;ydZ¬ú£ã Y£≤¿õ

Áè¬≥ã Õ≈ºö£õ

z

Õözd

‘æΩúZ flûfdÆï :ÆáZ

x£ôf¬õ ‘û¬ö £ù ÁçfÆÖ ¬ÜÆà fd

ydZg¨øäZ d¬∑±õ ÈøâÆÜ

1354 vzZ ^£å

1357 wzd ^£å

ÕçÆ¡ï

‰©πè xZ¬¿ì

3 1884 ,vzZ ^£å f£•πΩ≤≈à '1

4 1891 ,wf£¡å ^£å f£•πΩ≤≈à '2

Õözd z Áè¬≥ã Õ≈ºö£õ ,ydZ¬ú£ã Y£≤¿õ

14 ‡¿ùÆï Á™ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ £ù xZfzd ' vzZ ·≥ï '3

14 Պ† ' ܚZ

16 ÕûÆÖÆÖ '[

'4£ù ‘û¬úÆûg19

'5wÎìZ ÕçÆ¡ï 20

2

vzZ ^£å f£•πΩ≤≈à

1884

vf£ò d¬ã „ûZ /ÕçZ Õ≈èz flû w£`®úZ Á`¿∑õ fl`≈Ö ¨`õÚ ¨`ùZ¬`ã ’`≈à fd ‰`ò ˘¬`≥ï

‰ò Á®û£•ú £Ö m£§ÜfZ fd Zf (1)x£ôf¬õ £ù ÁçfÆÖ –û£•ú ÕéZd Æ∂ú fd ‰ò d¬Ö ‘`òf£`õ

Á•±≈ö£ûÆÜ£õ £ù ÁçfÆÖ fd ' £õ d¬ã ‚û¬ΩÖ ‚úZ¬•≈õ Á¿≈∑õ ¨ä £Ü z ' ‘`òf£`õ d¬`ã

fd /¨û£øú „ézf Zf £¡úÚ Õ≈øùZ w£øÜ ›ûÆë „û¨Ö z dfZd f£¡íZ ‚ûd¬Ö y¨≈çf £¡úÚ ‰Ö “ûf£`Ü

’`≈à v£`ç ·`¡å ‘`òf£`õ ‰`ò Zf “`ûf£`Ü Á`•±≈ö£`ûÆ`Ü£`õ Õ`éZdÆ`Ö ,£`ºûÆ`õÚ fd x£`ôf¬`õ ⁄`ñZz

ÕûÆÖÆÖ „≈Ö z ‰ò Áû£ù ‰±û£∫õ z ,dÆò ‹≤ò ¬ú gZ d¬ã k£ã ›ûÆµÖ ,d¬`Ö ydÆ`ò ‹`≤ò

‰`ò ¨`ûdÆ`ô Æ`®¿õ Á`®û£`•ú ‰`Ö ,Õ`éZdÆ`Ö „`≈øù Õ`©Ü ,Á`ç£`çZ ⁄`ë£`∫õ fd ,d¬`øú x¨`øÜ z

f¬µÖ ,v£ç £¡ö£ç @‰û£`õÆ`çA [£`•ò ‰`ò f¬`µú£`øù Õ`çfd z /d¬`Ö y¨`≈çf £`¡úÚ ‰`Ö ‘`òf£`õ

\¬ºç jZ yf£Ö fd ‰º¿ûZ ‚ù z ,d¬Ö x£˚Ú Áøçf x£`úZdd£`≥•ñZ dÆ`§•çd df¬`õ ‚`ù ,wzZ¨`õ

(2)@x£•ç£Ö ‰∑õ£âA [£•ò £Ö Ø≈ú x£•±æΩúZ fd @Á™ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õA w¬æì x£û¬Ω¿™ç ,¨`≤≈õ

‰ò ÆáZ ZÆÖ ÕçZ Æ∫©õ „ûØΩû£â £¡¿Ü „õ ÆáZ „`ûZ /¨`údÆ`ò f£`•ïf x£`±¿≈øù ‰`Ö x£`ôf¬`õ

ÆÖ zZ ‰ò Zf Á°£ù¨∫ú „`õ Z≠`¡∑õ /¨`ú£`çÆ`Ö w£`®úZ ‰`Ö „`õ ‰`•ïf Õ`çd gZ Õ`çzd ¨`≤ú fz¨`∫õ

¨é£Ö Ʊ≈õ ‰ò £â Æù z ,wfZd f£≈•ãZ fd ‰•é¬ú (3)x£ôf¬õ gZ d¬ã ·≥πõ £ù ÕéZdd£û

/dfzÚ ‚ùZ¬ã Zf £¡úÚ

z ¨≈ö¬Ü ,Á°£¡ú ·≈æ©Ü fd ,“ûf£Ü fd y¨¿¿ò „≈≈∑Ü ·õ£ì ,Á•±≈ö£ûÆÜ£õ ÕéZdÆÖ i£çZÆÖ

\£`≈ä ¨`≈ö¬`Ü ¨`û¨`®ÜIflû gZ /dfZd Z ‰ú£ôzd Õæ≥ã ,d¬ã ‰Ö¬¿Ö „ûZ ˘z /Õ`çZ ‰`æè£`ïÎ`Ö

fzÆ`ê £`¡úÚ ZÆ`Ö ‰`ò fZØ`ÖZ z y£`Ωù£`¿à ,t£`é¬`à ,tZf¬`ã ,j£`∑õ ·`°£`çz ¨`≈ö¬`Ü ¬`ç

d¬ã ¨≈ö¬Ü ÆΩûd ¬ç gZ ,¨`ú¬`≤≈õI‰ò ,Áì£ø•âZ £ùd£¡ú /oZ¬úZ Æ≈¶ºÜ ,Áú£±úZ \Zd¬â¬õ

‰æ≈ç¬Ö ¨¿¿º≈õ Áô¨úg £¡úÚ Õ©Ü „≈∑õ f¬≤ò flû z „≈∑õ Á™ûf£`Ü xZfzd fl`û £`¡ú£`±úZ

ÆΩûd ¬ç gZ z f£ò ·õ£ºÜ ‰æäÆõ ‰æ≈ç¬Ö ¬±ºû gZ :¨`ú¬`≤≈õ mzÆ`≤õ ¨`≈ö¬`Ü o¬`ú zd Æ`ù

Z≠ö z ,xÚ ¨≈ö¬Ü ‚®ä f¨ñ Æù z ,¨é£Ö Æ•øò f£`ò ·`õ£`ºÜ ‰`å Æ`ù /ydZ¬`ú£`ã ·`õ£`ºÜ ‰`æ≈ç¬`Ö

Õ©Ü Æܨ¿õzÆ≈ú \f¬≥Ö Áì£ø•âZ w£`∂ú ‚`ù ygZ¨`úZ x£`ø¡Ö ,¨`é£`Ö Æ`Üdz¨`©õ ,‰`∑õ£`â \zÆ`á

Õ`ã£`ç „`ûZ ·`ãZd fd ˘z /¨`çÆ`≈õ Æ`∂¿Ö Á`±¿â £`ù¨`ú¬`≈à ÿ`æ±ÜIÆ`Ö Á`¿•§õ ‰`ò ‰`∑õ£`â

,xÚ £`Ö yZÆ`øù z ,¨`Ö£`≈≈õ ·`õ£`ºÜ Æ`•≤≈Ö z Æ`•≤≈Ö f£`ò fzÚf£`Ö ,Õ`çZ Á`±¿â £`ù¨`ú¬`≈à

z ,xZÆ`Ωûd f£`ò zÆ`≈ú gZ yd£`π•çZ x£`ºõZ ,\zÆ`á qÎ`•ãZ ,‰`öd£`§õ z Á`è¬`≥ã Õ`≈ºö£`õ

r£§µúZ ZÆÖ £¡æ±ú Áë fd ‰ò ,¨û¨â Áì£ø•âZ Æ裿ì :ÁÜ£∫§ë £ù ◊ñ£¿Ü ‰û£à „ûZÆÖ£`¿Ö

zd xÚ ‘ú£®Ü w¨ì yÆãÍ£Ö ‰ºúÚ £Ü ,¨¿¿º≈õ jÎÜ ¨û¨â ÿûZÆé ‰Ö ‚û¨ñ Á`ì£`ø•âZ Õ`ã£`ç

fd ,ÕçZ Á±¿â £ù yzÆô ÆÖ Á¿•§õ ‰ò ‚û¨ñ ‰∑õ£â /d¬≤≈õ ·õ£ò [Î∫úZ flû ‰`Ö Æ`®¿õ

Á`ì£`ø•âZ \£`∫§ë £`Ö wd£`≥ÜI‰∑õ£â flû xÚ £®Ö ,d¬≤≈õ ÁéΕõ ,‰•ï£û ·õ£`ºÜ Ù¨`û¨`â

yzÆô ÆΩûd xÚ Á¿≈°£à £ù ydz¨©õ z Õ`çZ ·`º≤•õ Õ`özd fl`û fd ‰`ò d¬`≤≈õ Æ`ù£`í ¬`ú

w£`∂ú xÚ fd ‰`ò Õ`±ûZ ‰`∑õ£`â ,Õ`çZ (4)Á`¿≈õgÆ`ç £`ù yzÆ`ô ‰`ºæÖ yd¬`§ú Á`±¿â £`ù

Î`õ£`ò Á`ôdZ¬`ú£`ãJ

z ÁÜ£∫§ë £ù ◊ñ£¿Ü ‘à „ûZ gZ z ,ÕçZ Õ`≈ºö£`õ w£`∂ú ÿ`æ±Ü Õ`©Ü

x¬¿ò£Ü “ûf£Ü w£øÜ ¬•©õ ‰ò ÁÜ£∫§ë \Zgf£§õ[¬•ºõ‰úZdZgÚ xÚ fd ,¨ù¨≈õ ·≈º≤Ü Zf

3

/¨¿Ö£û Áõ ·õ£ºÜ

“ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ ‰û£à „ûZ y¨øì m¬µã ‰ò ÕçZ „ûZ fd x£`ôf¬`õ ufØ`Ö Á`Ω•±û£`é I[¬•ºõ

x£`•ç¬`à bÆ`ç Á`±¿â £`ù yzÆ`ô fd z ,Õ`çZ yd¬`øú ‚`≈çÆ`Ü ¬`ú gZ z ydÆ`ò ‹`≤ò Zf £`õ

“ûf£Ü „ûÆÜ z¨Ö £ù£ø∑õ ,„`ûÆ`Ü ·`©¿ûÍ x¬`¿ò£`Ü z ,„`ûÆ`Ü y¨`øì ¨`≈æò ˘£`øé £`ºûÆ`õÚ

/d¬é ‰≈¡Ü ygzƺû ‰ò d¬§ú ÆáZ zZ [£•ò Z≠¡∑õ /Õ`çZ ‰`•ï£`û Zf (5)Á`¿õfh z wzf ,x£`ú¬`û

„ûZ ‰Ö /Õï£û ÿæ±Ü £¡úÚ ÆÖ ·õ£ò f¬µÖ ‰ºúÚ £Ü dÆò f£ò xÚ Ãö£µõ £Ö v£ç 40 ÃûÆñ zZ

/Õç£õ Æ≥ì g£±úZfzd dz¨∑õ f£áÚ gZ Áºû zZ [£•ò ‰ò ÕçZ Õæì

gZ ‰ò ‰´úÚ ‰ò d¬Ö ¨ùZ¬ã fd£ñ Õö¬¡±Ö o¬ø®õ fd y¨¿úZ¬`ã ,¨`õÚ ¨`ùZ¬`ã ‰`ò ‰`´úÚ fd

’™Ö fd /¨ùd ÷≈™≤Ü ‚ù gZ Zf wZ ydzØïZ xZ¨Ö „õ d¬ã ‰ò ‰´úÚ z ,y¨é i£§•ñZ x£ôf¬õ

,wZ ydƺú dz¨©õ x£ôf¬õ tfZ¨õ ‰`Ö Zf d¬`ã „`õ ,wzf z x£`ú¬`û ‰`Ö m¬`ÖÆ`õ Á`™ûf£`Ü £`ù

‰`Ö m¬`ÖÆ`õ £`ù ’`™Ö /wZ ydzØ`ïZ £`¡úZ¨`Ö wZ ‰`•éZd d¬`ã f£`≈•ãZ fd ‰`ò Zf ‰`´úÚ ‰`ºæÖ

⁄Ö£¿õ Øâ x£ôf¬õ ,df¬õ „ûZ fd ;¨¿•±ù „õ ÆáZ y¨`øì f¬`µÖ £`ù „`õfh £`û z £`ù(6)Õ`æç

£`¿¶•çZ ‰`Ö ' £`ù „`õfh ÿ`ûZÆ`é df¬`õ fd z ,Õ`éZ¨`ú f£`≈•ãZ fd Æ`Ωûd Ø`≈å wzd Õ`çd

fZÆñ jf£≈•ãZ fd (8)„øûÆï £ñÚ ‰`ú£`ÖZ≠`ò ˘ZÆ`§≈ö £`ù ‹`ûÆ`©Ü ıïÆ`è ' (7)i¬`Ü Á`ç£`Ü

Á`ï£`ò Õ`éZd Æ`∂ú fd x£`ôf¬`õ ‰`ò Á`ï¨`ù ZÆ`Ö ‰`ò d£`≥•ñZ £`ù Œ`©Ö zf „`õ /Õ`éZd

¨û£Ö yÆãÍ£`Ö z /wZ ydÆ`ò f£`ò ¬`ú gZ ,¨`¿•±ù Á`ï£`ò£`ú ˙`ºÖ „`õ f¬`∂¿õ ZÆ`Ö ˘z ,¨`úd¬`Ö

w£`øÜ Õ`≈ö¬`…±õ ,Õ`çZ y¨`≤ú v¬`ñ ·`∫ú x£`ôf¬`õ gZ ı•äZÆ`è ‰`ò £`â Æ`ù ‰`•§öZ ‰`ò ‚`û¬`ΩÖ

/wÆ≈ô Áõ y¨¡∑Ö Zf \£â£•¿•çZ

‘æΩúZ

wf£¡å ^£å f£•πΩ≤≈à

1891

[£•ò Æé£ú z ¨úZ y¨é [£û£ú ‰ò ÕçZ y£õ 6 dz¨ä ,[£`•ò „`ûZ ˙`§ñ ⁄`≈çz £`ù ^£`å

,ÆÜ f¬ï £ùf£ò /‚¿ò yd£õÚ ¨û¨â ^£å ZÆÖ ZÆúÚ ‰ò ÕçZ ‰•çZ¬ã „õ gZ ‰ò ÕçZ Á`ܨ`õ

[£•ò „ûZ vzZ ^£å ‰ò Á™ûf£Ü gZ v£ç Õπù /¨úd¬Ö ydZ¨ú „õ ‰Ö Zf f£ò „ûZ yg£`âZ x¬`¿ò£`Ü

ydZ¬`ú£`ã ‰`≈özZ £`ù ·`ºé ‰`¿≈õg fd £`õ ’`úZd ,\¨`õ „`ûZ fd z df≠`Ω≈õ ¨`é Æ`ù£`í

jÆ•±ô Zf ÆáZ „ûZ xZzZÆï Õñd £Ö ‰ò d¬Ö fzÆê ,„ûZÆÖ£¿Ö /Õ`çZ ydÆ`ò Á`ø¡õ £`¡•ïÆ`≤≈à

‰•é≠ô \f¬≥Ö ÆáZ „ûZ Æ`ôZ ‰`ò Æ`õZ „`ûZ „`•éZd Æ`∂ú fd £`Ö k¬`≥™Ö ;wg£`ç Æ`•¡Ö z ydZd

/w¨≤≈øú xÚ Æ≈≈∏Ü ‰Ö fd£ñ Áܨõ ZÆÖ ÆΩûd „õ ,¨≤≈õ ‰≤≈æò

‰ò wdzØïZ xZ¨Ö Á°£ùØ≈å z wdZd fZÆ`ñ Æ`∂ú ¨`û¨`®Ü df¬`õ Õ`ñ¨`Ö Zf „`•õ w£`øÜ ,„`ûZÆ`Ö£`¿Ö

„`ûZ Á`ë fd yzÎ`∑Ö /¨`é£`Ö y¨`é Á`ï£`ò ‰`â¬`Ü w¬`æì Á`ú¬`¿ò ⁄`êz ‰`Ö £`¡úÚ fd wfZz¨`≈õZ

,‚¿º≈õ x£ôf¬õ £Ü (9)„ï¬ò£Ö gZ ,ydZ¬`ú£`ã “`ûf£`Ü ·`õ£`ºÜ gZ Á`ù£`ܬ`ò Á`çfÆ`Ö ,f£`•πΩ≤≈à

‚±≈úz¬é ‰Ö yd¬öÚ ‰ò ,“`ûf£`Ü ·`§ñ£`õ \£`∑ö£`µõ Á`±≈æΩúZ Ã`•ºõ ‰`ò ·`≈öd „`ûZ ‰`Ö ıܨ`øì

\£≈π≤ò ‰ò ÁÖÎ∫úZ xdÆò d¬Ö£ú ZÆÖ ,d¬ã yd£∑öZ r¬ï ’é¬ò ‰`Ö \¬`ºç ‰`…ë¬`Ü £`Ö ,Õ`çZ

‰º¿ûZ ¬ô ;¨ù¨≈õ ‰õZdZ ,ÕçZ ydfzÚ d¬â¬Ö ‰≈özZ ⁄õZ¬â “ûf£Ü £ù ÕéZdÆÖ fd x£ôf¬õ

4

£`ù£`â gZ f£`≈±Ö fd /¨`ù¨`≈øú yZf d¬`™Ö ¨`ûdÆ`Ü „`ûÆ`•ºå¬`ò xÚ £`ùdfz£`•çd fl`æøÜ fd

/d¬≤≈õ y¨ù£≤õ Á±≈æΩúZ f£ò gÆë ‰ú¬øú „ûZ ,Ø≈ú ÆΩûd

:Á°£≈ö£•ûZ ‰Ö vzZ /ÕçZ y¨é ‰øâÆÜ ‹æ•™õ £¡ú£ÖØÖ „õ ÆáZ

L'Origine della famiglia, della proprietà privata e della state, versione

riveduta dall ' a"tore, di pasquale Martignetti: Benevento 1885

:Áú£õzf ‰Ö ‘ßç

Origina familei, proprietatei

Private Si a statului, traducere de Joan Nadejde

‰`æ®õ fdYassy w£`¿Ö Contemporanul/¨é ^£å 1886 ‰õ £Ü 1885 Æ`§õ£`•ßç gZ

:Áòf£øúZd ‰Ö Ù¨∑Ö

Familiens, privatejendommens og statens

Oprindelse, Dansk, af forfatteren gennemgaaet Udgave, besörget afGerson trier, Köbenhavn 1888.

ÿç¬Ü ¬±úZÆï ‰øâÆÜ flûHenri Ravè /ÕçZ ^£å Æûg fd Áú£˚Ú „•õ „ûZ £¿§õ ÆÖ

* * *

w¬æì ‰¿≈õg „ûZ fd /ÕéZ¨ú d¬âz ydZ¬ú£ã “`ûf£`Ü ‚`çZ ‰`Ö Ø`≈å ,60 £`¡ö£`ç ·`°ZzZ £`Ü

Î`õ£`ò g¬`¿ù Á`™ûf£`ÜJ

‰ò ,ydZ¬ú£ã fÍ£ç f¨à ·ºé /d¬Ö Áç¬õ @[£•ò –¿àA Æ≈á∆`Ü Õ`©Ü

\f¬≥Ö Á¿øê f¬µÖ £¡¿Ü ‰ú ,d¬Ö y¨é —ûÆ≤Ü ÆΩûd £`ù£`â gZ Æ`Ü ·`≥πõ f¬`µÖ £`®úÚ fd

¨¿å „•éZ≠ô f£¿ò gZ ¨`∑Ö ' „`≈¿´øù ‰`ºæÖ ,d¬`Ö y¨`é ‰`•ïÆ`û≠`à ydZ¬`ú£`ã o¬`ú „`ûÆ`Ü Á`øû¨`ñ

fd Á°¬ô ,d¬Ö y¨é Á∫æÜ Áºû Á`ú¬`¿ò Á`°Zzhf¬`Ö ydZ¬`ú£`ã £`Ö ,ydZ¬`ú£`ã o¬`ú „`ûZ ' Æ`±øù

„ûZ y¨é ‰•ïÆû≠à ‰ò Ø≈å ƶòZ¨ä /ÕçZ y¨≤ú Á™ûf£Ü ·õ£ºÜ v¬`ø≤õ Ù¨`ÖZ ydZ¬`ú£`ã Õ`∫≈∫ä

‰•éZd d¬âz ‰≈özZ £¡ú£õg fd (10)ÿæ•™õ Á±¿â ÿÖZzf xZfzd flû Õ`çZ „`ºøõ ‰`ò d¬`Ö

Á°¬é ¨¿å z ÁñÆé Ʊøù ¨¿å ,Ʊøù £`•ºû Æ`Ö yzÎ`ì ‰`ò Õ`πô ¨`û£`Ö ‰`•§öZ /¨`é£`Ö yd¬`Ö

ydZd fZÆñ Á™ûf£Ü ˘Z¬Ü ”≈ù fd ·ºé ‰ç „ûZ ˘z ,¨úd¬Ö y¨é ‰•ã£¿é Ø≈ú Á`•§Ü z ¨`¿ù

z ,¨úd¬Ö ‹ñZz Õ∫≈∫ä „ûZ ÆÖ /¨¿•ïÆΩ≈õ fZÆñ ÆΩû¨ºû f£¿ò fd ‰ú£ôZ¨â \f¬≥Ö z ¨ú¨≤≈øú

£ù ›æã gZ Z yf£à x£≈õ fd ‰ò ,dƺ≈õ ÆÜ „`ézf ZÆ`úÚ ygzf Æ`ù ‚`ù ¨`û¨`â £`ù ‰`ú¬`øú

fd£õ gZ ‰ºæÖ ,f¨à gZ ‰ú ñú ,Áú¬¿ò Á≤äz £¡ú£±úZ gZ Z yf£à x£≈õ fd z ,„¡ò ¨`¡ì

x£≈õ fd ‰º¿ûZ z /d¬≤≈õ ‰•ã£¿é Ƨ•∑õ xg qÆ`ë gZ f£`§Ü ÿ`∫ï „`ûZÆ`Ö£`¿Ö z d¬`≤≈õ ydÆ`Ö

x£`õg xÚ fd ‰`ò ' Á`¿≈∑õ Æ`•ôfØ`Ö £`¡ùzÆ`ô „`≈Ö£`õ _ZzdgZ ,Á`ú¬`¿ò £`¡∫æã gZ f£`≈±Ö

x£¡â m£∫ú w£øÜ fd Zf ‚çf „ûZ ‰º¿ûZ z ,d¬`Ö o¬`¿øõ ' d¬`Ö y¨`≤ú xÚ gZ Á`∫≈ñd Á`çfÆ`Ö

fd Á•ä z ,¨¿ò Æ≈ô ‰®≈•ú £¡úÚ gZ ‰ú¬Ωå ‰ò Õ±úZ¨≈øú Á±ò ˘z /dÆò y¨ù£≤õ xZ¬•≈õ

£¡¿ûZ ‰Ö (11)(1865)@yÆ≈î z ,x£±úZ o¬`ú ‰`≈özZ “`ûf£`Ü fd Á`°£`ù Á`çfÆ`ÖA f¬`æû£`Ü [£`•ò

df¬õ fd ,Á≤äz £¡ú£±úZ x£≈õ fd d¬â¬õ ¬Ö£Ü f£¿ò fd @Ã≈®ì w¬çfA ‰Ö£¶øÖ ıïÆè

5

,‰Ö£≤õ Á§ù≠õ \£ïÆãØõ z \Îø¡õ z ,Á`¿ùÚ fZØ`ÖZ £`Ö dg¬`±≈õ ‰`ò Á`Ö¬`å ‰`Ö xdØ`ú Õ`çd

/d¬≤≈õ df¬ãÆÖ

g£îÚ (12)„ï¬ò£Ö ‰•é¬ú @fd£õ ›äA f£≤•úZ £Ö 1861 v£ç gZ ydZ¬ú£ã “ûf£Ü ‰∑ö£µõ

:¨ù¨≈õ Zf w£ºäZ „ûZ ,ÆáZ „ûZ fd ,‹ö»õ /¨é

‰úZ¨¿çÆã£ú ‹ö»õ ‰ò ,dƺ≈õ Áô¨úg Á±¿â mΕãZ Õö£ä flû fd Z¨•ÖZ fd ÕûÆ≤Ö '1

˙ºÖ Õû¬ÖZ ‰`ò ¨`≤≈õ Œ`ì£`Ö Á`±¿â mÎ`•ãZ „`≈¿å '2 ;¨`úZ¬`™≈õ (13)@‚`±ûf£`•ùA ZÆ`úÚ

·Ö£ñ ' fd£õ ›ä ÆÖ £¿Ö ' xg ›ûÆë gZ ÿ∫ï ñú z ·èZ „ûZÆÖ£¿Ö z ,¨é£Ö Á`∑µñ Æ`≈î

„`¡ò ¨`¡ì £`ù ›`æã w£`øÜ df¬`õ fd Z¨`•ÖZ fd ,Æ`õZ „`ûZ ‰`º¿ûZ Æ`Ωûd z ;¨`é£`Ö ÷`≈™≤Ü

,fd£õ ‰Ö£`¶øÖ ‰`ò £`¡úg £`¡¿Ü ,xZ¬`â ·`±ú „`û¨`öZz „`≈Ö gZ ‰`®≈•¿ö£`Ö '3 ;Õ`çZ yd¬`Ö rd£`è

‰ò ,¨ú¨≤≈õ fZdf¬ãÆÖ Õ¡â „ûZ gZ d£ûg wZÆ•äZ z ‰`â¬`Ü gZ ,¨`úd¬`Ö ÷`™≤õ Á`∑µñ f¬`µÖ

'4 ;Õïf ’≈à (14)(fÍ£ç xg) x£úg ›æµõ Õõ¬ºä ¨ä £Ü „ûZ ,„ï¬ò£Ö ÕéZdÆÖ ÆÖ £`¿Ö

◊`∫ú „`ø¥•õ ,dfZd ›`æ∑Ü dÆ`õ fl`û ‰`Ö ÙÆ`≥©¿õ xg xÚ fd ‰`ò ,Æ`±øù £`•ºû ‰`Ö fZ≠`ô

Î`øì Õ`∫≈∫ä fd Á`¿∑û) d¬`Ö ‰`≈özZ Á`§ù≠`õ \ZfÆ`∫õJ

Æ`Ωûd xZdÆ`õ „`¡ò Á`•¿ç ›`ä ◊`∫ú

\ZfÆ∫õ ◊∫ú xÚ ·ø©Ü xg ‰º¿ûZ £û ,¨≤≈õ xZÆ`§â ¨`û£`Ö ‰`ò Á`¥∫ú ,(xg x£`øù ‰`Ö Õ`§±ú

/dƺ≈õ fZ¨ûÆã xZÆΩûd ‰Ö dz¨©õ \¨õ flû fd d¬ã fZ≠ôZz £Ö ,Zf

fl≈çÎò \£≈ÖdZ gZ ‰ò dfzÚ Áõ f£ø≤≈Ö £¡ö¬ñ ·∫ú w£ºäZ „`ûZ \£`§áZ ZÆ`Ö „`ï¬`ò£`Ö

‰Ö @‚±ûf£•ùA gZ v¬©Ü ,zZ ‰•é¬ú ÆÖ £¿Ö /ÕçZ ydÆ`ò ‚`ùZÆ`ï Z yd£`∑öZ r¬`ï Õ`ñd £`Ö ,„`¡ò

v¬©Ü ‰®≈•ú fd ,x£≈ú£ú¬û x£≈õ fd k¬≥™Ö ,f¨à ›ä ‰Ö fd£õ ›ä gZ z Æ`±øù £`•ºû

,„¡ò Á•¿ç ¨Ö£∑õ ‰Ö ' ¨û¨â ’¿≈Ö x£ô¨¿û£øú ' ¨û¨â x£ûZ¨ã x¨é Z¨≈à ,Á§ù≠`õ ¨`û£`∫ì

_f£ã ‰¿©è gZ Zf Áõzd ‚ò ‚ò ˘zZ ‰ºûf¬µÖ ,ÕïÆô w£®úZ ,d¬Ö „`¡ò ’`¿≈Ö y¨`¿û£`øú ‰`ò

±≈ú £`¡ú£`±úZ Á`ô¨`úg ·`∑πö£`Ö ÿ`ûZÆ`é ·`õ£`ºÜ „`ûZ ,„`ï¬`ò£`Ö Æ`∂¿Ö £`¿Ö ›`ûÆ`µ¿û¨`Ö /dÆ`ò‰ò Õ

i£º∑úZ ‰ºæÖ ,dfzÛ≈õ d¬â¬Ö xg z dÆõ ·Ö£∫•õ Áì£`ø•âZ ⁄`ê¬`õ fd Zf Á`™ûf£`Ü \ZÆ`≈≈∏Ü

‰Ö r£≈ç „≈ø¡Ö „ï¬ò£Ö /¨¿º≈õ „≈¿å ‰ò Õ`ç£`¡ú£`±úZ x£`ùeZ fd ÿ`ûZÆ`é „`ûZ Á`§ù≠`õifzZ

£`≈Üfd£õ ›ä „≈Ö ygf£§õ fl≈Ü£õZfd z fZ¨ú£â ‹≈è¬Ü ‰`Ö£`¶øÖ (15),i¬`æ≈é ‰`°Ú Æ`áZ Ifd

/¨¿º≈õ yf£éZ (16),@x£ûZ¨ã ‚≈ú Æ≥ìA fd ,gzÆ`≈à v£`ä fd f¨`à ›`ä z ,m£`µ©úZ v£`ä

Zf (19)x¬ú ‚õ£ôÚ d¬`ã Æ`ù¬`é (18),i¬`•±ûhÚ d¬`ã r¬`≤∑õ Æ`ë£`™Ö (17)ZÆ`•±¿øÜ ˙`ò

gZ zZ ¨`úgÆ`ï ‰`ò ' (21)‘`•çfzZ ˘z ,¨`≤º≈õ ,‰`•≤ôÆ`Ö (20)zÆ`Ü ‡`¿â gZ yg£`Ü ‰`ò

Õ`©Ü zZ ,·`øì „`ûZ Æ`ë£`™Ö /¨`≤º≈õ Zf jfd£`õ ,f¨`à x¬`ã w£`∫•ú£`Ö ' Õ`çZ x¬`ú ‚`õ£`ôÚ

„•≤ò ,›`ä xÚ ›`§ë Æ`Ö ‰`ò ' fd£`õ ›`ä Á`ú£`µ≈é „`≈∑ïZ¨`õ (22),£`ù Á`ú fZ Ã`≈∫∑Ü

‰ò (23)¬ö¬àÚ ˘z /dÆ≈Ω≈õ fZÆñ ' ÕçZ \£û£¿â „ûÆÜ xZƧ⠷֣ñÆ≈î z „ûÆÜ ‚≈ãz fd£õ

ä xZ¬`¿∑Ö ‰`ò (24)£`¿ÜÚ z ,dgfz \fd£`§õ ·`øì „`û£`Ö ‰`ò d¬`Ö ydÆ`ò w£`¡öZ ‘`•çfzZ ‰`ÖGºG‚

¨¿•±ù f¨à ›ä £¿§õ ÆÖ „û¬ú w£∂ú qÆ∑õ £®¿ûZ fd ‰`ò Á`°Z¨`ã zd ' d¬`≤≈õ y¨`ûØ`ôÆ`Ö

fd vZ¨â ·ò ÈèÎã ,¨ù¨≈õ ZÆï j¬ô zd Æù x£¿™ç ‰Ö £`¿ÜÚ /¨`¿¿º≈õ Õ`∂ï£`©õ zZ gZ '

wÆâ ZÆ•±¿øÜ ˙ò ‰ò ¨¿º≈õ wÎìZ ‘•çfzZ /¨ûÚ Áõ £ù Áú fZ z ‘`•çfzZ „`≈Ö yÆ`í£`¿õ

Æù¬é „•≤ò £Ö ‰å ,ÕçZ y¨é úÜÆõ Z ‰ú£ôzdd¬ã ,f¨àZÆå ‘à /ÕçZ ‰•≤ò ‚ù Zf zZ

6

f£≈±Ö ’õ£¡ÜZ ‰ò Zf ZÆ`•±ú ‚`Ü ˙`ò ‰`ú z ¨`úZ ydZd fZÆ`ñ Ã`≈∫∑Ü Õ`©Ü Zf zZ £`ù Á`ú fZ

A :Õ`çZ ‰`â¬`Ü Ã`ö£`â [Z¬`â ?Õ`çZ Æ`•¿≈Ω¿çÁú¬ã Õ§±ú zZ £Ö ‰ò d¬Ö ‰`•≤ò Zf dÆ`õ zZ

ÕéZ¨ú /@

Æù¬é ‰º¿ûZ ¬öz ,¨é£Ö ‰•éZ¨ú ÕçzZ ·Ü£ñ ‰ò Áúg £Ö Áú¬ã Õ`§±ú ‰`ò dÆ`õ ·`•ñ I·Ü£ñ

w£∫•úZ ÿ∫ï ‰ò Õ±¿ûZ £¡úÚ f£ò /Õ±≈ú m¬ÖÆõ £ù Á`ú fZ ‰`Ö z Õ`çZ xZÆ`§â ·`Ö£`ñ ,¨`é£`Ö

fd£õ ,fd£õ ›ä £¿§õÆÖ ,£`¡úÚ „`ûÆ`•ø≈ãz z ¨`úÆ`≈ΩÖ Zf Á`ú¬`ã x£`Ω•±ÖZz x£`≈õ fd ·`•ñ

£ù(25)Õûh£à¬°fÚ gZ £¿ÜÚ /dØ≈™≈õÆÖ ‘•çfzZ gZ o£ïd ‰`Ö ¬`ö¬`àÚ w£`Ω¿¡¿ûZ fd /Õ`çZ Á`≤ò

Õ`≈õ¬`º©õ z Õ`°ZÆ`Ö YZfÚ /¨`¿ù¨`Ö ~f ‰`æ…±õ df¬`õ fd ‰`ò ¨`ùZ¬`™≈õ ' Á`¿ÜÚ xZfzZd '

›ä /¨¿º≈õ jZ ‰°Æ§Ü z ¨ù¨≈õ zZ ‰ö ÆÖ Zf d¬ã ~f ,y£ôdZd ‘≈°f £¿ÜÚ y£`ΩúÚ /¨`¿ûz£`±õ

z ·èZ xZ¨úzZ¨ãA ,£ù Áú fZ d¬ã ‹≈è¬Ü ÆÖ £¿Ö /ÕçZ ‰•ï£û r¬πÜ fd£õ ›`ä Æ`Ö f¨`à

Ã≥¿õ ‰ò ¨¿ú£çÆ≈õ £®úZ¨Ö Zf d¬ã yÆãÍ£Ö z ¨`ú¬`é Á`õ gzÆ`≈à £`ù Á`úfZ Æ`Ö @Á`ìÆ`ï Ã`±ú

/¨úfzÛ≈õ Õç¨Ö „û¬ú w£∂ú Õõ¨ã fd ¨û¨â

—≈©è ı∫æµõ z ¨û¨â Æ`≈±πÜ „`ûZ £≈•çfzZ[£•ò £¡•ø±ñ „ûÆÜ£§ûg z „ûÆ•¡Ö gZ Áºû ,

¬ö¬àÚ ,£ù Áú fZ ‰Ö ¨∫•∑õ f¨∫ú£øù „ï¬ò£Ö d¬ã ‰ò ¨ù¨≈õ x£≤ú v£ä „≈ì fd ˘z Õ`çZ

‚≈ú ¨¡ì fd ‰ò ÕçZ ¨∫•∑õ zZ Õ∫≈∫ä fd /d¬Ö d¬ã x£õg fd i¬`æ≈é ‰`°Ú ‰`ò Õ`ç£`¿ÜÚ z

xÚ „ûØΩû£â Zf f¨à ›ä z ‰•ãZ¨úZÆÖ Zf fd£õ ›ä ,ydÆò Z yØ`®∑õ „`≈¿å £`¡úÚ ,x£`ûZ¨`ã

Áõ x£¡â “ûf£Ü y¨¿¿ò „≈≈∑Ü wÆùZ Zf Ãù≠õ ‰ò ' Á•éZdÆÖ „`≈¿å a¬`êz f¬`µÖ /¨`úZ ydÆ`ò

ıõzØö ‰ú z ,Õ™ç f£ò „`ûZ Z≠`ö /ddÆ`ô Á`¡•¿õ qÆ`è q¬`≥Ü ‰`Ö yÆ`ãÍ£`Ö ¨`û£`Ö ' df£`ΩúZ

„ûZ ˘z /‚û¬é rÆî „ï¬ò£Ö ‰ú£ôf£¡å ‚≈®ä \Z¨æ®õ „ûZ fd ‰ò Õ`çZ y¨`û£`ï ¨`≈πõ ‰`≤≈øù

‰ò d¬Ö dÆï „≈özZ zZ ‰å ,¨ù£ò Áøú Ø≈å ‡¿ù£≤≈à flû xZ¬`¿∑Ö zZ Á`Ω•±û£`é gZ ,‰`øù

\£ºú „ûZ ,ÿæ•™õ Á±¿â ÕÖf£∫õ ‰•ã£¿é£ú z¨Ö ÿ`ûZÆ`é df¬`õ fd gZdÆ`à \f£`§ì £`®Ö

gZ ·§ñ Õ∫≈∫ä fd ‰ò ÁµûZÆé \ZÆáZ gZ ÕçZ ¬æøõ „¡ò fl≈çÎò \£≈ÖdZ ‰ò dÆò ÕÖ£á Zf

flû ,ÿûZÆé xÚ fd ‰ò ,ÕçZ ‰•éZd d¬âz £ù Á°£≈çÚ z x£`≈ú£`ú¬`û x£`≈õ fd Æ`±øù £`•ºû

dÆõ flû gZ ’≈Ö £Ö ‚ù xg flû ‰ºæÖ ,dƺ≈õ ÕÖf£∫õ xg fl`û gZ ’`≈Ö £`Ö £`¡¿Ü ‰`ú dÆ`õ

„•éZ≠ô Áñ£Ö xz¨Ö ‚çf „ûZ ‰º¿ûZ ;¨¿¿ò ◊∫ú Zf fÆ∫õ w¬çf ‰º¿ûZ xz¨`Ö ,dÆ`º≈õ Õ`Öf£`∫õ

_ZzdgZ ‰Ö d¬ã ›ä ‰ò ¨úd¬Ö f¬§®õ £¡úg xÚ Õæ∑Ö ‰ò ' xg dz¨©õ ‚≈æ±Ü \f¬≥Ö ÁÜZÆáZ

gZ ÿ∫ï Z¨`•ÖZ fd zÆ`¿ûZ gZ Ã`±ú ‰`º¿ûZ ;Õ`ïÆ`ú „`≈Ö gZ ' ¨`¿¿ò fZ¨`ûÆ`ã Zf Æ`±øù £`•ºû

f£`§•ìZ „`ûZ ‰`º¿ûZ ;d¬`é ÷`™≤õ Õ`±úZ¬`Ü Á`õ ' fd£`õ ‰`Ö fd£`õ gZ ' xg f£`§Ü ›`ûÆ`ë

d¬Ö ,÷™≤õ ·ñZÍ £û ,„…øµõ Õû¬ÖZ xÚ fd ‰ò ‚ù Ʊøù £•ºû fd ,xg f£`§Ü f£`≥©úZ

£`Ö ,’`úZ¨`úgÆ`ï Á`∑µñ ¨`öZz £`¡¿Ü ‰`Ö£`¶øÖ fd£`õ ‰`≈özZ ⁄`ê¬`õ „`ûZ ‰`º¿ûZ z ;Õ`ï£`û ‰`õZdZŒì

Æù gZ yÆãÍ£Ö ‰`ò ¨`≤≈õ ,˙`ò f¬`µÖ x£`úg ZÆ`Ö z ,zZ ZÆ`Ö Á`ì£`ø•âZ ⁄`ê¬`õ fl`û d£`®ûZ

x£≈Ö a¬êz gZ ‰âfd „ûZ ‰`Ö Zf w£`ºäZ „`ûZ „`ï¬`ò£`Ö /¨`úZ ‰`•éZd x¬`¿ò£`Ü ‰`ò Õ`çZ Á`∑ê¬`õ

w£ºäZ „ûZ ‰ò dÆò ÕÖ£á l¬ì fd ˘z ,d¬Ö f£ò „ûZ gZ ⁄ú£õ zZ ‰úZÆΩ≈ï¬è ’`¿≈Ö ,dÆ`ºú

/ÕïÆ≈õ f£ø≤Ö w£øÜ z w£Ü [Î∫úZ flû 1861 v£ç fd f£ò „ûZ z ,¨¿é£§≈õ Õçfd

Æ•øò x£õØúÚ fd ‰ò Á•æõ x£ÖØÖ Á¿∑û ,d¬Ö y¨é ‰•é¬ú Áú£˚Ú ‰Ö „ï¬ò£Ö ‚≈®ä [£•ò

7

„ûZÆÖ£¿Ö /dZ¨≈õ x£≤ú ¨¿øñÎì Áú¬¿ò ydZ¬ú£ã “ûf£Ü ·§ñ£`õ ⁄`êz ‰`Ö Æ`Ωûd Õ`æõ Æ`ù gZ

gZ Áõ£ú Ù¨ÖZ ,¨é Æù£`í 1865 v£`ç fd ‰`•éf „`ûZ fd ‰`ò ¨`∑Ö dÆ`ï /¨`ú£`õ ‰`•ã£`¿é£`ú zZ

/d¬Ö y¨≈¿≤ú „ï¬ò£Ö

flû £®Ö £®¿ûZ fd /d¬Ö d¬ã ‹æç ·Ö£∫õ ‰µ∫ú ,(26)x£¿ö flõ /qZ /_ ,„≈≤ú£â „ûZ

£ù „¿πÜ £®Ö :‚û¬≤≈õ zÆÖzf Õ™çÆç z fl≤ã xZ¨ñ¬∫ä flû £Ö £õ ,dZ¨∑•çZ £Ö Á`ï¬`è

d¬ã ·ò¬õ gZ ‰ò ‚≈•±ù zÆÖzf Á`∑ïZ¨`õ ·`≈òz ›`ø∑Ü ·`Ö£`ñ \Íͨ`•çZ £`Ö ,‰`úZÆ`ì£`é mÆ`πõ

x¨`ø•õ Á`•ä z ,Æ`ÖÆ`Ö ,Á`≤äz £`ù ›`æã gZ f£`≈±Ö x£`≈õ fd ,x£`¿ö fl`õ /¨`¿º≈õ o£`ïd

yZÆ`ø¡Ö £`û Á`°£`¡¿•Ö ,d£`õZd ,xÚ fd ‰`ò ¨`Ö£`≈≈õ Zf _ZzdgZ o¬`ú fl`û ,¨`û¨`â z „`¡ò Æ`≥ì

/¨û£ÖÆ≈õ fzØÖ ’ú£Ω•±ÖZz Õçd gZ Zf izÆ`ì ‰`ò ¨`¿ò Æ`ù£`∂Ü ‰`ò Õ`çZ f¬`§®õ ,’`ú£`•çzd

gZ Zf d¬ã x£úg ‰æ≈§ñ flû xZdÆõ xÚ fd ‰ò ¨é£Ö Z ‰•éZ≠ô ‚çf £û£∫Ö gZ ¨û£Ö ‚`çf „`ûZ

‰`û£`õ £`®ò gZ (27)@Á`°£`Öf _ZzdgZA „`ûZ ‰`úÆ`ôz /¨`¿•ïÆ`Ω≈õ fzØ`Ö ⁄`ñZz fd Æ`Ωûd ‰`æ≈§ñ

„û£Ö ÁõzØö Ù¨ÖZ ¨¿•ï£û Áõ d¬ã ‰æ≈§ñ fd xg Áï£ò dZ¨∑Ü xZdÆõ ‰ò Á`ú£`õg £`Ü ?Õ`ïÆ`Ω≈õ

£`ù yzÆ`ô ‰`ò ‚`≈¿º≈õ y¨`ù£`≤õ y¨`ú£`õ Ã`∫ì £`ù ›`æã x£`≈õ fd ı§ö£`î ˘z /d¬`§ú f£`ò

(¨ú¨≤≈õ ‰•ïÆô Áºû ‰æ≈§ñ d¬ã £Ö g¬¿ù 1865 v£`ç ˘Z¬`ä fd ‰`ò) ¨`úfZd d¬`âz Á`è£`ã

x£úg z ,d¬ã x£úg ,xZdÆõ ,Ùf£§âZ ‰ºûf¬`µÖ ,Õ`çZ o¬`¿øõ £`¡úÚ „`≈Ö fd ˙`ãZd _ZzdgZ ‰`ò

‚çf „ûZ xZÆΩûd x£≈õ fd ‰º≈ö£ä fd ,¨¿¿º≈õ [£™•úZ yzÆô gZ _f£`ã fd Zf d¬`ã xZÆ`ù¬`é

d¬ã yzÆô xzfd gZ ÿ∫ï Zf d¬ã x£úg ‰ò ¨úf¬`§®õ „`≈∑õ yzÆ`ô fl`û xZdÆ`õ ‰`ò dfZd d¬`âz

xzfd Zf wzd o¬`ú z ,(28)Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö Zf vzZ o¬`ú £`ù yzÆ`ô x£`¿ö fl``õ /¨``¿¿ûØ``ôÆ``Ö

z Õ™ç ØÜ Á`•úÚ fl`û ,¨`ù¨`Ö d¬`™Ö Æ`•≤≈Ö Æ`çdfd ‰`º¿ûZ xz¨`Ö z ¨`õ£`ú Á`õ (29)Æ`±øù

fd zZ d¬ã £ù ÁçfÆÖ ‰åÆô /d¬≤≈õ ·°£ñ Ʊøù xzfd z Ʊøù xzÆ`Ö @·`°£`§ñA „`≈Ö Õ`πç

' gZ f£≈±Ö fd ‰ò dfZ≠ô Áõ zZ ‚`≤å ¬`æâ Õ`çfd Zf Õ`∫≈∫ä „`ûZ ,Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö df¬`õ

,dfZd d¬âz zZ fZ¨¿à fd ÿ∫ï ØÜ Á•úÚ „ûZ ,dfZ¬õ ' w£øÜ fd Á•ä £`û ,Ã`ö£`î fd ‰`ú Æ`ôZ

xzÆÖ ·°£§ñ ÕçZ ¨∫•∑õ zZ Á¿§õ „ûZ ÆÖ ¨ù¨≈õ fZÆñ d¬ã f¬…Ü ·ò i£`çZ ZÆ`úÚ zZ Z≠`¡∑õ

·°£§ñ „≈Ö wzZ¨õ ‡¿â Õö£ä fd z ;¨¿¿º≈õ [£`™•úZ _f£`ã gZ ÿ`∫ï Zf d¬`ã x£`úg ,Æ`±øù

/ÕçZ Ʊ≈õ xd¬Öf £Ö ÿ∫ï f£ò „ûZ ,ÕçZ ’ä¬Ü ‰≥™≤õ ‰ò

?dÆ≈Ω≈õ \£`≤ú £`®ò gZ Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö ‚`çf „`ûZ :¨`ù¨`≈õ ‰`õZdZ Œ`©Ö „`û£`Ö x£`¿ö fl`õ

„ûZ ‰å ,dfZ¨ú ÁµÖf ‰æ…±õ „û£Ö (31)xZ¨úz£≤û¬ã £Ö ÕÖf£∫õ z (30)Á`ú¬`™øù £`¡•éZdÆ`Ö

⁄û£é f£≈±Ö Á`≤äz £`¡ú£`±úZ x£`≈õ fd ‰`ò Á`øçf £`õZ /¨`ú¨`é Z¨`≈à £`ù¨`∑Ö ˙`≈ã ‚`≈ù£`πõ

/d¬é m¬ÖÆõ xÚ ‰Ö ÕçZ „ºøõ ,¨¿≤º≈õ ¨ö¬Ü gZ ¨∑Ö ‰æè£ïÎÖ Zf d¬`ã xZÆ`•ãd ‰`ò ,Õ`çZ

ÁõZØöZ z ‚≈∫•±õ ‰®≈•ú ‰ò ,¨`é ‰`æ≈§ñ Æ`ù fd xZdÆ`õ dZ¨`∑Ü x¨`é yd£`ûg Œ`ì£`Ö ,‚`çf „`ûZ

„≈¿å Ø≈ú xÚ ‰®≈•ú /d¬Ö ' Á°¬é ¨¿å ' dÆõ ¨¿å ‰æ≈ç¬Ö xg fl`û tÆ`•≤õ Ã`ä£`≥Ü ,xÚ

fd£`õ ‰`ò d¬`ÖIgZ ÿ∫ï ¨úz£≤û¬ã zÆ¿ûZ gZ z ,d¬§ú w¬æ∑õ f¨à ˘z d¬Ö w¬`æ∑õ ·`πë fl`û

Æ`Ωûd ‰`®≈•ú /fd£`õ ›`ä ' ¨`≤≈õ ‰`•ïÆ`ô Æ`∂ú fd dÆ`õ „`•éZ≠`ô f£`¿ò z xg f£`§Ü ›`ûÆ`ëI¨≤≈øú ⁄πÜÆõ ˘z Õï£≈≈õ x£≥∫ú Ʊøù ¨¿å £Ö ‰ò d¬§øò ' ‰æ≈§ñ flû fd xg d¬`§øò

z Ʊøù xzÆÖ ‰ò £®úÚ gZA /d¬Ö ÆΩûd ·°£§ñ gZ x£úg fzØÖ z fl≈Ü£ø•±≈ç xd¬Öf ı∫≈ñd '

8

£`õ ,¨`ú¬`≤≈õ m¬`ÖÆ`õ ' £`¡±¿â d¨`ì z£`±Ü w¨`ì ' ¨`äZz Õ`æì fl`û ‰`Ö Á`°¬`é ¨`¿å

‰`ò ‚`ûf¬`§®õ‚≈úZ¨Ö ¬é ¨¿å ·èZ fd Zf Ʊøù xzÆÖ £ùdZ∞ú w£`øÜxz¨Ö ¨û£Ö „ûZÆÖ£¿Ö ///////

d¬Ö Áõ£∂ú ,(32)¨úz£≤û¬ã w£∂ú „≈özZ ,Ʊøù xzÆÖ £ùdZ∞ú x£≈õ fd ‰ò ‚ûÆû≠`ßÖ ¨`ûdÆ`Ü

ÁÜ£∑ö£µõ ,x£¿ö flõ) @/¨ûdÆΩ≈õ ÷™≤õ fd£õ ›`ûÆ`ë gZ £`¡¿Ü Á`ú¬`ã ›`°Î`ì xÚ fd ‰`ò

(33)/(124 ‰©πè ,1886 ,z¨Ö _ZzdgZ ,1886 ,x£•ç£Ö “ûf£Ü fd

xzÆÖ ZÆúÚ ‰ò Ø≈å xZzZÆï Õ≈øùZ z o¬≈é ‰Ö Zf ‰â¬Ü ‰ò ÕçZ „ûZ x£¿ö flõ ÁΩ•±û£é

‰`â¬`´≈¡Ö zZ ˘z /Õ`çZ ydÆ`ò Ã`æâ ,¨`õ£`¿≈õ Æ`±øù‹`é£`òƱøù xzÆÖ £`ù yzÆ`ô d¬`âz

y¨¿òZÆà z Æ•≈øû¨ñ £ù Õ`éZdd£`û Æ`Ö yzÎ`ì /d¬`Ö ydÆ`ºú tfd ZÆ`úÚ ,‰`º¿ûZ Æ`Ü ‚`¡õ z d¬`§ú

,Á`π≈è¬`Ü Á`ç£`¿é wdÆ`õ) w£`ÜÍ ,¨`úd¬`Ö x£`¿ö fl`õ ⁄``Ö£``¿õ ‰``ò „``ûÆ``í£``ú gZ f£``≈±Ö

¨¿ù (35)£ùf£ô£õ x£≈õ fd Zf d£¡ú „`ûZ Æ`•≤≈Ö ‰`å Æ`ù Á`•çfd z Õ`ñ¨`Ö (34)(1859

‰•éZd o¬≈é z d¬âz ıõ¬øì x£¡â m£∫ú w£øÜ fd ÆõZ „ûZ ‰ò d¬`øú wÎ`ìZ z dÆ`ò ‹`≈è¬`Ü

v£ç fd Á•ä Ø≈ú £õ x£ôf¬õ z /ÕçZ y¨é ·∫ú x£¿ö flõ d¬ã ‰æ≈ç¬Ö ‰ò ÁÜf£`§ì ' Õ`çZ

v£`ç fd z (37)(¬`ûzf „`ºûÆ`õZ fd) (36)£`ù Á`°¬`òzÆ`ûZ yf£`Öfd ’`û£`ù ‰`õ£`ú fd 1847

d¬âz ‰æ≈§ñ „`ûZ fd ‰`æ…±õ „`ûZ ‰`ò dÆ`ò Õ`Ö£`á (38)@£`ù Á`°¬`òzÆ`ûZ ‰`ûd£`©ÜZA fd 1851

ƺπÜ gÆë ,¨ûd ‚≈ùZ¬ã ‰ò f¬µú£øù ,‰º≈ö£ä fd ;dÆò ‹≈è¬Ü Á•çf¨Ö ZÆúÚ z Õ`çZ ‰`•éZd

£`ù „`¿πÜ £`Ü ,¨`é ‰`æ…±õ „`ûZ df¬`õ fd Æ`•≤≈Ö Á`øôfdÆ`ç Œ`ì£`Ö x£`¿ö fl`õ Á`ñ¬`∫ä

÷≈™≤Ü ‰ò ÕçZ x£¿ö flõ ÁΩ•±û£é gZ Ø≈ú „ûZ /fd£õ ›ä df¬õ fd „`ï¬`ò£`Ö ‰`ú£`≈ï¬`è

,ÕçZ ‰•éZd d¬âz Z¨•ÖZ fd ‰ò ÕçZ Áø•±≈ç ,fd£õ ›ûÆë gZ ñú ‰Ö x¨`≈çf ‚`•±≈ç dZd

˘z /d¬Ö y¨≈çf ÷≈™≤Ü „û£Ö zZ gZ ·§ñ „ï¬ò£Ö dÆò Æòe d¬`ã £`ù¨`∑Ö ‰`ò f¬`µú£`øù ‰`åÆ`ô

gZ ÿ∫ï ¨úz£≤û¬ãA gZ ıø°Zd ,¨¿º≈øú Ãæµõ ZdZ „`ézf z —`ûÆ`è Ù¨`ÖZ zZ Ø`≈ú £`®¿ûZ fd

—≈©è ‰≈özZ ·äZÆõ df¬õ fd ‰ò ' Zf \f£`§ì „`ûZ ı§ÜÆ`õ z ¨`û¬`Ω≈õ „`™ç @x£`úg ›`ûÆ`ë

z Ã`±ú ‰`åÆ`ô ‰`ò Á`Üf¬`è fd ;dÆ`§≈õ f£`ºÖ ‚`ù ·`õ£`ºÜ ¨`∑Ö ·`äZÆ`õ df¬`õ fd ' Õ`çZ

dÆõ f£§Ü ›ûÆë gZ ¨úz£≤û¬ã ,¨ú¬≤≈õ ÷™≤õ xg f£§Ü ›`ûÆ`ë gZ ÙÆ`≥©¿õ g¬`¿ù ]fZ¬`Ü

‰ò ÕçZ ÁúZ¨ñ¬∫ä dz¨©õ ’¿≈Ö ‰ú£≤ú „ûZ /ÕçZ y¨`ûdÆ`ô xZ¬`¿ì z y¨`é ydZd ÷`≈™≤Ü Ø`≈ú

·û¨∑Ü xz¨Ö z ¨¿º≈õ ⁄êz d¬ã ZÆÖ q£µ∑úZ ·Ö£ñÆ≈î Áñ¬∫ä \f£§ì fl`ûIÁµûZÆé fd xÚ

/¨¿º≈õ fZÆºÜ ZÆúÚ x£ò£øò ,¨úZ ydÆÖ „≈Ö gZ ZÆúÚ rZ¨≥õ ‰ò

d¬ã Æ∂ú gZ Á•ä ’úd¬Ö ›ø∑Ü ·Ö£ñ ‚îÆ≈æì x£`¿ö fl`õ f¬`…Ü ‰`ò ¨`çÆ`≈õ Æ`∂¿Ö „`≈¿å

:‰ò d¬Ö î∑•õ Õ∫≈∫ä „ûZ gZ zZ d¬ã ·ñZÍ /d¬§ú fZ¬•çZ Áøº©õ ‰û£à ÆÖ Ø`≈ú xÚ ‹`ö»`õ

‰øù gZ Á°£ùdZ∞ú xÚ x£≈õ fd Õçfd x¬¿òZ xd¬Öf ‰Ö BÆù£∂ÜC ·ºé ‰`ò d¬`≤≈õ y¨`ù£`≤õA

¨úz£`≤û¬`ã ‰`ò Õ`çZ Æ`Ü —`êZz z Æ`Ü ÷`™≤õdÆõfd ,BdÆõ f£§Ü ›ûÆë gZ ñú Á¿∑ûC

‚≈úZ¨≈õ ‰ò £®úÚ £Ü ‰`ò Õ`çZ fzÚ Õ`πΩé „`ûZA :ı¥ûZ /(14 k) @dfZd d¬`âz £`¡úÚ „`≈Ö

,¨úfZd d¬âz ‚ù £Ö ¨úz£≤û¬ã o¬ú „ûÆÜ z¨Ö z Ʊøù xzÆÖ ‰`ò ,Á`°£`â ”`≈ù fd ygzÆ`õZ

flû \f¬≥Ö Á≤ò ‰´Ö‚•±≈çZf zZ Æ≈±πÜ Õ∫≈∫ä zd „ûZ /(146 k) @d¬≤≈øú y¨ù£≤õ

xZ¬¿ì ÆÜ y¨≈´≈à z Æܨû¨â £ù ‰≈êÆ`ï £`¡úÚ ·`Ö£`∫õ fd ¨`úZ¬`•≈õ £`¡¿Ü zZ z ¨`¿¿º≈õ df

/¨¿ò

9

d£`ûg Z¨`èzÆ`ç z ¨`é ‰`âZ¬`õ d£`ûg v£`§∫•çZ £`Ö x£`•±æΩúZ fd f¬`…Ü „`ûZ Z≠`¡∑õ

„ûÆÜ ‰•±âÆÖ z ydZ¬ú£ã “ûf£Ü fZ≠ô x£`≈¿Ö xZ¬`¿∑Ö ıõ¬`øì x£`¿ö fl`õ ,£`®úÚ fd /Õ`™≈ΩúZÆ`Ö

£Ö ,Ʊøù xzfd z Ʊøù xzÆÖ @·°£§ñA „≈Ö zZ ØÜ Á•úÚ /¨é ‰•ïÆû≠à ‰¿≈õg „ûZ fd ‰`•ûf¬`ÜZ

x£≈¿Ö \f¬≥Ö Z≠¡∑õ ,¨≤≈õ qZÆ•ìZ £¡úZ¨Ö ‰ò Æ`≥•™õ £`ù ·`û¨`∑Ü z \£`°£`¿¶•çZ d¬`âz

fd dZgÚ ÁçfÆÖ ‰ú¬ôÆù ‰ò ¨é Z y¨¿¿ò dz¨©õ ·õ£`ì z ¨`ú£`õ Á`ñ£`Ö Ã`ö£`î Æ`∂ú ÷`™≤õ

£¡Ö Æà /Õ㣱≈õ „ºøõÆ≈î Zf ,Á∑µñ ÕïÆ`≤≈à o¬`ú Æ`ù ‰`®≈•¿ö£`Ö z ,›`≈∫©Ü df¬`õ ‰`¿≈õg

ÆΩûd £ù£â fd £®úÚ gZ ¨≈æ∫•Ö z ,d¬Ö y¨`é w¬`çÆ`õ x£`•±æΩúZ fd ‰`ò x£`¿ö fl`õ ‰`Ö xdZd

„ûZ £Ö zZ fÆê ‰ò ¨`¿º≈õ ‰`•ºú „`ûZ Æ`òe ‰`Ö ‹`í¬`õ ,·`Ö£`∫õ fd Zf £`õ ,Õ`ï£`û _Zzf ‚`ù

zZ £ù ÁçfÆÖ ‰ò ÕçZ Á∑πú gZ ’≈Ö ,Ʊøù xzfd z Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö @·`°£`§ñA „`≈Ö Ø`Ü Á`•úÚ

/¨údZd Õç¨Ö

Ø≈øÜ z ÆÜ aÆë „ûZ fd ÆΩûd ‰ò ¨ú¨é „ézf Æ•≤≈Ö z Æ•≤≈Ö £ù Õò£ï £`¿áZ „`ûZ fd

Á°¬é ¨¿å ,Ʊøù ¨¿å ' Õ㣿≤≈õ Zf _ZzdgZ ·ºé ‰ç ÿ`∫ï x£`¿ö fl`õ /¨`ú¨`≈®¿ô Á`øú

ÆÜ xZzZÆï yfZ¬øù ·°Íd ,¨é q¬µ∑õ ‰`•ºú „`û£`Ö ‰`â¬`Ü ‰`º≈õ£`Ω¿ù ˘z /Æ`±øù £`•ºû z

d¬âz _ZzdgZ gZ Á°£ù ·ºé y¨ú£`õ Ã`∫ì £`ù ›`æã x£`≈õ fd ‰`º¿ûZ Æ`Ö Á`¿§õ ¨`õÚ Õ`ç¨`Ö

,¨ú¨≤≈õ x£úg gZ yzÆô fl`û Ã`ä£`è Á`òZÆ`•éZ f¬`µÖ xZdÆ`õ gZ yzÆ`ô fl`û xÚ fd ‰`ò Õ`éZd

_ZzdgZA) ÁùzÆô _ZzdgZ „ûZ ‰ò ¨ù¨≈õ ÷≈™≤Ü (39),(1870 ,x¨øÜ Y£`≤¿õ fd) t¬`Ö¬`ö

/ÕçZ Á™ûf£Ü Õ∫≈∫ä flû (@Áú¬øò

„`≈≈∑Ü \£`¡â f£`≈±Ö gZ z ¨`û¨`â d£`¿çZ £`Ö x£`ôf¬`õ ,1871 v£`ç fd ,¨`∑Ö ‰`æè£`ïÎ`Ö

Á°¬òzÆûZ x£≈õ fd ‰ò Á§≈®ì ¨úz£≤û¬ã ‚•±≈ç ‰ò d¬Ö y¨é ⁄ú£ñ z /¨`é Æ`ù£`í ,y¨`¿¿ò

Æç£ÜÆç fd „ûZÆÖ£¿Ö z ÕéZd d¬âz Ø≈ú y¨©•õ \Í£ûZ x£≈õ¬Ö w£øÜ x£≈õ fd ,d¬Ö ‚ò£ä £`ù

ıܨøì ‰ò ¨úz£≤û¬ã _fZ¨õ £Ö d¬Ö d£¥Ü fd ıø≈∫•±õ „ûZ ‰åÆ`ô ,d¬`Ö ydÆ`•±ô yf£`ñ fl`û

fZdZz Zf £ºûÆõÚ vZf¨ï Õõ¬ºä zZ „ûZÆÖ£¿Ö /Õ磙≈õÆÖ £®úÚ fd ‚`ò£`ä Á`âZzdgZ ‚`•±≈ç gZ

˘zZ¨â z ‰õ£ú ’çÆà £¿§õÆÖ ,ÆΩûd £ù ›æã ¨úz£≤û¬ã £ù ‚•±≈ç yf£`Ö fd ‰`ò dÆ`ò

,£ù [Z¬â zf gZ z ,dgfz \fd£§õ \£ìÎëZ fzÚ ⁄øâ ‰`Ö ,d¬`Ö ydÆ`ò ⁄`êz zZ d¬`ã ‰`ò

fd £ºûÆõÚ x£•ç¬à bÆ`ç ¨`úz£`≤û¬`ã ‚`•±≈ç ‰`º¿ûZ '1 :¨`õÚ ·`°£`ú \£`ºú „`ûZ ‹`≤ò ‰`Ö

£≈öZÆ•çZ z £∫ûÆïÚ fd Z ‰•ï£û ·`û¨`∑Ü ·`ºé fd z ,£`≈çÚ fd Æ`Ωûd f£`ø≤≈Ö ·`°£`§ñ x£`≈õ

fd z Á°Zz£ù fd ÁùzÆô _ZzdgZ ·ºé flû ‰`æ≈ç¬`Ö ‚`•±≈ç xÚ ‰`º¿ûZ '2 ;d¬`Ö ‚`ò£`ä ,Ø`≈ú

Îõ£ò ,d¬Ö d¬Ö£ú v£ä fd x¬¿òZ ‰ò ,£`≈öZÆ`•çZ Æ`ûZØ`âJ

v£äÆ¡Ö ‰º¿ûZ '3 ;d¬Ö —≈ê¬Ü ·Ö£ñ

‰ò ÕéZd d¬âz Ø≈ú ÆΩûd ¨úz£`≤û¬`ã ‚`•±≈ç fl`û ,Æ`ûZØ`â x£`øù fd ,·`ºé „`ûZ f£`¿ò fd

,d¬Ö ‰•ïf „≈ÖgZ x¬`¿òZ ‰`ò ,Æ`Ü z¨`Ö ‚`¡¿ûZ gZ Á`ùzÆ`ô _ZzdgZ ·`ºé fl`û £`¿§õ Æ`Ö ÿ`∫ï

fd ,£`¡úÚ gZ Zf d¬`ã £`ù Æ`≈ô ‰`®≈•ú z y¨`é fzÚ ⁄`øâ tfZ¨`õ zZ /d¬`Ö —`≈ê¬`Ü ·`Ö£`ñ

gZ z dÆò Æ≤•¿õ 1871 v£ç fd ,(40)Á§§ç ¨úz£`≤û¬`ã z Á`ú¬`™øù £`ù ‚`•±≈ç [£`•ò

,¨úz£≤û¬ã £ù ‚•±≈ç gZ ozÆé £Ö zZ /¨ú£≤ò Æ•∑≈çz Õû£¡¿≈Ö ‰èÆì ‰Ö Zf Œ`©Ö £`®úÚ

z ,ÁçfÆÖ ZÆÖ ¨û¨â yZf ›ûƵ¿û¨Ö z Õã£ç ¬ú gZ Zf £¡úÚ £Ö ›§µ¿õ ydZ¬`ú£`ã £`ù ·`ºé

,y¬≈é „ûZ f£§•ìZ ÷≈™≤Ü £Ö /d¬≤ô ,ÕûÆ≤Ö “ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ ‰Ö Æ•∑≈çz f£≈±Ö gZ¨úZ ‚≤å

10

/¨òÆ•≈õ ÁÖ£§ä ¨¿ú£õ x£¿ö flõ Ø≈øÜzÆÜ x£ø•ã£ç

f¬…Ü gZ (1876 ,x£•ç£Ö “ûf£Ü fd ÁÜ£∑ö£µõ) z¨Ö _ZzdgZ ¨û¨â ^£å fd x£¿ö fl`õ

Îõ£ò \f¬≥Ö zZ d¬ã ‰ºúÚ d¬âz £`Ö /dÆ`ò o£`ïd d¬`ãJ

,dg£±≈õ Z ydZ¬ú£ã “ûf£Ü Á∑¿≥Ü

gZ fl`û Æ`ù \£`§áZ x£`ôf¬`õ z t¬`Ö¬`ö gZ £`¡¿Ü ‰`ú Z≠`¡∑õ ,£`ù ‰`≈êÆ`ï £`¿§õ Æ`Ö ıïÆ`è

fd ÿ∫ï ‰`ò ¨`¿º≈õ Ã`æë Zf Á`øæ±õ ·`°Íd x£`¿å „`≈¿´øù ‰`ºæÖ ,¨`§æë Á`õ x£`≤ÜZf£`¡íZ

gZ d¬ã ‰ò ¨¿º≈õ xZ¬¿ì dÆ`õ Zf Ã`æµõ „`ûZ z /d¬`≤≈õ ‰`•çZ¬`ã ¨`¿æÜ£`ºçZ £`ù y£`ôdZd

fd£õ „`≈Ö fl`ûdØ`ú ‰`µÖZfIƱà z fdZÆÖ I,(41)(£≈ú£õfh ,i¬•≈ç£Ü) £ù „õfh „≈Ö fd ÆùZ¬ã

Æ`πú ydgZzd yd £`ù yzÆ`ô fd (43)£`ù x¬`•ûÆ`Ö ‰`º¿ûZ Æ`Ö Á`¿§õ ' (42)Æ`≥≈ñ jfZØ`ô gZ

fd „¡ò x£ô¨¿±û¬ú £ù jfZØô w£øÜ gZ z ' ¨¿•éZd ›æ∑Ü fd Zf x£≤û£¡úg ÁòZÆ•éZ f¬`µÖ

¨¿å ‰ò ¨`çÆ`≈õ ‰`®≈•ú „`û£`Ö ¨`ûdÆ`Ü Z yfe xz¨`Ö ' £`ùÆ`ÖÆ`Ö x£`≈õ fd x£`úg Õ`ì£`øâ df¬`õ

‰`Ö xdZd j¬`ô ¨`¿ú£`õ „`ûZ EÕ`çZ yd¬`Ö y¨`ì£`ñ fl`û £`ù ›`æã „`ûZ w£`øÜ x£`≈õ fd Á`°¬`é

,„ûÆÜ f¬è ,⁄ïZ¨õ ·≈òz gZ ˘z ¨ù¨≈õ Z yg£âZ ‰ú¬ô ‰øù d¬`ã ‰`Ö ‰`ò Õ`çZ Á`ú£`•çdZd

/¨§æë Áõ Z ‰øæò Æù ZdZ ZÆÖ Zf ·≈öd ,„ûÆÜƧ•∑õ Áú¬ú£ñ Æ∂ú gZ z

‚ù „ï¬ò£Ö gZ „ûZÆÖ£¿Ö z ,ÕçZ qÆè ·≈™Ü y¨≈°Zg ÁùzÆ`ô _ZzdgZ ‰`ò dfZ¨`≈õ f£`¡íZ zZ

£ù Õï£ûfd Øâ Ø≈å x£ôf¬õ ¨úz£≤û¬`ã £`ù ‚`•±≈ç ‰`ò ¨`û¬`Ω≈õ zZ /¨`•ïZ Á`õ Æ`•§∫ì

‰§ûÆî ,x£•ç¬à bÆç ‰ò d¬≤≈õ \£§áZ £®úÚ gZ ÆõZ „ûZ z ,Õ±≈ú Áì£`ø•âZ [ZdÚ gZ yd£`ç

,f¨à £ù yhZz ‰ò ÕçZ „ûZ ¨¿ú£`õ /¨`¿úZ¬`ã Á`õ @f¨`àA £`û @fdZÆ`ÖA Zf x£`•ç¬`à ¨`≈πç ,£`ù

‰§ùZf z £ù ’≈≤ò x¬å ,¨¿•±ù xdZd fZÆñ Ã룙õ ˘£ã¬Ü £¡æºé Æ`ùZ¬`ã ,fdZÆ`Ö ,fd£`õ

£≈úd „≈òf£Ü z d£ùg ‰ò Õæì „û£Ö £û z ,¨ú¬≤≈õ y¨úZ¬ã fd£õ z f¨à fl≈ö¬Ü£ò ufØÖ £`ù

,d¬ã Áøçf ‘ö£®õ fd ,‘≈æΩúZ Z ‰ïÆä £ù ‰ûd£©ÜZ Y£`¥ìZ z £`ù x¬`≈ç£`õZÆ`ï Á`•ä z

/d¬Ö ‹≈∑ê f£§πçZ f¬µÖ x£¿ö flõ o£ïd ,‰èÎã f¬µÖ /¨ú¬≤≈õ [£µã ÆùZ¬ã z fdZÆÖ

@·°£§ñA ØÜ Á•úÚ /d¬Ö ‰•πΩú Ø≈å xÚ ‰≈æì Á±ò ‰ò d¬Ö y¨`ú£`õ Á`ñ£`Ö ‰`•ºú fl`û ˘z

£¡¿Ü ‰ú ,d¬Ö yd£¡ú £¿Ö xÚ i£çZ ÆÖ Zf d¬ã ‚•±≈ç ·ò z ‰ò Ʊøù xzfd z Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö

„ûZ /d¬Ö y¨é ‰•ïÆû≠à ydZ¬ú£ã “ûf£Ü ·ò ‚°£ñ x¬•ç xZ¬¿∑Ö ıõ¬øì ‰`ºæÖ ,d¬`Ö y¨`≤ú vØ`öØ`•õ

z yd¬Ö Áï£ò Æ≈î ØÜ Á•úÚ „ûZ —≈ê¬Ü ZÆÖ x£¿ö flõ ’é¬`ò ‰`ò d¬`Ö y¨`é ‰`•ïÆ`û≠`à ‰`•ºú

o¬ú zd d¬âz ' ØÜ Á•úÚ d¬ã ˘z /d¬Ö d£¥Ü fd dZ¨≈õ ‰°ZfZ jd¬ã ‰ò Á`°£`ù Õ`ò£`ï £`Ö

Î`Ö£`∫•õ ·`°£`§ñJ

‰æ≈§ñ xzfd gZ Zf d¬ã x£úg £¡úÚ gZ Á`ºû ‰`ò ,·`∫•±õ z ZØ`®õ z „`û£`§•õ

Áú£øçÚ Õ∫≈∫ä \f¬≥Ö ' d¬Ö o¬¿øõ ı∫æµõ ÆΩûd ZÆÖ f£ò „ûZ ‰º≈ö£`ä fd ¨`¿ûØ`Ω≈õÆ`Ö

‰`•é¬`ú ydZ¬`ú£`ã Y£`≤¿õ [£`•ò ·``¶˚Z Á``ï /d¬``Ö y¨``é ‰``•ïÆ``û≠``à Æ``≈≈∏Ü ·``Ö£``ñÆ``≈îzÆ`ûh

(45)t¬Ö¬ö ‰•é¬ú (1882 wf£¡å ^£`å) x¨`øÜ Y£`≤¿õ [£`•ò Á`•ä z (1874)(44)x¬`ö¬`Ü

/dZd fZÆñ ‰â¬Ü df¬õ xZ¬•≈õ Zf

,d¬≤≈õ Æù£í (46)(1877) x£•ç£`Ö ‰`∑õ£`â :x£`ôf¬`õ y¨`øì Æ`áZ ‰`ò Õ`çZ £`®¿≈øù fd

ZÆúÚ x£ôf¬õ ‰ò Ø≈å ‰•é¬ú „ûZ fd /ÕçZ y¨é ‰≈¡Ü xÚ £¿§õÆ`Ö Æ`ê£`ä ‰`•é¬`ú ‰`ò Á`Ö£`•ò

xzfd /ÕçZ ‰•ï£û ·õ£ºÜ Æ•≤≈Ö ‰å Æù ‰ë£äZ £Ö ,dØ≈õ i¨ä ‚`¡§õ f¬`µÖ 1871 v£`ç fd

fd ,Ʊøù xzÆÖ @‰æ≈§ñA ”≈ù x¬¿ò£Ü ,¨¿•±≈ú ÆΩû¨ºû ØÜ Á•úÚ Æ±øù xzÆÖ z Ʊøù

11

„ûZ z ' d¬`Ö ⁄`û£`é g¬`¿ù Á`ùzÆ`ô _ZzdgZ ‰`ò Á`ú£`õg fd ˘z /Õ`çZ y¨`≤ú ‰`•ã£`¿é Á`°£`â

£ù yzÆô ·õ£é ‰æ≈§ñ ' ÕçZ ‰•éZd d¬âz x£õg xÚ £û „ûZ fd ,£â ‰øù fd d£ûg v£ø•ä£Ö

„≈Ö _ZzdgZ ‰ò ' £ù yÆ≈Ü ' ¨úd¬Ö ‰•±ÖZz ‚¡Ö fd£õ ÿç¬Ü ,Áú¬ã ›ûÆë gZ ‰ò d¬`Ö ¨`¿å

‰æ≈§ñ xzfd gZ Zf d¬ã x£úg ¨¿•±úZ¬•≈õ yÆ≈Ü xZdÆõ ‰åÆô ‰ºûf¬µÖ ,d¬Ö o¬`¿øõ Ù¨`≈òZ £`¡úÚ

gZ Zf £`¡úÚ ‰`ò ¨`úd¬`Ö f¬`§®õ ˘z ,¨`údÆ`º≈õ y¨`ì£`∫öZ ˙`ì ‚`ù Zf f£`º¿ûZ z ¨`úÆ`≈ΩÖ d¬`ã

ò ‰`æ≈§ñ ,d¬`Ö Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö Ù¨`≈òZ yÆ`≈Ü d¬`ã ›`ûÆ`µ¿û¨`Ö /¨`¿¿ò [£`™•úZ d¬`ã yÆ`≈Ü gZ _f£`ã‰

£`ø•ã£`ç £`û£`∫Ö „`ûÆ`ãÚ ‰`ú¬`ô „`û¨`Ö /d¬`Ö Æ`±øù xzfd Ù¨`≈òZ ¨`≤≈õ £`ù yÆ`≈Ü w£`øÜ ·`õ£`éx

Îõ£ò x£¿ö flõ Á∑¿≥ÜJ

/Õ™ûf zÆï ‚ù fd

„≈≈∑Ü ÕïÆ≤≈à Œì£Ö £ºûÆõÚ x£•ç¬à bÆç £ù yÆ≈Ü /d¬§ú ⁄ú£ñ „`ûZ ‰`Ö x£`ôf¬`õ Z≠`¡∑õ

›ä £¿§õ ÆÖ ‰ò ' ¨∑Ö yÆ≈Ü ‰ò dÆò ‹≤ò z /¨ú¨é zZ ÁçfÆÖ ‰¿≈õg fd ÆΩûd y¨`¿¿ò

‚≈¿º≈õ y¨ù£≤õ „¡ò ¨¡ì x¨ø•õ £ù ›æã x£≈õ fd ZÆúÚ £õ z d¬Ö ‰`•ï£`û x£`õg£`ç f¨`à

‰•ï£û x£õg£ç fd£õ ›ä £¿§õÆÖ ‰ò ÕçZ y¨õÚ d¬â¬Ö Z yÆ≈Ü z¨Ö ·`ºé ·`õ£`ºÜ gZ '

,dƺ≈õ y¬æâ Á°£`ø∑õ \f¬`≥Ö ‰`•é≠`ô „`≈ãf¬`õ ‰`øù ZÆ`Ö ‰`ò Á`õzf z Á`ú£`ú¬`û yÆ`≈Ü /d¬`Ö

ZÆÖ ¨û¨â x£≈¿Ö ›ûƵ¿û¨Ö z ,¨≤≈õ „`≈≈§Ü Á`°£`ºûÆ`õÚ x£`•ç¬`à bÆ`ç yÆ`≈Ü ‰`æ≈ç¬`Ö x¬`¿òZ

/¨é ‰•ï£û ‰≈özZ ⁄õZ¬â “ûf£Ü ·ò

›æã x£≈õ fd f¨à ›ä yÆ≈Ü w¨∫õ ‰æäÆõ ‰Ö£`¶øÖ ,‰`≈özZ fd£`õ ›`ä yÆ`≈Ü d¨`®õ ‹`≤ò

„ûzfZd v¬©Ü f¬`…Ü ‰`ò Õ`çZfZd Zf Á`•≈øùZ x£`øù ⁄`õZ¬`â “`ûf£`Ü ‰`¿≈õg fd ,x¨`ø•õ £`ù

,‹≤ò „`ûZ /Á`ç£`≈ç d£`≥•ñZ ZÆ`Ö ‘`òf£`õ Á`ï£`êZ jgfZ f¬`…Ü z ,Á`ç£`¿é Õ`±ûg ZÆ`Ö

xÚ fd ‰ò dØûÆÖ Zf ydZ¬ú£ã “`ûf£`Ü fl`û aÆ`ë f£`Ö „`≈özZ ZÆ`Ö ‰`ò Õ`ã£`ç fd£`ñ Zf x£`ôf¬`õ

d¬â¬õ d£¿çZ xZØ≈õ ‰ò £®úÚ £Ü ,Õñ¬õ f¬µÖ ,‰•ïÆø¡ûzf ' ·õ£ºÜ fl≈çÎò ·äZÆõ ·`ñZÍ

£Ö df¬ãÆÖ fd Zf ¨`û¨`â xZfzd ,Æ`õZ „`ûZ ‰`ò Õ`çZ Á`¡û¨`Ö /¨`údÆ`ô Õ`≈§¶Ü ' dZ¨`≈õ yg£`âZ

ÆÖ ‚æì ·ò ‰ò ÕçZ y¨`é Á`ø°£`ñ x¬`•ç fd£`õ ›`ä yÆ`≈Ü /¨`¿º≈õ g£`Ö ‰`≈özZ ⁄`õZ¬`â “`ûf£`Ü

w£®úZ Á•¡â ‰å fd Zf d¬ã £`¡≈çfÆ`Ö ‰`ò ‚`≈úZ¨`≈õ xÚ ‹`≤ò gZ ‘`à /¨`ãÆ`´≈õ xÚ f¬`©õ

/‚≈°£øú ¨¿Ö ‰∫§ë Zf d¬ã £ù ÁçfÆÖ ‰`®≈•ú ‰`ú¬`Ωå z ‚`≈¿ò Á`çfÆ`Ö Zf Ø`≈å ‰`å ,‚`≈ùd

/ÕçZ y¨é x£ôf¬õ x£õg gZ Æ•∑ûÆç f£≈±Ö ‰¿≈õg „ûZ fd ÕïÆ≤≈à ,‰®≈•úfd

‚≈°¬ΩÖ ÕçZ Æ•¡Ö ¨û£é z ,¨úZ y¨é ‰•ã£¿é ⁄≈çz ¬©¿Ö x£ôf¬õ \£≈π≤ò ıõ¬`øì ygzÆ`õZ

gZ fl≈´≈ù ˘z ,¨úZ y¨õÚfd Ø≈ú flæøÜ ‰Ö “ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ ¨¡ì „≈ãf¬õ ÿç¬Ü x£`•±æΩúZ fd

x£•±æΩúZ fd /‚≈ú¬û¨õ x£ôf¬õ ‰Ö Zf ’¿≈Ö fd [Î`∫úZ „`ûZ ‰`ò dÆ`ò ¨`¿ùZ¬`™ú x£`ìeZ £`¡¿ûZ

gZ ‘à ' x£ôf¬õ d¬ã gZ z ¨úfzÚ Áøú x£≈øÖ Á¿™ç zZ [£•ò gZ ¨é£Ö „ºøõ ‰ò £®úÚ £Ü

ydÆã zZ aÆë \£≈°Ø`â ‰`¿≈õg fd /¨`úf≠`ô Á`õ fd ' jZ ‰`•é≠`ô £`ùf£`ò gZ „`≈±©Ü gZÆ`ÖZ

‰`û£`ç zZ ‚`≈∂ì ı∑ñZz \£`≈π≤ò Æ`Ö Z ‰`ú£`â¬`®ö \¬`ºç ‰`ºúÚ v£`ä ,¨`ûÚ Á`õ ·`ø∑Ö Æ`≈ô

fZg£Ö £ºûÆõÚ fd ;ÕçZ y¨`é [£`û£`ú x¬`¿òZ x£`•ç£`Ö “`ûf£`Ü [£`•ò ˙`èZ ^£`å /Õ`çZ y¨`¿ºïZ

f¬µÖ [£•ò „ûZ x£•±æΩúZ fd ‰ò ¨çÆ≈õ Æ∂¿Ö ;dfZ¨ú d¬âz Õò o¬ú „`ûZ ZÆ`Ö fzÚ d¬`ç

gZ xZ¬`•≈õ g£`±úZfzd Æ`áZ „`ûZ gZ g¬`¿ù ‰`ò Á`à£`å £`¡¿Ü z ,¨`é [¬`òÆ`ç fl`≈Ü£`ø•±≈ç

/ÕçZ xÚ Áú£˚Ú ‰øâÆÜ ,dÆò ‰≈¡Ü x£ézÆπÖ£•ò

12

„•ïÆô Æ∂ú fd £Ö k¬≥™Ö ' Õ±úZ¨ú \¬ºç ‰…ë¬Ü ZÆúÚ ÕçZ ·`º≤õ ‰`ò ,·`ï£`∏Ü „`ûZ

fd ' d¬≤≈õ Õñ£ïf ÆùZ¬í Ÿπä z [dZ Õû£ìf Æë£`™Ö ıïÆ`è ‰`ò d¨`∑•õ £`ù v¬`ñ ·`∫ú

‰Ö ¨û£é ?ÕéZ≠ô xZ¬•≈õ ÁÖ£±ä ‰å ‰Ö Zf “ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ ¨¡ì i£¿éÆç „≈ãf¬õ £ù ‰•é¬ú

‰ò ÕçZ ·º≤õ Á±≈æΩúZ „≈ãf¬õ ZÆÖ „ûZ z d¬Ö Á°£ºûÆ`õÚ x£`ôf¬`õ ‰`ò Õ`çZ Õ`æì „`ûZ

zd ‰Ö Áº•õ ‰ò ¨ú¬é f¬§®õ ,Ãö£µõ fzÚ ⁄øâ fd x£`≤¿≈±©Ü ·`Ö£`ñ Á`°£`§≈ºé ‚`îÆ`≈æì

„ûZ ¨¿Ö yzÆô z Ã≈ÜÆÜ ZÆÖ Áõ¬øì y£`ôÆ`∂ú £`Ü ¨`¿é£`Ö ' x£`ôf¬`õ z „`ï¬`ò£`Ö ' Á`âf£`ã

·ø©Ü d¬≤Ö ¨û£é Zf Áú£˚Ú flû ?¨¿¿ò „≈∑õ Zf x£≤û£ù y¨ûZ ,‰`èÎ`ã f¬`µÖ £`û ,Ã`ö£`µõ

‰âZ¬õ Á°£`ºûÆ`õÚ fl`û £`Ö ‰`º≈õ£`Ω¿ù Á`±≈æΩúZ Æ`ù ?f¬`µå Zf Á`°£`ºûÆ`õÚ fl`û ˘z ,dÆ`ò

£ù ‰ú¬øú £Ö wd¬Ö y¨©•õ \Í£ûZ fd ‰º≈∑ñ¬õ „õ z ,d¬≤≈õ ÕçÆà „ëz x£¡ô£`ú ddÆ`Ω≈õ

Æ∂ú ‰µ∫ú gZ x£¿ö flõ ‰ò ‚¿ò ‰ï£êZ Zf ‰•ºú „`ûZ ¨`û£`Ö /w¨`é ‰`âZ¬`õ Æ`õZ „`ûZ gZ Á`§ö£`â

,d¬`Ö y¨`é wÎ`ìZ Á`±≈æΩúZ Á`™ûf£`Ü ·`§ñ£`õ Ã`•ºõ Æ`§ùf z fZ≠`ô x£`≈¿Ö aÎ`µè£`Ö ,Á`øçf

wZÆ•äZ £¡•¿õ £Ö ‰ò d¬Ö y¨û¨¿±à Z y¬≈é “ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ „≈ãf¬õ ZÆÖ „ûZ ,ÆΩûd \f£`§∑Ö

z ’û£Öf ›ûÆë gZ _ZzdgZ z Á°¬é ¨¿å ‰Ö Á≤ò ‰´Ö gZ ‰ò ,zZ Á∑¿≥Ü Á`™ûf£`Ü f¬`…Ü gZ

fd ¨ûdÆÜ „ûÆ•ºå¬ò ‰º¿ûZ ;¨¿¿ò d£`û ' d¬`≤≈õ Á`¡•¿õ fd£`õ ›`ä ydZ¬`ú£`ã ‰`Ö £`®úÚ gZ

Ʊøù xzfd z Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö @·`°£`§ñA d¬`âzI,d¬é [¬±©õ ‰•±û£é£ú Õì¨Ö ,„û£§•õ ı∫æµõ

\£ç¨∫õ ‰`Ö Õ`ú£`ùZ ‰`Ö ,d¬`Ö ‰`•™ûf fz¨`Ö Zf c¬`à £`¡õØ`â „`ûZ w£`øÜ x£`ôf¬`õ ‰`º¿ûZ gZ z

’û£•ç z ,dÆò d¬Ö£ú d¬ã Ã`ö£`µõ x£`≈Ö £`Ö ıïÆ`è Zf £`¡õØ`â „`ûZ zZ ,yzÎ`∑Ö /ddÆ`ô ‚`¡•õ

¨`údf¬`™≈õ ¬`æÜ ¬`æÜ Æ`±øù xzfd z Æ`±øù xzÆ`Ö „`≈Ö x¬`¿ò£`Ü ‰`ò x£`¿ö fl`õ x£`ô¨`¿¿ò

yd¬Ö ›øäZ ¨û£Ö f¨∫å :‰ò ¨`¿≤ò Á`õ yÚ £`¡úÚ /¨`¿Ö¬`ºÖ ‡`¿ç ‰`Ö Zf d¬`ã Æ`ç d¬`Ö fl`ûdØ`ú

E‚≈é£Ö ydƺú ‹≤ò ·§ñ £¡Ü¨õ Zf £¡¿ûZ x£õd¬ã ‰ò ‚≈é£Ö

ÁÜz£πÜ ÁÖ Ø®Ö df¬ãÆÖ o¬ú Æù gZ Áøçf Õºõ o£¿•õZ ZÆÖ Õû£¿â „ûZ ‰ò Á`°¬`ô z

,x¨øÜ gZ d£∫•úZ £Ö £¡¿Ü ‰ú ' Zf £¡úÚ Æ§è ‰ç£ò x£ôf¬õ ,d¬§ú Á`ï£`ò zZ ‰`Ö Õ`§±ú ,dÆ`ç

(47)‰ûf¬ï fzÚd£û ‰ò Á`∫ûÆ`µÖ £`õ Á`ú¬`¿ò ‰`∑õ£`â i£`çZ Á`¿∑û ,Á`°Í£`ò ¨`≈ö¬`Ü ‰`∑õ£`â gZ

Õ±úZ¬•≈õ ‘òf£õ vf£ò ‰ò Áú£ÖØÖ ‰∑õ£â y¨¿ûÚ ·ºé Æ≈≈∏Ü gZ „`•πô „`™ç £`Ö ‰`ºæÖ ,d¬`Ö

Á¿§õ „©æöZ¨`û¨`é w£`¡ÜZ „`ûZ £`Ö x£`¿ö fl`õ „`ûZÆ`Ö£`¿Ö /Õ`ã£`ç Ø`ûÆ`§ö ' ¨`é£`Ö ydÆ`ò x£`≈ÖÆÖ

z ,ÕéZ≠ô ’•çd ‹ò Zf ’ûZØâ ,dfZd @Á`™ûf£`Ü y¬`≈é £`Ö ›`≈øì Õ`û¨`ê fl`ûA zZ ‰`º¿ûZ

w£¡ÜZ xÚ ¨≈û∆Ü £Ö ,1884 v£ç fd Á•ä ,¬úh fd Ø≈ú x¬ö¬Ü zÆûh f¬±ïzÆà ‰ò Õ±ûf£ò „`ûZ

xzÆ`Ö f£`Ü fd (ydZ¬`ú£`ã Y£`≤¿õ) 1874 fd ‰`ò d¬`§ú x¬`ö¬`Ü zÆ`ûh „`≈øù £`ûÚ /dZd w£`®úZ

?d¬Ö y¨≈ú£ùf xÚ gZ Zf zZ ‰ò d¬§ú x£ôf¬õ ÆΩõ £ûÚ z dØ≈õ £à z Õçd x£¿ö flõ Ʊøù

‰≈özZ ⁄õZ¬â “ûf£Ü ‰ò wgZdÆßÖ ÆΩûd £ù ÕïÆ≤≈à ‰Ö £®¿ûZ fd „õ ‰ò dfZ¨ú Á`ÜfzÆ`ê

ydf£¡å „ûZ fd /¨é ¨ùZ¬ã yf£éZ wgÍ \£`ºú ‰`Ö [£`•ò „`•õ fd ,Õ`çZ x¬`û¨`õ x£`ôf¬`õ ‰`Ö

Áú£±úZ ⁄`õZ¬`â “`ûf£`Ü ‰`¿≈õg fd £`õ tfZ¨`õ ,df≠`Ω≈õ zZ ˙`èZ Æ`áZ f£`≤•úZ gZ ‰`ò ˘£`ç

¨¡ì Z ‰ïÆä „≈ãf¬õ z x£ä£≈ç ,x£ç£¿é x£±úZ ÆÖ yzÎì /ÕçZ ‰•ï£û f£≈±Ö ’`ûZØ`ïZ ‰`≈özZ

£ùÆ∂ú ‰µ∫ú z Ãö£µõ z y¨é dfZz yZf „ûZ fd ‚ù Á∫≈§µÜ r¬∫ä „≈æ≥©õ ,“ûf£Ü ·`§ñ£`õ

vØöØ•õ Áè£ã \£ºú ‰¿≈õg fd x£ôf¬õ \£≈êÆï gZ Á¥∑Ö ‰®≈•ú fd /¨úZ ydZd ‰°ZfZ ¨û¨â

13

x¨é l¬ì Ãâ¬õ £`â ”`≈ù fd ¨`û¨`â tfZ¨`õ ˘z /¨`úZ y¨`ûdÆ`ô o£`ïd ·`Ö£`ñÆ`≈î £`û z y¨`é

d¬â¬Ö ‰≈özZ ⁄õZ¬â “ûf£Ü ‰`∑ö£`µõ fd z ‰`ò Á`õ£`∂ú /¨`úZ y¨`≤ú zZ Á`ç£`çZ £`ù Õ`éZdÆ`Ö

Æù ‚≈°¬ΩÖ ‚≈úZ¬•≈õ Á•ä /ÕçZ Áñ£Ö d¬ã \¬∫Ö gzÆõZ £Ü ,jZ Áç£çZ £¡≈ô∞ûz fd ,dfzÚ

„ûZ Z≠¡∑õ ,d¬≤≈õ ‰`•éZd y£`Ωú x£`¡¿à ‚`¡õ Õ`ïÆ`≤≈à „`ûZ „`ûz¨`Ü fd zZ f£`§•ìZ ‰`ò ygZ¨`úZ

(48)/¨¿º≈õ Z¨≈à Áõ¬øì Õ≈ö¬§∫õ ,ygZ¨úZ x£ø¡Ö ,w£∂ú

‘æΩúZ flûfdÆï

(49)1891 „°zh 16 ,x¨¿ö

,ydZ¬ú£ã Y£≤¿õ

Õözd z Áè¬≥ã Õ≈ºö£õ

vzZ ᳕

‡¿ùÆï Á™ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ £¡úZfzd

x£±úZ “ûf£Ü ·§ñ£õ fd Á¿≈∑õ ‚∂ú £`Ü ¨`≈é¬`ò ‰`ò d¬`Ö Á`≥≥™•õ dÆ`ï „`≈özZ x£`ôf¬`õ

wzØö Œì£Ö Áø¡õ Áï£êZ Ãö£µõ ‰º≈Üf¬è fd ÆΩõ ' ‰ò ÕéZd f£∂•úZ xZ¬•≈õ ;¨`¿ò dfZz

/¨ú£øÖ Áñ£Ö d¬ã \¬ñ ‰Ö „≈¿´øù zZ ¨¿Ö ‰∫§ë ' d¬é ÁÜZÆ≈≈∏Ü

xÚ fZ≠ô z Áõzd z ˘zZ ‰Ö ,x¨øÜ z ÕûÆÖÆÖ ,’ä¬Ü y¨øì xZfzd ‰ç x£`≈õ gZ ı∑§ë zZ

¨≈ö¬Ü fd ‰`ò Á`•ïÆ`≤≈à Ã`±äÆ`Ö Zf £`ù xZfzd „`ûZ gZ fl`û Æ`ù z /dgZdÆ`à Á`õ Á`õ¬`ç ‰`Ö

f¬µú£øù ZÆûg ,¨¿º≈õ ‚≈±∫Ü Á°Í£Ö z Áú£≈õ ,Á¿≈°£à ·äZÆ`õ ‰`Ö y¨`é Z¨`≈à j£`∑õ ·`°£`çz

/d¬Ö Õ¡â „ûZ fd z \f£¡õ ‰Ö ‰•±ÖZz ,„≈õg ÆÖ Æ≤Ö r¬πÜ ‰æ…±õ ·òA :¨`û¬`Ω≈õ zZ ‰`ò

ydÆò Z¨≈à tZf¬ã ¨≈ö¬Ü ÆÖ ›æµõ vÆ•¿ò Õπô xZ¬•≈õ ‰`ò ¨`¿•±ù Á`ÜZd¬`â¬`õ £`¡¿Ü £`¡ú£`±úZ

j£∑õ ⁄Ö£`¿õ ‰`∑ç¬`Ü £`Ö ‚`≈∫•±õ f¬`µÖ ’`≈Ö z ‚`ò Õ`ûÆ`≤Ö Õ`ïÆ`≤≈à ufØ`Ö £`¡úZfzd /¨`úZ

„≈≈∑Ü f£≈∑õ x£¿å ˘z dzÆ`≈õ ’`≈à ‰`Ö xÚ £`Ö x£`õØ`øù ydZ¬`ú£`ã v¬`©Ü /@Õ`çZ yd¬`Ö Á`ºû

/¨ù¨≈øú Õç¨Ö £¡úZfzd dz¨ä „≈≈∑Ü ZÆÖ Z y¨¿¿ò

Պ† '1

'1 Á¿≈°£à ‰æäÆõ£ù ·Ω¿â Á¿∑û ,jZ ‰≈özZ „ë¬õ fd g¬¿ù Æ≤Ö /Æ≤Ö ·±ú Áòd¬ò /

„ûZ /d¬ø¿≈õ Õú¬ºç x£•ãfd fd ıø±ñ ·ñZÍ z dƺ≈õ Á`ô¨`úg yf£`ä Õ`©Ü z yf£`ä ›`ë£`¿õ

/¨¿º≈õ x£≈Ö ,ufØÖ y¨úfd \£úZ¬≈ä d¬âz ‚îÆ≈æì ,Zf zZ \£`≈ä ‰`õZdZ x£`ºõZ Á`°£`¡¿•Ö Æ`õZ

„`™ç x¨`õÚ d¬`â¬`Ö ,¨`úd¬`Ö zZ Z≠`î ,x£`ù£`≈ô ‰`≤ûf z £`ù ‰`•±ù z £`ù ‰`úZd ,\£`â¬`≈õ

v¬`ë fd ‰`ò Á`°£`ù ›`æã gZ fl`û ”`≈ù /dzÆ`≈õ f£`ø≤Ö xZfzd „`ûZ y¨`øì dfz£`•çd ,n¬`πæõ

Zfzd „ûZ ‰åÆô /¨`¿•éZ¨`ú ›`æ∑Ü z¨`Ö ‰`æäÆ`õ „`ûZ ‰`Ö Æ`Ωûd ,¨`ú¨`é ‰`•ã£`¿é Á`™ûf£`Ü xZfzdx

Õçd fd xÚ d¬âz gZ Áø≈∫•±õ ¨ùZ¬é £õ ,¨é£Ö y¨≈≤ò v¬ë v£ç xZfZØù ÕçZ „ºøõ

14

„ûZ „•ïÆû≠à ,‚ûÆû≠ßÖ Zf ÁúZ¬`≈ä zÆ`øæñ gZ x£`±úZ Ã`±ú z ·`èZ ‰`ò Á`õ£`Ω¿ù ˘z ,‚`ûfZ¨`ú

/d¬≤≈õ [£¿•âZ ·Ö£ñÆ≈î fZ≠ô ‰æäÆõ

'2 Áú£≈õ ‰æäÆõz ‡¿åÆã „≈¿´øù z) Áù£õ xdZd fZÆñ yd£π•çZ df¬õ £Ö ‰æäÆõ „ûZ /

zd „ûZ /¨é g£îÚ ,’`ÜÚ gZ yd£`π•çZ £`Ö z tZf¬`ã ZÆ`Ö (Æ`Ωûd Á`°£`ûfd \£`úZ¬`≈ä z q¨`è

Îõ£ò ’ÜÚ gZ yd£π•çZ £Ö ÿ∫ï Áù£õ tZf¬ã ZÆûg ¨`¿•±ù ‚`ù ·`øºõJ

£õZ /d¬≤≈õ Áúdf¬ã

v£§úd £Ö ‰ò ¨é fd£ñ x£±úZ /Õã£ç £ùf x£ºõ z ‚`≈æñZ ¨`≈ñ gZ Zf x£`±úZ ¨`û¨`â Z≠`î „`ûZ

„≈õg yÆò —µç ‚∂ìZ Õø±ñ ÆÖ ,’ä¬Ü Õö£ä x£øù fd Á•ä ,£ûfd ·äZ¬ç z £ùdzf xdÆ`ò

Æ≥ì aεè£Ö ' ‰≈özZ ÁΩ¿ç Æ≥ì ‰•ï£≈ú ·∫≈è z „`≤ã Á`Ω¿ç £`ùfZØ`ÖZ /d¬`é ydÆ`•±ô

Îò ‰ò ' (50)Á`Ω¿ç „`¡òJ

£ù yf£ñ ‰øù ÆçZÆç fd z yd¬Ö xZfzd „ûZ ‰Ö ›æ∑•õ ıܨøì £û

Ø≈ú z ,¨ú¨≤≈õ v£∏éZ yg£Ü ‰ò Á°£ù „≈õgÆç /¨¿•±ù \Æ⣡õ „ûZ ÆÖ ¨ùZ¬é ,¨úZ y¨¿òZÆ`à

›`ûÆ`ë gZ ’`ÜÚ „`•ã£`ç Æ`¿ù Æ`Ö £`¡úÚ ÿ`æ±Ü £`Ö yZÆ`øù ,‹`≤ò ZÆ`Ö wzZ¨`õ v£`∑ï r¬`é

‰ò ,dZd fZÆñ f£≈•ãZ fd Zf Á°Z≠î £ù ‰øòd z £ù ‰≤ûf ¨¿ú£õ ¨û¨â £ùZ≠î ,t£`ºµèZ

\£`úZ¬`≈ä z ,¨`ú¨`≤≈õ ‰`•™à (Á`¿≈õg r£`âZ) Ø`à z Õ`™à £`ù ‰`ö£`å £`û pZd Æ`•±ò£`ã fd

Á°Z≠î ‚ûhf ‰Ö Áù£Ωù£ô ,yØ≈ú z r£øå Á¿∑û ,£ù aÎç „≈özZ oZÆ•ãZ gZ ‘`à ‰`ò ,f£`ºé

Á¿∑û ,d¬≤≈õ y¨ú£û£øú £¡Ö£•ò fd ‰ºûf¬µúÚ ,Áåf£ºé ÙÆ≥©¿õ £ù ›`æã /¨`ú¨`≤≈õ ‰`ï£`êZ

‰`ò Á`°£`ù ›`æãÿ`∫ïyÆøá ZÆûg ,¨úZ ‰`•éZ¨`ú d¬`âz Ø`ôÆ`ù ,¨`¿¿ò j£`∑õ fZÆ`õZ f£`ºé yZf gZ

w¨ì Õæ∑Ö ‰ò ¨çÆ`≈õ Æ`∂¿Ö /¨`¿ò Æ`û≠`à x£`ºõZ Zf Æ`õZ „`≈¿å ‰`ò d¬`Ö xÚ gZ Æ`•øò f£`ºé

z y¨`é ozÆ`é ‰`æäÆ`õ „`ûZ fd fZ¬`ã wdÚ ,Á`°Z≠`î dZ¬`õ ⁄`Ö£`¿õ df¬`õ fd wZ¨`õ x£`¿≈øëZ

(52)Øú ˘¬à ˘£ùZ gZ f£≈±Ö z (51)£ù Á°£≈öZÆ•çZ /¨`é£`Ö ‰`•ï£`û ‰`õZdZ ¨`û¨`õ £`¡Ü¨`õ

/¨¿•±ù ’ä¬Ü Áú£≈õ ‰æäÆõ „ûZ fd gzÆõZ „≈øù £Ü

'3 Á`°Í£`Ö ‰`æäÆ`õgZ yd£π•çZ £Ö ‰ò ,d¬≤≈õ ozÆé x£øò z Æ≈Ü oZÆ•ãZ £Ö ‰`æäÆ`õ „`ûZ /

˘¬ø∑õ \Í£∏•éZ gZ Áºû f£ºé z ,y¨`é d£`ì Z≠`î YØ`â Á`≤äz f£`ºé \£`úZ¬`≈ä ,xÚ

„ø¥•õ £¡úÚ oZÆ•ãZ z ¨`¿•±ù Z y¨`≈´≈à f£`≈±Ö £`ùfZØ`ÖZ ,Æ`≈Ü z ¨`¿øò ,x£`øò /ddÆ`Ω≈õ

,xÚ £`Ö x£`õØ`øù ‰`®≈•¿ö£`Ö z ,‰`•ï£`û ·`∫≈è Æ`ºï zÆ`≈ú z Á`úͬ`ë y¨`é ‰`•é£`§úZ ‰`ÖÆ`®Ü

x£øò z Æ≈Ü £Ö ‰åÆô ‰ò Á°£ù ›æã £õ ÆôZ /¨é£§≈õ \£ìZÆ•ãZ gZ ÆΩûd dZ¨∑Ü £Ö Á°£`¿éÚ

ÕûÆ`ÖÆ`Ö ‰`Ö fZ≠`ô “`ûf£`Ü x£`ôf¬`õ ‰`ò Z ‰`µ∫ú) Æ`Ωö£`πç Æ`¿ù £`Ö g¬`¿ù ˘z ¨`¿•±ù £`¿éÚ

fd x£ºçZ g£îÚ ,Á°Z¨•ÖZ ‰`æäÆ`õ „`ûZ fd Á`•ä ,‚`≈¿ò ‰`±û£`∫õ Zf ¨`úfZ¨`ú Á`°£`¿éÚ (¨`úZ¨`≈õ

£ùfZØÖZ z £¡ïÆí :‚≈¿º≈õ y¨ù£≤õ Zf Õ≤≈∑õ ·°£çz ¨≈ö¬Ü ÆÖ \d£`≈ç Á`ì¬`ú ,£`ù y¨`ºùd

‰ñ£ç gZ y¨é ‰•ï£Ö ¨§ç ,x£ù£≈ô ‰`ñ£`ç q£`≈öZ £`Ö (bÆ`å xz¨`Ö) Õ`≤ΩúZ £`Ö Á`ô¨`¿ï£`Ö ,Á`Ö¬`å

£Ö Ø≈ú dfZ¬õ ÃæîZ fd /(53)(ÁΩ¿ç¬ú) ‰•ï£û ·∫≈è ÁΩ¿ç £ùfZØÖZ z ,£`ûf¬`Ö £`û x£`ù£`≈ô

fd z ,y¨é ‰•ã£ç ÕçZ y¨é d¬ô xÚ xzfd ‰ò Á°£ù ›û£ñ ,Á`Ω¿ç Æ`≈Ü z ’`ÜÚ gZ yd£`π•çZ

£¡•ïÆ≤≈à „ûZ w£øÜ /ÕçZ y¨é yd£π•çZ g£ç ‰ú£ã ZÆÖ ÁÖ¬å Æ≈Ü z fZ¬`öZ gZ dfZ¬`õ Á`¥∑Ö

£Ö ‰åÆô ‰ò dÆò y¨ù£≤õ xZ¬•≈õ ÁÖÆî v£øé £ºûÆõÚ x£•ç¬à bÆç x£≈õ fd ·¶˚Z Á`ï Zf

,’ä¬Ü xZfzd ZÆÖ x£øò z Æ≈Ü /¨¿úZ¨≈øú Ø≈å ÆΩö£πç gZ ˘z ¨¿•±ù £¿éÚ x£øò z Æ`≈Ü

Á¿∑û ,dfZd Zf x¨øÜ xZfzd ZÆÖ wÆô ‰©æçZ z ,ÕûÆÖÆÖ xZfzd ZÆÖ „≈¿ùÚ Æ≈≤øé ‚ºä

15

/ÕçZ y¨¿¿ò „≈≈∑Ü aÎç

ÕûÆÖÆÖ '2

'1 Á¿≈°£à ‰æäÆõgZ f£≈±Ö fd /d¬≤≈õ g£îÚ ÆΩö£πç ozÆé £Ö “ûf£Ü gZ ‰æäÆõ „ûZ /

Í£`ø•äZ z ' y¨`é ydZd x£`≤ú dfZ¬`õJ

ÆΩö£πç ‰ò ' ÕçZ yd¬Ö „≈¿å ‚ù ÆΩûd £ù£`â fd

,¨é ozÆé xÚ xdÆò g¬±ú ZÆÖ v£πç gZ Z ‰ûÍ £Ö ÁÖ¬å £¡ïÆí z £ù ·≈§úg x¨`ú£`é¬`à gZ

˙ãZd qÆí xz¨Ö ,ÕçZ ‰•ïÆô Ãö£ñ Ã≈ÜÆÜ „û¨Ö ‰ò ˘£πç ‰ò ¨é ‹≤ò dzØÖ ›`ûÆ`µ¿û¨`Ö

/ÕçZ ¨≈πõ ‚ù

w£øÜ x£≈õ fd „≈∑õ xZfzd flû ZÆÖ ,w£ì f¬µÖ Zf v¬©Ü x£ûÆâ ‚≈úZ¬•≈õ £õ £®¿û¨Ö £Ü

‰µ∫ú ‰Ö £õ ,ÕûÆÖÆÖ x¨é flûdØú £Ö ˘z /‚≈úZ¨Ö Æ`§•∑õ ,£`¡úÚ ·`©õ gZ Æ`∂¿ïÆ`è ,£`ù ›`æã

Áô∞ûz /¨¿º≈õ d¬âz gZÆÖZ ‰Ö ozÆé ufØÖ yf£ñ zd Á∑≈§ë \£ø∑ú fd \z£πÜ ‰ò ‚≈çÆ≈õ Z

yf£ñ x£õg „ûZ fd /ÕçZ x£ù£≈ô Õ≤ò z fzÆà wZd z xdÆò ˙`ùZ ,Õ`ûÆ`ÖÆ`Ö xZfzd ÷`™≤õ

,¨úd¬Ö Ã磿õ xdÆò ˙ùZ ZÆÖ ‰ò Zf ÁÜ£úZ¬≈ä w£øÜ ı§ûÆ∫Ü ,„¡ò £≈úd aεè£`Ö ,Á`ñÆ`é

‰º≈ö£ä fd ;ÕéZd d¬ã fd Zf ' Á°£`¿¶•çZ df¬`õ fl`û Ø`®Ö ' Õ`≤ò ·`Ö£`ñ \Î`î w£`øÜ z

ÿ∫ï ‚¡úÚ z (54)£õÍ Á¿∑û x¨é ˙ùZ ·Ö£ñ fZ¨ú£•±à flû ÿ∫ï £ºûÆõÚ Á¿∑û ,ÁÖÆî yf£`ñ

Á¿∑û ' xÚ „ûÆ•¡Ö ‰ò ¬ô ' Õ≤ò ·Ö£ñ \Îî gZ Á`ºû ÿ`∫ï z ,' [¬`¿â gZ Á`≤™Ö fd

gZ flû Æù i¬πú ¨∑§Ö „ûZ gZ ‰ò d¬Ö „ûZ ‹æ•™õ Á∑≈§ë ÿûZÆé „`ûZ Æ`áZ /Õ`éZd Zf \fe

fd ,\z£π•õ ·äZÆõ „≈Ö gÆõ m¬µã £ù tÎõ Z≠ö z ,Õïf d¬`ã k£`ã yZÆ`Ö £`ù yÆ`ºø≈ú

/¨¿é£§≈õ \z£π•õ ,df¬õ zd „ûZ gZ flû Æù

'2 Á`ú£`≈õ ‰`æäÆ`õyƺø≈ú fd ;d¬`≤≈õ ozÆ`é \£`úZ¬`≈ä xdÆ`ò ˙`ùZ £`Ö ,Á`ñÆ`é yÆ`ºø≈ú /

ô) Õ≤ã gZ yd£π•çZ £Ö Ø≈ú z f£≈ÖÚ ‰`æ≈ç¬`Ö Á`údf¬`ã x£`ù£`≈ô jfzÆ`à £`Ö ,Á`ÖÆ`îIfl≤ã ·

/ddÆΩ≈õ g£îÚ ,x£ø•ã£ç ZÆÖ ‡¿ç z ([£•ïÚ fd y¨é

—`•ï x£`õg £`Ü ,£`®úÚ fd ,‰`æäÆ`õ „`ûZ ZÆ`ûg ‚`≈¿º≈õ ozÆ`é (55)Á`ÖÆ`î yÆ`ºø≈ú gZ £`õ

/d¬Ö y¨ú£õ Áñ£Ö \f¬è „≈ø¡Ö x£≈°£àzfZ

bÆç w£øÜ ·õ£é „ûZ z) ¨ú¨é ‹`≤ò ‰`º≈õ£`Ω¿ù ,Õ`ûÆ`ÖÆ`Ö Á`¿≈°£`à ‰`æäÆ`õ x£`•ç¬`à bÆ`ç

z¨ò ¨`û£`é z \fe jfzÆ`à ‰`Ö Á`¿≈∑õ ‰`âfd £`Ü ,(Õ`çZ Á`à Á`ç Á`ç Á`õ rÆ`é x£`•ç¬`à

‚¡õ ˙≈ã Õø±ñ flû £ù „ûZ z ¨¿•éZd v£∏•éZ Áî£Ö \ͬ≥©õ ÆΩûd z £¡ûØ≈ö£`â ,·`§¿Ü

ydÆú £Ö ‰ò Á°£ù y¨ºùd fd ,ÁÖ¬å £ù ‰ú£ã fd £`¡úÚ /¨`údZ¨`≈õ ·`≈º≤Ü Zf £`¡úÚ Z≠`î gZ

‰∫µ¿õ fd ‰ò £¡úÚ k¬≥™Ö ,[Æ`î v£`øé ·`°£`§ñ /¨`údÆ`º≈õ Á`ô¨`úg ,¨`úd¬`Ö f¬`≥©õ Á`Ö¬`å

,ÆΩö£πç £Ö z ,¨údƧ≈õ Æ±Ö ’ä¬Ü Á°Í£Ö ‰æäÆõ fd g¬¿ù ,¨údƺ≈õ Á`ô¨`úg £`≈§øæò dzf

x£•ç¬à bÆ`ç ‰`ò Á`ú£`±ò ,Æ`Ωûd Ã`ú£`â gZ /¨`¿•éZ¨`ú Á`°£`¿éÚ y£`≈ô jfzÆ`à o¬`ú ”`≈ù £`Ö z

z ØòÆõ £ºûÆõÚ x£≈õ¬`Ö ,£`¡≈ºûØ`ºõ Á`¿∑û ,¨`ú¨`≤≈õ y¨`≈õ£`ú fl`ûØ`ºõ ¬`≈ú (56)¬`槰¬`à

Á°£ù ‰ú£ã fd £¡úÚ /¨údƧ≈õ Æ`±Ö Õ`ûÆ`ÖÆ`Ö Á`ú£`≈õ ‰`æäÆ`õ fd B£`ºûÆ`õÚC —`•ï w£`Ω¿ù ,zÆ`à

\fe ofZØõ ,\£î£Ö ;¨údƺ≈õ Áô¨úg ,d¬Ö y¨é ‰•ã£ç ‡¿ç z Õ`≤ã gZ ‰`ò ,¨`¿ú£`õ ‰`∑æñ

‚≈æñZ z ·©õ ñäÆÖ ‰ò ,¨údƺ≈õ f£≈ÖÚ Á쬿≥õ f¬µÖ Zf ÆΩûd Áúdf¬ã x£ù£≈ô z

16

Zf \£úZ¬≈ä gZ dZ¨∑Ü Á•ä £¡úÚ ;ÕïÆ≈õ f£ø≤Ö £¡úÚ Á`°Z≠`î y¨`øì ⁄`§¿õ z yd¬`Ö \z£`π•õ

yzÎ∑Ö /Zf £õÍ ,£ù Á°zÆà z ,x£ô¨úÆà Æû£ç z x¬øæñ¬Ö ,£`ù Á`ºûØ`ºõ ' ¨`úd¬`Ö ydÆ`ò ˙`ùZ

Áøú g¬¿ù ‰ò d¬Ö Õæì „≈ø¡Ö z ;„ùÚ £Ö Ø®Ö ' ¨úd¬Ö £¿éÚ \ZØæï £Ö xdÆ`ò f£`ò £`Ö £`¡úÚ

£ºûÆõÚ —•ï /¨¿¿ò Æ∂¿ïÆè ÁΩ¿ç £`ùfZØ`ÖZ z Á`Ω¿ç £`ù aÎ`ç gZ yd£`π•çZ gZ ¨`¿•±úZ¬`Ü

/dÆò ‹ñ¬•õ Zf Æ•≤≈Ö ·∫•±õ ·õ£ºÜ ,£≈ú£ßçZ ÿç¬Ü

ozÆé fZ¨•é¬ô z ydÆ≈é \£úZ¬≈ä xdÆò ˙ùZ £Ö ÕûÆÖÆÖ Áú£≈õ ‰æäÆõ ,Á`ñÆ`é yÆ`ºø≈ú fd

/¨é£Ö y¨ú£õ ‰•ã£¿é£ú xZfzd „ûZ ÆãZzZ £Ü x£ù£≈ô jfzÆà ‰ò ¨çÆ≈õ Æ`∂¿Ö ‰`º≈ö£`ä fd ,¨`é

Á°£ûfÚ Øû£øÜ ‰âz ,ufØÖ £ù ‰æô ·≈º≤Ü z w£≤äZ jfzÆà z xdÆò ˙ùZ ‰ò ¨`çÆ`≈õ Æ`∂¿Ö

z £ù Á°£àzfZ „≈Ö g¬¿ù w£≤äZ £ù ‚çZ /¨`é£`Ö Æ`ÖÆ`Ö £`ù yd¬`Ü Á`ñ£`Ö gZ £`ù Á`õ£`ç z £`ù

/¨¿•±≈ú „≈¿å Ù¨ÖZ jfzÆà ·Ö£ñ x£ù£≈ô £ù ‚çZ ;¨úZ tÆ•≤õ Á°£ûfÚ £ù Á°£≈çÚ

fd ,£ù Áõ£ç x£≈õ fd ,¨é Áú£§é Áô¨úg ‰Ö Æ®¿õ ‰`æô ·`≈º≤Ü ,Ã`ç£`¿õ ›`ë£`¿õ fd

,(57)i¬±òzZ ,¨¿ù £ù ‰Ωæâ fd £ù Á°£ûfÚ x£≈õ fd ,‰æâd z \ZÆï Ø`§çÆ`ç £`ù ‰`Ωæâ

ÁéZ¬ä fd Z¨`•ÖZ fd ¨`û£`Ö \£`úZ¬`≈ä xdÆ`ò ˙`ùZ /(60)Æ`ß≈úd z (59)xZd ,(58)Ø`Üf£`±ò£`â

Æ`∂¿Ö „`≈¿å ¨`∑Ö £`ù ·`±ú ZÆ`Ö ‰`ò Õ`çZ ‰`ú¬`Ω¿û¨`Ö /¨`é£`Ö ‰`•ïÆ`ô w£`®úZ Á`∑ÜZÆ`õ „`≈¿å

yd¬§ú ÕûÆ≤Ö yfZ¬¡ô £¡¿Ü ‰ú ‰ò ¨úZ ‰`•ïÆ`ô Y£`≤¿õ Á`ë£`∫ú gZ x£`§é £`ù ›`æã ‰`ò ¨`çÆ`≈õ

·Ö£ñÆ≈î ÕûÆÖÆÖ Á¿≈°£à ‰æäÆõ £ù ›æã ZÆÖ Á•ä z £¡úÚ Á≤äz qÎçZ ZÆ`Ö ‰`ºæÖ ,Õ`çZ

zf Áú£§é Áô¨úg ‰Ö Áú£≈õ ‰æäÆõ £ùÆÖÆÖ „ûZ ‰ò Áõ£`Ω¿ù ‘`ºìÆ`Ö /Õ`çZ yd¬`Ö Õ`ú¬`ºç

Zf [Ú Æà اçÆç £ù ‰`Ωæâ d¬`ã ·`≈õ ‰`Ö ‰`ò dÆ`ºú f¬`µã £`¡úÚ Æ`ë£`™Ö y£`Ω´≈ù ,¨`údfzÚ

Á°£ûfÚ ‰º≈õ£Ω¿ù Á•ä /¨údÆôÆÖ d¬Ö x£≤ïÎçZ „ë¬õ ‰ò ˙`Ω¿â ›`ë£`¿õ ‰`Ö z ydÆ`ò £`ùf

˙Ω¿â ›ë£`¿õ fd Õ`ú¬`ºç ,¨`ú¨`é y¨`úZf [Æ`î z v£`øé qÆ`ë ‰`Ö Æ`•≤≈Ö £`ù Á`õ£`ç z £`ù

‰ò ¨ú¨é ›ï¬õ \Îî Õ≤ò ‰æ≈ç¬Ö ‰º¿ûZ £Ü ,¨¿•ï£û „ºøõÆ≈î Zf £`àzfZ z Ø`òÆ`õ £`≈çÚ

£®úÚ fd Zf x£•±õg k¬≥™Ö z ¨¿¿ò ‰û≠∏Ü ¨ì£±õ Æ•øò £ù „≈õg fd Zf d¬`ã w£`≤äZ

\fzÆ`ê Õ`æ∑Ö Z¨`•ÖZ fd \Î`î Õ`≤ò ‰`ò Õ`çZ Á`∑µñ ı§ûÆ`∫Ü /¨`¿úZf≠`ΩÖIZÆ`Ö ‰`ï¬`æì ‰`≈¡Ü

/Õï£û Õ≈øùZ x£±úZ ‰û≠∏Ü ZÆÖ £ù¨∑Ö £¡¿Ü z ,¨õÚ d¬â¬Ö w£≤äZ

⁄ï£ú ÆáZ k¬≥™Ö z ,d¬Ö £ù Áõ£ç z £ù Á°£ûfÚ f£≈•ãZ fd ‰ò ÁúZzZÆ`ï Æ`≈é z Õ`é¬`ô

¨¿ò x£`≈Ö Zf dZ∞`ú zd „`ûZ Æ`•≈ö£`ì ·`õ£`ºÜ ¨`úZ¬`•Ö ¨`û£`é ,x£`òd¬`ò ¨`éf Æ`Ö £`ùZ≠`î „`ûZfd /

Æ•ºå¬ò Ø∏õ ,¨úZ y¨é fZ¬™ù£≈ô ÙÆ≥©¿õ ‰ò ¬ºûغõ ¬≈ú ¬`槰¬`à x£`•ç¬`à bÆ`ç Õ`∫≈∫ä

Æ¡Ö /¨úf¬™≈õ Æ•≤≈Ö Á`ù£`õ z Õ`é¬`ô ‰`ò ¨`úfZd Õ`ûÆ`ÖÆ`Ö Á`¿≈°£`à ‰`æäÆ`õ x£`•ç¬`à bÆ`ç gZ

£û z ' Á§ù≠õ fl磿õ \f¬≥Ö ÿ∫ï z ,dzÆ≈õ „≈Ö gZ ‰æäÆ`õ „`ûZ fd fZ¬`™õdÚ ,vZ¬`¿õ

Îõ£ò df¬õ „ûZ fd ‰ò Ø≈åJ

/¨ú£ø≈õ Áñ£Ö ' zd£â Á¿∑û ,ÕçZ xÚ vd£∑õ

'3 Á`°Í£`Ö ‰`æäÆ`õ„•é¬ú oZÆ•ãZ £Ö z d¬é Áõ ozÆ`é „`ùÚ ‡`¿ç ‰`≈π≥Ü z [ze £`Ö /

‰ò ‰æäÆõ „ûZ fd /¨çÆ≈õ x¨øÜ ‰æäÆõ ‰Ö ,ÁÖdZ £ù ‰•é¬ú ZÆÖ xÚ gZ yd£`π•çZ z Á`°£`§πöZ

o¬ø®õ gZ ,Õï£û x£ûÆâ ·∫•±õ f¬µÖ ÁñÆé yƺø≈ú fd ÿ`∫ï ,‚`ûZ ydZd Æ`ò≠`Ü ‰`ò f¬`µú£`øù

·°£§ñ ,x£ûZ¨ã ‚≈ú ¨¡ì x£`≈ú£`ú¬`û /¨`õÚ d¬`â¬`Ö ¨`≈ö¬`Ü fd Æ`•≤≈Ö Õ`ïÆ`≤≈à „`≈≤≈à ·`äZÆ`õ

x£õg £ù(61)„õf¬ú z i¬•≈ç£Ü ¨¡ì £ù „õfh ,wzf ‘≈ç∆Ü gZ Áøò Á°£≈ö£•ûZ

17

/¨¿é£Ö Áõ xZfzd „ûZ ‰Ö ›æ∑•õ ,(62)£ù ‡¿≈ºûZz

y¨≈≤ò w£≤äZ ÿç¬Ü ‰ò ,Á¿ùÚ ‚™é £Ö f£`Ö „`≈özZ ZÆ`Ö £`®¿ûZ fd £`õ ,Æ`•ø¡õ ‰`øù gZ

Æ`±≈õ ' Õ`ìZfg ' ⁄`≈çz ¨`ä fl`û fd Zf „`≈õg Õ`≤ò ‰`ò ,‚`û¬`≤≈õ ‰`âZ¬`õ ,¨`≤≈õ

Î`øì d£`ûdgZ fl`û ,Õ`éZd d¬`âz x£`õg xÚ fd ‰`ò Á`µûZÆ`é fd z Õ`ã£`±≈õJ

fd dz¨`©õ£`ú

z £ù ·Ω¿â —≈µ±Ü ,„ûZ £Ö m£§ÜfZ fd „≈¿´øù £õ ;d¬øú Áõ „`ºøõ Zf Õ`≤≈∑õ ·`°£`çz

¨ä flû fd ,·≈Ö z Á¿ùÚ Æ≈Ü d¬âz xz¨Ö g£Ö ‰ò ' y£ôZÆå z ÁìZfg „≈õg ‰Ö £`¡úÚ ·`û¨`§Ü

,Õ≈∑øâ ⁄ûÆç d£ûdgZ flû ,„ûZ £Ö yZÆøù ˘z /‚≈¿º≈õ y¨ù£≤õ Zf ' d¬Ö „ºøõÆ`≈î ⁄`≈çz

˙≈ã ÿûZÆé £¡¿Ü ,„≈õg ÕìZfg gZ ·§ñ /¨õÚ d¬â¬Ö flå¬ò ›ë£¿õ fd ,Ø`≈ú xÚ ‚`òZÆ`Ü z

v£`ø•ä£`Ö z ,¨`úfzÚ fd ¨`äZz Æ`§ùf fl`û Õ`©Ü Zf Æ`πú x¬`≈æ≈õ ‚`≈ú ¨`¿•±úZ¬`•≈õ Á`°£`¿¶•çZ

/Õç¬≈ßú o¬ñ¬Ö ØôÆù ÆõZ „≈¿å ,d£ûg

Zf ÕûÆ`ÖÆ`Ö Á`°Í£`Ö ‰`æäÆ`õ _zZ £`õ ,(64)d£`≈æûZ fd k¬`≥™Ö ,(63)Æ`õ¬`ù £`ùÆ`∑é fd

d ,‰`•ïÆ`≤≈à Á`¿ùÚ fZØ`ÖZ /‚`≈¿º≈õ y¨`ù£`≤õG,Æ`Ωö£`πç bÆ`å ,Á`•çd [£`≈çÚ ,(Æ`Ω¿ùÚ) w

z ‰º±ö£ò ,d¬Ö ‰•ï£û ·õ£ºÜ Æ¿ù flû ¨ä fd ‰ò \ZØæï £Ö f£ò ,g£±ÖZÆé z Á`≤ò „`îzf

£ùÆ¡é ,Æ¿ù flû ‰Ö£¶øÖ f£ø∑õ g£îÚ ,ÁÖ¬å Æ≈Ü z fZ¬`öZ £`Ö g£`ç Á`•≤ò ,Á`Ω¿â ‰`ÖZfZ

„ûÆÜ y¨øì £¡¿ûZ ' Æ≈ë£çZ w£øÜ £Ö Æõ¬ù ‰ç£`øä ,zf£`Ö z _Æ`Ö £`Ö fZ¬`ûd fd y¨`é ‰`ë£`äZ

‹≈è¬Ü £Ö Zf £õ „ûZ ÆôZ /¨úzÆ≈õ f£`ø≤Ö x¨`øÜ ‰`Ö Õ`ûÆ`ÖÆ`Ö gZ x£`≈ú£`ú¬`û fZ≠`ô £`ù ]ZÆ`≈õ

‰ò ¨¿•éZd fZÆñ ÁΩ¿ùÆï ‰æäÆõ xÚ ‰ú£•çÚ fd ‰ò ' £ù „õfh gZ i¬`•≈ç£`Ü Á`•ä z Æ`≥≈ñ

‰±û£∫õ ' ¨úZ yd¬Ö ÆÜÍ£Ö ‰æäÆõ ‰Ö Y£`∫ÜfZ z xÚ gZ f¬`§ì v£`ä fd Æ`õ¬`ù £`ù Á`ú£`ú¬`û

yd¬Ö Á¿î f¨∫å ÕûÆÖÆÖ Á`°Í£`Ö ‰`æäÆ`õ fd ¨`≈ö¬`Ü ·`õ£`ºÜ ‰`ò dÆ`ò ‚`≈ùZ¬`ã y¨`ù£`≤õ ,‚`≈¿ò

/ÕçZ

‰Ö ZÆúÚ £®¿ûZ fd „õ ‰ò ,x¨øÜ Z¨•ÖZ ‰Ö ÕûÆÖÆÖ z ’ä¬Ü gZ ÕûÆ≤Ö v¬`©Ü gZ Æ`û¬`≥Ü

Æ∂ú gZ ‰º¿ûZ Æ•ø¡õ z ' ¬ú £ù Áô∞ûz Æ∂ú gZ Áï£ò ygZ¨ú£Ö ,wZ ydÆò aÆë x£ôf¬õ r£≈ç

y¨é ≠ãZ ¨≈ö¬Ü gZ ıø≈∫•±õ ‰ò ZÆûg ,Æ`û≠`à£`ú f£`ºúZ ;Õ`çZ Á`¿î ' Æ`û≠`à£`ú f£`ºúZ £`¡≈ô∞`ûz

z ‡úÆøò d¬≤≈õ f£ºéÚ £õ Æπç £¡•úZ fd ‰ò Æû¬≥Ü £`Ö i£`≈ñ fd £`¡¿ûZ Z≠`¡∑õ /Õ`çZ

‰Ö ÕûÆÖÆÖ fZ≠ô gZ ·õ£ò yÆ∂¿õ flû d¬Ö ‚≈ùZ¬ã fd£ñ ‰ò ÕçZ Õñz „`ûZ fd ÿ`∫ï ;¨`úÆ`≈∫ä

Î`∑ï /‚`≈ùd Õ`ç¨`Ö z¨`úÚ ’`ä£`ï \z£`πÜ z ,x¨`øÜJ

„û£Ö Zf x£ôf¬õ ¨¿Ö yfzd ‚`≈úZ¬`•≈õ £`õ

ZÆÖ yd£õÚ Á∑≈§ë \ͬ≥©õ Ãä£≥Ü xÚ fd ‰`ò Á`úZfzd ' ’`ä¬`Ü :‚`≈ùd ‚`≈ø∑Ü Ã`≈ÜÆ`Ü

„ûZ ‰ò ¨úd¬Ö fZØÖZ ıܨøì ¨ú¨≤≈õ ¨≈ö¬Ü x£±úZ ÿç¬Ü ‰`ò Á`°£`ùØ`≈å ;d¬`Ö Ã`ö£`î ,yd£`π•çZ

d¬â¬Ö „≈õg ÕìZfg z fzÆßõZd xÚ fd ‰ò ÁúZfzd ' ÕûÆÖÆÖ /¨údƺ≈õ ·≈¡±Ü Zf Ã`ä£`≥Ü

/¨é ‰•ã¬õÚ x£±úZ Õ`≈ö£`∑ï Æ`áZ Æ`Ö Õ`∑≈§ë fzÚf£`Ö d£`ûdgZ £`ù y¬`≈é £`¡úÚ fd ‰`ò ,¨`õÚ

' Õ`∑¿è xZfzd ;dÆ`≈Ω≈õ ZÆ`ï Zf Á`∑≈§ë \ͬ`≥©õ ·`≈øºÜ x£`±úZ ‰`ò Á`úZfzd ' x¨`øÜ

/Æ¿ù z ' ‰øæò k£ã w¬¡πøÖ

18

£ù ‘û¬úÆûg

'1 Lewis H. Morgan '2 Ancient Society, or Researches in the lines

of humanprogress from Savagery Through Barbarism to Civilization. By Lewis H.

Morgan, London, Mac Millan & Co. 1877.’≈à v£ç ¨¿å xÚ ‹ö»õ /¨ûÛ≈õ Õç¨Ö Á•™±Ö x¨¿ö fd z ¨é ^£å £ºûÆõÚ fd [£`•ò „`ûZ

/(‘æΩúZ) /Õé≠ôfd

^£å ‘òf£õ vf£`ò ÿ`ç¬`Ü ,x£`ôf¬`õ @„`¡ò ‰`∑õ£`âA £`ù Õ`éZdd£`û ‰`Ö d¬`é ‰`∑âZÆ`õ '3

/(‹ö»õ) /‚¡ú ¨æâ ,‘æΩúZ ' ‘òf£õ ¬≈éfÚ 1945 Áçzf

'4Territorial groups /¨é ¨¿ùZ¬ã ydZd —≈ê¬Ü Ù¨∑Ö £¡ùzÆô „ûZ

x£˚Ú Õözd £Ö £Ü ‚ûZ ydfzÚ Áçf£πÖ \f¬è „≈ø¡Ö Zf „õfh Ÿπö ‰øâÆÜ ÆçZÆç fd £`õ '5

/d¬é ‰∑âZÆõ ‰õ¨∫õ ‰Ö /d¬≤ú y£§•éZ ,ÕçZ Æ≈ãZ xÚ Õûd¬â¬õ ‰ò

'6Celts£ù ¨¿æÜ£ºçZ z £ù ’öz ,£¡û¨¿öÆûZ ,£ù x¬ÜÆÖ ·õ£é £ù Õ`æò £`û £`ù Õ`æç

'7 /¨```¿•±ù £```≈æì Tacitus. '8 Freeman. '9 Bachofen'10 x¬``ã£``Ö

Promiscuous '11 /¨¿Ö z ¨≈ñ ÁÖ Á`±¿â ÿ`ÖZzf £`û E. B. Taylor, Researches

into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization,London 1865. '12 Mother Right, Bachofen„ûZ ›≈ñd £`¿∑õ ‘`æΩúZ '13

'14 /¨¿º≈õ —ûÆ≤Ü 85 Çf£øé Áñfz£à fd Zf yhZzGynecocracy'15 Oresteia of

Aeschylus. '16 Heroic Age/@x£ú£õÆ¡ñ Æ≥ìA d¬≤≈õ ‰•πô Ùg£®õ ‰`ò f¬`µúÚ £`û

'17 Clytemmestra '18 Aegisthus '19 Agamemnon '20 Trojan

'21 Orestes '22 Erinyes '23 Apollo '24 Athena '25 Areopagites

'26J.f. Mclennan '27 marriage by abduction '28 Exogamous'29

Endogamous '30 Consanguinity '31 Incestwf£`©õ £`Ö £`úg £`û '32

System of Kinship '33 J. f. Mclennan Studies in Ancient History,

Primitive Marriage, London 1886. '34 Descriptive Ethnology, R. G.

Latham, Vol. I - II London, 1859. '35 Magar '36 Iroquois'37

American Review '38 L. H. Morgan, League of the He - Dé -no - sau

- nee, or Iroquois, Rochester 1851. '39 J. Lubbock, the origin of

civilization and the primitive Condition of Man. Mental and SocialCondition of Savages, London 1870.'40 L. H. Morgan, Systems of

Consanguinity and Affinity of the Humman Family Washington 1871.

'41 Tacitus, Germania, C. 20 '42 Caesar '43 Briton˙`èZ „`≈¿ò£`ç

£`≈ú£`•ûÆ`Ö Á`Ö¬`¿â Õ`ø±ñ '44 A. Giraud - Teulon, Les Origines de la famille,

Genève, paris 1874.'45 Lubbock, Origin of Civilization (Furth edition,

1882). '46 Ancient Society (1877). '47 Fourier gZ Õ≤ôg£Ö fd '48

19

Zf (Æ•±åzf y¨¿û£øú) £ºûÆõÚ yÆΩ¿ò ›Ö£ç x£ô¨¿û£øú gZ Áºû 1888 Ƨõ£•ßç fd tf¬`û¬`≈ú

ÕéZ¨ú zZ yf£Ö fd d£ûg Ø≈å zZ ‰ú£πç∆•õ /Õ㣿é Áõ Zf x£ôf¬õ ‘û¬ö ‰ò wdÆò \£`ñÎ`õ

˘¬`ø∑õ dÆ`ï fl`û \f¬`≥Ö Æ`•±åzf fd x£`ôf¬`õ ‰`ò Õ`πô ˘z /¨`¡ú x£`≈õfd „`õ £`Ö ‰`ò

\fZgz fd z d¬Ö ’ÜfZ ‡¿ùÆç zZ fdZÆÖ /ÕéZd v£∏•éZ d¬ã \£∑ö£µõ ‰Ö z dÆΩ≈õ Á`ô¨`úg

›ï¬õ jfdZÆÖ yfZdZ \¨ì£±õ ›`ûÆ`ë gZ x£`ôf¬`õ /d¬`Ö Ã`≥¿õ Ã`ä£`è „`•Ω¿éZz fd ‡`¿â

d¬ã £ù ‰•é¬ú gZ fZ¨∫õ z ¨¿ò ¨¿øñÎì ’Ü£∫≈∫©Ü ‰`Ö Õ`§±ú Zf Õ`õ¬`ºä ‰`ò d¬`Ö y¨`é

fd ‰º≈õ£Ω¿ù Ø≈ú zZ d¬ã ‰ò ÕéZd f£¡íZ ›Ö£ç y¨¿û£øú „`ûZ /¨`ùd f£`≤•úZ Õ`özd _Æ`™Ö Zf

fd f£Ö „`≈özZ '49 /(‘`æΩúZ) /d¬`Ö ydÆ`ò fl`øò f£`ò „`ûZ ‰`Ö d¬`Ö yÆ`Ω¿òNeue Zeitfd

/Õï£û f£≤•úZ @z¨Ö ydZ¬ú£ã “ûf£Ü yf£Ö fdA xZ¬¿ì Õ©Ü ‰`ö£`∫õ fl`û \f¬`≥Ö 1891 v£`ç

'50 Paleolithic '51 Polynesia.x£`≈õ¬`Ö ' £`ù „`≈âf¬`ÖÚ ‘`æΩúZ f¬`∂¿õ '52

'53 /Õ`ç£`≈öZÆ`•çZ ' Õ`ç¬`à y£`≈çNeolithic. '54 Llama'56 £`ºûÆ`õÚ yf£`ñ '55

Pueblo '57 Oxus '58 /d¬≤≈õ y¨≈õ£ú £ûfd ¬õÚ x¬¿òZ Jaxartes£ûfd Æ≈ç x¬¿òZ

'59 /d¬`≤≈õ y¨`≈õ£`ú Don '60 Dnieper '61 Norman '62 Vikings'63

Homer '64 Iliad

wÎìZ ÕçÆ¡ï

‹öZ

i¬`æ≈é ‰`°Ú Aeschylus‹`ö»`õ z Á`ú£`ú¬`û Õ`±≈Ü£`õZfd (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 456 ' 525)

/fl≈çÎò £ù dhZÆÜ

Ø`≈ç£`ôÚ Agassiz, Jean Louis RodolphexZd Á`∑≈§ë (dÎ`≈õ 1873 ' 1807)

/‚±≈¿ûzfZd ‹ö£™õ z Á죮ÜfZ f£≈±Ö f£ºïZ ZfZd ,Á±û¬ç

Æ≈§ò f¨¿ºçZ Alexander the Great /‰≈úz¨∫õ y£éd£à (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 356 ' 323)

i¬`¿≈æçf£`õ i¬`ú£`≈õÚ Ammianus Marcellinusbf¬õ (dÎ≈õ 400 ' 332 dz¨ä)

/wf£¡å z w¬ç z wzd xzÆñ Áõzf

xzÆò£úÚ Anacreon /Áú£ú¬û ZƱöØî Æì£é ,(dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ ‚≤é xÆñ wzd ‰ø≈ú)

iZ¨`ûf¨`úZØ`ô£`úÚ Anaxandridasv£ç fd ‰ò \f£`ßçZ y£`éd£`à (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ ‚`≤é xÆ`ñ)

Øú¬•±ûfÚ £Ö yZÆøù dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 560Aristones /dÆò ÁúZÆøºä

i¬`ûd¬`æò i¬`≈àÚ Appius Claudiusz fZ¨ø•ç£≈ç (dÎ≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 448 ˘Z¬`ä \£`ïz)

/‰ú£ô ydgZzd vzZ¨â „≈πö»õ gZ Áºû ,Áõzf v¬±¿ò

i¨`≈•±ûfÚ Aristides,Á`ú£`ú¬`û g£`ÖÆ`ç z fZ¨`ø•ç£`≈ç (dÎ`≈õ 467 ' 540 dz¨`ä)

/fZd ydÆÖ Õ≈ïZÆéZ y¨¿û£øú

Ø`ú¬`•±ûfÚ AristonesiZ¨ûf¨úZØô£úÚ £Ö yZÆøù ,\f£ßçZ y£éd£à (dÎ≈õ gZ ·`§ñ ‚`≤é xÆ`ñ)

/dÆò ÁúZÆøºä

x£ï¬•±ûfÚ Aristophanes /Áú£ú¬û Õ±≈Ü£õZfd (dÎ≈õ 385 ' 446 dz¨ä)

20

¬`µçfZ Aristotle‰ò Áú£ú¬`û ufØ`Ö ¨`¿ø≤úZd z q¬`±æ≈ï (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 322 ' 384)

/d¬Ö vØöØ•õ ‚±≈ö£ûÆÜ£õ z ‚±≈öÚ y¨ûZ „≈Ö

Æ`≈édfZ Artaxerxe·§ñ 425 £Ü 465 gZ) vzZ Æ≈édfZ ' Á≤¿õ£™ù x£`õdzd y£`éd£`à ‰`ç

w¬`ç Æ`≈édfZ ;(dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 359 £`Ü 405 „`≈Ö) wzd Æ`≈édfZ ;(dÆ`ò Õ`¿µæç dÎ`≈õ gZ

/(dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 338 £Ü 359 „≈Ö)

i¬`ú£`ûz£`•òZ i¬`•ç¬`ôÚ Augustus OctavianusgZ ¨`∑Ö 14 £`Ü dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 63)

/wzf f¬ëZÆßõZ (dÎ≈õ

‘æΩúZ Engels, FriedrichufØÖ f£ºøù ,x£¡â £ûf£•özÆà f£ôg¬õÚ (1895 ' 1820)

/‘òf£õ

i£`¿≈ßçZ Espinas Alfred,¬`±úZÆ`ï i£`¿é ‰`∑õ£`â z q¬`±æ≈ï (1922 ' 1844)

/v¬©Ü f¬…Ü fZ¨ïÆë

¨`≈ßûfzZ EuripidesdhZÆÜ ‹ö»õ z Áú£ú¬û Õ`±≈Ü£`õZfd (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 406 ' 480)

/fl≈çÎò £ù

x¬```¿≈õÆ```ûZ IrminonyÆ``àd „``õfh „``ç ‰``∑õ¬``è ‘``≈°f (826 v£```ç fd \£```ïz)

Saint-Germain-des-PrèsÎ`≈πözZ Ulfila\¬ô ,Áç£≈ç Ƨùf z ÁÖÆî Áܬô £`≈±≈æò Æ`§ùf (383 ' 311 dz¨`ä)

/dÆò oZÆ•ãZ Zf fl≈ܬô £§πöZ ,dÆò Á©≈±õ Zf £ù

\£`ºçZ Scott Walterx£`õf y¨`úfzÚ d¬`â¬`Ö ,¨`¿æÜ£`ºçZ y¨`¿±û¬`ú (1832 ' 1771)

/ÁÖÆî £àzfZ \£≈ÖdZ fd Á™ûf£Ü

Æ``çÚzdzZ OdoacerÕ`õ¨`ã fd „`õfh Á`õ£`∂ú Æ`§ùf (dÎ`≈õ 493 ' 434 dz¨``ä)

/¨é \¬ôzÆ•çzZ y£éd£à d¬ã z dÆò ⁄æã Zf i¬ö¬õzf f¬ëZÆßõZ ,wzf xZf¬ëZÆßõZ

[

Õ`ïzÆ`ºú£`Ö Bancroft, Hubert Home‹`ö»`õ z Á`°£`ºûÆ`õÚ bf¬`õ (1918 ' 1832)

/ØòÆõ z ˘£øé £ºûÆõÚ Á磿é wdÆõ z “ûf£Ü yf£Öfd f£áÚ

„`ï¬`ò£`Ö Bachofen, Jahann Jakob,Á`±û¬`ç bf¬`õ z xZ¨`ñ¬`∫ä (1887 ' 1815)

/fd£õ ›ä [£•ò ‹ö»õ

‡ú£Ö Bang, Anton Christianfd f£áÚ ‹ö»õ hzÆú Õ±ûh¬ö¬…Ü (1913 ' 1840)

/hzÆú fd Õ≈©≈±õ “ûf£Ü z z£¿û¨ú£ºçZ Æ≈ë£çZ df¬õ

Æ`ºÖ Becker, Wilhelm Adolffd f£`áÚ ‹`ö»`õ Á`ú£`˚Ú bf¬`õ (1846 ' 1796)

/x£•ç£Ö ¨¡ì df¬õ

¨≈Ö Bede, The Venerable/Õ±ûh¬ö¬…Ü z ‹ö»õ ,Á±≈æΩúZ ¨¿ø≤úZd (735 ' 673)

tf£`ø±≈Ö Bismark, otto von/yZ¬`ã Õ`¿µæç Á`çzÆ`à fZ¨`ø•ç£`≈ç (1898 ' 1815)

/dÆò ¨©•õ fzg ‰Ö izÆà Ƨùf Õ©Ü Zf x£˚Ú

fdzƺûÎÖ Bleichröder, Gerson z fz£≤õ ,Á¿≈öÆÖ ufØÖ fZ¨ºú£Ö (1893 ' 1822)

21

/tf£ø±≈Ö Á≥™é fZ¨ºú£Ö

h¬`Ö Bugge, Sophus‹ö»õ z y£Ω≤úZd d£•çZ ,hzÆú i£¿é x£`Ög (1907 ' 1833)

/z£¿û¨ú£ºçZ Æ≈ë£çZ z \£≈ÖdZ df¬õ fd f£áÚ

^

i¬…çÆà Perseus /‰≈úz¨∫õ y£éd£à „ûÆãÚ (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 166 ' 212)

i¬°ZÆ•±ûØ≈à Pisistraus /„ÜÚ f¬Ü£•ºûd (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 527 ' 600 dz¨ä)

Á¿≈æà Pliny, Gaius /Á∑≈§ë “ûf£Ü ‹ö»õ ,Áõzf xZd Á∑≈§ë (dÎ≈õ 79 ' 23)

tf£Ü¬æà Plutarch/Áú£ú¬û Õ±≈öÚ y¨ûZ q¬±æ≈ï z y¨¿±û¬ú (dÎ≈õ 125 ' 46 dz¨ä)

i¬``≈à¬``òzÆ``à Procopiusfd ,Á`¿≈•úZØ`≈Ö bf¬`õ (dÎ`≈õ 562 £`Ü –`¿à xÆ``ñ Æ``ãZzZ)

Zf £¡úÚ (fl≈ܬô z vZ¨úZz ,xZÆûZ) “`ûfZ¬`Ü w£`¿Ö d¬`ã Æ`áZ fd z dÆ`ò Õ`òÆ`é £`ù Á`≤òÆ`º≤ö

/¨ù¨≈õ aÆé

\

i¬•≈ç£Ü Tacitus Publius Cornelius /Áõzf bf¬õ (dÎ≈õ 120 ' 55 dz¨ä)

i£`¿≈òf£`Ü Tarquinas Superbusy£éd£à „≈ø•πù (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 509 ' 534 dz¨ä)

/¨õÚ d¬â¬Ö f¬¡øâ ‚•±≈ç z ¨é _ZÆãZ wf gZ ,wdÆõ w£≈ñ ÆáZ fd ,wzf

ÕûÆò¬…Ü Theocritus /„¡ò x£ú¬û Æì£é (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ w¬ç xÆñ)

¨û¨≈ç¬Ü Thucydides /Áú£ú¬û ‹ö»õ z bf¬õ (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 395 ' 460 dz¨ä)

i¬``ûÆ``§≈Ü Tiberius Claudius Nero(dÎ`≈õ gZ ¨`∑Ö 37 £`Ü dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 42)

/wzf f¬ëZÆßõZ

f¬æ≈Ü Tylor Edward Burnett/z¨Ö ‡¿ùÆï bf¬õ z i£¿é wdÆõ (1917 ' 1832)

d

„`ûzfZd Darwin Charles RobertÕ`±≈ö£`ûÆ`Ü£`õ z Õ`±ûh¬`ö¬`≈Ö (1882 ' 1809)

/v¬©Ü Áøæì f¬…Ü fZ≠ô ‰û£à ,Á±≈æΩúZ

Ø`¿•ç¬`õd DemosthenesfZ¨`ø•ç£`≈ç z Ã`≈µã (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 322 ' 384 dz¨`ä)

/fZd ydÆÖ Õ≈ïZÆéZ ⁄ïZ¨õ ,Áú£ú¬û

i¬`òÆ`°£`ºûd Dicaearchus¬µçfZ dÆô£é ,Áú£ú¬û ¨¿ø≤úZd (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ wf£`¡å xÆ`ñ)

/f£ø≤≈Ö f£áÚ ‹ö»õ

izfzd¬`ûd Diodorus Siculus“ûf£Ü ‹ö»õ z bf¬õ (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 29 ' 80 dz¨ä)

/wzf z x£ú¬û ,rÆé

i¬`≈ç Á`ú¬`ûd Dionysius of Halicarnassusr£µú z bf¬õ (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ vzZ xÆ`ñ)

/Áõzf £ù ‰∫≈•ì ‹ö»õ ,Áú£ú¬û

22

v£`õ Ízd zfzd Durea de la Malle, AdolphÆ`ì£`é z bf¬`õ (1857 ' 1777)

/¬±úZÆï

g

£`•ûfzg Zurita Alonso£`ºûÆ`õÚ fd £`≈ú£`ßçZ Á`ÜZÆ`ø∑•±õ f¬`õ∆`õ (16 xÆ`ñ ÿ`çZzZ)

/ØòÆõ

h

x¬ö¬ÜzÆûh Giraud-Teulon, Alexis /¬úh “ûf£Ü d£•çZ (1839 ¨ö¬•õ)

i

x£û¬ö£ç Salvian /y¨¿±û¬ú z Á©≈±õ ¤æ§õ (dÎ≈õ 484 ' 390 dz¨ä)

f¬ç¬ç Saussure, Henri de / Á±û¬ç i£¿é xZ¬≈ä (1905 ' 1829)

i¬ûzÆç Servius Tullius /wzf y£éd£à „≈ø≤é (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 534 ' 578)

‚û£¡¿ô¬ç Sugenheim, Samuel /Áú£˚Ú bf¬õ (1877 ' 1811)

x¬`ö¬`ç Solonf£`≤ï Æ`áZ fd ‰`ò Á`¿ÜÚ fZ≠`Ωú¬`ú£`ñ (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 558 ' 638 dz¨`ä)

/¨é Õ≈ïZÆéZ ‰≈æì ÁÜ£äÎèZ ⁄êz ‰Ö f¬§®õ wdÆõ

‘`≈æû¬`≈ç Civilis, Julius z£`•Ö Æ`§ùf (vzZ xÆ`ñ) Betavi·`°£`§ñ jf¬`é Æ`§ùf „`õfh

/wzf ‰≈æì ·ô z „õfh

j

x£``õ¬``é Schömann Georg Friedrichbf¬`õ z i£`¿é x£`Ög (1879 ' 1793)

/x£•ç£Ö x£ú¬û df¬õ fd f£áÚ ‹ö»õ ,Áú£˚Ú

x£˚f£é Charlemagne /flúZÆï f¬ëZÆßõZ z y£éd£à (dÎ≈õ 814 ' 724 dz¨ä)

q

£≈¿±ï Fecenia Hispalla /z¨Ö y¨é dZgÚ ydÆÖ flû

‚`®¿à ¨`ú£`¿ûdÆ`ï Ferdinand. V ·`≈•ç£`ò y£`éd£`à (1516 ' 1452) Castiley£`éd£`à ,

x¬ôZfÚAragon /wzd ¨ú£¿ûdÆï w£ú Õ©Ü

x¬`±≈ï Fison Lormirfd Á`§ù≠`õ ¤`æ§õ z Á`±≈æΩúZ i£`¿é wdÆ`õ (1907 ' 1832)

Á®≈ï Æ°ZØâFigi /£≈öZÆ•çZ z

‰ûf¬ï Fourier, Charles /¬±úZÆï ˙≈™Ü Õ±≈ö£≈ç¬ç (1837 ' 1772)

„øûÆï Freeman, Edward August /Á±≈æΩúZ vZƧ≈ö bf¬õ (1892 ' 1823)

∞úͬòzd ·ç¬ï Fustel de Coulanges /¬±úZÆï bf¬õ (1889 ' 1830)

23

r

Æ≥≈ñ Caesar, Gaius Juliusz fZ¨ø•ç£≈ç z vZÆúh (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 44 ' 100 dz¨ä)

/Áõzf f¬¡≤õ ‹ö»õ

t

¬`ú¬`ò Cunow, Heinrichi£¿é wdÆõ ,bf¬`õ ,\ZÆ`ò¬`õd v£`≈ç¬`ç (1936 ' 1862)

/Áú£˚Ú

Á`ò Kaye, John William‹ö»õ ,Õözd f¬`õ∆`õ ,Á`±≈æΩúZ bf¬`õ (1876 ' 1814)

/x£•±ú£∏ïZ z ¨¿ù fd ÁÜZÆø∑•±õ £¡Ω¿â z x£•çz¨¿ù “ûf£Ü z Á磿é wdÆõ fd f£áÚ

Æûz¬ò Cuvier Georges /¬±úZÆï xZd Á∑≈§ë (1832 ' 1769)

Á`ºç¬`özZ¬`ò Kovalevsky, Maxim Maximovich,i£¿é ‰`∑õ£`â (1916 ' 1851)

/Áçzf xZ¨ñ¬∫ä z i£¿é wdÆõ ,bf¬õ

‘`¿•±ûÎ`ò CleistheneÁÜ£äÎèZ Á`ú£`Ö ,Á`¿ÜÚ fZ¨`ø•ç£`≈ç (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ ‚`≤é xÆ`ñ)

/„ÜÚ fd fZd ydÆÖ ÁçZÆò¬õd d£®ûZ z Z ‰æ≈§ñ ‚•±≈ç £û£∫Ö xdÆÖ „≈ÖgZ ZÆÖ

u

i¬û£ô Gaius /Áõzf xZ¨ñ¬∫ä (wzd xÆñ)

x¬•çdÎô Gladstone, William EwartƧùf ,Á±≈æΩúZ fZ¨ø•ç£≈ç (1898 ' 1809)

/Æûgz Õ±™ú ,vZƧ≈ö [Øä

‰`ܬ`ô Goethe, Johann Wolfgang›`∫©õ ,x£`˚Ú ufØ`Ö Æ`ì£`é (1834 ' 1749)

/Á∑≈§ë w¬æì

f¬`Ü f¬`ôÆ`ô Gregory of Tours,Á`©≈±õ ’`≈≤ò (dÎ`≈õ 594 ' 540 dz¨`ä)

/‹ö»õ z bf¬õ z Õ±ûh¬ö¬…Ü

‚`ûÆ`ô Grimm, Jakobz x£`Ög z ‡`¿ùÆ`ï bf¬`õ z i£`¿é x£`Ög (1863 ' 1785)

/x£˚Ú \£≈ÖdZ z Æ≈ë£çZ

\zÆô Grote, George /Á±≈æΩúZ bf¬õ (1871 ' 1794)

v

‡`úÍ Lange, Christian Konrad Ludwing,Áú£˚Ú i£¿é x£Ög (1885 ' 1825)

/x£•ç£Ö wzf df¬õ fd f£áÚ ‹ö»õ

v£`çÍ Lassalle, FerdinandÕ`èÆ`ï z Zzhf¬`Ö ydÆ`ã Õ`±≈ö£`≈ç¬`ç (1864 ' 1825)

/Áú£˚Ú Ãæë

‚`ÜÍ Lathem Robert GordonwdÆ`õ z i£`¿é x£`Ög z Ã`≈§ë (1888 ' 1812)

/Á±≈æΩúZ i£¿é

24

¬`úf¬`•ö Letourneas, Charles Jean MariwdÆõ z i£¿é ‰∑õ£â (1902 ' 1831)

/¬±úZÆï i£¿é

¨úZÆ≈ܬ≈ö Luitprand /‹ö»õ ,’≈≤ò df£§õ¬ö bf¬õ (dÎ≈õ 972 ' 922 dz¨ä)

¬`≈ö Livy, Titus“ûf£Ü ‹ö»õ ,Áõzf bf¬õ (dÎ≈õ gZ ¨∑Ö 17 ' dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 59)

/wzf

i¬Ωú¬ö Longus /Áú£ú¬û y¨¿±û¬ú (w¬ç xÆñ ·°ZzZ z wzd xÆñ ÆãZzZ)

t¬`Ö¬`ö Lubbock, John,i£`¿é wdÆ`õ ,Á`±≈æΩúZ i£`¿é Õ`±ûg (1913 ' 1834)

/i£¿é x£•ç£Ö

x£≈ç¬ö Lucian /ÕçÆà£úZ¨ã Áú£ú¬û ‘û¬ú Ø¿ë (dÎ≈õ 180 ' 120 dz¨ä)

w

„``û£``õ Maine, Henri James Sumnerbf¬``õ z xZ¨``ñ¬``∫ä (1888 ' 1822)

/Á±≈æΩúZ

‘`òf£`õ Marx, Karl‚±≈ö£≈ç¬ç Áú£Ö ,x£`¡â £`ûf£`•özÆ`à f£`ôg¬`õÚ (1883 ' 1818)

/Áøæì

ff¬`õ Meurer, Georg LudwigÁø¡õ £ù ÁçfÆÖ ,Áú£˚Ú bf¬õ (1872 ' 1790)

/dZd w£®úZ ,Á°£µçz xzÆñ Õì£øâ flû ,tf£õ “ûf£Ü fd

x£`¿ö fl``õ Mc Lennan, John FergusonxZ¨`ñ¬`∫ä z bf¬`õ (1881 ' 1827)

/¨¿æÜ£ºçZ

Æ``≈≈ö¬``õ Molière, Jean Baptiste „``æò¬``à Á``∫≈∫ä ‚``çZ) Poquelin' 1622) (

/¬±úZÆï Õ±≈Ü£õZfd (1673

„±õ£õ Mommsen, Theodor /Áú£˚Ú ‹ö»õ z bf¬õ (1903 ' 1817)

x£`ôf¬`õ Morgan Lewis Henry,Á°£ºûÆõÚ bf¬õ z i£¿é wdÆõ (1881 ' 1818)

/Õ±≈ö£ûÆÜ£õ

i¬é¬õ Moschus /Áú£ú¬û Á°£•çzf Æì£é (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ wzd xÆñ ÿçZzZ)

x

vzZ x¬…æà£ú Napoleon /‰±úZÆï f¬ëZÆßõZ (1821 ' 1769)

i¬`òfÚ ‰`ú NearchusgZ ,Z ‰≈úz¨∫õ fÍ£ç£ûfd (dÎ≈õ gZ ·`§ñ 312 ' 360 dz¨`ä)

/f¨¿ºçZ x£ùZÆøù

Æù¬Ö ‰≈ú Niebuhr, Barthold /Áú£˚Ú bf¬õ (1813 ' 1776)

z

izfZz Varus, Publius Quintilius (dÎ≈õ gZ ¨∑Ö 9 ' dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 53 dz¨ä)

25

/¨é ‰•≤ò „õfh ·°£§ñ £Ö ‡¿â fd ,Áõzf vZÆúh z fZ¨ø•ç£≈ç

Zd ‰`öz Veledafd ,„õfh ‘ú£`ûÆ`•òzÆ`Ö ·`°£`§ñ Æ`§ø∏≈à z xg ’`≈≤ò (dÎ`≈õ vzZ xÆ`ñ)

/ÕéZd v£∑ï ÕòÆé wzf ‰≈æì ·ô z „õfh ·°£§ñ w£≈ñ

\¬øéZz Wachsmuth, Ernst /Áú£˚Ú bf¬õ (1866 ' 1784)

Æ¿ôZz Wagner, Richard /Áú£˚Ú g£±Ω¿ùÚ (1883 ' 1813)

Ø•ûZz Waitz, Georg /fl≈ܬô d£•çZ ,Áú£˚Ú bf¬õ (1886 ' 1813)

„`±ÜZz Watson, John Forbesfd Õözd f¬õ∆õ ,Á±≈æΩúZ Ã≈§ë (1892 ' 1827)

/‹ö»õ ,x£•çz¨¿ù

tf£`õ Æ`•çz Westermarck, Edward Alexanderi£¿é wdÆõ (1939 ' 1862)

/¨úοï i£¿é ‰∑õ£â z

wZÆ`πöz Wolfram Von Eschenbachfd Á°£ºûÆõÚ Á§ù≠õ ¤æ§õ ,(1875 ' 1803)

/£¡úÚ x£Ög ‡¿ùÆï ‹ö»õ ,x£•ç¬à bÆç x£≈õ

y

·`Ωù Hegel, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm‰π±æï ‰•±âÆÖ y¨¿û£øú (1831 ' 1770)

/Á•±≈öÚ y¨ûZ fl≈•ºö£ûd ⁄ïZ¨õ ,Á¿≈ì Õ±≈öÚ y¨ûZ ,x£˚Ú fl≈çÎò

dzÆù Herod /‰°Zd¬â y£éd£à (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 4 ' 73)

\zd Æù Herodotus /Áú£ú¬û bf¬õ (dÎ≈õ gZ ·§ñ 425 ' 484 dz¨ä)

Ææç¬ù Heusler, Andreas /‹ö»õ ,Á±û¬ç xZ¨ñ¬∫ä (1921 ' 1834)

Æ`õ¬`ù Homer‹`ö»`õ ,x£`ú¬`û Z ‰`ú£`±ïZ ‰`ø≈ú Æ`ì£`é (dÎ`≈õ gZ ·`§ñ ‚`¡ú xÆ`ñ dz¨`ä)

/‰±ûdzZ z d£≈æûZ £ù ‰õ¬∂¿õ

Õ`ûz¬`ù Howitt, Alfred Williambf¬`õ ,Á`±≈æΩúZ i£`¿é wdÆ`õ (1908 ' 1830)

/£≈öZÆ•çZ ·°£§ñ df¬õ fd f£áÚ ‹ö»õ ,£≈öZÆ•çZ “ûf£Ü

‰`ºé¬`ù Huschke, Georg Philippf£áÚ ‹ö»õ ,Áú£˚Ú xZ¨ñ¬∫ä (1886 ' 1801)

/wzf x¬ú£ñ “ûf£Ü fd

zÎçzf£û Yaroslav the Wise /‹û Áò ydZØù£é (1054 ' 978)

B/dfZd ‰õZdZC

ÆôgÆÖ Õ®ä :gZ Æ≈¶ºÜ

1380&08&16

(2001&11&07)

26