Water In The Atmosphere

Team 3Bryan Bentley

Amanda ZawadzkiMohamed

SolimanMatthew Durant

Ali Abdrabalhussain

Vibrational Modes

Water Molecules are characterized with several vibrational modes

These modes associate with the 3 types of ro-vibrational bands.

λ1 is associated with H-O-H symmetric stretching and is located around 2.7 micrometersλ2 is associated with H-O-H bending and is located around 6.3 micrometersλ3 is associated with H-O-H antisymmetric stretching and is also located around 2.7

micrometers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water

Thermal IR Spectrum

Water molecules occupy locations through the thermal IR spectrum where they scatter electromagnetic radiation based off of their refractive index.

http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms

The large amount of absorption lines contributes to the water molecule’s strong continuum absorption.This is a cause of water vapor’s unusual effectiveness at interacting with radiation throughout the thermal IR. This effect makes water vapor the largest absorber of solar radiation in the lower atmosphere, the troposphere.

Continuum Absorption

www.wikipedia.org

Effect on Atmosphere

This means that water condensation and vapor play a major role in determining how much radiation and heat are dispersed in a given region.

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. At 86 degrees Fahrenheit, the concentration rangesDry air- 0 grams per cubic meter Saturated air(100% humidity)- 30 grams of water per cubic meter

Humidity

bleacherreport.com davidgrayheatingandair.com

Rain has a great dependence on the scattering of the condensed water molecules on the atmosphere.

Different types of scattering, due to different waves in the atmosphere, is what contributes to the intensity of the rain

Different regions on the earth’s surface encounter different exposure to the various types of waves in the atmosphere.

Hydrometeors (condensed water)

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06546749

The wavelength of the detected photons absorbed by Hydrometeors determine the probability density of the rain path.

The figure illustrates the relationship between the probability density and the photon excess path length ( d)

Hydrometeors (Cont.)

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Clapeyron Equation

The relationship of vapor pressure to Temperature can be expressed through the Clapeyron equation.

http://langlopress.net/homeeducation/resources/science/content/support/illustrations/Chemistry/Water%20Phase%20Diagram-bl.jpg

Given

If we substitute x = ln(T)

∫ dln(es) = ∫ β*e^(-x) dx

ln(es) = -β*e^(-x) + constant

ln(es) = -β*e^(-ln(T)) + constant

ln(es) = -β/T + constantWhere β is approximately 5400 K

If we choose to manipulate the equation even more,the Clapeyron equation turns into the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, where

ln(P) = ln(A)-ΔHvap/RT

ln(P) = (-ΔHvap/R)*1/T + ln(A)

y = m x + b

http://www.uni-ulm.de/fileadmin/website_uni_ulm/nawi.inst.251/Didactics/thermodynamik/INHALT/GT.HTM

http://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Ideal.html

Clausius

Clapeyron

Rearranging the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation yields a linear relationship between the natural log of Pressure and the inverse of Temperature (K)

function ClasiusClapeyronclc;%If we decided to set the b term to 0 so

that we can get an approximation%of the graph

dHvap=40.68;

Temperature=linspace(0,100,1000);

Pressure=exp(-dHvap./8.314.*1./Temperature);

plot(1./Temperature,log(Pressure))xlabel('1/T')ylabel('ln(P)')title('Vapor Pressure v. Temperature')

Copy and Paste Version of Program

http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/

Earth’s climate conditions mainly depend on water’s radiative properties. Such conditions include the greenhouse effect, the planetary albedo, and thus the Earth’s temperature.

Water’s radiative properties and Earth’s climate are specifically related by an energy balance between them.

Understanding climate through water

http://www2.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~plewis/geogg124/modelling.html

Earth’s climate also depends on the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere along with water’s enthalpy budget.

The figure shows how cloudsformation, humidity, andtemperature are interrelatedthrough water’s enthalpic andthermodynamic properties.

Understanding climate through water (Cont.)

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/issues/global/climate6.htm

The six processes that make up the water cycle are: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, and transpiration.

Through the process of evaporation and transpiration, water moves into the atmosphere. Then, Clouds are formed when water vapors join the dust particles present in the atmosphere.

We know about rain, but where do clouds come from?

http://roble.pntic.mec.es/rmac0040/im%E1genes/water2%5B1%5D.gif

In 1802 an Englishman by the name of Luke Howard invented the cloud naming system that is still in use today.

Howard used Latin names to describe clouds. (The first part of a cloud's name describes height, the second part shape.)

Clouds orientation in the atmosphere

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/cgifs/clouds.GIF

Cumulus clouds are all capable of producing some serious storms !!!

The figures show the relationship between clouds levels Vs. wind and temperature (in Kelvins) conditions for development of thunderstorms.

http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=cloud_classificationhttp://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=cloud_classification

The various conditions of water vapors in the atmosphere (altitude, pressure, and temperature) contribute to how moistening and drying occur throughout different regions on Earth’s surface.

The figure shows a relative study of those conditions among Texas, green ocean, smoky, and gate-74 all at the same timing.

Moistening and drying conditions

http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/1/015004/fulltext/

The more accurate method to determining the vapor pressure of water is the Antoine Equation.

For the Antoine Equation, constants A,B and C are assigned to a molecule to predict the vapor pressure/Temperature relationship.

Antoine Equation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_equation

Where Pressure is measured in kPa,and Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius.

ln(P) = A - B/(T+C)

function antoine=tank(a,b,c,T)%input the a,b,ca = input('a= ');b = input('b= ');c = input('c= ');T = input('T(C)= ');%calculating the vapor pressure at a certain temperatureP=exp(a-b/(T+c));disp('Vapor Pressure in Pascals')disp(P)end

Antoine’s Equation Function

http://www.sjogy.nu/program/nvprogrammet/larare/behzadmassoumzadeh/physics/physicsb/ch26specialtheoryofrelativity/einsteinandthestorybehindtheworldsmostfamousequation.4.6e96ff103c385730380006056.html

Water in the atmosphere itself cannot drive climate change. However it can amplify the effects not associated with temperature changes. One example of which is carbon dioxide concentration.

Amplifier of Climate Change

Shows the box plots of temperature change as a result of CO2 concentration doublinghttp://www.ces.fau.edu/nasa/module-4/causes/carbon_story.php

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06546749

δR- is the change in the net cooling rate of the atmosphereP and E -measure precipitation and evaporation (in enthalpy flux units)T sfc- is the surface temperature.

This equation shows a relationship between regional changes and global warming.

Changes in Precipitation

www.zmescience.com

These currents can lead to cyclonic or anticyclonic weathers, also known as hurricanes and tornadoes

Tornados and Hurricanes

When the air and sea temperatures are above 77 degrees Fahrenheit, the water vapor in the atmosphere can create upward air currents.

universetoday.orghttp://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/earth/atmosphere/2582932/water_vapor/

http://www.crookedbrains.net/2007/07/snow-in-desert-taklamakan-is-desert-of.html

With the knowledge gained by scientistsabout water in the atmosphere, could it be possible for humans to manipulate thepatterns of weather itself? Could we make scenes like these below actually happen

more often?What if these were commonplace?

http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=3175927http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Palm_Trees_and_Snow.jpg

Future Implications

Given a way to change the climate in an area, the following things could be done:

• Rain-soaked areas would be relieved from their excess water by deserts with great poverty in water

• Crops could be grown in previously unfavorable land• Unbearably warm areas could be cooled, and frigid areas could become warmer

http://optimistworld.com/files/Eden%20Springs%20CSR%20-%20Clean%20drinking%20water%20for%20African%20children%20in%20Tanzania_6757_1_1___Selected.jpghttp://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/graphics/wxdrphotos/deserttstorm.jpg

Future Implications

Water is an essential part of life, and is in or around practically everything on this planet.

http://www.officialpsds.com/images/thumbs/Planet-Earth-psd20005.png

Many people have studied water vapor and made conclusions about water in the atmosphere, such as the men associated with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, and the Antoine equation.

.

Conclusion

http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/3/e/83e5c609475c1c37eece4af9cfd7dc61.png

These observations have led to a widespread goal to further understand our atmosphere and the principles behind the world we observe. Using IR Spectroscopy, NMR Spectroscopy, RADAR, UV spectroscopy and other methods, more information has been found on the use of clouds in the last decade.

IR Spectroscopy: http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Spec=C7732185&Index=1&Type=IR

NMR Spectroscopy: http://

www.processnmr.com/images/productspage/contin3.jpg

Conclusion

UV spectroscopy: http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/es151/gallery/images/segelstein81.gif

RADAR:http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/ind/feb152010/radar_14z15feb.png

The use of these technologies combined with knowledge gained from theoretical equations has helped the scientific community understand that clouds are not only pleasant, puffy white balls in the sky that turn dark and bring rain.

They create a “blanket” over the Earth’s surface.

Conclusion

Only recently, scientists have found that clouds don’t just operate as part of the atmosphere as bringers of rain or the deflectors of the sun’s painful sting.

Clouds affect the enthalpy change of the Earth itself, acting as a barrier to maintain the Earth’s homeostasis, like a big “blanket”, keeping us warm at night and cool during the day.

The image below demonstrates this:

http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/JPEG/E-H2Oexchg_2D.jpg

Conclusion

As we learn more about the environment around us, more can be done to improve the lives of every individual.

Using the relationships we discover and formulate, methods can be used to illuminate the important information that can otherwise be hidden by the face of an equation itself.

Numerical methods are then used in order to evaluate and assess the data collected. The data itself may even be a precursor to defining a relationship in the first place.

Conclusion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis

http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/wallpaper/photography/photos/milestones-space-photography/earth-full-view/

1. http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/66/6/10.1063/PT.3.20092.

http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/earth/atmosphere/2582932/water_vapor/

3. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=065467494. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html5. http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/watervapor01.htm6. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV

Resources:

http://riccentre.ca/entrepreneur-and-innovation-resources/