- 1990 : 1991: , , CEN/TC250/SC1 , , . , 20112 .. ., .. . . / . . . . 3 .................................................................................................3 1990, ..........................................................................................6 1990, ...................................................................................................6 1990 10 ....................................................................................7 .................................................................................................7 ..............................................7 ..........................................................................................................7 ..........................................................................................8 1990 20 .............................................................................8 ..............................................................................................8 ............................................................................9 .................................................................9 .............................................................................................................9 ......................................................................................11 ................................................................................14 ...................................................................................................16 1990 30: 16 ...................................................................................16 ..........................................................................16 .............................................................17 1990 40: ...........................................................17 ...............................................................................17 ........................................................................18 ......................................19 ........................................................................20 ........................................................................................21 1990 50: ............21 1990 6 ..........21 .. (EQU)................................................................................21 .. / (STR GEO).........................................21 ()..........................................................23 () .........................................................24 ... ( ) ..............................26 ( ...28 ...............................................................28 ..................................................................29 ...................................................29 .............................................................29 ... ............................................................................29 1990 : ..................................................30 ..........................................................................31 .............................................................34 1990 : .....34 1990 : ......................................................................34 .....................................................................34 ... .........................................36 1990 : ...............................40 1990 ...........................................................................................41 ......................................................................................41 4 3 ............................................................................43 1991: 1-1: , , ...............................44 1991-1-1: 1: .........................................................................45 ...............................................................................................45 ............................................45 1991-1-1: 2: ..................................45 .......................................................................................................45 ........................................................................................45 1991-1-1: 3: ...........................................46 ..................................................................................................46 ........................................................................................46 .....................................................................................47 1991-1-1: 4: ....................................................47 1991-1-1: 5: ...................................47 .................................................................................47 ..................................................................47 1991-1-1: 6: ................................48 .................................................................................48 .............................................................................................49 ( , ) .................................49 ( ) ............................................51 ................................51 ( ].........53 ................................................................................................................54 ................................55 1991-1-3: ...........................................................................................57 1991-1-3: 1: .........................................................................57 1.1 ..................................................................................................57 1.2 . .................................................................................57 1.3 ......................................................57 1.4 ...................................................................................57 1991-1-3: 2: , .......................................57 2.1 ..................................57 2.2 . .........................................57 2.3 ....................................................................58 2.4 . ..................................58 2.5 . .......................................58 2.6 - . ..58 1991-1-3: 3: ...........................59 3.1 ..................................................59 3.2 . .....................................................................59 3.3 . .........................60 3.4 ....................................62 3.5 ...........................................................................63 3.6 .................................................................................66 1991-1-3: 4: ..............................................................66 4.1 1 ......................................66 4.2 2 ....................68 4.3 3 .......................................70 1991: 1-4:.......................72 1991-1-4: 1: ................................................................72 51.1..................................................................................................72 1.2 ..................................................................................72 1.3 ...................................................................................72 1.4 , ......................72 1991-1-4: 2: ...............................72 1991-1-4: 3: , ........................................72 3.1 , vb,0. ...........................................72 3.2 , vb..................................................................74 3.3 ........................................................................74 3.4 .........................................................................74 3.6 ....................................................................................79 3.7 ...............................................................................79 3.8 .............................................................................80 3.9 .....................................80 1991-1-4: 4: . .......................................81 1991-1-4: 5:...............................................................84 5.1 1 ...............................84 5.2 2 ................................91 5.3 3 ........................................100 5.4 4 ....................106 5.5 5 .........117 5.6 6 30m .......123 5.7 7 .......................................132 1991: 1-5: ..135 1991-1-5: 1: ..................................................................135 1991-1-5: 2: , ......................................135 1991-1-5: 3: .............................138 1991-1-5: 4: 142 1991-1-5: 5: . ....................142 5.1 ....................................................142 5.2 ..............................143 1991: 1-6: .......................................................................................................145 1991-1-6: 1: ..................................................................145 1991-1-6: 2: ...................................................146 1991-1-6: 3: .........................................147 1991-1-6: 4: ................................................149 1991-1-6: 5: .........................................149 ..................................................................................151 ........................................................................................154 ............................................................................................154 6 1990, 1990, . CEN(=30) 89/106/.CEN. CEN,,, ,,,. . 10 . (1990 , 1991 , 1997 1998 ) (1992 1996 1999) ( ,,,,). , ,,. (). 58 . 1990() ( )(basic requirements),(principles),(applicationrules) 1 (notes) ( ). (,NationallyDetermined Parameters NDP). . , ,. (, National Application Document) . 21990 -, , ( ). 1990 (,, ). 1 , . . 2 , 1990.. ( 1990), 1990. EC0 EC1 EC EuroCode, 0, 1 1990, 1991 . 71990 10 1990, , .(..1998-3: , ). , [1.1(4)]. . () . 1990,, ,, , , , , , , . 1990 , .. , . 1990(Principles,(P) ), , . , (..) , . , . , 1990, , , . 1990, , . 1990 : - - 8- ,,, - 1990 19911999, . - - , , (.. ) . ( 1990, )/ . () . [1.3(1)]. ( ISO 2394, ISO 3898, ISO 8930, ISO 8402).(1990 1999)[1.5.1]: [1.5.2], [1.5.3], [1.5.4], [1.5.5] [1.5.6]. 1990 20 , , :(resistance),(servicibility), (durability),(robustness). (reliability) . :(resistance), (strength), (...),, ( , .. ). ( ...). : 9 . -, [2.1(1)P] - , [2.1(2)P] - [2.1(3)P] -.., , [2.1(4)P] ,, , ( )., ,( ) , . : - - - 1991-1-2, , 1-2 ( 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 1999). : -( ..) - - , (..71/88). , . [2.1(5)P][2.1(6)P] , . : 10 -, : ..: ( ) ( )

- (, , ). : ..: , , EN 1992 EN 1996 (.. ) , ,, - , : ..: , , ( ) - ()

-,, : ..: , - ( )

- : - - -,, . 11 1990, . . [1.5.2.17] (..,), . .

, [2.2(3)] : -/(.. ) -, - ( ) - 1990 (reliability classes) RC1, RC2 RC3, . . (RC2). / [2.2(4)]. , . 1990, [2.2(5)]: )(, , ). ) - - ) ) 12) - - ( ) -, - - - (), 1991 1999. () . () . [1.3] : (CC) (RC) () () (DSL) ()(IL)(- ) : [. 1] CC3 , , , (.. ) CC2 , , , (.. ) CC1 , (.. ), . : (CC4) , . 13 ,.(, ) , . (RC), ,, . : ,. ,, . RC1,RC2RC3 CC1, CC2 CC3. ( ) [. 2] 1 50 RC35,24,3 RC24,73,8 RC14,23,3 : 1990 1 1991 1999, 3,8( ) 50 , RC2, : .. .. 1 50 1 50 RC3 RC22,91,51,5 3,8 RC1 , KFI , F 14(.), KFI [. 3] KFI RC1RC2RC3 KFI0,91,01,1 : RC3, , FI. O KFI . (DesignSupervisionLevel-DSL), . . (DSL) [. 4] (DSL) , DSL3 RC3 : O DSL2 RC2 DSL1 RC1 -: : .. DSL1(DSL2 ,).DSL3.. . ,(InspectionLevelIL), . (IL) [. 5] (IL) IL3 RC3 IL2 RC2 IL1 RC1 - 15 ([. 2.1] ) () 110 (1) 225 .x. 325 450 5100 , (1) - . 16 1990 ,/ . , ,, . 1990 30: 1990(...) (...) [3.1(1)P]. , 9 .) [3.1(2)] . , , [3.1(3) (4)]. (.. ), [3.1(5)]. , [3.2(1) (2)] : - (persistent), . -(transient), , .. . -(accidental), ,..,, . -(seismic), , . / , , [3.3(1)P (2)] , , ... [3.3(4)P 6.4.1]: 17- ( EQU, : equilibrium), , / -(),, ,, , ( STR,:structuralGEO,:geotechnical), / ( , ) - ( FAT, : fatigue). ... , . : -() (.. ) ( UPL, : uplift) - , ( HYD, : hydraulic). , : - - - ( , .. , ) ( ) : - - - ( .. ) ... ( ). 1990 40: : : -(G),..,, , , . 18- (Q), .. , , , . - (), .. , , . : [4.1.1(1)]. ,, /,,(.1991 1998) [4.1.1(2)]. ,/ ,(.. , ) [4.1.1(3)]. : : /: . (Frep) ,(Fk) (Fk), [1.5.3.20]. Fk , , , ,.. 1991 [4.1.2(1)P]. (..G,P..) . 5% 10%, . , Gk,sup Gk,inf, G [4.1.2(2)P (3)]. (), / . (.., ). , , t, Gk,sup(t) Gk,inf(t). ... Pm(t). [4.1.2(6)]. , 19, . , [4.1.2(7)P].. d [4.1.2(8)]. AEd AEk [4.1.2(9)].. : ( ), [1.5.3.16]. 0Qk (0 1),- (), , , [1.5.3.17]. 1Qk (1 1) . ,, ,[1.5.3.18]. 2Qk,(21) , . . : , 0,01 . , . , - 0,50. ., . . 20 (DesignerguidetoEN1990,H. Gulvnanesssian, J-A Calgaro M Holicky) 1990-, 1,infQk(1,inf 1) , . : - (. 1991-2), (. 1991-1-5) ( . 1991-1-4), . , , ( : 1 1,inf 0). () , . , ( 5%,, 95%, ). , . , , [4.2(4)P5]. (..,) ( , ) [4.2(8)]. Q Q 0Q 1Q 2Q 21 (..) (.. ). 1990 50: 51990 , . , . 1990 6 61990, , .( ) . 1990 ... ... , -.- 1991 1999 [6.2]. ( ...) . [6.4.2]: .. (EQU) : stb d dst dE E, , [. (6.7)] : dst dE, stb dE, , , . .. / (STR GEO) 22 : d dR E [. (6.8)] : Ed , . Rd . : ,... (effectsofaction)[1.5.3.2}, . . (resistance) [1.5.2.15] . , -(..), .. , , . Ed Rd , . , . : F Fk Fd Ek : k d Rk Ed Rd (J-ACalgaro,EN1990Eurocode:BasisofStructural Design, 2008): 23 () Fd F : rep f dF F =k repF F =[. (6.1)] : Fk Frep f , 1,00 0, 1, 2 : 0Fk , 1Fk , 2Fk , , - ( ) ,ED 1998. ,,, (Ed) : { } 1 ;, , = i a F E Ed i rep i f Sd d [. (6.2)] : d (. ) Sd :() . : { } 1 ;, , = i a F E Ed i rep i F d i f Sd i Fx, , =

, (G,inf G,sup). 24-(. ), : - , F , : Ed = E(F Fk ), .. Ed = E(G Gk + Q Qk ), G =Sd gQ =Sd q. - , F , :Ed = F E(Fk ), .. Ed = Sd E(g Gk ; q Qk ). : () Xd : Xd = mkX[. (6.3)] : k , , m, () , ,m(.). : fcd = acc fck / c fctd = acc fctk, 0.05 / c , . (..) : d = nom [. (6.4)] , (.. ) (..2) : d = nom [. (6.5)] 25 / ,,, Rd : Rd = Rd1R {Xd,i ; d} = Rd1Rdmi kiX;,, i 1[. (6.6)} : Rd , ( (6.3.4(2)) d, i i. :(19911999) , Rk , , ..: () (.. -), Rk - (),- ( ) () , , .. : Rd = RdMi kiX;,, i 1 ,i = Rd x m, i [. 3] : 26 , ( ) : (i) , , : Rd = kR (ii) - , , : =di mmi i k i k dX X R R ; ;1,1 ,) 1 ( , 1 , 11 , , . ... ( ) ,, (d) . () / [6.4.3(1) (2)]. ( ), ,, [6.4.3(3)]. 27 ( Designer guideto EN 1990, H. Gulvnanesssian, J-A Calgaro M Holicky) Fk,i Fd,i = f,,i Fk,i (f,,i Fk,I) ad

Xk Xd,i = i /m,iXk,i 28 ( (), , : i k i i Q k Q P j k j GQ Q P G, , 0 , 1 , 1 , , ," " " " " " + + + [(6.10)] j1i>1 STRGEO, : > + + + > + + + 1 1) 10 . 6 ( " " " " " "1 1) 10 . 6 ( " " " " " ", , 0 , 1 , 1 , , ,, , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 1 , , ,i jb Q Q Gi ja Q Q Gi k i Q k Q j k j G ji k i Q k Q j k j G : + ... ... G : () , [. (6.10)] (), (.0),, .[.(6.10], , , 0,85 1,00. [1.2()] [1.2()]. ,( ) .[.(6.10)], [.(6.10)(6.10)],- -() , ( 3,8 4,4 , 3,8 4,1 , 0,85 0,95). , .

: i k i k d j kQ Q A P G, , 2 1 , 1 , 2 1 , 1 ," " ) ( " " " " " " + + + + [(6.11b)] j1i>1 29:,1,1Qk,1 (..,)2,1Qk,1 . : i k i ED j kQ A P G, , 2 ," " " " " " + + + [(6.12b)] j1i1 ()() ( ) 1991. ( 1992 1999). : d dC E [(6.13)] : Cd . Ed, , . , , , , ., 1991 1999. ... : - : i k i k j kQ Q P G, , 0 1 , ," " " " " " + + + [(6.14b)] j1i>1 30:- . - : i k i k j kQ Q P G, , 2 1 , 1 , 1 ," " " " " " + + + [(6,15b)] j1i>1 : . - : i k i j kQ P G, , 2 ," " " " + +

[(6.16b)] j1i>1 : . ,1,0 1992 1999. [6.5.4] 1990 : (1),, . , ,. () 1.1 [1.2.2] 0 1 2 , ( 1991-1-1) : , : C: D: E: F: 30kN G: 30kN < 160kN : 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 1,0 0,7 0,7 0 0,5 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,9 0,7 0,5 0 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,8 0,6 0,3 0 ( 1991-1-3)* , , , CEN > 1000 m CEN 1000 m 0,70 0,70 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,20 0,20 0,20 0 ( 1991-1-4)0,60,20 (-) ( 1991-1-5)0,60,50 : . * , . : 199031 (...) : -: 1.2()(EQU),1.2()(STR/GEO)1.2()(STR/GEO ). - : 1.3 1.2() 1.2() , [4.1.2(2)]. (EQU) 1.2(). (STR) 1.2(). (,,.) (STR), (GEO) ,, , 1997: - 1: 1.2()1.2() ., 1.2() 1.2(). -2:1.2() . -3:1.2() , 1.2() . / . 2()3. 1997( ). 32 1.2() (EQU) ( ) ( ). (*) (*) ( ) (. 6.10) Gj,supGkj,sup Gj,infGkj,inf Q,1Qk,1 Q,i0,iQk,i (*) 1.1 1: : Gj,sup = 1,10 Gj,inf = 0,90 Q,1 = 1,50 (0 ) Q,i = 1,50 (0 ) 2: 1.2() 1.2(), , , 1.2(), . Gj,sup = 1,35 Gj,inf = 1,15 Q,1 = 1,50 (0 ) Q,i = 1,50 (0 ) Gj,inf = 1,00, , . 1.2() (STR/GEO) ( ) 1.2(), 6.10 6.10. 6.10. (*) (*) (. 6.10a) Gj,supGkj,supGj,infGkj,infQ,10,1Qk,1Q,i0,iQk,I (. 6.10b) Gj,supGkj,sup Gj,infGkj,inf Q,1Qk,1 Q,i0,iQk,I 33(*) 1.1 1: : Gj,sup = 1,35 Gj,inf = 1,00 Q,1 = 1,50 (0 ) Q,i = 1,50 (0 ) = 0,925 1991 1999 , . 2: G,sup,G,inf ., . . 3: , G Q g q SD. SD 1,05 1,15 . : 1,00 0,85, . = 0,925 (. ) 1.2() (STR/GEO) ( ) ( ) (*) (*) ( ) (. 6.10) Gj,supGkj,sup Gj,infGkj,inf Q,1Qk,1 Q,i0,iQk,i (*) 1.1 : : Gj,sup = 1,00, Gj,inf = 1,00 Q,1 = 1,30 (0 ), Q,i = 1,30 (0 ) 1.3 :, 2. 2,1Q,1 1,1Q,1. 1.3 . (**) ( ) (*) (. 6.11/) Gkj,supGkj,infd 21Qk1 2iQki (. 6.12/) Gkj,sup Gkj,inf D 2,iQk,i (*) 1991-1-2. (**) 1.1. 34 1,0 1991 1999 [1.4.1]. 1.4 Gd Qd Gkj,sup Gkj,sup Gkj,sup Gkj,inf Gkj,inf Gkj,inf Qk,1 1,1Qk,1 2,1Qk,1 0,Qki 2,iQk,i 2,iQk,i , . , 2 . 1990 : [2.2] . , . 1990 : , 6 . . : - -, , / - , (,) , 35 . , [3(2)]: i) . : . ii) , . ii) i), , , . - . [. 1] ( ). 1(FirstOrderReliablityMethods- FORM),

b c

FORM ( ) ( ) - ( ) 36 Ps=(1-Pf),Pf . - P0, -. Pf : ) ( =fP . : Pf[. 1] Pf10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 1,282,323,093,724,274,755,20 ... Pf g g>0 g0, : ) 0 ( Pr = g ob Pf E R g = ,RR,Eg . ( ), . R E ( g) . : gg =: g g, g , :0 = g g : ) ( Pr ) 0 ( Prg g fg ob g ob P = = : 37 (DesignerguidetoEN1990,H. Gulvnanesssian, J-A Calgaro M Holicky) ()R E. (), R E. ,(),Ds,(Domainsafe)( , ), Df. (Domain of failure). , (), (.. ). (..) : (> 1, . ) ... Cm. (-) , ,()( ). R E,, : RREEC Cm mEmEP P ( ( ) ) RdREdE F F M MC Ck kC Cd dRmRMkdRR=k F dE E =RR R mRkk R R=EE E mEkk E E+=D Df fD Ds s : : Mkk FRE ER =38

gg = : , , (,) , , , . , , RkEk ( 5%95%,), () :

-kR R+kE E,, . Ck, : Ek Rk ,() , Cd ( ) . Ed Rd , , FORM, (g=0) ( ) [7(2) .2]: EEERRRV V= =) (12 2 22 2 fV VR EE RE R= +=+=E ER RE E ER R RkkkV kV kkkER+ =+= ==11 k M FMkk FRE 39 (S) g=R-E=0 P 1 (FORM) . dRd : ) ( ) ( + = >dE E P [.(.6)] ) ( ) ( R dR R P = [(..6)] : ( 6) R ||1FORM. , . R 0,7 0.8 , : 0,16< /R

dE E P40 , [.(.8)] . : ) 28 , 0 ( ) 7 , 0 4 , 0 ( ) ( = = > x x E E Pd [. (.9)] : =3,8 [. (.9)] 0,90.

[.3], (-Gumbel). 0[. 4]. 1990 : . . 411990 . ANDBOOK1,BASISOFSTRUCTURALDESIGN,GuidetoInterpretativeDocumentsfor Essentaial Requirements to EN 1990 and to application and use of Eurocodes, Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007, Garston, Watford, UK, 2004 : (6.10b ) = 0,85 , =0,925, 42.(6.10) (6.10a) 6.10b). 43 3 3 : g1 = 30 kN/m , q1, q2, q3 = 18 kN/m . (6.10) 12 3123 446,5 -180 148.5 -63.75 -180 -15-180-63,8 75,9-63.75-18046,5-63,8148.512 3123 45m5m 5m g q1q2q344 1991: 1-1: , , 1991-1-1 , : - . - - : -( ),() ( ) -.. -,.. , -, , 1991-1-11990, 1991 1992 1999 . 1991-1-1 1991-1-1: -2.2(3), -5.2.3(1) 5.2.3(5), -6.3.1.1 ( 6.1), -6.3.1.2(1) ( 6.2), -6.3.1.2(10) & (11), -6.3.2.2(3), -6.3.2.2(1) ( 6.8), -6.3.4.2 ( 6.10) -6.4(1) ( 6.12) 45 1991-1-1: 1: 1991-1-1, . . 6 160 kN. 160 kN . 1991-2 . ( ) 1991-1-71991-2,. 1991-3. 1991-4. [1.3] 1990 . 1991-1-1 . [1.4] . [1.5]. 1991-1-1: 2: (.1990,[4.1.1][1.5.3]) , ( ) . . , , . , , ,..(),[6.3.1.2(8)], , . 46 () , , - [2.2(1)]. , 1991-1-7 [2.2(2)]. [3.3(4)], [2.2(3)(5)], [2.2(4)]. 1991-1-1: 3: 1990, [3.2]. - (. 1990, [ .1.2 (), . 3]), -, . , . (.. , , ), [3.3(1)]. :(single-source principle), . [3.3.2] : . , 1990, [1990,.1.1]n [6.3.1.2(11)]. 47 , , . Gumbel, () ( ) . 1991-1-1: 4: . , ..,., [ 1990, 4.1.2], [4.1(1) (3)]. 1991-1-1: 5: , , - [5.1(1) (2)]. - [5.1(3) (4)]: - - - -, , -, -/ - -(/),.. ,--, ,, , [. 5.2.2(2) 6.3.1.2(8)]. 48(.. ... , ,, ..) [5.2.2(1)]. 1991-1-1: 6: , (,,, ).(..,, .) / [6.1(4)]. , [6.1(3)], [6.3]. -,,(4 : A, B, C D) - (2 : E1 E2) - ( , 2 : F G) - (3 :H, I K) () ( -) [. 6.1] . . , . C ( ,, D1)) C1: ... , , , , , , . C2: , .. , , , , , , . C3: , .. , o , . , . . C4: , .. , C5: , .. , , , , . D D1: , D2: 1) 6.3.1.1(2), C4 C5. 1990 . , 6.3 1 6.3.2 . 49qk()Qk( ) [. 6.2] qk [kN/m2] Qk [kN] - - - C -C1 -C2 -C3 -C4 -C5 D -D1 -D2 2,0 3,5 5,0 3,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 7,5 5,0 5,0 2,0 2,0 3,0 3,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,0 4,0 Qk [6.3.1.2(3)]. , qk . 6.2. : - 1,0 kN/m : qk=0,5 kN/m2 ->1,0kN/m2,0kN/m: qk=0,8 kN/m2 ->2,0kN/m3,0kN/m: qk=1,2 kN/m2. [6.3.1.2(8) (9)]. ( , ) . , ( ). qk.6.2, , ,, [. (6.1)], C D: 0,6 : 500 , 17500+ = Aa : 0 [ 1990, 1, 1.1] 0= 10,0m2 A : . . .1 0 1 2 , ( 1991-1-1) : , : C: D: : F: 30kN G: 30kN < 160kN : 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 1,0 0,7 0,7 0 0,5 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,9 0,7 0,5 0 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,8 0,6 0,3 0 ( 1991-1-3)* , , , CEN > 1000 m CEN 1000 m 0,70 0,70 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,20 0,20 0,20 0 ( 1991-1-4)0,60,20 (-) ( 1991-1-5) 0,60,50 ,0==0,7, 0 = 1,0.

0,500,550,600,650,700,750,800,850,900,951,0020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 (m2)=0,7=1,051 ( ) , , A D .6.1n [. (6.2)]: nnan0) 2 ( 2 +=

: n(>2),, .0 [ 1990, 1, 1.1] : (0=0,7) n. DIN. nn( 0 = 0,7) 11,00 21,00 30,90 40,85 50,82 60,80 70,79 80,78 90,77 100,76 [. 6.3 6.4]: 1 , : qk = 7,5 k/m2 Qk= 7,0 kN . 2 0,50,60,70,80,91,01 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 (n)n1991DIN105552(, ) . ., 1991-4(), . , . , , (.. .), 1991-3. ( ) 1991-1-1 (Clark...), 6 FL 1 FL 6[. 6.5 6.6.] ,,, : [kN] - [kN] [m] b [m] l [m] Qk [kN] FL 1 FL 2 FL 3 FL 4 FL 5 FL 6 21 31 44 60 90 110 10 15 25 40 60 80 0,85 0,95 1,00 1,20 1,50 1,80 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,40 1,90 2,30 2,60 3,00 3,30 4,00 4,60 5,10 26 40 63 90 140 170 . 110 kN . 53 Qk [.(6.3)]: k dyn kQ Q =, : dyn kQ, Qk : = 1,40 = 2,00 30%Qk.( ). , o(,.). , . ( ] 1991-1-1 , [. 6.7 6.8], : (F) ( 30 kN 8 ) : qk = 2,5 k/m2 Qk= 20,0 kN , (G) (>30kN, 160 kN , 2 ) : qk = 5,0 k/m2 Qk= 90,0 kN , , ( 160 kN ) 54 , . 100 mm F 200 mm G: aaaa : F ( 6.8) 100 ( 6.8) G 200 . , [.6.9]: - . D , I (). [.6.10 6.11] : (< 20) qk[k/m2] Qk[kN] 0,51,0 : qk , , 10m2 . Qkqk,.( ) 1,5 kN 50mm. , ... 55Qk . =1,40 Qk, . Q Qk (m x m) HC 1 HC 2 Q 20kN 20kN < Q < 60kN Qk = 20kN Qk = 60kN 0,2 x 0,2 0,3 x 0,3 qk (1,20) [. 6.12]. qk [kN/m] C1 C2 C4 D C5 F G 0,5 0,5 1,0 3,0 2,0 1: . qk , . () ( ), : F(kN) 1,5, , (. ): ) /( 5 , 02b cmv F + = : m (kg) v ( m/s) c ( mm) b ( mm) 56 2500kg, F: m= 1500kg v=4,5m/s c= 100mm . 150kN ( 2500kg, F: m= ( kg) v=4,5m/s c= 100mm . 0 100 2000100200.c=100 mmc=200 mmc=50 mmcF [kN]57 1991: 1-3: 1991-1-3: 1991-1-3: 1: 1.1 . ( ) . 1.2 . 1500m. 1500m . 1000m. : - . - . - . - . - (..: .) - . 1.3 , . , . 1.4 . ( . 3.3 2 ) 1991-1-3: 2: , : 2.1 . 2%, . 2.2 . , . . . ? : 58 , smax, , sk, , 1.5 . 1 . hmax=107cm ( 50cm). 98.2cm. , hk=67.3cm. hmax/ hk=107/67.3=1.59>1.50 107cm . 1. 2.3 . ( , ). . 2.4 . , . 2.5 . .. . 2.6 - . . Station METAXASlat=40,05o long=21,58o Alt=1040m-2,00000,00002,00004,00006,00008,000010,00000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120Snow height (cm)Reduced variable Yhk=67.3cm 98.2cmhmax=107cm59 . 1991-1-3: 3: 3.1 ( ) . ( ) ( / ). , . , s, , sk, ( kPa)3 : ( , ), ( , Ce) ( , Ct). : s = iCeCtsk

3.2 . 1990, : 4 5 6 7 , ( ) ( ) (. ): 1 2 3 (, 1, 2 3) : o : s=iCeCtsk o : s=iCeCtsk 3 ( ) 4 Persistent design situations 5 Transient design situations 6 Accidental design situations 7 Seismic design situations 60 :o : G,j k,j P s Q,i 0,i k,ij 1 i 1 G " " P" " s" " Q >+ + + o : G,j k,j P Q,1 k,1 s 0,s Q,i 0,i k,ij 1 i 2 G " " P" " Q " " s" " Q >+ + + + , (1, 2 3) : k,j d 1,1 2,1 k,1 2,i k,ij 1 i 2G " " A "+"P" " Q " " Q >+ + + Ad : o 1: : Ad=s=iCeCtCeslsk : Ad=s=iCeCtCeslsk o 2: : Ad=s=isk ( ) o 3: : Ad=s=iCeCtCeslsk : Ad=s=isk ( ) Cesl=2.0 0, 1 2 : 3.3 . , sk, . , , . . . , , , . : : , , , : , , , , , : , , , . 0 1 2 1500m > H > 1000m0,700,500,20 1000m > H0,500,200,00 61 : ( )2kAs 0, 420 * Z 0,030 1917 = + : m, 1, 2 4 , . : + =20 , k k917A1 s s: sk,0 0.4, 0.8 1.7kPa , . m 100m ( 2 1). 1000m, , sk 8 ( 20 ) () . 1000m ( 1), . 02004006008001000120014000.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 sk (kN/m2) (m) (A1000m) 8 , , , 98%. , (Gumbel), : s ubeSF (s) P(S s) e= < = , u b sk=u+3.90b 62 2 , sk, . 1. , sk, . (m) 01000.400.811.721002000.420.841.782003000.440.891.883004000.480.952.024005000.521.042.215006000.571.142.436007000.631.272.697008000.701.412.998009000.791.573.3490010000.881.753.72100011000.981.95 110012001.082.17 120013001.202.41 130014001.332.66 140015000.400.80 1500 3.4 . , Ce, , Ct. Ce=1, Ce 20% . 2. Ce Ce 9 0,8 10 1,0 11 1,2 Ce , : , 0,8 , 1,0. : Ct=1. Ct , , 9 , , , . 10 , , , . 11 , / . 63 . (.. , ) . 3.5 . : . 60o, , . ( ) , , 5.3 . . 3. 64 lsb2 4. : (i) (ii) 65 1=min[2h/sk, 2b3/(ls1 + ls2), 5] 1 2 ?? , , 1=min[2h1/sk, 5], 2=min[2h2/sk, 5] 1=min[2h/sk, 2b/ls, 8], ls=min[5h, b1, 15m]. 5. 3: , , . 1 011515 2b : ze = b = 12m ze = h-b = 18m ze = h = 30m : ze= h =30m 7.2.2(1) +. 7.4 7.2.3(3) + .7.6 2.5 , cr(z): 0 z0 = 0.003m zmin = 1m. zmin = 1m < ze = 12 18 30 m < zmax = 200mcr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0)cr(12) = 0.156 * ln(12/0.05) = 1.294 cr(18) = 0.156 * ln(18/0.05) = 1.357 cr(30) = 0.156 * ln(30/0.05) = 1.437 kr = 0.19*(z0/z0,II)0.07 = 0.19*(0.003/0.05)0.07 = 0.156 . 4.1 (4.4) (4.5) 922.6 , c0(z): c0(z) = 1.0 2.8 2.7 , vm: vm(ze) = cr(ze)*c0(ze)*vb vm(12) = 1.294*1*33 = 42.7 m/s vm(18) = 1.357*1*33 = 44.8 m/s vm(30) = 1.437*1*33 = 47.4 m/s (4.3) 2.8 , qp(ze): qp(ze) = [1+7*(ze)]**vm2(ze)/2 (ze)=kI/[c0(ze)*ln(ze/z0)]=1.25kg/m3=0.00125 Mg/m3ze(ze)vm(ze)qp(ze) 120.12142.72.10 180.11544.82.26 300.10947.42.48 2.1 , qp(ze). (4.8) (4.7) + 2.17 2.9 , cpe :2.9.1 : e = min(b, 2h) = min(12, 2*30) = min(12, 60) = 12m e = d = 12m h/d = 30/12 = 2.5 . 7.5 e/5=2.4md=12mA B h=30m 1.3 : AA = 2.4*30 = 72 m2 > 10 m2 AB = 9.6*30 = 288 m2 > 10 m2 AD = 12*30 = 360 m2> 10 m2AE = 12*30 = 360 m2> 10 m2 cpe = cpe,10 . 7.2 ABDE 5-1.2-0.8+0.8-0.7 2.5-1.2-0.8+0.8-0.575h/d 1-1.2-0.8+0.8-0.5 2.2 cpe . 7.1 2.9.2 cpe , . 93G H IFFe/4=3me/4=3me/10=1.2me/2=6mb=12md=12m 2.4 . . 7.6 FG I cpe,10cpe,1cpe,10cpe,1cpe,10cpe,1cpe,10cpe,1 +0.2 -1.8-2.5-1.2-2.0-0.7-1.2 -0.2 2.3 cpe . . 7.2 : AF = 1.2*3 = 3.6 m2 1 m2 10 m2 F G cpe : cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA I cpe =cpe,10 . cpe . . 7.2 ABDE cpe-1.2-0.8+0.8-0.575 FGHI cpe-2.11-1.31-0.70.2 2.4 cpe 2.10 we : : we = qp(ze) * cpe : (5.1) 94ABDE cpe-1.2-0.8+0.8-0.575 qp2.10 12 we-2.52-1.68+1.68-1.21 qp2.26 18 we-2.71-1.81+1.81-1.30 qp2.48 ze 30 we-2.98-1.98+1.98-1 43 2.5 we . 2.521.681.68 1.212.521.682.711.811.81 1.302.711.812.981.981.98 1.432.981.98z = 0 - 12 m z = 12 - 18 mz = 18 - 30 mA BD EA BA BD EA BA BD EA B 2.5 . FGHI cpe-2.11-1.31-0.70.2 qp2.48 we-5.23-3.25-1.740.5 2.6 we . 95G H IFF-5.23-1.74 0.51.81-3.25AA'BB'A-A'B-B'5.231.740.53.251.740.5 2.6 . 1.12 , cp : h/d = 30/12 = 2.5 > 1.0 = 0.8 cp = -0.3. . 7.13 1.13 wi : :wi = qp(zi) * cpi . zi =ze. . (5.2) cpi-0.3 qp2.10 12 wi-0.63 qp2.26 18 wi-0.68 qp2.48 zi 30 wi .74 cpi-0.3 qp2.48 zi30 wi-0.74 2.7 . z = 0 - 12 mz = 12 - 18 m0.63 0.68 96z = 18 - 30 m0.74 2.7 2.14 cscd : h = 30m < 100m h < 4*d = 4*12 = 48m,cscd = 1. 6.2(1) ) 2.15 w : cscd=1 . (. 2.16) w = we - wi ABDE we-2.52-1.68+1.68-1.21 wi-0.630-12 w-1.89-1.05+2.31-0.58 we-2.71- .81+1.81-1.30 wi-0.6812-18 w-2.03-1.13+2.49- .62 we-2. 8-1.98+1.98-1.43 wi-0.7418-30 w-2.24-1.24+2.72-0.69 2.8 1.891.052.31 0.582.031.132.49 0.62z = 0 - 12 m z = 12 - 18 mA BD EA BA BD EA B1.891.052.031.13 972.981.982.72 0.69z = 18 - 30 mA BD EA B2.981.98 2.8 FGHI we-5.23-3.25-1.74 .5 wi-0.74 +1.24 w-4.49-2.51-1.00 +0.24 2.9 . G H IFF-4.49-1.00+1.24+0.24-4.49AA'B B'A-A'B-B'4.491.001.240.242.511.00-2.511.240.24 2.9 . 2.16 : : Fw,e = cscd * we *Aref : Fw,i = wi *Aref . cscd = 1 : Ftot=Fw,e-Fw,I=cscd*we*Aref-wi*Aref=(we-wi)*Aref= w*Aref cscd 1 . . (5.5) (5.6) : AA1 = 2.4*12 = 28.8 m2 98AA2 = 2.4*6 = 14.4m2 AA3 = 2.4*12 = 28.8 m2 AB1 = 9.6*12 = 115.2 m2 AB2 = 9.6*6 = 57.6 m2 AB3 = 9.6*12 = 115.2 m2 AD1 = AE1 = 12*12 = 144 m2 AD2 = AE2 = 12*6 = 72 m2 AD3 = AE3 = 12*12 = 144 m2 ABDE w-1.89-1.05+2.31-0.58 A28.8115.21441440-12 F-53.28-120.96+332.64-83.52 w-2 03-1.13 2.49-0.62 A14.457.6727212-18 F-29.23-65.09+179.28-44.64 w-2.24-1.24+2. 2-0.69 A28.8115.214414418-30 F-64.51-142.85+391.68-99.36 2.10 DED3FD2FD1FE3FE2FE1FABABA3FB3FA2FB2FA1FB1FA3FB3FA2FB2FA1FB1FDE 2.10 (. 2.10) ,-.- . - : AF = 1.2*3 = 3.6 m2AG = 1.2*6 = 7.2 m2 AH = 4.8*12 = 57.6 m2 A = 6*12 = 72 m2 FGHI +1.24 w-4.49-2.51-1.00 +0.24 A3.67.257.672 99+89.28 F-16.16-18.07-57.6 +17.28 2.11 . FFFFFFFGFHFI 2.11 . : F = 332.64 + 179.28 + 391.68 + 83.52 + 44.64 + 99.36=1131.12kN z0 ,z0 =[(332.64+83.52)*24+(179.28+44.64)*15+ (391.68+99.36)*6]/1131.12 = 14.4 m - 0.906 ( h/d = 2.5 ). : F = 0.906*1131.12 = 1024.79 kN 7.2.2(3) 4 ( ). 2*12*30 + 12*12 = 864 < 4*2*12*30 = 2880 100 = 0 5.3 3 : . :16.0*10.0m,:5.7m, 10.0m,=15, ,III,50 : : - =0 - =90 h=10m15d = 16m5.7 3.1 d=16mb=10m 3.2 Lu = 500mx = 200mH = 150m83m67mEN 1991-1-4 o , vb,0:10km , vb,0=27m/s. 2.3 3.2 , vb: cdir = 1.0 cseason = 1.0 vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1 *27 = 27m/s (4.1) 3.3 : : ze=10.0m : =0 b=10.0mh=10.0m h=b : ze=10.0 m =90 b=16.0m, h=10.0m h 10 m2 C = (8.4+10)*6/2 = 55.2 m2 > 10 m2 AD = 5.71*10 = 57.1 m2 > 10 m2AE = 10*10 = 100 m2 > 10 m2 cpe = cpe,10 . . 7.2 3.9.2 = 90 (. 7.5) e = min(b, 2h) = min(16, 2*10) = min(16, 20) = 16m > d =10m h/d = 10/10 = 1.0 cpe . 103D Ed=10mb=16m 3.6 ( , = 90) e/5=3.2md=10m5.71h=10mA B 3.7 ( , = 90) . 7.5 : AA = 3.2*5.7 = 18.24 m2 > 10 m2 AB = 6.8*5.7 = 38.76 m2 > 10 m2 AD = (5.7+10)*16/2 = 125.6 m2 > 10 m2AE = (5.7+10)*16/2 = 125.6 m2 > 10 m2 cpe = cpe,10 . . 7.2 , : ABCDE h/dcpe,10cpe,10cpe,10cpe,10cpe,10 00.625-1.2-0.8-0.5+0.75-0.4 901-1.2-0.8-+0.8-0.5 3.4 . 3.9.3 = 0 FGH cpe,10cpe,1cpe,10cpe,1cpe,10cpe,1 -0.9-2.0-0.8-1.5- .3 15 +0.2+0 2+0.2 3.5 ( = 0). . 7.3 104FG HFe/10=1me/4=2.5me/4=2.5mb=10md=16m 1.8 ( = 0) . 7.7 : AF = 1*2.5/cos15 = 2.59 m2 1 m2 10 m2 FUP FLOW cpe : cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA G, cpe =cpe,10 . cpe . FupFlowGHI cpe-2.49-1.74-1.9-0.5-0.7 3.8 ( = 90). 3.10 we : : we = qp(ze) * cpe : ABCDE cpe-1.2-0.8-0.5+0.8-0.4 qp(ze)1.001.001.001.001.00 0 we-1.2-0.8-0.5+0.8-0.4 cpe-1.2-0.8-+0.8-0.5 qp(ze)0.780.78-0.780.78 90 we-0.94-0.62-+0.63-0.39 3.9 (5.1) 1.20.80.50.8 0.41.20.80.50.940.620.62 0.390.940.62 3.10 ( = 0 90) = 0 : FGH -1.54-1.21-0.3 cpe +0.2+0.2+0.2 qp(ze)1.001.001.00 -1.54-1.21-0.3 we +0.2+0.2+0.2 3.10 ( = 0). 106-1.54+0.2-1.21+0.2-1.54+0.2-0.3+0.2A A'FFG HB B'1.540.30.20.31.210.20.20.2A - A'B - B' 3.11 ( = 0) =90- : FupFlowGHI cpe-2.49-1.74-1.9-0.8-0.7 qp(ze)0.780.780.780.780.78 we-1.94-1.36-1.48-0.62-0.55 3.11 ( = 90). FG H IlowFup-1.36-1.48-1.94-0.55 -0.62A'AB B'1.361.481.94A - A'0.55 0.621.94B - B' 3.12 ( = 90) 5.4 4 : :4.0*8.0m,:6.0m, 7.1m, ( : tan=1.1/2.0=0.55, =28.8 30.) :,,II,=0.8, 50 . : : - =0 - =90 107b=8.0md=4.0m 4.1 h =6.0mh=7.1m130d=4.0m 4.2 EN 1991-1-4 4.1 , vb,0:10km , vb,0=33m/s. 2.3 4.2 , vb: cdir = 1.0 cseason = 1.0 vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1*33 = 33m/s (4.1) 4.3 :II, 20 . . 4.1 4.4 : : ze=h=7.1m : =0, b=8.0m, h=7.1m h 10 m2 . 7.2 109AD = 6*8 = 48 m2 > 10 m2AE = 6*8 = 48 m2 > 10 m2 cpe =cpe,10 . cpe . ABDE cpe-1.2-0.8+0.8-0.54 4.3 ( = 0). 4.9.2 = 90e = min(b, 2h) = min(4, 2*7.1) = min(4, 14.2) = 4m < d = 8m h/d = 7.1/8 = 0.89 d=8.0mb=4.0m D E 4.5 ( , = 90) . 7.5 A B Ce/5=0.8me=4m4m2m1.10mh=7.1md=8m 4.6 ( , = 90) 4.4 ( = 90). ABC D E h/d cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 1-1.2-1.4-0.8-1.1-0.5+0.8+1.0-0.7 0.89-1.2-1.4-0.8-1.1-0.5+0.8+1.0-0.67 10 m2 AD = 6*4 + 4*1.1/2 = 26.2 m2> 10 m2AE = 6*4 + 4*1.1/2 = 26.2 m2> 10 m2 A cpe : cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA B, D E cpe =cpe,10 . cpe . . 7.2 ABCDE cpe-1.26-0.8-0.5+0.8-0.67 4.5 ( = 90). 4.9.3 = 0 FGFH J Ie/10=0.8me/10=0.8me/4=2me/4=2mb=8md=4m 4.7 ( = 0) . 7.8 FGHJI cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 -0.5-1.5-0.5-1.5-0.2-0.4-0.5 30 +0.7+0.7+0.4+0.0+0.0 4.6 ( = 0). . 7.4 : AF = 0.8*2/cos30 = 1.85 m21 m2 10 m2 AB = (6.25+8.4)*8/2 = 58.6 m2 > 10 m2 C = (8.4+10)*6/2 = 55.2 m2 > 10 m2 AD = 5.71*10 = 57.1 m2 > 10 m2AE = 10*10 = 100 m2 > 10 m2 cpe = cpe,10 . ABCDE E0.8* 0.6* h/dcpe,10cpe,10cpe,10cpe,10cpe,10 cpe,10cpe,10cpe,10 00.156-1.2-0.8-0.5+0.7-0.30.40.320.24 5.3 cpe,10 3.4 . 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.31.20.80.51.20.80.5cpe > 0 5.3 (cpe>0) .7.10 ()1190.8 0.32 0.24 0.31.20.80.51.20.80.50.24cpe < 0 5.4 (cpe 0 5.6 (cpe>0) 0.8 0.32 0.24 0.31.20.80.51.20.80.50.24cpe < 0 5.7 (cpe 0 : FGH cpe+0.2+0.2+0.2-0.4 qp(ze)1.001.001.001.00 we+0.2+0.2+0.2-0.4 5.6 (cpe > 0) 121c -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 pe cpe > 0F(+0.2)G(+0.2)F(+0.2)H(+0.2) -0.4 -0.4 -0.4IIIIII0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40.30.8 I - III - II(i)(ii)(iii) 5.8 (cpe > 0). cpe < 0 : FGH0.8*H0.6*H cpe-1.54-1.21-0.3-0.24-0.18 qp(ze)1.001.001.001.001.00 we-1.54-1.21-0.3-0.24-0.18 5.7 (cpe < 0) cpe cpe > 0 0.8 cpe 0.6 cpe 0.6 cpeF(-1.54)G(-1.21)F (-1.54)H(-0.3)IVIIIH(-0.24) H(-0.18) H(-0.18)IVIII(i)(ii) 5.9 (i) (ii) (cpe < 0). 1220.80.3 0.24 0.18 0.181.540.32 0.24 0.240.30.80.3 0.24 0.18 0.181.210.3III - IIIIV - IV(i)(ii)0.32 0.24 0.24 5.10 (cpe < 0). 1235.6 6 30m . . 30,0m, . . , 0,70m0,22m. 1,70m2.13,98kN 5,39 kN. : o :vb,0=33.0m/s o : o :=1.25Kgr/m3 o cdir=1.00 o cseason=1.00 ,5m. ., . Excel, 1991-1-4, . 4,00x4,00m,0,50m, 2,00x2,00m,1,60m. 2,00m, 0,10m . 30.00m 124125126127128129130 131 , : ws=10.29+29.33+42.99+51.48+54.51+51.78+192.15=432.53kNm : Vws=4.19+3.91+3.44+2.94+2.42+1.88+6.40=25.18kN : G=13.98+5.39=19.37kN : Gfoot=(4.00x4.00x0.50+2.00x2.00x1.60)x25+(4.00x4.00-2.00x2.00)x(2.00-0.50)x20=720kN : =19.37+720.00=739.37kN Vs=25.18kN Ms=432.53+25.18x2.10=485.41kNm 1325.7 7 : , ( = 0). :15.0*30.0m,:h=10m, 12m, ( =15, II, - 50 : =0. h=10md=15m15 7.1 b=30md=15m 7.2 EN 1991-1-4a. , vb,0:10km, vb,0=27m/s. 4.2 (1)P* + 2.37.2 , vb: cdir = 1.0 cseason = 1.0 vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1*27 = 27m/s (4.1)7.3 : : ze= h = 10m 7.2.3(3) + . 7.67.4 , cr(z): II z0 = 0.05m zmin = 2m. zmin = 2m < ze = 10 m < zmax = 200mcr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0) = 0.19 * ln(10/0.05) = 1.007 kr = 0.19*(z0/z0,II)0.07 = 0.19*(0.05/0.05)0.07 = 0.19 . 4.1(4.4)(4.5)7.5 , c0(z): c0(z) = 1.04.3.1 .1* + 2.87.6 , vm: vm = cr(ze)*c0(ze)*vb vm = 1.007*1*27 = 27.21m/s (4.3)7.7 , qp(z): qp(ze) = [1+7*(ze)]**vm2(ze)/2 (ze) = kI/[c0(ze)*ln(ze/z0)] = 1/[1*ln(10/0.05)] = 0.19 qp(ze) = [1+7*0.19]*0.00125*27.212/2 = 1.08 kN/m2 = 1.25 kg/m3 = 0.00125 Mg/m3(4.8)(4.7)4.5.1 2.177.8 =15 =0 maxcf = +0.4 mincf = -0.8 .. 7.7 1337.9 F+ = qp(ze)*maxcf*d/2*b/cosa = 1.08*0.4*15/2*30/cos15 = +100.6 kN F- = qp(ze)*mincf*d/2*b/cosa = -1.08*0.8*15/2*30/cos15 = -201.2 kN . 7.3(6). 7.17 hdhdhdhdhdhdF+F+F+F+F-F-F-F-d/4=3.75md/4=3.75m 7.3 7.10 =15 =0 : ABCD max+0.9+1.9+1.4+0.4 cp,net min-0.9-1.7-1.4-1.8 qp(ze)1.08 max+0.97+2.05+1.51+0.43 we min-0.97-1.84-1.51-1.94 7.1 :we=cp,net*qp(ze). . . 7.77.3(5) 134BC A D A CBd/10=1.5m d/10=1.5md/5=3mb/10=3mb/10=3mb=30mb=15m 7.4 135 1991: 1-5: 1991-1-5: 1: 1.1 , , , , , , . . 1.2 . . . 1991-1-2, . 1991-1-5: 2: , : . ( " Stevenson") ( ) : , 1: , () ( 1.a) : z-z ( 1.b) y-y ( 1.c), - ( 1.d) 1: 136 . . : (.. , , , ), , (x) x , : 2: . ) T T (R) x ( RT ) x ( Tout intotin =: in out Rtot R(x) x (. 2). (2) Rtot R(x) [m2K/W] ISO 6946 (1996) ISO 13370 (1998): outiiiin totRhR R ++ =(D.2) : Rin [m2K/W] Rout [m2K/W] i [W/(mK)], hi [m] i + =iiiinhR ) x ( R (D.3) 137 ( ) x (. 2). :Rin=0,100,17[m2K/W]( )Rout=0,04(). i ( 21 25 kN/m3) i = 1,16 1,71 [W/(mK)]. 1: 4 , h, : : h=2cm, =0.16 W/(mK) :h=3cm, =0.025 W/(mK), h=25cm, =1.5 W/(mK) h=2cm, =0.16 W/(mK) Tin=25oC Tout=-20oC. ( 3) (m) (C) 1 . 0,10022,5 20,020,160,12519,3 30,030,0251,200-11,3 40,251,50,167-15,5 50,020,160,125-18,7 6. 0,050-20,0 0,321,767 3: 4 . -25,0-20,0-15,0-10,0-5,00,05,010,015,020,025,030,0-0,05 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 (m) (oC) Tout=-20oC Tin=25oC 1381991-1-5: 3: , . : , ,, ., : , ( ) , , / (.. ), , ( ) . , ( ): , Tmax, 0,02 ( 50 ), . , min, 0,02 ( 50 ), . , 1. : . . 0.65oC/100m. 1 0 ( ). , 0.65oC 100m . 1, 4 ( ) 5 ( ). 50 , p=0.02. , p, (.. ), 2 p. 139 1 ( ) / (m) mt,maxt,maxmaxtmaxmintmaxt0max,50mt,mint,minmaxtminmintmint0min,501 672 25 1956-1997 42 39,3 2,1 44,8 34,5 45,8 -4,5 1,7 0,8 -7,8 -9,42 665 15 1956-1997 42 39,1 2,8 46,2 34,6 47,5 -5,0 1,9 -2,0 -9,8 -10,63 627 / 3 1951-1997 47 39,3 1,5 39,0 32,4 39,9 -8,8 2,6 -4,6 -14,0 -16,44 682 15 1959-1997 39 36,3 1,6 39,8 32,2 41,3 -2,7 1,2 0,2 -5,0 -6,25 687 12 1955-1997 43 37,2 1,9 41,2 33,8 42,9 -1,6 1,3 1,0 -3,8 -5,56 685 22 1970-1997 28 35,2 2,3 40,6 30,8 42,3 2,2 1,2 4,8 -0,4 -1,47 607 104 1975-1997 22 37,5 1,8 41,6 34,0 44,1 -7,4 2,5 -3,4 -13,8 -14,78 718 31 1958-1997 40 39,9 2,7 48,0 35,0 48,0 -1,8 1,5 1,5 -5,0 -6,19 716 15 1955-1998 44 37,3 2,1 42,0 32,6 43,6 -0,4 1,3 2,2 -3,2 -4,310 719 8 1982-1997 16 37,4 2,3 42,2 34,4 45,0 -0,7 1,5 1,8 -4,0 -5,911 754 39 1955-1998 44 37,6 2,2 43,6 33,0 44,3 3,0 1,2 5,8 0,2 -0,512 744 37 1974-1997 24 34,9 2,1 39,4 30,2 41,9 2,5 2,1 6,0 -2,0 -4,013 756 10 1956-1997 42 38,9 2,1 44,0 34,0 45,2 2,8 1,3 5,0 0,0 -1,114 642 484 1956-1997 42 37,0 2,4 42,4 29,6 47,5 -8,4 1,8 -4,8 -13,0 -10,815 625 65 1956-1984 29 34,7 1,4 38,1 31,5 39,6 -9,8 4,7 -4,2 -23,6 -24,416 726 11 1956-1997 42 38,2 2,2 42,6 32,4 45,0 -1,6 1,6 1,6 -5,0 -6,317 614 661 1980-1997 18 36,6 2,3 41,6 33,4 48,6 -13,6 4,0 -9,4 -22,4 -22,618 641 4 1955-1997 43 36,5 2,1 42,4 32,4 42,6 -2,5 1,2 0,0 -4,6 -6,119 743 167 1955-1997 43 36,0 2,4 41,0 31,2 44,3 -2,5 1,9 6,0 -4,3 -2,520 742 129 1981-1997 17 36,5 1,3 39,0 34,4 41,8 1,7 1,6 4,2 -1,2 -2,921 650 HMNO 5 1974-1997 24 33,8 1,7 39,4 30,8 39,4 -3,2 1,4 -0,2 -6,0 -7,722 675 17 1970-1997 28 40,2 2,1 46,5 37,6 46,9 -3,8 2,0 -0,2 -7,0 -10,023 648 74 1955-1997 43 40,7 2,2 45,2 35,4 47,9 -8,9 3,3 -4,6 -21,6 -18,624 734 52 1956-1997 42 35,0 2,4 41,0 30,8 42,6 0,4 0,4 3,2 -3,6 -3,925 738 165 1955-1997 27 37,1 2,2 41,6 31,0 44,8 1,7 1,9 5,8 -2,0 -2,926 622 5 1959-1997 39 37,4 2,0 42,0 34,0 43,5 -7,6 2,4 -3,8 -14,0 -14,627 667 5 1955-1997 43 37,1 1,6 40,4 34,2 42,0 -0,8 1,8 3,2 -4,4 -6,128 701 . 138 1955-1998 44 40,0 2,5 45,0 34,5 48,3 -2,2 1,6 0,6 -5,8 -6,129 732 10 1955-1997 43 33,6 1,7 37,4 28,8 38,9 2,6 1,6 5,6 -1,0 -1,930 689 1 1955-1997 43 36,9 1,8 41,3 33,0 42,3 -1,1 1,6 2,2 -4,5 -6,031 643 4 1971-1997 27 35,1 1,4 37,4 31,8 39,8 0,1 1,5 3,0 -3,6 -4,632 724 11 1980-1997 18 40,1 1,7 43,2 37,6 45,9 -4,4 0,9 -3,0 -6,0 -7,433 749 12 1955-1997 43 36,0 2,1 42,0 32,8 42,3 2,0 2,5 7,6 -4,0 -5,634 723 7 1978-1997 20 37,1 1,6 40,4 34,2 42,0 -0,5 1,3 1,6 -3,4 -4,835 606 35 1971-1997 27 38,4 2,0 42,8 35,0 44,8 -8,7 3,0 -5,2 -17,6 -18,036 757 116 1960-1997 38 36,1 1,8 40,6 32,2 42,4 3,1 1,5 6,0 0,5 -0,637 684 18 1955-1997 43 35,2 2,4 42,5 31,6 42,4 0,5 1,6 4,0 -3,6 -4,138 746 152 1958-1997 40 38,8 1,8 44,5 35,5 45,2 1,8 1,4 4,8 0,0 -1,539 699 140 1957-1997 41 39,9 2,3 46,0 35,2 47,6 -5,3 2,9 -1,4 -16,6 -13,140 715 235 1956-1997 42 39,2 2,5 48,0 35,0 48,0 -4,4 2,0 -0,6 -8,8 -8,641 710 652 1957-1997 41 37,9 2,2 43,0 32,8 48,9 -8,6 3,1 -4,6 -17,0 -13,542 613 695 1961-1997 37 36,1 2,1 40,8 31,4 46,9 -14,9 -14,9 -7,4 -21,4 -21,243 706 4 1973-1997 25 35,9 1,9 40,6 32,0 42,0 -1,8 1,3 1,0 -4,0 -6,044 624 5 1984-1997 14 35,0 1,6 39,0 33,0 40,7 -6,6 1,9 -3,4 -11,0 -13,2min: 37,4 28,8 38,9 min: -9,4 -23,6 -24,4: max: 48,0 37,6 48,9 max: 7,6 0,5 -0,5tmax tmin m t50 50 (= 2% )t0,50 ( =0,65 C 100m ) 140 4: , Tmax. 141 5: , Tmin. -5C-10C-15C-20C 1421991-1-5: 4: : , 5, 6 7 1991-1-5: 5: . ( ) / , . : : : , . . . : : o , u, T T0. o , , ( ). . , p, . 5.1 , , Tin, , Tout ( ) (. . 2 D ). 1435.2 , Tin, - . , , , , ( ). , . ??? in , in, (oC) 20 25 , Tout, : . ( ) ( ) ( ) : 5.2: out out C 0,5 max + 0max + 18 0,7 max + 2max + 30 0,9 max + 4max + 42 min max min, . 3 ( 4 5 ). : 5.3: out out C 1 m8 1 m5 1 m-5 1 m-3 144 2: , , To=15oC . : Tin=25C out=-20C. 1 : -11.3C -15.5C. =0.5*(-11.3-15.5)=-13.4C , 6: u=T-To=-13.4-15.0=-28.4C M=15.5-11.3=4.2C. 6: 25cm. T=-13.4CTo=15.0CTu=-28.4C TM=4.2C TM=4.2C h=25cm 145 1991: 1-6: 1991-1-6: 1: 1991-1-6 : - (, , ) , , : , .. ( ) , .. / 1991-1-6 ( ) 146 EN 1991-1-6 EN 1990, EN 1991 EN 1992 EN 1999 . 1991-1-6: 2: , , , [4.1.1] EN 1990 ()[.2.1], [. 2.2] / (/) 4.2 / / . . EN 1991-1-1 4.3 EN 1997 4.3 / EN 1997 4.4 / (). EN 1990, EN 1992 to EN 1999 4.5 - / EN 1990 4.6EN 1991-1.5 4.6 / / EN 1992, EN 1993, EN1994 4.7 / / / (*)EN 1991-1-4 4.8 / / / (*)EN 1991-1-3 4.9 / / / / / . EN 1990 4.10 / (*)ISO 12494 4.12 / / (*) EN 1990, EN 1991-1-7 4.13 / (*) EN 1990 (4.1),EN1998 (*): , . (. ) (Qc). 147 ( ) / ( /) 4.11 4.11 / EN 1991-1-14.11 - / / EN 1991-3 4.11 / EN 1991-2,EN 1991-3 4.11 / .. EN 1991-1-14.11 EN 1991-1-1 ,,, , . ,(.. ) ., .(:), , , . 1991-1-6: 3: , [3.1(1)].,(..,) . ,, [3.1(4)]. . (..)[3.1(5)]. 1991-1-6 , [. 3.1] : 148 () 3 3 ( > 3 ) 1 ( > 3 ) > 1 2 5 1050,, . , . . . . 3 EN 1991-1-4 20 m/s : (T)(..) (p) (t) (.. t ) : T = - t / ln (1-p) t / p ..1 t = 50 ( ) p = 0.05 : T = - 50 / ln(1-0.05)= - 50 / ln 0.95 = - 50 / (-0.0513) 975 T t / p = 50 / 0.05 = 1000 ,.. .. - (..50),(..2-35 ),, ., .. .. (,,) 50 ( ) , k,(.EN1991-1-5,EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4): Qk,t = k.Qk,50 149k : k ( t) p Tmax, t Tmin, t sn, t vb,t 20,500,800,450,640,77 50,200,860,630,750,85 100,100,910,740,830,90 500,021,001,001,001,00 :-, [3.1(7)]. -(...EN1990, [3.5(3)(7)]EN1991-1-6,[2]), , , [3.1(8) 1]. 1991-1-6: 4: 1990 , 50 . EN 1990 [6.5.3(2)]. [3.3(5)] : - :, . , , [3.3(2)]. [3.3(6)]. 1991-1-6: 5: EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1997 EN 1998 [4.1(1)P]. : ., . 150 , / . (Qc) [4.1(2)]. . [4.1(3)]. (..), [4.1(4)P].. , , . . - [4.2],EN1991-1-1, . EN, , EN 1997 [4.3]., , . , (..). [4.4]. . , , -, ,..,( , ) [4.5]. ( , ,[4.6]. EN 1991-1-5. 151,2 . , . , QW EN 1991-1-4 [4.7]. ,, .. . 1991-1-3. [4.8] , (Qwa), / , [4.9]. . , (..), , ().. [4.10]. (Qc) (. EN 1990), , , . / -. [. 4.1]. , 1991-1-6 . A1 1991-1-6 2 EN 1990. ,, , . . , (Qca), (Qcc) ( Qcf) [4.11.2]. ,EN 1991-1-1[.A.1].(.. 152-) , . [. 4.2] . . 153 (Qc) Qca , , qca . 1: qca,k . 2: 1,0 kN/m2. . . 4.11.2. Qcb , ..: , , : qcb Fcb. 3: . : qcb,k = 0,2 kN/m2; Fcb,k = 100 kN Fcb,k . . EN1991-1-1. - Qcc - : - (.. , , , , ) - (.. , , ) : qcc 4: . , qcc,k= 0,5 kN/m2. CEN, . EN 12811 . EN 12812. Qcd , (.. , , , , , , ) EN 1991, . , , EN 1991-2. EN 1991-3. Qce (.. , ) - , ( ) 5: , .. , , Qcf ( ) (.. ) , (.. , , ) . . 4.11.2 . 154 4.2 : , , , , (.. / )/, - . -/ . , , , , 2., -. , : 2,5 kN 200 mm x 200 mm, ( )6,0 kN 300 mm x 300 mm, . , , . EN 1998, ( ), .. kN/m2 () 3 m x 3 m ( , ) 10 %, 0,75 1,5 Qca Qcf () 0,75 Qca () (Qcc) (Qcf)