, , , , , , . .
, .
Winston Churchil 1
, . . , . , .
, (, 2005).
. 40% . 2001 4 . ( . 2007). : 10% ,
20% ,
70% .
, :
1. (: . 2007, : 2006) 2. . (: . 2007, : 2006)
, :
51% ,
18% ,
13% ,
11% ,
7% .
:
61%
13% ,
10% , 5% 2% 6% , ' , . (CO2) , . , , CO2, , , . 70. , .
, , , , , , .
, , , , (, .. 2001, . 17, 337, 359).
- 1998 , 141 2012.
2008 . 20-20-20 2020 20%, 20% ( ) 20%, 2020. (2009/28/, 2009/29/, 2009/30/) (.. 406/2009/).
. , . :
20% 2020
20% 2020
20% 2020 10% 2020 , , , , , .
Olgay 60 ( .., 2001, .23), , . () . , , . (..21475/4707/98). , , . , . . , , , , , .
, . , (), , , , . , , , . , , , , , :
: , ,
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: , ( . 2007, .32).
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: , , , .
: , .
, (passive systems) , , (, , , , ). , :
, ,
, , .
, , . : Trombe: , 10cm, , , .
3: Trombe (: http://www.anelixi.org)
, Trombe, (.11), , . Trombe, .
4: (: http://www.anelixi.org/)
. , . . , , , , , . , (.5)
5: (: http://www.anelixi.org/index.php?cid=)
Roof Pond ( ). , , 15 30cm, , , () . Roof Pond : . , , (.6). . , , , , .
SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT
6: ( ., ., 2001,.112)
. , , , , .
7: (:http://www.cres.gr/energy_saving/Ktiria/pathitika_iliaka_systimata_emmeso_kerdos.htm
, . , . , , . , , , (.7).
. , , . :
, , , , , .
, . , . . , , . e 30% ( , 1994, .74). , .
:
: , . 12C 15C 24 20C . , , , , , .
: , . : , , . , . : , . , , , .
: . , , . : , . , . . , . . . . , ( Skytherm), . , . .
, . , , . 2 . , , . , , ( , 17, . 314). , , . , , , , , ( ., 2007).
, , (, 1983,,1986), (http://www.pedia.gr/edu/hist.html), , , , . , :
8: (http://kapodistriaka.blogspot.com/)
1830, Eduart Schaubert . , , .
, , , 3 . 1926 1982 . (http://aegina.4mg.com /historyg.html).
9: (http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/)
(1861-1876), , , , . . . , , , , . . , . , .
, . , , .
10: (www.culture2000.tee.gr/)
, K, , , 1836, , , .
, , , .
. , . , , (www.culture2000.tee.gr/). , .
, . . 1900 N. . K .
A . K, Europa Nostra.
11: (www.epirus-ellas.blogspot.com, www.zosimades.gr)
12: (www.blog.saisp.gr/?cat=11)
, , . 150 . 1828 , , .
1847 1854 . 13: . 1859 (http://gym-peir-athin.att.sch.gr/profil.htm) (http://www.varvakio.gr/photogallery.asp)
1859, 1955. , . , , . , , , .
, M. B, 14: , M. B, , 1932-33
(http://www.culture2000.tee.gr)
, , K , 30 .
, . . 2-3 . H , . . Le Corbusier 1933 Compliments de Le Corbusier (http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/).
K 15: , , 1931, (http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/).
K, 30, 30.
, . ( ) , , , . , . , , (http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/).
16: , , 1931-1932 (http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/).
17: (http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/).
30. , . , , .
, , , , , . , .
, . , (http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/).
:
() , , .
() , .
, ... , 1960 . . , .
1960 (...) , . , . () . , ( 1981 ) , . (, 2008, . 71).
1970 , .
70 . 1978 1978 ( ., 2007, .17, : , 1978): 6 30 . , , . , , (. 18).
18: , ( ., 2007, .18, : , 1978):
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
19: 12/ 1978 ( ., 2007, .19, : , 1978):
1983, , , , .
1990 , ( , , ..), .
1981 . ( ) 30% . , , , (, 2008, .71).
, (, , ) , . , , . ( ., 2006, .9).
( ., 2001, .307, 308), . , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, . , , , -. , , , , .
. , , , 15-20%.
, , , , , , , , , , , , .
, , , , .
, , , , , , , .
, 24 , , , . , , '50 '60, . (.20).
20: Pimlico (): ( ., 2001, .312)
:
, ,
( ., 2001, .312).
, , .
& SAVE (1993-95), (, 1996).
, . :
' , , , .
, , .
, , .
.
:
, , .
, , .
, .
, .
, .
.
, .
, , . (, 1995).
15.000 , . , , , , , 3% , 4.500 1959. , , .
, , , .
1995, 270.000 MWh Diesel 16.300 78.000 MWh. CO2 ( ) SO2 ( ) 15.000 1.000 (, 1995). , , ( ., 2007).
() & () () , , , :
21: (: A.G. Gaglia, C.A. Balaras, S. Mirasgedis, E. Georgopoulou, Y. Sarafidis, D.P. Lalas, Empirical Assessment of the Hellenic Non-Residential Building Stock, Energy Consumption, Emissions and Potential Energy Savings, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, No 4, p. 1160-1175 , 2007).
22: (: A.G. Gaglia, C.A. Balaras, S. Mirasgedis, E. Georgopoulou, Y. Sarafidis, D.P. Lalas, Empirical Assessment of the Hellenic Non-Residential Building Stock, Energy Consumption, Emissions and Potential Energy Savings, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, No 4, p. 1160-1175 , 2007).
, , , , , , , , .
(New Solutions in Energy Utilisation, 2000): : 137-189 KWh/m2/ 20-27 KWh/m2/ : Dickleburgh: 180 KWh/m2/, / / Gateshead: 177 KWh/m2/,
: : / / Agueda: 64 KWh/m2/, Mertola: 61 KWh/m2/, / / Crato: 67 KWh/m2/,
: : Skive: 170-175 KWh/m2/,
: : / / Karlskrona: 210 KWh/m2/ ( .,2007, .29)
3.
(Weenen H.V., 2000):
,
(...),
, , (zero energy school), (www.energysmartschools.gov). : . . . , .. , - .
, . , , . . , , .
, , (, 2008, .70).
...... (.. 81839.1/ '/1150/25.8.2006 , :
: 500. , 1000 1500. .
: , . : 500. , , , , , , , , , , , . : : 1.2002 1.4002 .
1.8502 3.8002 .
3.4002 4.8002 .
5.000 70002 . .
: , , , .
, (www.chps.net): ,
,
100ft,
, ,
, 50% (www.chps.net) :
: 1 ,
: 2 , : 4 ,
.
, , , , .
.
. , . . , .
. , , . . C. Grindley, , .
, :
20 C ( 362/4.7/79)
:
: -
. . ( ., 1995)
1: ( ., ., 2005)
, , , () ().
(, 2002), , 20oC, , 18oC, 16oC . , (,1995, . 17). 16% 60%, (Van Straaten ., 1965).
F. Langdon Loudon (1970,.265-275) 80 . , ( ., 2008, .11).
, , , , , .
, : ,
,
. , .
, , , . 3000 . CO .
Essex . , CO2 0,25%, . , , (,1995 44).
0,8V/h, V . , ASHRAE . , 4 6 ( ., 2008, .28, : , 1995, .49).
:
,
CO2,
( , ),
, (, , , ).
, , , , (BRECSUE-OPET, 1992). . , .
, , 300-325 Lux.
DIN 5035 : , , , , , 200 Lux,
, , , , . 250-500 Lux,
60 Lux,
30 Lux,
120 -300 Lux.
, , , , 150 Lux , 300 Lux. , , IES ( Illuminating Engineering Society), 50% ( ., 2001, .194).
, (, 1995, .194). , , .
(, 1982) : 300-325 Lux
20%
7.0
< 9.0
2 :
-
. (Great Britain, Department of Education 1994, . 6).
, , (Great Britain, Department of Education 1994, . 11). ( ., 2001, .100). , .
, . , ( ., 1995, . 64).
, . ( ., .., 2001, . 135, 150).
, (, 2008):
, , , ,
1950 1980 . . . , ( ). , . , (5 / ).
.
.
, , , . School Building Porte d' Espagne
: Perpignan (F)
: Philippe Pous & Jaume Freixa
: 1996
23: http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm
, , , , . , .
, .
, , , .
, , . , , , , , , . . .
, , , .
.
, , .
, , . :
, , , , .
.
.
.
, . , .
.
. .
24: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm) 25, 26: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
27: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
28: . (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
29, 30: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
31: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm) Forest Guard
: Lyss BE, (CH)
: Itten & Brechbehl
: 1997
32: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm) Forest Guard Ranger Lyss, , Grentschel. , .
Forest Ranger , , . , , .
33: (http://www.unige.ch/ cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm) -
:
( ) , , , -.
, , . , . :: ,
: , , .
: , , , , .
34: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm) 35: (http://www.unige.ch/ cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm) , , 5,60, .
-
, . , .
, , , ( ), . , . , , , , , . , .
, DIANE 2000, . , . , .
, , , .
, , , , 12x12, , . , .
, ().
: , , , .
: .
, . , . .
, , . , , .
, , . 2-3 m2, 9-11 . , .
, , , . , . , . , .
, , .
, .
36: (http://www.unige.ch/ cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm) 37, 38, 39: (http://www.unige.ch/ cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm)
40, 41, 42: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm)
43, 44: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
45: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
46: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
47, 48: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
49: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
50, 51: . (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
52: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm)
Albert Camus
: Frjus / /
: Sir Norman Foster & Partners
: 1992-1993
53: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm_one. htm)
:
43 . .
, 1000 , Frjus. , Albert Camus , , , , , , .-
, , , 240. , 14.5002. , .
, . , . , , . , , , .
54: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm
, .
, :
,
.
.
55: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
56: . (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
57, 58, 59: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
60: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/ frm_ one. htm)
61: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm_one. htm)
Jacquart
: Caudry (F) : AUAI L. Kroll
: 2000
62: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea /frm_one. htm)
Jacquart, Caudry , . , . , .
Caudry , HQE ( ).
63: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea /frm_one. htm)
, , , .
. , , . . , Linoleum () . , .
:
.
.
.
.
, .
.
, , .
.
. , . , 200 . .
, (VOC) . PVC. .
, , , . .
89% . ( : 3,5 ). , , . ( ), , . , .
64: (http://www.unige.ch/ cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
65:
(http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
20 . . , . , , . , 25% .
66: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
, 1202 2% , 40% . , , 9,4 kWh/m2, 12 - 20 kWh/m2.
. 44,8 kWh/m2, (, ).
100%. 67, 68: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm) 69, 70: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
71, 72, 73: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
74: . (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
75: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm) Queens building School of Engineering and Manufacture of De Montfort University:
: Leicester (UK)
: Short Ford & Associates Architects
: 1993
76, 77: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
: 52 . .
Leicester () campus . , . , .
:
, , , , ( ), 150 , , U , . .
78: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe /idea/frm _one.htm)
.
.
, , , , . , .
ESP , , - . , :
, , , 100 W/m , 110dBA . , 1000 lx .
, ( 85 W/m), ( 300 lx), .
, , , , , Green Building of the Year 1995.
, , . , . , , . , , , , , . , . , , , .
79: . (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea/frm _one.htm)
. . , . , , .
80: , U (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm)
81: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea/frm_one.htm)
82, 83: (http://www.unige.ch /cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
84: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
85, 86: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
87, 88: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
89: (http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/idea /frm_one.htm)
Aspen
: Colorado,
: Studio B Architects and Denver-based Hutton Ford Architects
90: , (http://archrecord.construction.com)
, , . ( ) L, , , .
, . Maroon Bells, .
, . L , Buttermilk Mountain, .
, , .
, 25 , . .
. , . , , .
Aspen .
. , , , , , .
(, ), , , , , .
, , , linoleum .
, , . , , , .
, , , , .
50% .
91: : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) , 7) , 8) (http://archrecord.construction.com/)
92: (http://archrecord.construction.com/)
93: , (http://archrecord.construction.com)
94: (http://archrecord.construction.com/) Jeremiah E. Burke
: , ,
: Schwartz & Silver
95: .
(http://archrecord.construction.com/)
Jeremiah E. BURKE , 1934 , , .
, , .
, , , , , , .
, , . . , .
, .
, , , .
, , , , .
.
, , , .
96, 97: ( ) (http://archrecord.construction.com/)
98:
(http://archrecord.construction.com/)
Montessori
: Washington, DC,
: Hickok Cole
99: (http://archrecord.construction.com)
, 2009 20 , , .
, , .
, .
, .
, , . , , .
, . , . , , , . , .
100, 101: (http://archrecord.construction.com)
102, 103: ( ) (http://archrecord.construction.com)
PS 59 - Beekman Hill International School, : New York City,
: Ehrenkrantz Eckstut & Kuhn (EE & K), James Greenberg,
1917, , , .
, .
, . , , , .
- , PS 59 , , , . , , .
104: . , (http://archrecord.construction.com)
PS 59 , SCA. , , . , 42% , , PS 59 . , .
, , , .
105: , (http://archrecord.construction.com)
106: (http://archrecord. construction.com)
107: (http://archrecord. construction.com)
Phoenix Union Bioscience High School
: Arizona,
: Orcutt & Winslow
108: (http://archrecord.construction.com)
, 400 . 52.000f2 , , 15 , , . , , McKinley School, , 1919 , , , , . , .
, , .
, , .
, LEED, , , . , , .
109: . -,
(http://archrecord.construction.com)
110: (http://archrecord.construction.com)
111: : 1) , 2) (http://archrecord.construction.com)
3.2.3
- 1969-1970, , , , , . ( ., 2008, .54).
1974 1 1 , 36 , , , , . 50.0002 11402 (http://www.skyscrapercity.com showthread.php?t=481589).
112: (www.cres.gr/greenbuilding/Workshop)
. , , .
, , .
113:
(http://www.culture2000.tee.gr/). 114: . ( . 2008, .55, : http://www.osk.gr) , , , , (/) , .
, . , . , , . . , .
. . , , , .
, .
, . , , (http://sites.google.com/site/ scholikiauli /to-scholiko-ktirio).
(: ., : 1987)
115: (www.crete-region.gr/greek/energy/feedu/reac7.html)
1.4302, , - , , . , , . sheds (, 2002, .27).
, . .
, , . 33,8% 36% , , 5,6% 32% .
:
.
, , ( ).
, , .
, . , , .
116: (, 2002, .27).
117: 21 (, 2002, .27).
: ,
( ., 2001, . 318).
. . . PVC. , .
. , . ( , 2008, .47, : , 1994, . 29,30).
118, 119: ( , 2008, .48, : , 1992)
120: ( , 2008, .47, : , 1992)
121: ( , 2008, .48, : , 1992)
Trombe , , .
122: , 1. ( ) 2. Trombe (: , , , ). , 8992, . 1989, , Trombe.
123: (, 2002, .14).
124: (, 2002, .14).
, 71,6% 30%.
:
.
, , .
Trombe , , , . .
, .
, , . Trombe, , (7%)(, 2002, .15). 1,5C , 3C.
, 83% ( 2002, . 16). , .
, 1987 1993. . 9002 , 4.100 2.
125: (http://ecodomisi.gr)
, () PVC , (http://ecodomisi.gr).
: ,
. 30.0002, 1985 2002 .
126: (http://helios.teiath.gr /patheogk/anadromh.htm)
. , , , , . -.
:
: , ,
: , , , , .
: , , . .
Thermie , (http://ecodomisi.gr).
6 , . 2004 , :
,
,
.
, . , , .
127: 6
(www.kathimerini.gr/.../03/2008_128726)
.
, , .
, , .
, . , , .
, , .
128,129,130: , (www.kathimerini.gr/.../03/2008_128726)
, :
.
.
.
, .
.
.
, 70% . (k=2.8W/m2K), (k = 3.87 W/m2K) .
() .
, , .
CO2 , 1.001 ppm, .
. , ..., 9.000 (http://archive.enet.gr /online/online_text). 4.
, . , .
, . . , 80% .
, , , , . , , , . , ( , 10, 2008).
-
1. ., , ..., , 19952. ., - , , , 20013. . . : , , , , 2007 4. . , ()- & () (), , , http://library.tee.gr/digital/m2362 /m2362_gaglia
5. Gaglia A.G., Balaras C.A., Mirasgedis S., Georgopoulou E., Sarafidis Y., Lalas D.P., Empirical Assessment of the Hellenic Non-Residential Building Stock, Energy Consumption, Emissions and Potential Energy Savings, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, No 4, p. 1160-1175 , 2007 6. Balaras C.A., Gaglia A.G., Georgopoulou E., Mirasgedis S., Sarafidis Y., Lalas D. P., European Residential Buildings and Empirical Assessment of theHellenic Building Stock, Energy Consumption, Emissions & Potential Energy Savings, Building and Environment, Vol. 42, No 3, p. 1298-1314, 2007.7. ., , , 2001.
8. ., ., , -, 2005, vergina.eng.auth.gr/IHT/Proc8th/068.doc9. ., ., , , , 2001.
10. , , , 1994.
11. , : , , 1992, , ,1995.
12. , : , 2002, http://www.cres.gr/kape/education/bioclimatic_brochure.pdf13. ., , , 2007.
14. , / , / , , , 2008
15. ., ,17 , (), , 200516. ., : , 2007, http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/tepaes/didaskontes/stamatis17. ., : , , , , 200818. ., 80 . , , , 2006.
19. www.cres.gr/energy_saving/Ktiria/pathitika_iliaka_systimata_emmeso_kerdos.htm20. www.pedia.gr/edu/hist.html21. kapodistriaka.blogspot.com/22. aegina.4mg.com /historyg.html23. www.culture2000.tee.gr/24. www.epirus-ellas.blogspot.com25. www.zosimades.gr26. www.blog.saisp.gr/?cat=1127. www.varvakio.gr/photogallery.asp28. www.anelixi.org/index.php?cid29. www.chps.net30. www.unige.ch/cuepe /idea/frm_one.htm31. archrecord.construction.com32. www.skyscrapercity.com33. www.cres.gr/greenbuilding/Workshop34. http://sites.google.com/site/ scholikiauli /to-scholiko-ktirio35. www.crete-region.gr/greek/energy/feedu/reac7.html36. http://ecodomisi.gr37. http://helios.teiath.gr /patheogk/anadromh.htm38. www.kathimerini.gr/.../03/2008_12872639. http://archive.enet.gr /online/online_text
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