UNIV 200-08 Flights of Computing Fancy - Bucknell...

UNIV 200-08 Flights of Computing FancyNanotechnology

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Source: http://www.nano.gov

Nanometer

1 m

1 x 10-3 m = 1 mm

1 x 10-6 m = 1 μm

1 x 10-9 m = 1 nm

• A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nm thick

•A human hair is approximately 80,000- 100,000 nm wide

•1 nm is about as long as your fingernail grows in one second

Matters of Scale

Nanotech Defined“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.”

Working at nano-scaleNeed high-powered microscopes that allow one to view atomic scale features.

http://www.sciencegl.com/3dsurf/shots/nanoparticles/nanoparticles.html

Nanomanufacturing

“A 16 gauge wire, approximately 1.3 millimeters in diameter, made from carbon nanotubes that were spun into thread.”

http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/manufacturing

Processes• Chemical vapor deposition is a process in which chemicals react to produce very pure,

high-performance films

• Molecular beam epitaxy is one method for depositing highly controlled thin films

• Atomic layer epitaxy is a process for depositing one-atom-thick layers on a surface

• Dip pen lithography is a process in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then used to "write" on a surface, like an old fashioned ink pen onto paper

• Nanoimprint lithography is a process for creating nanoscale features by "stamping" or "printing" them onto a surface

• Roll-to-roll processing is a high-volume process to produce nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal

• Self-assembly describes the process in which a group of components come together to form an ordered structure without outside direction


Transistor

“A high resolution image of a graphene transistor with a sheet of carbon only one atom thick. This high speed electronic device was created using nanoscale processes, and may one day be used for better computer chips.”


Medical Uses

“Drawing on the natural nanoscale of biology, many medical researchers are working on designing tools, treatments, and therapies that are more precise and personalized than conventional ones—and that can be applied earlier in the course of a disease and lead to fewer adverse side-effects.”

http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special

Surface Area“Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas than similar masses of larger-scale materials. As surface area per mass of a material increases, a greater amount of the material can come into contact with surrounding materials, thus affecting reactivity.”

http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special

Milestones

Colloidal “Ruby” Gold

1857: Michael Faraday discovered colloidal “ruby” gold, demonstrating that nanostructured gold under certain lighting conditions produces different-colored solutions.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline

Transistor1947: John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs discovered the semiconductor transistor and greatly expanded scientific knowledge of semiconductor interfaces, laying the foundation for electronic devices and the Information Age.


Atomic Logo :)

1989: Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer at IBM's Almaden Research Center manipulated 35 individual xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo. This demonstration of the ability to precisely manipulate atoms ushered in the applied use of nanotechnology.


Nanotubes1991: Sumio Iijima of NEC is credited with discovering the carbon nanotube.

An array of aligned carbon nanotubes, which can act like a radio antenna for detecting light at visible wave- lengths (scale bar 0.001 mm)


DPN

1999: Chad Mirkin at Northwestern University invented dip-pen nanolithography, leading to manufacturable, reproducible “writing” of electronic circuits as well as patterning of biomaterials for cell biology research, nanoencryption, and other applications.


Nanotech Today

• polymer composite materials for baseball bats, tennis rackets, motorcycle helmets, automobile bumpers, luggage, …

• surface treatments of fabrics help them resist wrinkling, staining, and bacterial growth, and provide lightweight ballistic energy deflection in personal body armor

• food containers to minimize carbon dioxide leakage out of carbonated beverages, or the growth of bacteria in order to keep food fresher and safer, longer

• nanosensors built into plastic packaging to warn against spoiled food

There already exist over 800 everyday commercial products that rely on nanoscale materials and processes:

http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits

Sustainable Energy

http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits

• New solar panel films incorporate nanoparticles to create lightweight, flexible solar cells.

• Enzymes to enable conversion of cellulose into ethanol for fuel, from wood chips, corn stalks, unfertilized perennial grasses, etc.

• Already used in numerous new kinds of batteries - less flammable, quicker-charging, more efficient, lighter weight, and hold charge longer.

The Invincible – Stanislaw Lem (1964)

Human spaceship lands on uninhabited planet, discovers life form based on evolution of autonomous, self-replicating machines. Individually or in small groups they are relatively harmless but can form huge swarms displaying complex, often destructive behavior.

http://best-sci-fi-books.com/19-best-nanotechnology-science-fiction-books/

Fantastic Voyage – Isaac Asimov (1966)

Team of scientists reduced to a fraction of their size and sent in a miniaturized submarine through a dying man’s carotid artery to destroy a blood clot in his brain.

http://best-‐sci-‐fi-‐books.com/19-‐best-‐nanotechnology-‐science-‐fiction-‐books/

Blood Music – Greg Bear (1985)An amazing breakthrough in genetic engineering made by Vergil Ulam is considered too dangerous for further research, but rather than destroy his work, he injects himself with his creation and walks out of his lab, unaware of just how his actions will change the world.


The Diamond Age – Neal Stephenson (1995)

Set in twenty-‐first century Shanghai, it is the story of what happens when a state-‐of-‐the-‐art interactive device falls in the hands of a street urchin named Nell. Her life—and the entire future of humanity—is about to be decoded and reprogrammed…


Revelation Space – Alastair Reynolds (2001)

This distant-‐past/far-‐future, hard sci-‐fi tour de force probes a galaxy-‐wide enigma: why does spacefaring humanity encounter so few remnants of intelligent life?

Altered Carbon – Richard K. Morgan (2002)

In the twenty-fifth century, humankind has spread throughout the galaxy, monitored by the watchful eye of the U.N. While divisions in race, religion, and class still exist, advances in technology have redefined life itself. Now, assuming one can afford the expensive procedure, a person’s consciousness can be stored in a cortical stack at the base of the brain and easily downloaded into a new body (or “sleeve”) making death nothing more than a minor blip on a screen.

http://best-‐sci-‐fi-‐books.com/19-‐best-‐nanotechnology-‐science-‐fiction-‐books

Accelerando – Charles Stross (2005)

The Singularity. It is the era of the posthuman. Artificial intelligences have surpassed the limits of human intellect. Biotechnological beings have rendered people all but extinct. Molecular nanotechnology runs rampant, replicating and reprogramming at will. Contact with extraterrestrial life grows more imminent with each new day.


River of Gods – Ian McDonald (2007)

This ambitious portrait of a future India from British author McDonald offers multitudes: gods, castes, protagonists, cultures. Nine disparate characters, including a cop, a scientist and a stand-‐up comic, act out their related dramas—be they personal, political or of the mystery-‐thriller variety—in successive chapters within each of the book's five sections. In the India of 2047, genetically engineered children comprise a new caste, adults can be surgically transformed into a neutral gender, a water war has broken out as the Ganges threatens to run dry, AIs are violently destroyed if they approach levels akin to human intelligence, and something strange has just appeared in the solar system.

Nexus – Ramez Naam (2013)

In the near future, the experimental nano-‐drug Nexus can link humans together, mind to mind. There are some who want to improve it. There are some who want to eradicate it. And there are others who just want to exploit it. When a young scientist is caught improving Nexus, he's thrust over his head into a world of danger and international espionage -‐ for there is far more at stake than anyone realizes.

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