Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely...

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Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to H ti lt lC Horticultural Crops Joe Masabni Joe Masabni UKREC Princeton, KY Joe Masabni

Transcript of Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely...

Page 1: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to

H ti lt l CHorticultural CropsJoe MasabniJoe Masabni

UKRECPrinceton, KY

Joe Masabni

Page 2: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Definition of Drift

• Droplets containing the chemicals which areDroplets containing the chemicals which are not deposited on the target area.

– Droplets < 150 μm in diameter are most prone to driftto drift.

– Diameter of human hair = 17 - 181 µm.

Joe Masabni

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University of Missouri Study

• 48% controlled by spray equipment48% controlled by spray equipment.

32% t ll d b l i d• 32% controlled by low wind.

Low wind and proper equipment account for 80% of drift potentialfor 80% of drift potential

Joe Masabni

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Causes of DriftCauses of Drift

Spray Equipment

Joe Masabni

Page 5: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Droplet Size

• A spray under pressure breaks up theA spray under pressure breaks up the solution into droplets of varying sizes.

The smaller the nozzle size and the greater the spray pressure, the smaller

the droplets.p

Joe Masabni

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Nozzle Height

• The greater the distance a droplet has toThe greater the distance a droplet has to travel between the nozzle tip and the crop, the greater the impact of wind has on itthe greater the impact of wind has on it.

Do not spray at heights greater or smaller than the recommended height

for the nozzle used.

Joe Masabni

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Operating Speed

• Increased tractor speed will cause spray toIncreased tractor speed will cause spray to be lifted back up and will increase chances of drifting of small droplets.g p

TeeJet RecommendationTeeJet RecommendationMax speed of 10-13 mph.

As ind increases red ce operatingAs wind increases, reduce operating speed.

Joe Masabni

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Causes of DriftCauses of Drift

Weather

Joe Masabni

Page 9: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Soil Temperature

• High soil temperature (little crop cover) = hotHigh soil temperature (little crop cover) = hot air

• Hot air will stop downward travel of fine d l tdroplets.

Not a problem in early season sprays.

Joe Masabni

Page 10: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Wind Velocity

• Greatest impact on driftGreatest impact on drift

I d i d i d d ift• Increased wind causes increased drift.

• Early morning and early evening are usually the most calm.

Joe Masabni

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Wind Velocity

TeeJet RecommendationsTeeJet Recommendations• Low wind: spray at recommended

lnozzle pressures.

• Windy: reduce spray pressure AND increase droplet size (by increasingincrease droplet size (by increasing nozzle size).

Joe Masabni

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Droplet Size vs. Spray Pressure

Joe Masabni

Page 13: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Wind Velocity and Drop Size

TeeJet RecommendationsTeeJet Recommendations

• Up to 4.5 mph – Min. Drop Size 130 μm

• Up to 7 mph – Min. Drop Size 140 μm

• Up to 9 mph – Min. Drop Size 160 μm

• Up to 11 mph – Min. Drop Size 200 μm

Joe Masabni

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From Chart AboveIf i d i t 4 5 h DO NOT USE• If wind is up to 4.5 mph, DO NOT USE– XR 11005 at 75 psi– XR 11004 at 75 psi– XR 11003 at 45 and 75 psiXR 11003 at 45 and 75 psi

• If wind is up to 7 mph, DO NOT USE– XR 11005 at 75 psi (borderline)– XR 11004 at 45 and 75 psip– XR 11003 at 45 and 75 psi

DG11003 at 75 psi (borderline)Joe Masabni

– DG11003 at 75 psi (borderline)

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From Chart Above• If wind is up to 11 mph, USE ONLY

TT 11003 11004 11005 at 20 psi– TT 11003, 11004, 11005 at 20 psi– TT 11004, 11005 at 45 psi– DG 11003, 11004, 11005 at 20 psi

Joe Masabni

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Air Temperature and Humidity

• Drift is highly likely if temperature > 77F withDrift is highly likely if temperature > 77F with low RH.

High temperature during spraying may require suspending spraying.

Joe Masabni

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Agronomic HerbicidesUsed in Early Season FieldUsed in Early Season Field

Preparation

Extension PublicationExtension Publication‘AGR-6’

Joe Masabni

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Some herbicides listed in AGR-6:So e e b c des sted G 6

Atrazine: Pn Inhibitor: PRE, PO

2,4-D: Growth Regulator

Di b G th R l tDicamba: Growth Regulator

Gramoxone: Non-Selective

Glyphosate: Non-Selective

Expert (Atr+Met+Gly): Burndown

Fi ldM t (At +A t+Gl ) B dJoe Masabni

FieldMaster (Atr+Acet+Gly): Burndown

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Caution StatementsCaution Statements

Joe Masabni

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Dicamba, 2,4-D

• Be cautious near sensitive crops suchBe cautious … near sensitive .. crops, such as tobacco, soybean, vegetables, or ornamentals plants and avoid potentialornamentals plants and avoid potential injury caused by spray drift.

• Do not apply if winds are over 5 mph.

Joe Masabni

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Gramoxone, Glyphosate

• Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Joe Masabni

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Other Herbicides• Beacon: To reduce drift, do not apply when

winds are in excess of 10 mphwinds are in excess of 10 mph.

• Callisto, Celebrity Plus: Take necessary precautions to reduce potential for spray drift.

• Marksman: To reduce drift, do not apply when winds are in excess of 5 mph.

Joe Masabni

when winds are in excess of 5 mph.

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No-Till Corn

Extension Publication‘AGR-100’

Joe Masabni

Page 24: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

• Corn should be planted before May 10Corn should be planted before May 10 in Western Kentucky and May 20 in Eastern Kentucky for top yield potential. y p y p

• A contact herbicide is necessary to kill the existing vegetation.

A h bi id h bi id bi ti ith• A herbicide or herbicide combination with residual action is required to effectively control late germinating weedslate-germinating weeds.

Joe Masabni

Page 25: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

I it i t• In many years, it is necessary to use … dicamba or 2,4D to reduce pressure from broadleaves and vines (weeds)…

• … use an ample volume of spray mixture to provide thorough coverage of the vegetation Aprovide thorough coverage of the vegetation. A minimum of 40 gallons of solution per acre is

i d f l t ifrequired for complete, uniform coverage.

Joe Masabni

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What’s Obvious to me ?

No mention of ‘Grape’ at all inNo mention of Grape at all in AGR-6 or AGR-100.

This is by no means a fault of the publicationsThis is by no means a fault of the publications.

Ob i l th ’t b ll i l iObviously, they can’t be all-inclusive.

Joe Masabni

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What do the full labels say ?What do the full labels say ?

Joe Masabni

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Clarity, 2,4-D Labels

• May cause injury to fruit trees grapesMay cause injury to … fruit trees, grapes, ornamentals … tomatoes.

• These plants are most sensitive to Clarity d i th i d l t tduring their development stage.

Joe Masabni

Page 29: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Beacon Label

• Grape tomato: not mentionedGrape, tomato: not mentioned

A id ll di t i di t t t ( h• Avoid all direct or indirect contact (such as spray drift) of Beacon with crops other than th d d f t t t thithose recommended for treatment on this label, since injury may occur.

Joe Masabni

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Callisto Label

• Grape tomato: not mentionedGrape, tomato: not mentioned

D t l h th diti• Do not apply when weather conditions may cause drift to non-target areas.

• Drift may result in injury to adjacent crops y j y j pand vegetations.

Joe Masabni

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Celebrity Plus Label

• Grape tomato: not mentionedGrape, tomato: not mentioned

M hi hl iti• Many crops are highly sensitive…

• All direct or indirect contact (such as spray drift) with crops other than field corn must be ) pavoided.

Joe Masabni

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Case Study

Drift Injury ?

Joe Masabni

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Growth Stage on 4-20-04

Joe Masabni

Page 34: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Wh t d h ?Joe Masabni

What do you see here?

Page 35: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Cl L k h S d Fi ldCloser Look at the Sprayed Field in Background

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in BackgroundSource of Drift ?

Page 36: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Injury on Alfalfa

Joe Masabni

Page 37: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Injury on Grass

Joe Masabni

Page 38: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Spray Information

• Neighbor is a commercial applicator• Neighbor is a commercial applicator.

• On windy days, he sprays his farm.y y y

• Neighbor says he is using drift-retardants.

• Drift burn on grass, alfalfa 150-200 ft in row.

• Grape row end is 100 ft from fence and• Grape row end is 100 ft from fence and another 100 ft from sprayed area.

Joe Masabni

Page 39: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Injury Symptoms from

Herbicide Drift

Joe Masabni

Page 40: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Joe Masabni2,4-D - Grape

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2,4-D - Cantaloupe

Joe Masabni

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2,4-D - Watermelon

Joe Masabni

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Roundup - Grape

Joe Masabni

Page 44: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Roundup - Grape

Joe Masabni

Page 45: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Injury not caused by HerbicidesInjury not caused by Herbicides

Joe Masabni

Page 46: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Frost Damage

Joe Masabni

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Potato Leaf Hopper

Joe Masabni

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Sulfur Residue in Tank

Joe Masabni

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Insecticide Injury - Tomato

Joe Masabni

Page 50: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Recommendations

• Calibrate equipment: – check output– clean nozzle and air intake (if available)( )– clean strainer

adjust boom height– adjust boom height

• Regularly check wind speed (don’t guess)

Joe Masabni

guess)

Page 51: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Recommendations• Use Drift Guard (DG), Air Induction (AI), or

Turbo TeeJet (TT) low drift nozzles.u bo eeJe ( ) o d o es• Don’t go for the largest droplet size

possible (best for low drift potential)possible (best for low drift potential), because of reduced coverage and effectiveness.

• Keep a supply of various nozzle types onKeep a supply of various nozzle types on hand

Joe Masabni

Page 52: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Recommendations• Spray early am when wind is still calm.

• Add drift retardant

• Drive at low speed (best if ≤ 5 mph)• Drive at low speed (best if ≤ 5 mph)

• Use large spray volume (40-60 gpa)g p y ( gp )

• Use lowest pressure possible

• Have a copy of TeeJet Catalog and read it cover to cover

Joe Masabni

read it cover to cover.

Page 53: Understanding the Risk of Herbicide Drift to Hti lt ...Gramoxone, Glyphosate • Be extremely cautious to prevent drift toBe extremely cautious to prevent drift to desirable plants

Bottom Line

• We have the technology:• We have the technology: –Drift retardants–Nozzles–Weather stations–More

“Why can’t we all just get along”Joe Masabni

y j g g