity recall interview
Accessibility/connectivity – NS
Safety - Loose dogs and higher perceived crime small effect for lower PA among women (d=.11,d=.09); NS for men; For adoption safety was meaningful for lower adoption among males but NS for females; NS for maintenance
Aesthetics – NS
No 9
Shaw (2010)[65]
N = 3360 Mean age: 54.2 Americans'
3 years 1) Age 2) Sex3) Ethnicity
Self-report
Study created 3
Age - Older adults and decrease in PA (β-.86)
Yes 10
Changing Lives Study
United States
4) Education5) Occupational type6) Marriage/cohabitation7) Social integration 6) Social support
questions
LTPA
Sex – NS
Ethnicity – Meaningful for whites declining PA compared to blacks (-1.07)
Education – NS
Employment – NS
Marriage/cohabitation – Meaningful effects for marriage and increase in PA
Social support - NS
Steptoe (1995)[70]
N= 282 students Netherlands
2 years; Assessment at 12 months at 2 year
1) Awareness of health risk 2) Desire to increase exercise levels 3) Gender 4) Beliefs in importance for health
Self-report PA assessed with validated measure with questions regarding PA over past two weeks. Categorized into non-exercisers, 1-4 sessions, and 5 or more sessions
Intention - NS
Sex – NS
Attitude/outcome expectancy – Meaningful effect for beliefs in importance for health and increase in PA
Knowledge of PA – NS
No 11
Stetson (2005)[31]
N = 65Mean age: 38.8Males: 28Females: 37
United States
3 months 1) Baseline exercise history 2) Exercise cognitions and perceptions 3) Self-identified high risk situations 4) Coding of high risk situation characteristics
Self-report
Exercise and health history questionnaire
Composite of 3 items, exercise history, frequency, duration
N/A – did not fit in themes
No 10
Sugiyama (2013)[66]
N = 1036 adultsMean age: 48.6Males: 39.1 Adelaide, Australia
4 separate assessments 4 year longitudinal
1) Perceived attributes of neighbourhood green spaces, 2) GIS-derived size and number of green spaces Covariates 3) Gender 4) Age 5) Education 6) Work status 7) Having a child in the household 8) Income 9) BMI 10) Behavioural variables 11) TV viewing
Self-report
Recreational walking study designed question
Accessibility/convenience – NS for adoption; Proximity to green space related to maintenance of walking
Aesthetics – NS
Sex – NS
Age – NS
Education – NS
Employment – NS
Parenthood – NS
Income – NS
No 9
Titze (2005)[44]
N = 539 females
74.4% were > 35 years
Selected from those who registered in a 7.9 km fun run
Graz, Austria
2 year follow-up
1) Behavioural processes of change 2) Motive enjoyment 3) Motive enjoyment (family support)4) Environment – aesthetics5) Environment – safety6) Environment - Accessibility
Self-reportLooked at running for PA 16 items participants either 'approved' or 'disapproved'
Attitude/outcome expectations – NS for adoption; NS for maintenance
Affective judgments – Meaningful for adoption of PA; NS for maintenance
Cognitive and behavioral processes of change – Meaningful for adoption (OR = 4.02); NS for maintenance
Social support – No
No 11
meaningful effects
Accessibility/connectivity – No effects
Safety – No effects
Aesthetics – No meaningful effects
Touvier (2010)[71]
N = 1389 Males: 698 Females: 691 Ages 45-64 years
France
3 years Self-report 1) Retirement(excluded)2) Sex
Self-report Leisure time PA assessed using Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ)
MVPA – total MET’s per week
Sex – NS No 9
Umberson (1992)[105]
N = 2867 Mean age: 53.64 Female: 63%
United States
3 year follow up 1) Marital transitions (divorce)2) Marital transitions (marriage/cohabitation)
Self-report
Index based on three questions
Average total PA
Marriage/cohabitation – No meaningful effects
Divorce – No meaningful effects
Yes 10
Weiss (2007)[58]
N = 765
Ages 17-65Males: 47%Females: 53%
Coeur en Sante(St. Henri, Montreal, Canada)
5 year study Self-report 1) BMI 2) Smoking status 3) Self-rated health 4) Social support for PA 5) Use of neighbourhood facility for PA 7) Gender 8) Age 9) Income
Self-report through telephone interviews Frequency of Leisure Time Physical Activity (assessed in two questions) Responses were summed to create a LTPA score
Smoking – NS
Social support – No meaningful effects
Sex – Meaningful effects for relapse in PA compared to men (OR = 1.58)
Age – No meaningful
No 9
10) Level of education 11) Self-efficacy
effects
Income – NS
Education – Meaningful effect for lower education and decrease in PA (OR = 0.74)
Self-efficacy – Meaningful for higher levels and positive change in PA (OR = 1.6)
Wells (2008)[32]
N= 32 Mean age: 38.7Females only
United States
3 year follow up. Pre and post move
Neighbourhood characteristics:1) Neighbourhood type 2) Street-network patterns 3) Land-use conditions
Objective measure - Pedometers for 4 days
Self-report daily activity log
Accessibility/connectivity – Meaningful effects for improvements to access and decrease in objectively measured walking
Yes 9
Williams (2008)[102]
N = 37Mean age: 43.92Females: 78.4%
United States
12 month long with assessments at 6 and 12 months
1) Acute affective response Self-report
Physical activity recallMVPA
Affective response during exercise predicted 6 month PA β = .51, p=.013 and 12 month PA β = .45, p = 0.047
Yes 14
Williams (2012) [103]
N = 146Mean age: 47.6 Females: 87.0%
United States
12 months long with assessments at 6 and 12 months
1) Affective valence (using feeling scale during exercise)
Self-report
Physical activity recallMVPA
During-walk feeling scale predicted month 12 PA levels β = 14.8, p = 0.030
Yes 14
White (2012)[89]
N = 321 Mean age: 63. 8 Female: 80.1 %;
United States
18 months Social cognitive theory
1) Self-efficacy 2) Disability 3) Limitations 4) Goals 5) Outcome expectations 6) Physical activity at baseline 7) self-evaluation outcome expectations 8) social outcome expectations
Self-report
Physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE)
Total MET’s per week
Attitude/outcome expectancy – Mixed, physical outcome expectations ES=.13; Social outcome expectations ES = .14
Self-efficacy – Meaningful for increase in PA ES=.19
No 12
Zimmerman (2008) [59]
N = 2957 Ages 16-64 years
Denmark
6 year follow up 1) Social position 2) Occupation 3) Education 4) Age 5) Marital status 6) Self-rated health 7) Sustained chronic disease 8) Smoking status 9) Alcohol consumption 10) BMI 11) Health belief 12) Meeting with friends and family
Self-report Questions about activities and exercise in a week
Categorized as physically active or physically inactive
Education - NS
Age - NS
Employment – NS
Smoking – NS for adoption; meaningful for PA relapse (OR=2.18 males, 2.41 females)
Alcohol – NS
Marriage/cohabitation – NS for adoption; meaningful for married men less likely to maintain PA (OR=1.78);
No 9
NS for maintenance and married women
Divorce – NS
Social isolation – NS for maintenance; meaningful effect for more isolation less likely to adopt PA OR = 2.71
Note: Gray shaded area = same dataset; NS = Non-significant; NE = No effect; OR = Odds Ratio; PA = Physical activity; ES = Effect Size; BMI = Body Mass Index; MET = Metabolic Equivalent; LTPA = Leisure time physical activity MVPA = Moderate-to vigorous physical activity; IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire; TTM = Transtheoretical Model; MAQ = Modifiable Activity Questionnaire.