Zara (retailer)

Zara (Spanish: [ˈθaɾa]) is a Spanish clothing and ac-cessories retailer based in Arteixo, Galicia, and foundedin 1975 by Amancio Ortega and Rosalía Mera. It isthe flagship chain store of the Inditex group, the world’slargest apparel retailer. The fashion group also ownsbrands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Uterqüe,Stradivarius, Oysho and Bershka.It is claimed that Zara needs just two weeks to developa new product and get it to stores, compared to the six-month industry average, and launches around 10,000 newdesigns each year. Zara has resisted the industry-widetrend towards transferring fast fashion production to low-cost countries. Perhaps its most unusual strategy was itspolicy of zero advertising; the company preferred to in-vest a percentage of revenues in opening new stores in-stead. This has increased the idea of Zara as a “fashionimitator” company and low cost products. Lack of adver-tisement is also in contrast to direct competitors such asUniqlo and United Colors of Benetton.Zara was described by Louis Vuitton Fashion DirectorDaniel Piette as “possibly the most innovative and devas-tating retailer in the world.” Zara has also been describedas a “Spanish success story” by CNN.[2]

1 Origins and history

Amancio Ortega opened the first Zara store in 1975 in acentral street in downtown La Coruña, Galicia, Spain.[3]Ortega named his store Zorba after watching the classicfilm Zorba the Greek, but apparently there was a bar thatwas called the same, Zorba, two blocks away, and theowner of the bar came and said, “this is going to confusethings to have two Zorbas.” They had already made themolds for the letters in the sign, so they just rearrangedthem to see what they could find, and they found Zara,which leaves fans wondering where the additionalA camefrom, but there is speculation that they had more thanone set of letters.[4] The first store featured low-pricedlookalike products of popular, higher-end clothing fash-ions. The store proved to be a success, and Ortega be-gan opening more Zara stores throughout Spain. Duringthe 1980s, Ortega started changing the design, manufac-turing, and distribution process to reduce lead times andreact to new trends in a quicker way, in what he called“instant fashions”. The company based its improvementsin the use of information technologies and using groupsof designers instead of individuals.[5]

In 1980, the company started its international expansionthrough Porto, Portugal. In 1989 it entered the UnitedStates, and in 1990, France.This international expansion was increased in the 1990s,with Mexico (1992), Greece (1994), Belgium and Swe-den (1994), etc. until reaching its current presence in over88 countries.Zara stores are company-owned, except where local legis-lation forbids foreigner-owned businesses; In those cases,Zara franchises the stores.

Zara in Dundee, UK

Zara’s previous logo

2 Products

As of 2007, Zara stores have men’s clothing and women’sclothing, each of these subdivided in Lower Garment,Upper Garment, Shoes, Cosmetics and Complements, aswell as children’s clothing (Zara Kids). Currently theirsizing on women’s clothing goes to a US size 12 or a UKsize 14 .[6]

1

2 3 MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION

The men’s department of a typical Zara store. Almere, TheNetherlands

Zara clothing made in Portugal

3 Manufacturing and distribution

Zara is a vertically integrated retailer. Unlike similar ap-parel retailers, Zara controls most of the steps on thesupply-chain, designing, manufacturing, and distributingits products.[2] Zara set up its own factory in La Coruña(a city known for its textile industry) in 1980, and up-graded to reverse milk-run-type production and distribu-tion facilities in 1990. This approach, designed by ToyotaMotor Corp., was called the just-in-time (JIT) system. Itenabled the company to establish a business model thatallows self-containment throughout the stages of materi-als, manufacture, product completion and distribution tostores worldwide within just a few days.[7]

Regarding the design strategy, an article in Businessworldmagazine[8] describes it as follows: “Zara was a fashionimitator. It focused its attention on understanding thefashion items that its customers wanted and then deliv-ering them, rather than on promoting predicted season’strends via fashion shows and similar channels of influ-ence, which the fashion industry traditionally used.50% of the products Zara sells aremanufactured in Spain,26% in the rest of Europe, and 24% in Asian and Africancountries and the rest of the world.[9] So while some com-petitors outsource all production to Asia, Zara makes its

Zara in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

most fashionable items—half of all its merchandise—ata dozen company-owned factories in Spain and Portugal,particularly in Galicia and northern Portugal where labouris somewhat cheaper than in most of Western Europe.Clothes with a longer shelf life, such as basic T-shirts,are outsourced to low-cost suppliers, mainly in Asia andTurkey.[10]

Zara can offer considerably more products than similarcompanies. It produces about 11,000 distinct items an-nually compared with 2,000 to 4,000 items for its keycompetitors. The company can design a new product andhave finished goods in its stores in four to five weeks;it can modify existing items in as little as two weeks.Shortening the product life cycle means greater successin meeting consumer preferences.[11] If a design doesn'tsell well within a week, it is withdrawn from shops, fur-ther orders are canceled and a new design is pursued.Zara relies on sophisticated information technology, suchas PDAs with wireless transmission capabilities, in thehands of store managers, to monitor customers’ ficklefashion changes.[12] Zara has a range of basic designs thatare carried over from year to year, but some fashion for-ward designs can stay on the shelves less than four weeks,which encourages Zara fans to make repeat visits. An av-erage high-street store in Spain expects customers to visitthree times a year. That goes up to 17 times for Zara.[13]

On September 6, 2010, Financial Times reported thatInditex launched the first online boutique for its best-selling brand Zara. The website will begin in Spain,the UK, Portugal, Italy, Germany and France—six coun-tries that are among the most important of the company’s76 markets. When asked about the company’s late ar-rival to internet retailing, Pablo Isla, chief executive, saidthey have been waiting for online demand to build be-fore launching into cyberspace. All items on sale at itsZara outlets would be available online and at the sameprices. Customers can choose from the usual range ofpaying methods and opt either for a free store pick-up orpaid-for postal delivery. The online return and exchangepolicy is identical to the store system, with shoppers given

3.2 Human rights concerns 3

30 days to change their minds. Queries will be handled bycustomer service operators or via e-mail or chat messag-ing. Inditex said that iPhone and iPad applications thatallowed purchasing would soon be available.[14]

On November 4, 2010, Zara Online extended the ser-vice to five more countries: Austria, Ireland, the Nether-lands, Belgium and Luxembourg.[15] Online stores willbegin operating in the United States and South Korea in2011.[16] The simple website allows shoppers to filter asearch for garments by; type of garment, colours, sizes,prices, reference number, etc. Customers can view prod-ucts in precise detail from different angles and use a Su-perZoom feature to get an exceptional close-up look atthe details of each item.[15]

In 2011, Zara entered the Australian market with a threestory, 1400sqm store in the Westfield Sydney complexopened on April 21, 2011 and a second three story1800sqm store at Bourke Street Mall Melbourne whichopened on 15 June 2011.[17][18][19] Zara will open its thirdAustralian store in November 2011 at Burnside VillageShopping Centre in Adelaide, South Australia. It will beAustralia’s largest at 2,300sqm, and modelled on the de-sign of their Fifth Avenue, New York store.[20]

In November 2011, Zara entered the South African mar-ket with a flagship store in the upmarket suburb of Sand-ton, in Sandton City Shopping Complex, Johannesburg.In March 2012, Zara opened their second store in SouthAfrica, at Gateway Theatre of Shopping in Durban. Laterin 2012, a third store was opened in Cape Town at theVictoria & Alfred Waterfront mall.

3.1 Toxic-free production

In 2011, Greenpeace started a dialog with Zara toban harmful toxins from the clothing production.[21]In November 2012, Greenpeace published the “Toxicthreads: the big fashion stitch-up” report, in whichZara was identified as the worst polluter.[22] In 6 of the10 clothes that were examined, nonylphenol ethoxylateswere found, and in 2 cases cancer-inducing amines fromazo dyes were found.[23] After this publication, Zara waschosen as an example as biggest retailer in the worldto raise awareness. Multiple protests were held at Zarashops all over the world,[21] demanding Zara to comeup with an ambitious plan to detox its clothes and valuechain.[24]

After 9 days of intense public pressure, Zara decided toswitch to a fully toxic-free production.[21] The fashion re-tailer promised to stop discharging toxins for its clothingproduction,[25] which also affects 7 other brands in theInditex Group: Pull & Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka,Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home and Üterque. Some ofthe most damaging toxins will be refrained of earlier,for example PFC’s will be banned by 2015. Zara alsopromised to make information about its suppliers dis-charging of toxins publicly available for at least 100 sup-

pliers (at least 40 of which are located in China) by theend of 2013. With this commitment, Zara follows Nike,Adidas, Puma, H&M, Marks & Spencer, C&A and Li-Ning, who implemented a Detox-policy as well.[21]

3.2 Human rights concerns

On August 16, 2011, a Brazil television show called ALiga (of the Bandeirantes TV network) accused the com-pany of using suppliers who were running sweatshops fortheir outsourced production.[26] The following day, theRegional Superintendency of Labour and Employment ofSão Paulo, Brazil, closed a factory that produced Zara’sclothing for its poor labour conditions. Illegal Bolivianssewed clothes for 12–14 hours a day, earning about 1USD for each dress they sewed, although the retail pricein Brazilian stores was about 70 USD for the same dress.Many of the workers were forced into paying their wagesto human traffickers who had smuggled them into thecountry.[27][28] In a statement, Zara’s representatives saidthat the accusations of slave labour made against the re-tailer represent a “serious breach in accordance with theCode of Conduct for External Manufacturers and Work-shops of Inditex.” They also countered that all factoriesresponsible for unauthorized outsourcing have been askedto regularize immediately the situation of the workers in-volved. “The Inditex group, along with Brazil’s Ministryof Work, will strengthen the supervision of the produc-tion system of all its suppliers in the country to ensurethat such cases do not occur again.”[29]

OnMarch 21, 2012, the Swedish investigative journalismtelevision program Uppdrag Granskning (from SverigesTelevision) reported stories of 25 Zara employees, bothshop managers and staff, that testified about severe abuseand terror against Zara employees in Sweden and Europe.Zara’s representative responded that the company will in-vestigate and solve these problems. The union of shopworkers, Handels, responded that Zara had promised im-provement and was breaking its legal agreements andUnionen, which organises white-collar workers such asshopmanagers, called Zara’s management style “manage-ment by fear”.

4 Stores

There are over 2,000 Zara stores located across 88 coun-tries. Some Zara stores operate as Lefties stores insteadof Zara, a brand for low-cost fashion.The number of Zara stores in each country, as of July 31,2014:[30][31]

5 References[1] “Zara”. inditex.com.

4 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

[2] “Zara, a Spanish success story”. CNN. 15 June 2001.

[3] “Inditex timeline”. Inditex Group. 2007.

[4] “How Zara Grew Into the World’s Largest Fashion Re-tailer”. The New York Times. November 9, 2012. p. 2.

[5] Inditex eNotes overview

[6] Zara website

[7] Kojima, Kensuke (2011). Uniqlo Syndrome. Japan:Tenkai. ASIN B004PYDPOK. ISBN 4-492-76191-8.

[8] “Zara: Spanish season”. Businessworld India.

[9] Zara Fashion JTATM – North Carolina State University

[10] Fashion Conquistador Businessweek

[11] Executive Masters in International Logistics at GeorgiaTech

[12] Friedman, Thomas (2006). The World is Flat. New York:Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-374-29279-9.

[13] Roux, Caroline (28 October 2002). “The reign of Spain”.The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

[14] “Zara launches online boutique”. fashionunited.com. 6September 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

[15] Zara.com launches in 5 more countries

[16] Inditex post record profits

[17] “Zara to open on Bourke Street, Melbourne”. L'OréalMelbourne Fashion Festival Blog. 12 November 2010.Retrieved 22 June 2014.

[18]

[19] Tadros, Edmund (7 August 2010). “Zara will open firststore at Westfield’s Pitt Street Mall centre in Sydney”.news.com.au.

[20] Vlach, Anna (20 July 2011). “Top fashion chain for Burn-side Village”. The Advertiser. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

[21] “Zara zwicht onder druk en bant toxische stoffen uit pro-ductie en kleding”. MVO Vlaanderen. 29 November2012. Retrieved 22 June 2014. (Dutch)

[22] “Ook Esprit gaat voor gifvrije kledingproductie”. nu.nl. 7December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2014. (Dutch)

[23] “Toxic threads: the big fashion stitch-up”. Green-peace.org. 20 November 2012. pp. 15, 24.

[24] “Greenpeace voert actie bij Zara tegen giftige kleding”.De Morgen. 24 November 2012. (Dutch)

[25] “People! Zara commits to go toxic-free”. Greenpeace.org.29 November 2012.

[26]

[27] http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/fornecedor-da-zara-é-acusado-trabalho-escravo-em-190133086.html

[28] Guerra, Carolina (17 August 2011). “Marca Zara estáenvolvida em denúncia de trabalho escravo”. VEJA. Re-trieved 22 June 2014. (Portuguese)

[29] Antunes, Anderson (17 August 2011). “Zara Accused OfAlleged 'Slave Labor' In Brazil”. Forbes.

[30] “Presencia internacional”. inditex.com. 30 April 2014.Retrieved 22 June 2014.

[31] “Localizador de tiendas”. Zara.com. Retrieved 22 June2014. (Spanish)

• Ferdows, K., M.A. Lewis, J.A.D. Machuca. 2004.“Rapid-fire fulfillment”. Harvard Business Review,82(11)

• Butler, Sarah (3 June 2012). “Zara’s ownerbucks the economic gloom to outgrow Spain’s retailbanks”. The Observer.

6 External links• Official website

5

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text• Zara (retailer) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_(retailer)?oldid=632771663 Contributors: Andre Engels, Raven in Orbit,

Choster, Haukurth, Joy, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Moncrief, Vikingstad, Pgan002, Alexf, Mike R, Beland, Tim Pritlove, Klemen Kocjancic,Discospinster, Cfailde, Wk muriithi, Bender235, JoeSmack, Aecis, Bill Thayer, Stevenyenzer, Sergio Macías, Stoical, Mcy jerry, Gerald-shields11, Daranz, Jeff3000, Hailey C. Shannon, Waldir, Stoni, Rjwilmsi, Felipealvarez, Crucible Guardian, FayssalF, Hottentot, RexNL,Leslie Mateus, Tedder, Ipggi, Raymond Cruise, DVdm, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Gene.arboit, Redspork02, Paradoja, Bachrach44, Grafen, Ash-winr, Malcolma, Danlaycock, Rayc, Patrickongew, Wknight94, Pil56, Deville, E Wing, Thiste, Tarunuee, Mais oui!, Veinor, SmackBot,Malkinann, Elk Salmon, IstvanWolf, Gilliam, Djaiello, Persian Poet Gal, TheFeds, Colonies Chris, Sashafcb, Jameswilson, Malcolm-river, Vidung, Escottf, Drmaik, Will Beback, EuroJohn, SashatoBot, Celefin, Chodorkovskiy, Johnandbob, Andrwsc, Hu12, Iridescent,Impy4ever, IvanDíaz, Dycedarg, Kevin McE, Lokal Profil, SKS2K6, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, DumbBOT, Dferrantino, Arcayne, Thijs!bot,Dasani, Tomek077, Dawkeye, Dawnseeker2000, Seaphoto, MER-C, Faith76, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Mouchoir le Souris, Cmontero,28421u2232nfenfcenc, DerHexer, Jerem43, Klodo6975, Keith D, Starsare69, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, EdBever, Jkneon, Mike.lifeguard,Raveonpraghga, Crocodile Punter, Prbburela, Miguelcomin, STBotD, RVJ, Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, Macedonian, Philip Trueman, TXiK-iBoT, Allen5924, Siemens2, LeaveSleaves, Francisco8104, Kate786, Wing1990hk, SPQRobin, SieBot, Calliopejen1, Srushe, Vantey,Nua eire, Seth Whales, Folkmann, OboeCrack, Mtaylor848, Mr. Stradivarius, Asocall, Pinkadelica, Schalkcity, ClueBot, LAX, Fenix2007, Ryansienna, Gentee86, Markadams1000, Auntof6, Brewcrewer, Alexbot, Nylad, Knightman1970, Soxfan02906, Basketball110,Darren23, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Roxy the dog, Crystalclearchanges, SilvonenBot, Alexius08, Addbot, Imperatore, Rurururu, Maza go-liath, LaaknorBot, Myheartinchile, Zorrobot, DeceptionGenesis, Leovizza, Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, UltraMagnus, AnomieBOT, TurkishFlame, OZTENNIS, Yachtsman1, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, YuriThimo, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Peterdx, Anen87, Zarzu, GrouchoBot, Dou-los Christos, FrescoBot, Michaelcg, Sohchouhan, HamburgerRadio, Carligam, EmbleONE, Bbbici, CHawc, Az88, Eduarda7, Full-dateunlinking bot, Ibrahimtahan, Ianprime0509, Dezzawong, D is for..., Clarkcj12, Wangthony, Angelito7, Nicolemarsh, LjkCa, RjwilmsiBot,Alph Bot, Ripchip Bot, Zikosta, Poker wiki, EmausBot, John of Reading, Chrisloader, Arturosocial, GoingBatty, SteveM123, CH2010,K6ka, Jrstaf, ZéroBot, Deannalitta, Ὁ οἶστρος, Tolly4bolly, Erianna, Boldm09, Coasterlover1994, Chintan100, Croacting77, ClueBotNG, Mechanical digger, Rich Smith, Jack Greenmaven, P5693852, Commonstoryteller, Paydayloans816, Rezabot, Tomekzagreb, Widr,Kingston28, Kaorin55, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain, BG19bot, Larra.dutti, Thecreation999, Moseley256, Mrbomber, SKIE 77, Dr.tolga,Mm10zua, Maurice Flesier, Myxomatosis57, Axudamos, Fanutat, Mymis, Learnthings122, SFK2, Keete 37, Epicgenius, Isa1980, Pow-erda, Rickywood, Alger31, Subzerop, Skybat, Lmmo1977, Poveglia and Anonymous: 643

7.2 Images• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domainContributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractéristiques duDrapeau Algérien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.

• File:Flag_of_Andorra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg License: Public domainContributors: Llibre de normes gràfiques per a la reproducció i aplicació dels signes d'Estat per als quals el Govern és autoritat competent(Aprovat pel Govern en la sessió del dia 5 de maig de 1999) Original artist: HansenBCN

• File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Based on: http://www.manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera_colores.htm Original artist: (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn)

• File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: ? Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Originalartist: SKopp and others

• File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.moci.gov.bh/en/KingdomofBahrain/BahrainFlag/ Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic

• File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domainContributors: The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp

6 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe

• File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.gif' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif' width='15' height='15'srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif2x' data-file-width='202' data-file-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='Usertalk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)

• File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83

• File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden

• File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art

• File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion

• File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepPto match the image at [1].

• File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: ? Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domainContributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)

• File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:K21edgo

• File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domainContributors:

• Flags of the World – Hungary Original artist: SKopp• File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domainContributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others

• File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe

• File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domainContributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist:

• File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Origi-nal artist:

• File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

7.2 Images 7

• File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -xfi-

• File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Drawn by SKopp Original artist: Latvija

• File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domainContributors:Original artist: Traced based on the CIAWorld Factbook with some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi.

• File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuffKopp

• File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe

• File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

• File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domainContributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006

• File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte

• File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: Public domainContributors: adala.justice.gov.ma (Ar) Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn

• File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors:? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Panama.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick

• File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: ColumbanoBordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources)

• File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-

• File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan

• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:CC0 Contributors: the actual flag Original artist: Unknown

• File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com

• File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). TheNational Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade fromhttp://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various

8 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999

• File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National flag Original artist: Flag design byFrederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users

• File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines(Russian/English) ← This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various

• File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet

Credits:• File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraîneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM

• File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domainContributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of theTurkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)

• File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domainContributors: ДСТУ 4512:2006 - Державний прапор України. Загальні технічні умови

SVG: 2010

Original artist: України• File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domainContributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist:User:Reisio (original author)

• File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: official websites Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

• -xfi-'s file• -xfi-'s code• Zirland’s codes of colors

Original artist:(of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-.

• File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion

• File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_the_People’{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License:Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original artist:User:Achim1999

• File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-cense: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: ?Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Increase2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist: Sarang

7.3 Content license 9

• File:ZARA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/ZARA.svg License: Public domain Contributors:brandsoftheworld.com. Converted from eps to svg Original artist: Vector version: Anonymous contributor at brandsoftheworld.comOriginal: Zara

• File:Zara-salesdesk.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Zara-salesdesk.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Transfered from nl.Wikipedia; nl:Bestand:Zara-salesdesk.jpg Original artist: nl:User:EuroJohn / en:User:EuroJohn

• File:ZaraBlue.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/ZaraBlue.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:Own work Original artist: Rickywood

• File:Zara_Dundee.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Zara_Dundee.jpg License: CC0 Contributors:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/gl/thumb/3/3e/Zara_en_Dundee.JPG/800px-Zara_en_Dundee.JPG Original artist: Xabier Cid

• File:Zara_Logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Zara_Logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors:www.zara.com Original artist: Inditex S.A.

• File:Zara_clothing_made_in_Portugal.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Zara_clothing_made_in_Portugal.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-2.5-pt Contributors: Own work Original artist: Eduarda7

7.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0