Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely...
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Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to
H ti lt l CHorticultural CropsJoe MasabniJoe Masabni
UKRECPrinceton, KY
Joe Masabni
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Definition of Drift
• Droplets containing the chemicals which areDroplets containing the chemicals which are not deposited on the target area.
– Droplets < 150 μm in diameter are most prone to driftto drift.
– Diameter of human hair = 17 - 181 µm.
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University of Missouri Study
• 48% controlled by spray equipment48% controlled by spray equipment.
32% t ll d b l i d• 32% controlled by low wind.
Low wind and proper equipment account for 80% of drift potentialfor 80% of drift potential
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Causes of DriftCauses of Drift
Spray Equipment
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Droplet Size
• A spray under pressure breaks up theA spray under pressure breaks up the solution into droplets of varying sizes.
The smaller the nozzle size and the greater the spray pressure, the smaller
the droplets.p
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Nozzle Height
• The greater the distance a droplet has toThe greater the distance a droplet has to travel between the nozzle tip and the crop, the greater the impact of wind has on itthe greater the impact of wind has on it.
Do not spray at heights greater or smaller than the recommended height
for the nozzle used.
Joe Masabni
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Operating Speed
• Increased tractor speed will cause spray toIncreased tractor speed will cause spray to be lifted back up and will increase chances of drifting of small droplets.g p
TeeJet RecommendationTeeJet RecommendationMax speed of 10-13 mph.
As ind increases red ce operatingAs wind increases, reduce operating speed.
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Causes of DriftCauses of Drift
Weather
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Soil Temperature
• High soil temperature (little crop cover) = hotHigh soil temperature (little crop cover) = hot air
• Hot air will stop downward travel of fine d l tdroplets.
Not a problem in early season sprays.
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Wind Velocity
• Greatest impact on driftGreatest impact on drift
I d i d i d d ift• Increased wind causes increased drift.
• Early morning and early evening are usually the most calm.
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Wind Velocity
TeeJet RecommendationsTeeJet Recommendations• Low wind: spray at recommended
lnozzle pressures.
• Windy: reduce spray pressure AND increase droplet size (by increasingincrease droplet size (by increasing nozzle size).
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Droplet Size vs. Spray Pressure
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Wind Velocity and Drop Size
TeeJet RecommendationsTeeJet Recommendations
• Up to 4.5 mph – Min. Drop Size 130 μm
• Up to 7 mph – Min. Drop Size 140 μm
• Up to 9 mph – Min. Drop Size 160 μm
• Up to 11 mph – Min. Drop Size 200 μm
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From Chart AboveIf i d i t 4 5 h DO NOT USE• If wind is up to 4.5 mph, DO NOT USE– XR 11005 at 75 psi– XR 11004 at 75 psi– XR 11003 at 45 and 75 psiXR 11003 at 45 and 75 psi
• If wind is up to 7 mph, DO NOT USE– XR 11005 at 75 psi (borderline)– XR 11004 at 45 and 75 psip– XR 11003 at 45 and 75 psi
DG11003 at 75 psi (borderline)Joe Masabni
– DG11003 at 75 psi (borderline)
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From Chart Above• If wind is up to 11 mph, USE ONLY
TT 11003 11004 11005 at 20 psi– TT 11003, 11004, 11005 at 20 psi– TT 11004, 11005 at 45 psi– DG 11003, 11004, 11005 at 20 psi
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Air Temperature and Humidity
• Drift is highly likely if temperature > 77F withDrift is highly likely if temperature > 77F with low RH.
High temperature during spraying may require suspending spraying.
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Agronomic HerbicidesUsed in Early Season FieldUsed in Early Season Field
Preparation
Extension PublicationExtension Publication‘AGR-6’
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Some herbicides listed in AGR-6:So e e b c des sted G 6
Atrazine: Pn Inhibitor: PRE, PO
2,4-D: Growth Regulator
Di b G th R l tDicamba: Growth Regulator
Gramoxone: Non-Selective
Glyphosate: Non-Selective
Expert (Atr+Met+Gly): Burndown
Fi ldM t (At +A t+Gl ) B dJoe Masabni
FieldMaster (Atr+Acet+Gly): Burndown
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Caution StatementsCaution Statements
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Dicamba, 2,4-D
• Be cautious near sensitive crops suchBe cautious … near sensitive .. crops, such as tobacco, soybean, vegetables, or ornamentals plants and avoid potentialornamentals plants and avoid potential injury caused by spray drift.
• Do not apply if winds are over 5 mph.
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Gramoxone, Glyphosate
• Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants
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Other Herbicides• Beacon: To reduce drift, do not apply when
winds are in excess of 10 mphwinds are in excess of 10 mph.
• Callisto, Celebrity Plus: Take necessary precautions to reduce potential for spray drift.
• Marksman: To reduce drift, do not apply when winds are in excess of 5 mph.
Joe Masabni
when winds are in excess of 5 mph.
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No-Till Corn
Extension Publication‘AGR-100’
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• Corn should be planted before May 10Corn should be planted before May 10 in Western Kentucky and May 20 in Eastern Kentucky for top yield potential. y p y p
• A contact herbicide is necessary to kill the existing vegetation.
A h bi id h bi id bi ti ith• A herbicide or herbicide combination with residual action is required to effectively control late germinating weedslate-germinating weeds.
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I it i t• In many years, it is necessary to use … dicamba or 2,4D to reduce pressure from broadleaves and vines (weeds)…
• … use an ample volume of spray mixture to provide thorough coverage of the vegetation Aprovide thorough coverage of the vegetation. A minimum of 40 gallons of solution per acre is
i d f l t ifrequired for complete, uniform coverage.
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What’s Obvious to me ?
No mention of ‘Grape’ at all inNo mention of Grape at all in AGR-6 or AGR-100.
This is by no means a fault of the publicationsThis is by no means a fault of the publications.
Ob i l th ’t b ll i l iObviously, they can’t be all-inclusive.
Joe Masabni
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What do the full labels say ?What do the full labels say ?
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Clarity, 2,4-D Labels
• May cause injury to fruit trees grapesMay cause injury to … fruit trees, grapes, ornamentals … tomatoes.
• These plants are most sensitive to Clarity d i th i d l t tduring their development stage.
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Beacon Label
• Grape tomato: not mentionedGrape, tomato: not mentioned
A id ll di t i di t t t ( h• Avoid all direct or indirect contact (such as spray drift) of Beacon with crops other than th d d f t t t thithose recommended for treatment on this label, since injury may occur.
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Callisto Label
• Grape tomato: not mentionedGrape, tomato: not mentioned
D t l h th diti• Do not apply when weather conditions may cause drift to non-target areas.
• Drift may result in injury to adjacent crops y j y j pand vegetations.
Joe Masabni
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Celebrity Plus Label
• Grape tomato: not mentionedGrape, tomato: not mentioned
M hi hl iti• Many crops are highly sensitive…
• All direct or indirect contact (such as spray drift) with crops other than field corn must be ) pavoided.
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Case Study
Drift Injury ?
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Growth Stage on 4-20-04
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Wh t d h ?Joe Masabni
What do you see here?
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Cl L k h S d Fi ldCloser Look at the Sprayed Field in Background
Joe Masabni
in BackgroundSource of Drift ?
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Injury on Alfalfa
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Injury on Grass
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Spray Information
• Neighbor is a commercial applicator• Neighbor is a commercial applicator.
• On windy days, he sprays his farm.y y y
• Neighbor says he is using drift-retardants.
• Drift burn on grass, alfalfa 150-200 ft in row.
• Grape row end is 100 ft from fence and• Grape row end is 100 ft from fence and another 100 ft from sprayed area.
Joe Masabni
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Injury Symptoms from
Herbicide Drift
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Joe Masabni2,4-D - Grape
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2,4-D - Cantaloupe
Joe Masabni
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2,4-D - Watermelon
Joe Masabni
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Roundup - Grape
Joe Masabni
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Roundup - Grape
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Injury not caused by HerbicidesInjury not caused by Herbicides
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Frost Damage
Joe Masabni
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Potato Leaf Hopper
Joe Masabni
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Sulfur Residue in Tank
Joe Masabni
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Insecticide Injury - Tomato
Joe Masabni
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Recommendations
• Calibrate equipment: – check output– clean nozzle and air intake (if available)( )– clean strainer
adjust boom height– adjust boom height
• Regularly check wind speed (don’t guess)
Joe Masabni
guess)
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Recommendations• Use Drift Guard (DG), Air Induction (AI), or
Turbo TeeJet (TT) low drift nozzles.u bo eeJe ( ) o d o es• Don’t go for the largest droplet size
possible (best for low drift potential)possible (best for low drift potential), because of reduced coverage and effectiveness.
• Keep a supply of various nozzle types onKeep a supply of various nozzle types on hand
Joe Masabni
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Recommendations• Spray early am when wind is still calm.
• Add drift retardant
• Drive at low speed (best if ≤ 5 mph)• Drive at low speed (best if ≤ 5 mph)
• Use large spray volume (40-60 gpa)g p y ( gp )
• Use lowest pressure possible
• Have a copy of TeeJet Catalog and read it cover to cover
Joe Masabni
read it cover to cover.
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Bottom Line
• We have the technology:• We have the technology: –Drift retardants–Nozzles–Weather stations–More
“Why can’t we all just get along”Joe Masabni
y j g g