/ :

,10.12.2012

:1. ...............................32. ................................................................... .33. 3.1 ......................................................................... .63.2 ............................................. .83.3 ......................... .83.4 3D ...................... .103.5 .............................. .143.6 ..................... .163.7 ................................ .183.8 ....................... .213.9 ................................. .213.10 ..................... .223.11 ........................................................................ .223.12 ... .233.12.1 87. .243.12.2 () .253.12.3 ED 50 ( uropean Datum 1950 ) .263.13 4. ................................................................... .264.1 ................................. .264.2 ............................. .284.3 () 1980 (GRS80).... .284.4 1984 (WGS 84).......... .295. ........................................... .306. ..................................................................... .31

1.

, , (), () . , . (...) .

, , . , , .

2.

, , , .

. (900-800 ..) . , 580-500 .. . ( ).

, , . (384-322 .) , , , , , -. (276-192 ..) , .

(.1.1) ( ) , , 7 12 , .

5000 , . - , .

1.1. , 3 .. .

6267 km 7380 km , = 157.7 m = 185 m, 2% + 15.5% (6371 km). , 1670 .., Picard (1620-1683) 6372km +0.01% Rm. Newton .

, (1672) I. Richer, 2.8mm Gayenne ( , . , 5 ) , 15 Newton .

, , , Newton (1643-1727) Huygens (1629-1695) ( ) 1/230 1/578, 1/298.

Baeyer Bessel , - (1831-1833), Bessel (1840) , a=6378397,155m f=1/299.153. .

19 20 , ( -, ) . : Helmert (1907) =6378200m f=1/298.3 J.F. Hayford (1909) =6378388m f=1/297.0.

, . (IUGG) (1924) Hayford . ( Datum 1950, E.D.50), Potsdam.

GRS 1967, GRS 1980 =6378137 m f=1/298.257.

1950, , , , , - , .

3. 3.1

, .

..., / .

, , ( ) .

. , , .

, , , () , . , . , (), ... ..., . , () ( ).

, , :) , () ().) .. , (, ).) (, , , ).

. , (, , , ), , ( ) .

, , , , ( () ), . , . (.. ) , , .

. , 87 ( 87). , .

3.2

.

( ), () . .

. 17 , .

3.3

. y. x y . P x y , ( ) (x,y) P.

3.3.1

(, ) (. 3.3.1), P () oy. . :

X = sin Y = cos

3.4 3d .

. () . . 2, P X (), Y () Z (). 3.4.2.

3.4.2.

()

, , (. 3.4.3).

3.4.3.

:

= cos Y= sinZ = Z

P r, , . (4.3).

3.4.4

X = rcos cos Y = rsin cos Z = rsin

, ( R) .

4.5

P, (a f), () : ( ) ( ).

P(X,Y,Z,t), P t , , , . (. mm/ ).

3.5

, - , , - , .

3 (2 1 ), 6 (3 3 ). : (,,), (,,h) (x,y) 0.

. ( ) .

, , ( ), .

, ( ) , ..., ( ), .

, , , . (3 , 1 ) DATUM, , .

. () () (), () (). , 10 ( ). .

GPS, (ITRS) . , , () .

(), . ( ) . .

3.6

, , Greenwich . , ( ) , , , Greenwich .

P ... X,Y,Z, () - (,) P ( P ) - h. . P (0-90) (0- -90).

() Greenwich P. Greenwich 0-360 . () (h) ..., .

3.6.1 P

:

(3) (3)

, (3), (1) (2) a f.

:

() ,

, ( , .) .

:

a) ITRF (International Terrestrial Reference Frame), , , 1900-1906, Greenwich, . (1500) , / (VLBI, SLR GPS).

b) WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984), GPS , () GPS . 1994 ITRF ITRF.

GRS 80, () .

3.7

, , . ( ) , ( ), , .

( GRS 80) , ( ).

:

1. (o,o,ho) ( ) ..

2.

3. (a,f) .

DATUM .

(,) () , , , . =, = = () , , . ho=Ho, . . , () .

( ) - 1ppm.

(, ) , . .

... , . () , .

( ), ..., (,) (.. , ) - () (,) ( (,) (x,y). () (o) ... ( ) (h), . (x,y, Ho) . .

, .

. ,,.

. () ,,h. () ( H0 ) .

. x,y, ( ), H .

() (h=H+N), .

3.8

( ) . ( ) , .

- . WGS 84, GPS, .

() .

3.9

C, . . ,,C ,, H. 0.1, .

.3.10

, () , - , , . , . x y - ( y x ).

, , . (X,Y,Z) , (,y) ( x,y) ( ) .

3.11

() (,,) , . , - , . , , , . - .

.. . , / - . .

, ( ) . , , , , .

() (,,h) (,,).

3.12

87 , , .

1990, (), , .

.

3.12.1 87

() .

:=38 04 33"8107

=23 55 51"0095

h=481,743m

N=7,000m.

(GRS 80) - :

=+199,652m

= - 74,759m

= -246,055m

, . .

( ) () =24 0=0.9996, /.

3.12.2 ()

1889 .

=37 5820",1000

=0 0 00",0000

= 359 46 13",1000 ( )

= 0m (. h=Ho)

=234258"815 Greenwich. Bessel.

( ) () . .

, Hatt, ( 130 ) 3030. 3.

3.12.3 ED 50 (European Datum 1950)

ED50 (European Datum 1950) Potsdam ayford. , 6. =21 =27 =0.9996. .

4.

ITRS ITRF WGS 84, GPS .

4.1 (ITRS)

, IERS, , , , (ITRS) (ITRF).

ITRS (IUGG General Assembly, Vienna, 1991):1. , ,

2. IERS.

3. (m), (S.)

IERS (IRP), IERS (IRM). ITRS, ITRF, , (, ) . (, ) GRS 80 .

ITRF ( ) , . ITRF 2008 (2008.0).

() , . () 1cm, mm.

() , :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Doppler GPS 1984 (WGS 1984), RS TRF 89, ITRF89 , .

4.2 (ETRS89)

, ED50 (European Datum 1950), ED77. 1987 IUGG (IAG) EUREF (European Reference Frame). () , GIS .

1990 EUREF ETRS89 : "... EUREF ITRS 1989.0, European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRF 1989). ETRF 2007.5.

ETRS89 ITRS, IERS. ITRS CTRS, . ITRS ITRF, IERS, ITRS. set ITRS.

, ITRFyy (yy ). ITRS . , .

4.3 () 1980 (GRS80)

() . . , (CTS).

T 1980 (GRS 1980), 1979 IUGG, :

a=6378137m f=1/298,25722 GM=398600,5km^3S^(-2) (G : , : ) J2 = 0.00108263 ( ) = 7.29211510^(-5)rads^(-1) ( )

() X, Y, Z , , .

4.4 1984 (WGS 84)

WGS ... 1960 . WGS .

WGS72 WGS 84 ( ) TRANSIT (Doppler) GPS, WGS84, .

WGS 84 GRS80 , GRS80. (CTRS) IERS. WGS84, , 2002 ITRF 1cm. , WGS84 ITRF .

5.

() . , () , 1933-1978. , R287, =14,665m. , , .

(.. , ), .

. .

(h) , h=Ho+, .

1. ., ., ., , 2006,

2. Smith J., Introduction to Geodesy. J Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1997

3. orge W., ..., 2000

4. Torge W., Geodesy. Walter de Gruyter, 3rd Edition, Berlin, New York 2001

5. . , ., , 2000

6. . , GPS , 1999

7. . , , 1995

8. .. , , 1980 -