επιχειρηματικοτητα καινοτομια και business clusters

. BBA, MSc., M.Phil, Ph.D in Management

, & Business Clusters

2007

2007, & . 7, .: 6973 048686

isbn 978-960-8396-41-8

, , , , , 2121/1993 .

:. - . 9171 22 . .: 210 9310605

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1 , 15

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25 - 25 Schumpeter 27 & Max Weber 31 34

2. 39 39

40 42

44 46

46 47

3. 51 51

52 55

60

8 , & Business Clusters

61 63 64 65 66 , 67 68

71 74 74 79 84

2 : 89

91

4. 95 95

Bolton 95 97

99 101 104

5. 113 / 113

115 117

6. , 123WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) 123 & 128

131 & 132

135 141

9 143 143

149

3 , 155

157

7. 161 161

162 164 169

174 / 175 179 / 181

8. 185 & 185

186 189 191

194 Prato 198 201 / 204

SILICON VALLEY 206 & 207 208 210

213


4 International Outsourcing 217

219

9. .. 221 (1991-2005) 221

22540 227

230

10. Global Outsourcing: GLOBAL OUTSOURCING 233

234 237

238 239 241 241

( 1-3) - , -. , , - , . , - . - , . , - - . , - , / - .

( 4-6) - () -


. - . , . , - . - Bolton - 2001. , , , , . - / - . , . - world wide web.

( 7 8) - () . - , , - , . , , , - , . (localisation) . (business cluster) , , .

13

, - . - . , ( Prato) , - .

( 9 10) - .. . , - . - , , outsourcing . - 1990 2005, - , - . international outsourcing ( ). , - 20 , , outsourcing. - .

, - . - . .. - , , (-) , - . Commission of the European Communities (2000) , - - . 2000. . , , . . -, , . . Commission (2000), - :

.

.


- , - , . 21 - . , , . - , . - . . , . (Commission of the European Communities, 2000). :

, - .

- , -.

.

- 21 . , - , , , . .

19

- , - . Wolfe (1994), - . - , , , , . Lundvall (1995) Nelson (1993) . Porter (1990) , - , Drucker (1985) - Rosenfeld Servo (1991) . , , - . , , - . , , , - . 21 -.

Lester Thurow (1999) David Moss (1996) - , , , , , ... . James Watt (1769) . . - . -


. - ... () . - () ... .. . 3,3 , , $1060 1970, $32.810 1997 ( ) , (1999)... , - - . 1980, - /. 1982, ... Grupp Maital (2001), , . , , - Microsoft, Cisco-Systems General Electric... , - 10% 10%. (Grupp Maital, 2001, xiv-xv)

Drucker (1985) , , . ( ) - -. Drucker, Tomas Jeerson . Drucker, ( , , , ). - . , , , -, -. .

- . - . . Nonaka Kenney (1991) : - ... , . ... -, , , . . . Tom Peters (1994): Microsoft , New York Times Magazine Fred Moody...

1


, : ; ... ... , . - . Robinson Stern (1997), . ( ) ( ). . , - . . - . Rogers (1995), . - : , -. , , . . . . - , - . , , - . - - . -

23

. Oslo (2000) - - 1990 , . , , -, .

()

, . - ( ) ( ). , -, , . - - . ( Oslo, 2000, . 61)

- . - . ( Oslo, 2000, . 62)

, - . - ( ) , ( ) . ( Oslo, 2000, . 63)


- , - , . , - - , - . ( Oslo, 2000, . 63)

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25

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, , , - , . Parkin (1997) , Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, 18 19 , - . . - , . , - . , - , , , . - . 18 19 . , . - , , - . , -. . , .


. , - (Parkin, 1997). Fonseca (2002), - . -, - . 50 Robert Solow MIT, (Parkin, 1997). - , - . . , , , . . Fonseca (2002), - ( ) , , - . - , . , . , - Fonseca , - . - - . -, , - . - . , , - , , , - . , (Fonseca, 2002).

27

SCHUMPETER

, Schumpeter (1942), . Schumpeter , - . , , - (Schumpeter, 1934). Schumpeter , -, . , Schumpeter (1942), . ( - , , , ) (Schumpeter, 1942). Schumpeter - , . Schumpeter . . -, Schumpeter (1934) . Schumpeter , , Schumpeter , - . Schumpeter , . - . Schumpeter - .

Schumpeter (.., - -


). , , , - :

- - , - . (Schumpeter, 1942, . 64-65)

, :

. . , , - , . , - (Schumpeter, 1942, . 65)

Schumpeter . - . Schumpeter (1942, . 65) - . (Schumpeter, 1947). / , , . , :

, . -

29

. -, , - ... , , , , , . . , . - , , , - ... , . (Schumpeter, 1942, . 88-89)

Schumpeter . -:

i. - .

ii. , , , - , , .

iii. , - , .

iv. , -.

v. , .. - (.. trust) . (Schumpeter, 1942, .66)

Venture Capitalists

Schumpeter - .


. , / - , / . - , . Schumpeter - venture capitalists:

, - , - (Schumpeter, 1942, .72)

Schumpeter (1942), venture capitalists , - . , , - ( ). , - , venture capitalist - . . Schumpeter . , - , . , - , , . (.., ), - . , Schumpeter :

- - , -, . (Schumpeter, 1942, . 78)

31

. . - , . Schumpeter (1934) , . , - . ( ) , . Schumpeter - , , . (Schumpeter, 1934, .61). - (., ) - , : . Schumpeter , -. , Schumpeter - . , Schumpeter.

& MAX WEBER

-, Schumpeter, - Max Weber, - (1930) (1947). Weber, , - . Weber - .


, - . 14 , - . 15 , . - - . : . (Lehmann Roth, 1993)

Lehmann Roth (1993), - . , . , , , . , -, Luther , John Calvin, John Knox, 16 - . , , . Max Weber, , (1930), 19 .

Weber - . - . , - , - : , , , .

33

. (Lehmann Roth 1993, . 73)

Max Weber, -. , - . - , - , . , , . , - , . (Lehmann Roth, 1993) , Swedberg (1998), Weber : - . . Swedberg Weber - : - ,

. - , . . ( ) - ( ), ( ), . (Swedberg, 1998, p.13)


, Weber , / - . - Schumpeter . , - - . / . , , - , - , (Henderson Parsons, 1965).

. , Schumpeter Weber . - , , Schumpeter 1930 ( ). - Dollinger (1999):

35

1. : Dollinger, 1999, . 4

Dollinger (1999):

- ( ) . (Dollinger, 1999, . 4)

Dollinger . / , , , - . Dollinger - Schumpeter , , , , ... () . ( ) / , ,

Knight (1921)

Schumpeter (1934) , , , , ,

Hoselitz (1952) ... ..

Cole (1959)

McClelland (1961)

Casson (1982)

Gartner (1985)

Stevenson, Roberts & Grousbeck (1989)


. - . , Dollinger (1999), ,

, : - , - . , : - (Dollinger, 1999, . 6)

, Weber , , . - . , , - Schumpeter (1949), , .

... - . ... - . - : , , , , - . (Schumpeter, 1949, . 260-261)

, , , , , , , , -

37

. Weber (1930), Scase (2002), - . - , . Schumpeter, 1, , . - , .

Drucker (1985) . - - . Drucker - . - , . -. (Drucker, 1985). Drucker , (1985) - . . , , - - , , McDonalds General Electric Corporation. Drucker, - , .

2


, , - . . , (Drucker, 1985). , Schumpeter 1949 . Drucker - . . . - . - . Drucker -, . , - . , , Drucker - -. , .

, . Drucker (1985) . , . . , :

i. . , -. . - . -

41

, . (Drucker, 1985, .53)

ii. . . . - . . - . . - . (Drucker, 1985, . 75).

iii. . , . . , , . , . 1909, .., AT&T 15 . . (Drucker, 1985, . 88-90)

iv. . - - . . . - , . -. (Drucker, 1985, . 96-97)

v. . , , , . - , . , ,


. , , , , - . (Drucker, 1985, . 110)

vi. , . . . (Drucker, 1985, . 122)

vii. , -. . , , - . . - , . : , , - . (Drucker, 1985, . 131)

Drucker . , - . . - . - - . Drucker (1985) : , - . / . , , . . - .

43

: - . Drucker (1985) ( ) . - , & ( ), - . , , , . , , . Drucker (1985), . - . / , - , Intel , Ferrari . , , . , , . , - , . Thomas Edison, .., -. , , Drucker, , , . Drucker , . , , , , , .


Michael Porter, - , . - 2 - - . (1990), Porter , . - . . Porter , - . , (1985), Porter .

. ; ; - ; ; ; ; (Porter, 1985, . xvi)

Porter (1990), - , - . Porter .

45

- . , , - . - . (Porter, 1990, . 579)

Porter, - , . - . - . Porter . - , -, . Porter (1990), - :

1. . , - , , - . , .

2. . - - .

3. . . , - -.

4. . - , , , , , , ... - .


5. . , , , - , , , ... - .

(Porter, 1990, . 45-47)

Porter (1990) . , & , , . Porter , , . , . , , - . - . Porter . .

. . - Kirton (1976) . ,

-... - . (West, 1990, . 17)

47

Kirton (1976) Torrance Horng (1980) Kirton - . - - . Farris (1973), Pelz Andrews (1976), -. Isen et al (1987) . , . - -. Peters Waterman (1982) . . . . Kanter (1983) - -. Lovelace (1986) Kanter , - - .

- . , , - , .


Kimberly Evanisko (1981) Schumpeter . - . . Zaltman et al. (1973) , , -, , . . - . . - . . Zaltman et al. - . - , . - (Rogers, 1995; Kimberly Evanisko, 1981). Aiken Alford (1970) - . Kimberly vanisko (1981) .

49

. Brooks-Rooney et al. (1987) Meyer (1982) . - . - , (Bower, 1965). Handy (1985) , - , , .

( ), Lundvall (1992) Nelson (1993). ( 21 ) . . - , , , - . .. . - Edquist (1997), - . .

3


- -. , , - . . . , , - . Karl Marx Max Weber .

- , - Karl Marx Max Weber, . - . 19 , Karl Marx , -, , . - , , , . Marx - . Marx - , . - . Karl Marx,

53

- , - , Hegel - . , , , , . -, , . , . , . , - . - . . - . , , , , , -, - ... , - . , , , . - ... -. (Marx, 1971, . 20-22)


Howard King (1985), Marx , - . Marx ( , , , -) (Howard King, 1985, . 42), - .

Max Weber

, 20 , Max Weber , - - . Weber . Weber, , - , . - , , , , -. Weber : - . , , . - (1947),

Weber ... -, - ... - ... - . ,

55

... . - , , - ... . Weber, -, . (Henderson Parsons, 1965, . 31-32)

Marx Weber , - . - , - . , , , , - . , , , , , ... , , - , , .. , , , - . , .

, - , , - . - , , .


Bengt-ke Lundvall

Lundvall (1992) Boulding (1985) . Lundvall . . , , , (Lundvall, 1992). ,

, , - , ... ... - . (Lundvall, 1995, . 2)

- ( ) ,

- - &, . -... - , - , - ... , - ... , , - . (Lundvall, 1995, .12-13)

57

, (business clusters), , , , . , , - - .

Nelson Richard Rosenberg Nathan

Nelson Rosenberg Nelson (1993) - : - . Nelson 15 , - . Nelson Rosenberg - , . , , Nelson Rosenberg - . , , (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 4). Nelson Rosenberg . ,

... - . , , , - . , - . - . , - - , . (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 4-5)


, . Nelson Rosenberg . ,

, . , , - , .. . , , , . , - , , - . - . , , (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 5)

Charles Edquist

Edquist (1997), - , . Edquist - - . . , , . , , , , , , .. . , , , , , . - , .

59

, , , , Edquist (1997) Nelson Rosenberg, , , , , . Edquist (1997) - . , , . - , , , - . , . Edquist (1997) - . Edquist , - Nelson Rosenberg - ,

- : , (.., ). , Silicon Valley -... , -, , ... - , , / ... , (., , , - )... , , - .(Edquist, 1997, p. 11)


, Edquist (1997), -, , . -. . - , Edquist - , . Lundvall (1995) Nelson Rosenberg (1993) , ,

, , , -, , , ... - , ... , . - -... ... ... - . , . ... (Edquist, 1997, . 14-15)

( - ) . - . - .

61

- , . - . Lundvall (1995), - . . - , , (Johnson, 1995). , Johnson - . Lundvall, -, ,

, (Arrows, 1962), , (Rosenberg, 1982), -, - (Lundvall, 1988) (Lundvall, 1995, . 9)

Edquist (1997) . , , - &, , .

- (, ) -


( 2000, . 45). - , - . - . - . - (-, 2004). . (2000, . 97),

, - , , / .

- - - . . (2000, . 45-46) - .

. - - . - , , , .

. - , , , .

63

. - , - . .

. - - .

. - - .

. - .

, , . -, , . , - , - .

. - - .

, - - , , - . , , , . Edquist (1997), - & . & - &. ,


, () &, .. --, --, , ...... , - , , - , .

Edquist (1997), , - , , , , . ,

. , . - . (Edquist, 1997, . 18)

, , - . Nelson (1993) : , -, , , - 15 . . - , , . Nelson - . Edquist Lundvall (1993) - ,

- .

65

, - , . (Edquist Lundvall, 1993, . 265)

Edquist (1997) - . - , . Edquist -, , - - , - .

Nelson (1993), . Edquist (1997) Porter (1990) , . -, ( ) , , , . - -. Lundvall (1995),

. , , : , - , , , &... ... - , &, - - . (Lundvall, 1995, .13-14)


Edquist (1997), , , . ,

& . - -. - . (Edquist, 1997, . 21)

Edquist (1997) , , . Schumpeter - , Edquist . , . , , , , . , , - . , , , benchmarking.

- -

. , , - , . , , Edquist (1997), , , , , , , , , ..

67

, . , , , - , , - , .... - - , , , . - - , - , ..,

( ). (Edquist, 1997, . 21)

, Edquist (1997), - . - , .

,

- , -. . Nelson Rosenberg (1993) - :

... -. (Nelson Rosenberg, 1993, . 10)


Lundvall (1995),

, , - , . (Lundvall, 1995, . 10)

, Edquist (1997), . - - , , , - . ,

- - . , - - . , , . - . (Edquist, 1997, . 24)

- -. 1997 Edquist Johnson, - . - , , . Edquist Johnson , , -

69

, - ,

, : , , , . - , . (Edquist Johnson, 1997, . 46)

- .

Lundvall (1995, . 10), ( , , ) - .

Nelson Rosenberg (1993, . 1) -, - .

Carlsson Jacobsson (1997, . 268), - , .

Edquist (1997) , , , . - , , - ,

, , , , - . (Edquist, 1997, . 26)

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48% -/ ( , Ph.D.*)

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... , - - . - ... , , , ...

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Peter Drucker (1985), , . , , . , , . . -, - . 15 - - .. .. . , , - . . Castro (2000), - . :

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.

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1 50-60% , , 25-45% - . - - / , 30% 50% .

77

5 , 1999 and 2001,

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, 2, .. - 26% 37% 48% 62% . , , , Information and Communication Technologies, , , - , World Wide Web, , e-commerce, -.


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