. BBA, MSc., M.Phil, Ph.D in Management
, & Business Clusters
2007
2007, & . 7, .: 6973 048686
isbn 978-960-8396-41-8
, , , , , 2121/1993 .
:. - . 9171 22 . .: 210 9310605
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8 , & Business Clusters
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10 , & Business Clusters
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18 , & Business Clusters
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Lester Thurow (1999) David Moss (1996) - , , , , , ... . James Watt (1769) . . - . -
20 , & Business Clusters
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Drucker (1985) , , . ( ) - -. Drucker, Tomas Jeerson . Drucker, ( , , , ). - . , , , -, -. .
- . - . . Nonaka Kenney (1991) : - ... , . ... -, , , . . . Tom Peters (1994): Microsoft , New York Times Magazine Fred Moody...
1
22 , & Business Clusters
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23
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24 , & Business Clusters
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26 , & Business Clusters
. , - (Parkin, 1997). Fonseca (2002), - . -, - . 50 Robert Solow MIT, (Parkin, 1997). - , - . . , , , . . Fonseca (2002), - ( ) , , - . - , . , . , - Fonseca , - . - - . -, , - . - . , , - , , , - . , (Fonseca, 2002).
27
SCHUMPETER
, Schumpeter (1942), . Schumpeter , - . , , - (Schumpeter, 1934). Schumpeter , -, . , Schumpeter (1942), . ( - , , , ) (Schumpeter, 1942). Schumpeter - , . Schumpeter . . -, Schumpeter (1934) . Schumpeter , , Schumpeter , - . Schumpeter , . - . Schumpeter - .
Schumpeter (.., - -
28 , & Business Clusters
). , , , - :
- - , - . (Schumpeter, 1942, . 64-65)
, :
. . , , - , . , - (Schumpeter, 1942, . 65)
Schumpeter . - . Schumpeter (1942, . 65) - . (Schumpeter, 1947). / , , . , :
, . -
29
. -, , - ... , , , , , . . , . - , , , - ... , . (Schumpeter, 1942, . 88-89)
Schumpeter . -:
i. - .
ii. , , , - , , .
iii. , - , .
iv. , -.
v. , .. - (.. trust) . (Schumpeter, 1942, .66)
Venture Capitalists
Schumpeter - .
30 , & Business Clusters
. , / - , / . - , . Schumpeter - venture capitalists:
, - , - (Schumpeter, 1942, .72)
Schumpeter (1942), venture capitalists , - . , , - ( ). , - , venture capitalist - . . Schumpeter . , - , . , - , , . (.., ), - . , Schumpeter :
- - , -, . (Schumpeter, 1942, . 78)
31
. . - , . Schumpeter (1934) , . , - . ( ) , . Schumpeter - , , . (Schumpeter, 1934, .61). - (., ) - , : . Schumpeter , -. , Schumpeter - . , Schumpeter.
& MAX WEBER
-, Schumpeter, - Max Weber, - (1930) (1947). Weber, , - . Weber - .
32 , & Business Clusters
, - . 14 , - . 15 , . - - . : . (Lehmann Roth, 1993)
Lehmann Roth (1993), - . , . , , , . , -, Luther , John Calvin, John Knox, 16 - . , , . Max Weber, , (1930), 19 .
Weber - . - . , - , - : , , , .
33
. (Lehmann Roth 1993, . 73)
Max Weber, -. , - . - , - , . , , . , - , . (Lehmann Roth, 1993) , Swedberg (1998), Weber : - . . Swedberg Weber - : - ,
. - , . . ( ) - ( ), ( ), . (Swedberg, 1998, p.13)
34 , & Business Clusters
, Weber , / - . - Schumpeter . , - - . / . , , - , - , (Henderson Parsons, 1965).
. , Schumpeter Weber . - , , Schumpeter 1930 ( ). - Dollinger (1999):
35
1. : Dollinger, 1999, . 4
Dollinger (1999):
- ( ) . (Dollinger, 1999, . 4)
Dollinger . / , , , - . Dollinger - Schumpeter , , , , ... () . ( ) / , ,
Knight (1921)
Schumpeter (1934) , , , , ,
Hoselitz (1952) ... ..
Cole (1959)
McClelland (1961)
Casson (1982)
Gartner (1985)
Stevenson, Roberts & Grousbeck (1989)
36 , & Business Clusters
. - . , Dollinger (1999), ,
, : - , - . , : - (Dollinger, 1999, . 6)
, Weber , , . - . , , - Schumpeter (1949), , .
... - . ... - . - : , , , , - . (Schumpeter, 1949, . 260-261)
, , , , , , , , -
37
. Weber (1930), Scase (2002), - . - , . Schumpeter, 1, , . - , .
Drucker (1985) . - - . Drucker - . - , . -. (Drucker, 1985). Drucker , (1985) - . . , , - - , , McDonalds General Electric Corporation. Drucker, - , .
2
40 , & Business Clusters
, , - . . , (Drucker, 1985). , Schumpeter 1949 . Drucker - . . . - . - . Drucker -, . , - . , , Drucker - -. , .
, . Drucker (1985) . , . . , :
i. . , -. . - . -
41
, . (Drucker, 1985, .53)
ii. . . . - . . - . . - . (Drucker, 1985, . 75).
iii. . , . . , , . , . 1909, .., AT&T 15 . . (Drucker, 1985, . 88-90)
iv. . - - . . . - , . -. (Drucker, 1985, . 96-97)
v. . , , , . - , . , ,
42 , & Business Clusters
. , , , , - . (Drucker, 1985, . 110)
vi. , . . . (Drucker, 1985, . 122)
vii. , -. . , , - . . - , . : , , - . (Drucker, 1985, . 131)
Drucker . , - . . - . - - . Drucker (1985) : , - . / . , , . . - .
43
: - . Drucker (1985) ( ) . - , & ( ), - . , , , . , , . Drucker (1985), . - . / , - , Intel , Ferrari . , , . , , . , - , . Thomas Edison, .., -. , , Drucker, , , . Drucker , . , , , , , .
44 , & Business Clusters
Michael Porter, - , . - 2 - - . (1990), Porter , . - . . Porter , - . , (1985), Porter .
. ; ; - ; ; ; ; (Porter, 1985, . xvi)
Porter (1990), - , - . Porter .
45
- . , , - . - . (Porter, 1990, . 579)
Porter, - , . - . - . Porter . - , -, . Porter (1990), - :
1. . , - , , - . , .
2. . - - .
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4. . - , , , , , , ... - .
46 , & Business Clusters
5. . , , , - , , , ... - .
(Porter, 1990, . 45-47)
Porter (1990) . , & , , . Porter , , . , . , , - . - . Porter . .
. . - Kirton (1976) . ,
-... - . (West, 1990, . 17)
47
Kirton (1976) Torrance Horng (1980) Kirton - . - - . Farris (1973), Pelz Andrews (1976), -. Isen et al (1987) . , . - -. Peters Waterman (1982) . . . . Kanter (1983) - -. Lovelace (1986) Kanter , - - .
- . , , - , .
48 , & Business Clusters
Kimberly Evanisko (1981) Schumpeter . - . . Zaltman et al. (1973) , , -, , . . - . . - . . Zaltman et al. - . - , . - (Rogers, 1995; Kimberly Evanisko, 1981). Aiken Alford (1970) - . Kimberly vanisko (1981) .
49
. Brooks-Rooney et al. (1987) Meyer (1982) . - . - , (Bower, 1965). Handy (1985) , - , , .
( ), Lundvall (1992) Nelson (1993). ( 21 ) . . - , , , - . .. . - Edquist (1997), - . .
3
52 , & Business Clusters
- -. , , - . . . , , - . Karl Marx Max Weber .
- , - Karl Marx Max Weber, . - . 19 , Karl Marx , -, , . - , , , . Marx - . Marx - , . - . Karl Marx,
53
- , - , Hegel - . , , , , . -, , . , . , . , - . - . . - . , , , , , -, - ... , - . , , , . - ... -. (Marx, 1971, . 20-22)
54 , & Business Clusters
Howard King (1985), Marx , - . Marx ( , , , -) (Howard King, 1985, . 42), - .
Max Weber
, 20 , Max Weber , - - . Weber . Weber, , - , . - , , , , -. Weber : - . , , . - (1947),
Weber ... -, - ... - ... - . ,
55
... . - , , - ... . Weber, -, . (Henderson Parsons, 1965, . 31-32)
Marx Weber , - . - , - . , , , , - . , , , , , ... , , - , , .. , , , - . , .
, - , , - . - , , .
56 , & Business Clusters
Bengt-ke Lundvall
Lundvall (1992) Boulding (1985) . Lundvall . . , , , (Lundvall, 1992). ,
, , - , ... ... - . (Lundvall, 1995, . 2)
- ( ) ,
- - &, . -... - , - , - ... , - ... , , - . (Lundvall, 1995, .12-13)
57
, (business clusters), , , , . , , - - .
Nelson Richard Rosenberg Nathan
Nelson Rosenberg Nelson (1993) - : - . Nelson 15 , - . Nelson Rosenberg - , . , , Nelson Rosenberg - . , , (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 4). Nelson Rosenberg . ,
... - . , , , - . , - . - . , - - , . (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 4-5)
58 , & Business Clusters
, . Nelson Rosenberg . ,
, . , , - , .. . , , , . , - , , - . - . , , (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 5)
Charles Edquist
Edquist (1997), - , . Edquist - - . . , , . , , , , , , .. . , , , , , . - , .
59
, , , , Edquist (1997) Nelson Rosenberg, , , , , . Edquist (1997) - . , , . - , , , - . , . Edquist (1997) - . Edquist , - Nelson Rosenberg - ,
- : , (.., ). , Silicon Valley -... , -, , ... - , , / ... , (., , , - )... , , - .(Edquist, 1997, p. 11)
60 , & Business Clusters
, Edquist (1997), -, , . -. . - , Edquist - , . Lundvall (1995) Nelson Rosenberg (1993) , ,
, , , -, , , ... - , ... , . - -... ... ... - . , . ... (Edquist, 1997, . 14-15)
( - ) . - . - .
61
- , . - . Lundvall (1995), - . . - , , (Johnson, 1995). , Johnson - . Lundvall, -, ,
, (Arrows, 1962), , (Rosenberg, 1982), -, - (Lundvall, 1988) (Lundvall, 1995, . 9)
Edquist (1997) . , , - &, , .
- (, ) -
62 , & Business Clusters
( 2000, . 45). - , - . - . - . - (-, 2004). . (2000, . 97),
, - , , / .
- - - . . (2000, . 45-46) - .
. - - . - , , , .
. - , , , .
63
. - , - . .
. - - .
. - - .
. - .
, , . -, , . , - , - .
. - - .
, - - , , - . , , , . Edquist (1997), - & . & - &. ,
64 , & Business Clusters
, () &, .. --, --, , ...... , - , , - , .
Edquist (1997), , - , , , , . ,
. , . - . (Edquist, 1997, . 18)
, , - . Nelson (1993) : , -, , , - 15 . . - , , . Nelson - . Edquist Lundvall (1993) - ,
- .
65
, - , . (Edquist Lundvall, 1993, . 265)
Edquist (1997) - . - , . Edquist -, , - - , - .
Nelson (1993), . Edquist (1997) Porter (1990) , . -, ( ) , , , . - -. Lundvall (1995),
. , , : , - , , , &... ... - , &, - - . (Lundvall, 1995, .13-14)
66 , & Business Clusters
Edquist (1997), , , . ,
& . - -. - . (Edquist, 1997, . 21)
Edquist (1997) , , . Schumpeter - , Edquist . , . , , , , . , , - . , , , benchmarking.
- -
. , , - , . , , Edquist (1997), , , , , , , , , ..
67
, . , , , - , , - , .... - - , , , . - - , - , ..,
( ). (Edquist, 1997, . 21)
, Edquist (1997), - . - , .
,
- , -. . Nelson Rosenberg (1993) - :
... -. (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 10)
68 , & Business Clusters
Lundvall (1995),
, , - , . (Lundvall, 1995, . 10)
, Edquist (1997), . - - , , , - . ,
- - . , - - . , , . - . (Edquist, 1997, . 24)
- -. 1997 Edquist Johnson, - . - , , . Edquist Johnson , , -
69
, - ,
, : , , , . - , . (Edquist Johnson, 1997, . 46)
- .
Lundvall (1995, . 10), ( , , ) - .
Nelson Rosenberg (1993, . 1) -, - .
Carlsson Jacobsson (1997, . 268), - , .
Edquist (1997) , , , . - , , - ,
, , , , - . (Edquist, 1997, . 26)
, .
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48% -/ ( , Ph.D.*)
20 - - . Schumpeter (1942) ( - ) - . Schumpeter : ... , . Nonaka Kenney (1991) ,
... , - - . - ... , , , ...
75
Peter Drucker (1985), , . , , . , , . . -, - . 15 - - .. .. . , , - . . Castro (2000), - . :
(1) .(2)
. (3)
.
Narula and Hagedoorn (1999), . , , , - , .
76 , & Business Clusters
(2002) 20% .. .
5 ,
1. : European Commission, Observatory of European SMEs 2002, No. 1.
1 50-60% , , 25-45% - . - - / , 30% 50% .
77
5 , 1999 and 2001,
2. : European Commission, Observatory of European SMEs 2002, No. 1.
, 2, .. - 26% 37% 48% 62% . , , , Information and Communication Technologies, , , - , World Wide Web, , e-commerce, -.
78 , & Business Clusters
, , , . , , . - , . - -. . , . 21 - - , -- - - . - :
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80 , & Business Clusters
. - , - . - . - ! , - - . , - . ( , , -, -) - , 60% 97%, 1.
...
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- - . 2 87% , , , / // . - . , ; -! - .
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, , management, -, . ( , , , , ) -. , , . - -
82 , & Business Clusters
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* 15-16/11/2003 , , 22 , - (www.imerisia.gr)
84 , & Business Clusters
... ...( , Ph.D.*)
, . . 1800, - - . -, , . , . - . 21 - , . (Moore, Buttner Lavoie) , , , 50% , -. , - , 1970 - . , . -, 10. . , entrepreneurs , , - - . Hakim 1970, , - , - , . (Hakim 1991),
85
25% ,
28% - ,
47% - - ,
1970 5% - .
, - (Gutek Larwood, 1989). . - .
, (Gutek Larwood)
(Center for Womens Business Research). - , . 2002, 6,2 majority women-owned businesses, 9,2 - $1.15 . 50% ,
2002 10,1 - 46% .
86 , & Business Clusters
1. : Centre for Womens Business Research 2003
18,2 $2,32 .
- 50%.
. 1997 2002, - 11% 1 (6%).
18% (8%), 32% 24%. - 50% .
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2002, 3.9 . 18% .
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1997 2002, - 6%, 8% 24%.
87
2002, 166.212 $1 6.902 - 100 .
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. - 3, - 3,025 , 22% entrepreneurs . 24% 29% , - , 11%. - 3 25% , , , , , -. , , , 14 16%.
88 , & Business Clusters
,
3. : , 2002
. ... ;
* 6-7/09/2003 , , 18 (www.imerisia.gr)
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