Senin, 21 Februari 2011

Variabel 1

Variabel 2

Nominal Ordinal Interval

Nominal Chi Quare χ2

Phi ϕ CoefficientCoefficient Contingency CCramer’s ν (nu)Lambda λ simetrikLambda λ asimetrik

Spearman rs t – test (hypothesis of difference)Z – test (hypothesis of difference)Eta η

Ordinal Kendall’s τGamma γSpearman rs

Sommer’s D asimetrik

Interval Pearson’s rRegression asimetrik

Nominal Bivariate Analysis - continued

...is a proportional reduction in error statistics

...it reflects the degree to which knowledge of the independent variable reduces errors in “predicting“ where cases will fall on the dependent variable

...it tells us how much, proportionally, knowledge of the independent variable improves our ability to guess the dependent category

Bidang Kerja (Y)

Gaya Hidup (X)

Achiever Anxious Pusher

Manufaktur 32 47 54 133

Jasa 32 60 39 131

Pemerintahan

23 41 95 159

87 148 188 423 N = Total number of cases Ly = The number of cases in the modal

Y category, ignoring X Lyx = the number of cases in the largest

cell within given X category Lx = The number of cases in the modal

X category, ignoring Y Lxy = the number of cases in the largest

cell within given Y category

Λxy = (Σ Lyx – Ly) / (N – Ly)

Λyx = (Σ Lxy – Lx) / (N – Lx)

Bidang Kerja (Y)

Gaya Hidup (X)

Achiever Anxious Pusher

Manufaktur 32 47 54 133

Jasa 32 60 39 131

Pemerintahan

23 41 95 159

87 148 188 423 Λxy = (Σ Lyx – Ly) / (N – Ly) = (32+60+95) - 159/ (423 – 159) = 0.11 Λyx = (Σ Lxy – Lx) / (N – Lx) = (54+60+95) - 188/ 423 – 188) = 0.09

Bidang Kerja (Y)

Gaya Hidup (X)

Achiever Anxious Pusher

Manufaktur 32 47 54 133

Jasa 32 60 39 131

Pemerintahan

23 41 95 159

87 148 188 423 Ly = The number of cases in the

modal Y category Lx = The number of cases in the

modal X category Lyx = the number of cases in the

largest cell within given X category Lxy = the number of cases in the

largest cell within given Y category

Λyx = (Σ Lyx + Σlxy – Ly - Lx)/ 2N - Ly - Lx

Λyx = (32+60+95)+(54+60+95) – 159 - 188)/ 2(423) – 159 – 188

Bandingkan korelasi symmetric dengan korelasi asymmetric yang diperhitungkan sebelumnya

Bila symmetric lebih besar (>) daripada asymmetric, berarti:• Mungkin ada variabel ketiga (intervening

variable)• Hubungan x – y tidak bersifat kausal

In practice

Measures Greek Symbo

l

Type of Data High Associatio

n

Lambda λ Nominal 1 - 0

Gamma γ Ordinal +1.0 , -1.0

Tau (Kendall’s)

τ Ordinal +1.0 , -1.0

Rho ρ Interval, Ratio +1.0 , -1.0

Chi - square

χ2 Nominal, Ordinal

Infinity

Bivariate Analysis

Statistical Significance

Strength

Direction

Form

Non Spuriousness

Direction of Influence

Theoretical Status of IV

Sufficient Necessary Contributory

Reciprocal

Asymmetric

Symmetric

Related to Differences

An unsophisticated forecaster uses statistics as a drunken man uses lamp-posts - for support rather than for illumination (Andrew Lang)

Facts are stubborn, but statistics are more pliable (Mark Twain)