TNPSC - · PDF file6. TNPSC. s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|...

$: TNPSC - · PDF file6. TNPSC. s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB| ∂ËÕmÁ´ “ xBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zD xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµﬂE ∂Á¶BVÏ ” s¶VxBuEºB ÿku§¬z ka ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB º√V‚Ω$
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

1

TNPSCs™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

ÿku§ c∫Ô^ ÁÔºBV|!

ÿ>Vz©A :K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[

xÁ™kÏ. K.ÿƒ_kz\VÏ

ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[

MILESTMILESTMILESTMILESTMILESTONE RESEARONE RESEARONE RESEARONE RESEARONE RESEARCH CH CH CH CH AAAAACADEMYCADEMYCADEMYCADEMYCADEMY56/167 3rd Floor,

Ashoka NagarArumbakkam

Chennai - 600 106.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

கலவி அமுது http://kalviamuthu.blogspot.com

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

2


>ÁÈ©A : TNPSCs™VásÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

ÿ>Vz©A /±ÈVEˆBÏÔ^ : K. ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[

xÁ™kÏ K. ÿƒ_kz\VÏmÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[

x>_ √]©A : ÿƒ©¶D√Ï á 2016ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD>fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶D.

∂·° : ÿ¶Dt 1 x 8

√¬ÔD : 300 √¬Ô∫Ô^

cˆÁ\ : Á\_¸º¶V[ ˆƒÏfl ∂Ô¶tÿƒ[Á™.

ÿkπX| : TISSL PublicationBalaji Nagar, Katur, Trichy - 19

ISBN No. : 978-93-80132-16-7

A›>ÔDÿ>V¶ÏA¬z : ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[

∂ÁÈº√E : 98841 59972t[™fiƒ_ ; [email protected]

∂flE‚º¶VÏ : ]Úk^”kÏ g©ÿƒ‚ ∏ˆı¶Ï¸>fiƒV∆Ï -7.


3

4


Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text



5

kVµ›mÁ´

÷MB >ta[ ÷È¬ÔD ÿ>V‚|, ÷]ÔVƒD x>_÷È¬˛BD kÁ´ ®πÁ\√|›] ®|›]BDA^· >VFÿ\Va©√V¶›][>ÁÔƒV[≈ s™V¬ÔÁ·•D, k´ÈVÆ x>_ ÔË>D kÁ´ ∏≈√V¶©∏ˆ°ÔπKD ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^· O‚√\V™ ºÔ^sÔÁ·•D>[™Ô›º> ÿÔVı|^· ÷©A›>Ô©º√Á> º√V‚Ω º>Ï°Ôπ[ÿ√V¬˛≠D ®[√]_ ®^··°D nBt_ÁÈ.

ºkÁÈkVF©A›mÁ≈l_ ºkˆ[ k[Á\BVÏ, Ø›m¬zK∫zD \Vk \VsBˆ[ kVµ°¬z kaÔV‚|D >[™VÏk√lKD k‚¶›]_ √È gEˆBÏÔ·V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ √_ºkÆ √V¶±_Ô^÷¶Dÿ√u§ÚÕ>VKD, º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°Ô^ √∫zÿ√ÆD \VkÏÔπ[\™›]‚√›Á> ÂVΩ∏Ω¬zD ÷›mÁ≈l[ ∂KkÈÏÔº·gEˆBÏÔ·VF ∂k>ˆ›m \VkÏÔ”¬z √B[√|D kıD√V¶±_Ô^ √Á¶›]¶ ºkı|D ®[≈ ®™m ¿ı¶ ÂV^ ∂kV ÷[Æÿ\F©√‚ΩÚ©√m ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆB Œ[Æ.

ºk‚ÁÔºBV| ºkÁÈkVF©A›mÁ≈ÁB ºÂV¬˛ √Á¶ÿB|¬zD ÷Á·QÏÔ”¬z, ∂kÏÔπ[ º>Ák ∂§Õm >[™VÏk√lKD k‚¶›]uz ÷©A›>Ô›Á> √Á¶›>π›> ÿ√VmÂÈ›][ºk^s >fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔ mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ]Ú.ºÔ. ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[, xÁ™kÏ ºÔ.ÿƒ_k¬z\VÏ \uÆD ÔsQÏ.mÁ´.ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[ g˛ºBVÏ¬z ®™m ÿÂfiƒVÏÕ> kVµ›m¬ÔÁ·ÿ>ˆs›m¬ÿÔV^˛º≈[.

÷©√Á¶ º>Vu˛[ ®©√Á¶ ÿk_KD ®[≈ ÿÂfi∑Æ]ÿÔVı¶ ®D\VÕ>ÏÔ”¬z, ÷Õ> ŒÚ ºƒVÆ √>›Á> ÚE √VÏ›>WÁÈl_, √È Â_È √Á¶©AÔÁ· ÷MkÚ∫ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_√Á¶›>π›> \VkÏÔπ[ kVµ° E≈¬Ô kaÔV‚|D√Ω ®™mkVµ›m¬ÔÁ· ÿ>ˆs›m¬ÿÔV^˛º≈[.

\™\VÏÕ> kVµ›m¬Ô”¶[...................ÂV.x´π>´[,

\ı¶È ÷Á ÷B¬zÂÏ (ºkÁÈkVF©A)]ÚflE \ı¶ÈD.

6


∂ËÕmÁ´

“xBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zDxBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zDxBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zDxBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zDxBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zD xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµflE ∂Á¶BVÏ xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµflE ∂Á¶BVÏ xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµflE ∂Á¶BVÏ xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµflE ∂Á¶BVÏ xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµflE ∂Á¶BVÏ”

s¶VxBuEºB ÿku§¬z ka ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB º√V‚Ωº>Ï°Ô^ ®ø> sÚDAºkVÏ xøÁ\BVÔ \™›]u ÿÔV^·ºkı|D. ÿ>V¶Ï xBuE ÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ ÷›º>Ïs_ ÿku§ ÿ√ÆkmÔΩ™D. ÷[Á≈B Ûwo_ √Ès>\V™ cBÏ Ô_s› >z]ÔÁ·©ÿ√u§ÚÕmD √È ÷Á·QÏÔ^ ºkÁÈ kVF©A ˛Á¶¬ÔV\_>s¬˛[≈™Ï. ºkÁÈ¬z ®™fl ÿƒ_KD º√Vm Â\m \VkÏÔ^º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°ÔÁ·fl ƒÕ]¬Ô ºkıΩB Ô‚¶VBfl Ûwo_ c^·™Ï.÷flÛwo_ c^· \VkÏÔÁ· Â[≈VÔ √Ω¬Ô Ák¬Ôºkı|D,º√V‚Ω º>Ïs_ ÿku§ ÿ√≈ ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[≈ cBÏÕ>®ı∫Ô·V_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶º> >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D(Study Circle) ŒÀÿkVÚ \Vk‚¶›]_ c^· ºkÁÈkVF©A∂KkÈÔ∫Ôπ_ tÔfl E≈©√VÔ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m.

>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›]_ º√V‚Ω º>Ï°¬ÔV™ kz©AÔ^,z§©AÔ^, \V]ˆ º>Ï° xÁ≈Ô^, E≈Õ> gºÈVƒÁ™Ô^, \uÆDº√V‚Ω› º>Ï°¬ÔV™ x[\V]ˆ ±È∫Ô^ ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD Œº´zÁ¶l[ ˇµ \VkÏÔ”¬z ®Õ> s>\V™ Ô‚¶t[§ √Ω¬zD÷MB Ûw_Ô”¶[ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔ∫Ôπ_ Á¶¬˛[≈m.º√V‚Ω º>Ï°Ô”¬z© √Ω¬zD \VkÏÔ”¬ÔVÔ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›]_ ∂Á™kÚD ºƒÏÕm ÂD kVµ¬ÁÔ¬z∞u≈ \›]B- \VWÈ cBÏÕ> √>s¬ÔV™ º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk ÷M>VÔ®]Ï ºÂV¬zD kÁÔl_ gºÈVƒÁ™Ô^, ]™ƒˆ >tµ \uÆDg∫˛È ÂVπ>µÔ^, ®D©·VFÿ\ı‚ WR¸, º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°¬ÔV™\V>Õ]´ ÷>µÔ^ \uÆD mÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> A›>∫Ô^ ®™ ∂Á™›mº>Ï°¬zD º>ÁkBV™ A›>Ô∫Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text



7º√V‚Ω› º>Ï° ®ømºkVˆ[ ÿku§l_ ∂kÏÔπ[

cÁw©A, º√´VEˆBÏÔπ[ kz©A, E≈Õ> ±_Ô^ \uÆD ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÏÔπ[ ÷MB ÔMkV™ ∂bzxÁ≈Ô”D \uÆDc>sÔ”D c^·™. ÷Õ> >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D º\KDsˆkÁ¶Õm ÂVÁ·B \VkÏÔ”¬z ÷[º≈ kaÔV‚|D÷¶\VÔ°D \uÆD TNPSC º>Ï°Ô^ √V¶¬z§©A ÁÔºB| ®[≈±_ º√V‚Ω›º>Ï° ®ømD \Vk- \VsBÚ¬z ŒÚkaÔV‚ΩBVÔ ∂Á\•D º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk ®]ÏºÂV¬z√kÏÔ^

º>Ïs_ ÿku§BÁ¶B ∂Ω©√Á¶› º>Ák º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk®ÀkVÆ ®]ÏÿÔV^· ºkı|D ®[≈ ∂§°D ÿƒFm xΩ¬Ô›mÁAˆkm \™›]ıÁ\ (Will Power) Œ[º≈. º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°®øm√kˆ[ c^· \™›]ıÁ\ (Ák´V¬˛BD) ÿku§¬zº>ÁkBV™ ®_ÈV xBuEÔÁ·•D ÿƒFB›#ı|D. ÷¶D>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D gzD. ÷Às¶D √l[≈ º√V‚ΩBV·ÏÔ”¬z º√V‚Ω› º>Ï° s™V¬Ô^ ÷M©√VÔ°D ÿku§kƒ\VÔ°D ÷Ú¬zD. ®™ºk ∂Á™›m º√V‚Ω› º>ÏsKD \Vk-\VsBÏÔ^ >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›][ kVlÈVÔ ÿku§ÁBcÆ]√|›] ∂´∑ ºkÁÈkVF©∏_ ºƒÏÕm \¬Ô”¬z E≈Õ>√ËÁB ÿƒFm √_ºkÆ º√V‚Ω º>Ï° ®ømD ÷>´ \Vk-\VsBÚ¬z x[\V]ˆBVÔ°D, Â\m ∂´∑¬zD, Â\m ÂV‚ΩuzDÂDxÁ¶B ∂´∑ √ËÁB \¬Ô”¬z ºƒÁkBVÔ AˆB Â_Èÿ>VÚkVF©Á√ ∞u√|›]•D, ÂD Ô™°ÔÁ· WÁ≈° ÿƒFk]KD>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D E≈Õ> ÷¶\VÔ ÷[Æ \‚|\_È ®[ÆDs·∫zD.

K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ

\Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD>fiƒV∆Ï

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


8


ÿ>Vz©A :K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[

mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ, \Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD, >fiƒV∆Ï

xÁ™kÏ. K.ÿƒ_kz\VÏ

ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[k´ÈVÆk´ÈVÆk´ÈVÆk´ÈVÆk´ÈVÆ

xÁ™kÏ.S.Ô_BVËc>sº√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈ÿƒ[Á™ ˛§¸mk¬ Ô_Ÿˆ, >VD√´D, ÿƒ[Á™.

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´Dÿ√VÚ·V>V´Dÿ√VÚ·V>V´Dÿ√VÚ·V>V´Dÿ√VÚ·V>V´DxÁ™kÏ.A.∂x>Vc>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈∂ıV g>Ïi Ô_Ÿˆ, ∂ıVÂÔÏ, ÿƒ[Á™-40

AslB_AslB_AslB_AslB_AslB_G.>tµkV[c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, Ô_slB_ mÁ≈ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD, k_ÈD >fiƒV∆Ï

∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©A∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©A∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©A∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©A∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©AxÁ™kÏ. ÔV. ÿƒ_kz\VÏc>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ∂ÉB_ ∂§sB_ \FBDÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.

ÔË>DÔË>DÔË>DÔË>DÔË>DR.gÆxÔDc>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÔË›mÁ≈ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD,k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.

>tµ>tµ>tµ>tµ>tµÔ. √ˆ\·VxÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ï, ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A› mÁ≈>tµ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD

>fiƒV∆Ï - 10.


9

√V¶›]‚¶D ÿ√Vm› >tµ ( ÿÔV^z§› º>Ïsuz)®¸.®¸.®_.E >´D

√z] -(∂)√z] -(∂)√z] -(∂)√z] -(∂)√z] -(∂)÷È¬ÔD

1. ÿ√VÚ›m>_ - ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ ÿ√VÚÁ·› º>Ï° ÿƒF>_.AÔµ ÿ√u≈ ±_ ±ÈVEˆBÏ

2. ÿ>V¶ÚD ÿ>V¶ÏAD ∂§>_, ÷›ÿ>V¶´V_ z§¬Ô©ÿ√ÆDƒV[º≈VÏ ∂Á¶ÿ\VaBV_ z§¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD ±_

3. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ.

4. ®]ÏÿƒV_ÁÈ ®|›ÿ>øm>_

5. ÿ√VÚÕ>Vfl ÿƒV_ÁÈ Ôı¶§>_

6. ∏Áw ]Ú›>D , ƒÕ]©∏ÁwÁB ¿¬z>_ ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\∏ÁwÔÁ· ¿¬z>_ \´A© ∏ÁwÔ^,kø°fl ÿƒVuÔÁ·¿¬z>_/ ∏≈ÿ\Vafl ÿƒVuÔÁ· ¿¬z>_

7. g∫˛Èfl ÿƒV_K¬z ºÂ´V™ >tµfl ÿƒV_ÁÈ ∂§>_

8. Œo ºkÆ√V¶§Õm ƒˆBV™ ÿ√VÚÁ·B§>_

9. ÿ´ø›m ŒÚÿ\Va cˆB ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ Ôı¶§>_

10. ºkÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ› º>Ï° ÿƒFÔ.

11. ºkÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ÿÔV|›m / sÁ™xuÆ, sÁ™ÿBflƒD,sÁ™BVÈÁ•D ÿ√BÏ, ÿ>Vau ÿ√BÏ /cÚkV¬z>_

12. ∂Ô´ kˆÁƒ©√Ω ÿƒVuÔÁ·fl ÊÏ ÿƒF>_

13. ÿƒVuÔÁ· Œø∫z√|›] ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶´V¬z>_

14. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ kÁÔB§>_

15. ÷È¬Ô¬ z§©√§>_

16. sÁ¶¬ºÔu≈ s™VÁk› º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_

10


17. ®ÀkÁÔ kV¬˛BD ®™¬ Ôıÿ¶øm>_

18. >[sÁ™,∏≈sÁ™,ÿƒFsÁ™,ÿƒB©√V‚| sÁ™

kV¬˛B∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôıÿ¶øm>_

19. ckÁ\BV_ s·¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ º>ÏÕÿ>øm>_.

20. ®mÁÔ,º\VÁ™,÷ÁBA ÷kuÆ^ ∞º>–D Œ[Á≈›

º>ÏÕÿ>øm>_.

√z] (g)

1. ]Ú¬z≈^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,º\uºÔV^Ô^ ÿ>V¶Á´

W´©A>_ (√›ÿ>V[√m ∂]ÔV´D \‚|D) ∂[A-√ıA-

Ô_s-ºÔ^s-∂§°-∂¶¬ÔD-Œø¬ÔD-ÿ√VÁ≈-Â‚A-

kVFÁ\-ÔVÈD ©A´k§>_, ÿƒFÂ[§, ƒV[≈VıÁ\,

ÿ√ˆBVÁ´› mÁ¬ºÔV¶_,ÿ√VÚ^ÿƒB_ kÁÔ,

sÁ™›]‚√D, ÷MBÁk Ì≈_.

2. ∂≈±_Ô^ ÂVÈΩBVÏ, ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ, √wÿ\Va

ÂV˚Æ, xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE, ]ˆÔ|ÔD, ÷[™V ÂVu√m,

EÆ√fiƒJÈD, ∞ÈV], Œ·ÁkBVÏ √V¶_Ô^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™

ÿƒF]Ô^, √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_Ôπ_ ∏≈ ÿƒF]Ô^.

3. ÔD√´VBD-ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^ º\uºÔV^Ô^,

√VkÁÔ, E≈Õ> ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^.

4. A≈ÂV˚Æ- ∂ÔÂV˚O, Âu§Á, zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ,

n∫zÆ±Æ Ôo›ÿ>ÁÔ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,

º\uºÔV^Ô^ ∂ΩkÁ´BÁ≈, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ, √›m©√V‚|

O_Ôπ_ c^· ∏≈ ÿƒF]Ô^.


115. EÈ©√]ÔV´D - \Ëº\ÔÁÈ - ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,

º\uºÔV^Ô^ E≈Õ> ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^ c‚∏ˆs_ \uÆD

nDÿ√ÚD - nfiEÆ∫ ÔV©∏BD ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

6. ÿ√ˆBA´VD - ÂVÈl´ ]ÀsB©∏´√Õ>D -

]ÚsÁ·BV¶u A´VD º>D√VkË - Ê≈V©A´VD

ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

7. Eu§È∫˛B∫Ô^

]Úzu≈VÈ¬z≈kfiE - Ôo∫Ô›m©√´Ë -

x›ÿ>V^·Vl´D, >tµs| #m, ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√ÔD,

s¬˛´\ºƒVw[, x¬Ì¶u√^”, ÔVkΩflEÕm,

]Úºk∫Ô¶Õ>V], x›m¬z\V´∑kVt ∏^Á·›>tµ,

ÿ√›>ÈºÔD z≈kfiE, ∂wÔÏ ^Á·s|#m, ÷´V´V¤[

ºƒVw[ cÈV ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

8. \º™V[\ËBD - √VfiƒVo ƒ√>D - zl_ √V‚| - ÷´‚|≈

ÿ\Va>_ (ÔV·º\Ô©AkÏ - ∂w˛B ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï

ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^)

9. ƒ\B x[º™VΩÔ^ ∂©√Ï, ƒD√Õ>Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï, \VË¬Ô

kVƒÔÏ, ]ÚJÈÏ,zÈºƒÔ´gµkVÏ, Ê›>ÁÈfl ƒV›>™VÏ,

®fl.∞.˛Úi∏^Á·, c\Æ©AÈkÏ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™

ÿƒF]Ô^, º\uºÔV^Ô^, E≈©Aÿ√BÏÔ^.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


12


√z]-÷

>tµ ∂§QÏÔ”D >tµÿ>Vı|D

1. √V´]BVÏ, √V´]>Vƒ[, ÂV\¬Ô_ ÔsQÏ, Ôs\Ë º>EB

sÂVBÔD ∏^Á· ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^, E≈Õ>

ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^, E≈©A© ÿ√BÏÔ^.

2. \´A¬ÔsÁ>: xΩB´ƒ[, kVË>Vƒ[, ∑´>V,

Ôı>Vƒ[, c|\ÁÈÂV´VBÔs, √‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶

Ô_BV∑Õ>´D, \Ú>ÔVE ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,

∂Á¶ÿ\Va©ÿ√BÏÔ^.

3. Am¬ÔsÁ> - Â.∏flƒJÏ›], E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, >ÚxEk´Vx,

÷´V.*™V‚E, E.\Ë, Eu∏, x.º\›>V, ~º´V| >tw[√[,

∂©m_ÔÈVD, ÔÈV©ˆBV, Ô_BVı˜, QV™¬ Ì›>[,

º>kº>k[, ƒVÁÈ ÷·Õ]Á´B[, ƒVoM ÷·Õ

]Á´B[, gÈÕ#Ï º\VÔ´∫Ô^ -ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,

º\uºÔV^Ô^, E≈©A› ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^ \uÆD ®ø]B ±_Ô^.

4. >ta_ ÔΩ> ÷È¬˛BD - ÂV‚z§©A. ºÂÚ - ÔVÕ] - x.k -

∂ıV g™Õ>´∫ÔD ∏^Á· ÂV‚z§©A ÿ>V¶Ï√V™

ÿƒF]Ô^.

5. ÂV¶Ô¬ÔÁÈ - ÷Áƒ¬ÔÁÈ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

6. >ta_ EÆÔÁ>Ô^ >ÁÈ©A- gEˆBÏ-ÿ√VÚ›m>_.

7. ÔÁÈÔ^ - Eu√D - sBD - º√fl∑ - ]Á´©√¶¬ÔÁÈ



13

8. >ta[ ÿ>V[Á\- >tµ ÿ\Val[ E≈©A, ]´Vl¶

ÿ\VaÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

9. cÁ´ÂÁ¶ - \Á≈\ÁÈBΩÔ^, √ˆ]\VuÔÁÈQÏ,

Â.x.ºk∫Ô¶ ÂV‚¶VÏ, ´V.∏.ºƒm©∏^Á·, ]Ú.s.Ô,

ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·-ÿ\Va ÂÁ¶ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

10. c.ºk.ƒVtÂV> nBÏ, ÿ>.ÿ√V.*™V‚E ∑Õ>´™VÏ,

E.÷È¬zk™VÏ - >tµ√Ë ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

11. º>kºÂB©√VkVÏ - ∂Ô´x>o, √VkÈº´Æ ÿ√Úfi

E›]´™VÏ, >tµÿ>Vı| ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

12. ˜.• º√V© - T´\VxMkÏ >tµ›ÿ>Vı| E≈©A› ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^

13. ÿ√ˆBVÏ- ∂ıV -x›m´V\o∫Ô› º>kÏ- ∂Dº√›ÔÏ-

ÔV\´VƒÏ, ƒx>VB› ÿ>Vı|

14. >twÔD - ªÚD º√ÚD, º>Vu≈D \Vu≈D √u§B ÿƒF]Ô^.

15. cÈÔ·VsB >twÏÔ^ E≈©AD - ÿ√ÚÁ\•D - >tµ© √Ë•D

16. >tµÿ\Val_ ∂§sB_ EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

17. >tµ \Ôπˆ[ E≈©A - ∂[M ÿ√ƒı‚ ∂DÁ\BVÏ,

JkŸÏ ´V\VtÏ>›>D\V^ ¶V¬¶Ï. x›mÈ‚∑t ÿ´‚Ω,

s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶›]_ \ÔπÏ √∫ ( ]_ÁÈBVΩ

k^πBDÁ\, ´VË \∫ÔD\V^ )

14


18. >twÏ kËÔD - ÿ>V_oB_ gF°Ô^ -Ô¶u√B∫Ô^


19. cºk \ÚÕm - ºÂVF yÏ¬zD JoÁÔÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ÿƒF]Ô^.

20. ƒ\B© ÿ√VmÁ\ cÏ›]B >V•\V™kÏ, ÷´V\o∫Ô∂ΩÔ·VÏ, ]Ú.s.Ô_BV ∑Õ>´™VÏ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ÿƒF]Ô^- º\uºÔV^Ô^.


15

xBuE ÷_ÁÈÿB[≈V_

c[™V_ ÿ¤l¬Ôºk xΩBVm

xBuE ÷ÚÕ>V_

c[Á™› º>VuÔΩ¬Ôºk xΩBVm.

á ¶V¬¶Ï A.P.J. ∂©m_ÔÈVD

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


16


ÿku§¬zD º>V_s¬zD EÆ s›]BVƒD

Ô¶Á\ÁB ÿƒF>V_ ÿku§.

Ô¶Á\¬zfl ÿƒF>V_ º>V_s.

á \VT´Ï ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï


17Ô. √ˆ\·VxÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ïÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A› mÁ≈>tµ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD

>fiƒV∆Ï - 10.

√z] ∂ ----- ÷È¬ÔD

1. ÿ\Val_ ]Ú›>\VÔ º√ƒ, ®ø> mÁAˆkm ÷È¬ÔD.÷È¬ÔD ÿ\Val[ ∂Á\©Á√•D, ∂wÁÔ•D cÏ›m˛≈m.÷È¬ÔD á ÷È¬z (z§¬ºÔV^) + ∂D (∂wz)

2. >tµÿ\Val[ ÷È¬ÔD 5 kÁÔ©√|D.1.®ø›]È¬ÔD, 2.ÿƒV_oÈ¬ÔD, 3. ÿ√VÚπÈ¬ÔD,4. BV©∏È¬ÔD, 5. ∂ËlÈ¬ÔD

3. ®ø›]È¬ÔD : ®ø›m 2 kÁÔ©√|D. x>ÿÈø›m, ƒVÏÿ√ø›m

4. x>ÿÈø›m :ÿ\Va¬z x>ÈV™>VÔ°D, >M›mD ÷B∫Ô¬ÌΩBm x>_ ®ø›m.cBÚD, c¶DA\VD x©√m x>ºÈ á Â[˚^clÿ´ø›m - 12 (ÿÂΩ_ á 7, z§_ - 5) ; ÿ\F ®ø›m -18 =30D x>ÿÈø›m gzD.

5. ÿ\F ®ø›m :>tµ ÿ\Va¬z c¶ÈVF ÷Ú¬Ô¬ÌΩBm ÿ\FÿBø›m.ÿ\FÿBø›m ∂Ák Œo¬zD xÁ≈l_ 3 kÁÔBVÔ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.k_o™D ( Ô, ƒ, ¶, >, √, ≈ ) 6 ;ÿ\_o™D ( ∫, fi, ı, Õ, D, F ) 6 ;÷Á¶l™D ( F, Ï, _, À, ^, µ ) 6

6. ƒVÏÿ√ø›m :x>_ ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ƒVÏÕm º>V[ÆD ®ø›m¬Ô^ƒVÏÿ√ø›m¬Ô^ ®™©√|D.÷m √›m kÁÔ©√|D.1. clÏÿ\F, 2. gF>D, 3. cl´·ÿ√Á¶, 4. Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶,5. zu§BKÔ´D, 6.zu§BoÔ´D, 7. nÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD,8. Œ·ÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD, 9. \Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD, 10.gF>¬zÆ¬ÔD,

18


7. clÏÿ\F - 216 : clÏÿ\F ®ø›m º>V[Æk>uz clÚDÿ\F•D (¬+∂=Ô) ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ƒVÏÿ√ø›>V˛≈m.

8. gF> ®ø›m : 1. ‡ kΩs_ ÷Ú¬zD. J[Æ A^πÔÁ·ÿ√u§Ú©√>V_ x©A^π, x©√VuA^π ®[≈ ÿ√BÁ´•D ÷‚|kw∫z˛[º≈VD.2. g, ® ŒÚ ÿƒV_o_ ÷¶Dÿ√Æ˛[≈ º√Vm >™¬zx[zuÿ≈ø›Á> >™¬z©∏[ ŒÚ k_o™ clÏÿ\F (Ô ƒ ¶ > √ ≈)®ø›m¬ÔÁ·•D ÿ√uÆ Â|s_>V[ kÚD. (®.ÔV.) ∂‡m, ®‡m

9. ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ∂·ÿ√Á¶ 2 kÁÔ©√|D : cl´·ÿ√Á¶, Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶.

10. cl´·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ Áƒ zÁ≈•Dº√Vm ∂Às¶›]_c^· ®ø›º>V| ∂>[ ÷Á ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ºƒÏ›m ÁƒÁBWÁ≈° ÿƒFk>uz ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®™©ÿ√BÏ.

11. cl´·ÿ√Á¶ clÏ ®ø›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| ÁƒÁB WÁ≈°ÿƒF>V_ ∂>Á™ cl´·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.÷m 3 kÁÔ©√|D. ∂ÁkBVk™ : ÿƒF•πÁƒ (∂) ÷ÁƒWÁ≈,ÿƒV_oÁƒ, ÷[MÁƒ.ÿƒF•π[ ÁƒÁB WÁ≈° ÿƒF•D ÿ√VÚ‚| ÿƒV_o[x>_, ÷Á¶, ÔÁ¶ c^· clÏ ÿÂΩ_ ®ø›m¬Ô^ ∂·ÿ√|›mkÚkÁ> ÿƒF•πÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.

12. ÿƒF•πÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ~´Áƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÊÏÔπ_ \‚|º\ kÚD.÷Á¶l_ z§_ k´ÈVD. x>o_ z§_ kÕ>V_ ∂|›m ºƒÏ›m∏ˆ¬Ô°D.

13. ÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ Áƒ zÁ≈BV> º√VmDÿƒs¬z ÷MB ÷ÁƒÁB >ÚDÿ√VÚ‚| (clÏ z§_ ÿÂΩÈVÔ)º\KD ∂·ÿ√|>_ ÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.(c.D) cı√mD (›+c) = c (clÏz§_)

cı√#D = ª (ÿÂΩ_)÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ JkÁƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÊÏÔπ_ \‚|D kÚD.

14. ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π_ Áƒ zÁ≈BV> ÿ√VømD(ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ sÁ™fl ÿƒV_ÈVÔ \VuÆD ÿ√VÚ‚|)∂·ÿ√|›>ÁÈ ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ -÷- ®[–D ®ø›]_ xΩ°ÿ√u§Ú¬zD. (c.D) z, Ω, >. a, ÷


1915. Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ Áƒ zÁ≈•D ÿ√Vøm ∂>Á™

WÁ≈°ÿƒF•D ÿ√VÚ‚| ÿƒV_o_ c^· ÿ\FÿBø›m

∂·ÿ√|›>ÁÈ Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.

Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ ÿƒV_o_ ÷Á¶lKD ÷Æ]lKD \‚|º\ kÚD.

( c.D ) ∂´∫∫ÔD, \fifi∑

k_o™ ÿ\FÔ·V™ “ ¬ fl ‚ › © u” gÆD ÷Á¶l™ ÿ\FÔ·V™

“Ï, µ” ®[–D ÿ\FÔÁ· >sÏ›m ®fiEB √›m ÿ\F•D

gF>xD ∂>[ √¬Ô›]ºÈºB ∂·ÿ√|›m kÚD.

16. zu§BKÔ´D : zÆ˛B Áƒ•Á¶B cÔ´D zu§BKÔ´D

z,∑, |, m,A, Æ - ®–D gÆ k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›m¬Ô^ (>M

ÿÂΩÁÈ) ƒVÏÕm kÚD ÿ√VømD √È ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ƒVÏÕm

∂·soÚÕm zÁ≈Õm ∂Á´ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_ Œo¬zD.

÷ÀkVÆ zÁ≈Õm Œo¬zD cÔ´D zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.

(c.D ) ÂV| = 1/2 √VÈVÆ = 1/2 √ı√V| = 1/2

zu§BKÔ´D gÆ kÁÔ©√|D

17. ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : clÏ ÿÂΩ_, clÏ ÿ\F

ÿÂ‚ÿ¶ø›m¬ÔÁ· ∂|›m kÚD k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›m¬Ô^

ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.

18. ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : ~ÿ´ø›m ÿƒV_ÈVÔºk kÚD

(c.D ) ÂV|, g|, gÆ, ÔV∑

19. clÏ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D :

∂wz, √VÈVÆ, √ı√V|, ∂´∑

20. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒV_o[ ~ÿ≈ø›m¬z

x[√VÔ ÿ\_o™ ÿ\FÿBø›m¬Ô·V™ ∫, fi, ı, Õ, D, [

kÕ>V_ ∂m ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ( c.D ) √Õm, \fi∑, ƒ∫z

21 ÷Á¶›ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´ ÿƒV_o[

~ÿ≈ø›m¬z x[√VÔ ÷Á¶l™ ÿ\FÿBø›m¬Ô·V˛B (B, ´,

È, k, ·, w) kÕ>V_ ∂m ÷Á¶›ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D

( c.D ) ƒVÏA, Jµz, ÿÔVFm

3

20


22. k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´ ÿƒV_o[

~uÿ≈ø›m¬z x[√VÔ k_o™ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô·V™ ¬, fl ‚,

›, ©, u kÕ>V_ ∂m k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.

(c.D ) √‚|, √›m, ®‚|, √V´V‚|

23. gF> ÿ>V¶Ï : zu§BKÔ´D k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›>V™m gF>

®ø›Á> ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÕ>V_ ∂m gF> ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D

®™©√|D.

( c.D ) ÔV∑, s≈z, √∫z, ®‚|, ∂‡m

24. zu§BoÔ´D : WÁÈÿ\Va zu§BKÔ´\VÔ ÷ÚÕm kÚD

ÿ\Va BÔ´D kÚÁÔl_ WÁÈÿ\Va cÔ´D ÷Ô´\VÔ ]ˆÕm

>™¬zˆB ŒÚ\V›]Á´ ∂·soÚÕm ∂Á´ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_

zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m zu§BKÔ´D.

( c.D) kı|+ BVm T| = BVm

25. xu§BKÔ´D : >M¬z§ÁÈ ∂|›m ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD

k_o™ cÔ´xD. ÿ√VmkVÔ ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD

ÿ\_o™ cÔ´xD, ÷Á¶l™ cÔ´xD xu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.

( c.D) Â|,√∑, \m, ÿ√Vm , cıb, Ô>°

26. nÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD : n ®ø›m >M›m Œo¬zD º√Vm ÷´ı|

\V›]Á´ Œol_ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷m \u≈ ®ø›m¬Ô”¶[ ÌΩ

kÚDÿ√Vøm >™m 2 \V›]Á´ ∂·soÚÕm zÁ≈Õm

Œo¬zD. ÷>uz nÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.

( c.D ) n á 2 \V›]Á´, n©√E = 1 1/2 \V›]Á´, kÁ·B_ = 1

\V›]Á´, >ÁÈ = 1 \V›]Á´

27. 8. Œ·ÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD : Œ· ®ø›m >M›m kÚD ÿ√Vøm ÷´ı|

\V›]Á´ ∂·° Œo¬zD. ∏≈ ®ø›m¬Ô”¶[kÚDÿ√Vøm

>[ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_ ÷ÚÕm zÁ≈Õm 1 1/2 \V›]Á´ ∂·s_

Œo¬zD ∂>uz Œ·ÔV´ zÆ¬ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.

Œ·ÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD : ÿ\Va¬z ÷Á¶lKD, ÷Æ]lKD k´Vm

28. 9. \Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD : D ®[–D ®ø›m >™¬zˆB ∂Á´

\V›]Á´loÚÕm 1/4 \V›]Á´BVÔ zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m

\Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD gzD.

Ô´ , ™Ô´ ÿ\FÔπ[ ∏[ c^· \Ô´D 1/2


21\V›]Á´loÚÕm zÁ≈Õm 1/4 \V›]Á´B·ºk Œo¬zD.

( c.D) \ÚıD, ÿƒ[D

>ÚD k·k[, kÚD kıΩ ÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ WÁÈÿ\Va ~u§_

c^· \Ô´D kÕm kÔ´ x>_ ÿ\VaºBV| AÏ˛≈m.

÷ÀkVÆ kÚDÿ√Vøm WÁÈÿ\Va ~u§È c^· \Ô´D 1/4

\V›]Á´ ∂·ºk Œo¬zD.

29. gF>¬zÆ¬ÔD : gF> ®ø›m >™¬zˆB 1/2 \V›]Á´

loÚÕ> 1/4 \V›]Á´BVÔ zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m gzD

‡ á 1/2, Ô‡œm , x‡œm

30. ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m : ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁ· ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚Ω ÌÆkm ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m

( c.D ) ∂k[, ÷k[, ck[ ∂k^, ÷k^, ck^ ∂,÷ ®[–D

®ø›m¬Ô^ ∑‚|© ÿ√VÚÁ· >ÚDÿ√Vøm ∂Ák ∑‚ÿ¶ø›

m¬Ô^ g˛[≈™.

c ®[–D ®ø›m √w∫ÔVÈ›]_ ∑‚ÿ¶ø›>VÔ √B[√‚|

>uº√Vm ∂m º√fl∑ kw¬˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.

31. ∂ıÁ\fl∑‚| :÷m. ÷k[, ÷©A›>ÔD, ÷ÀT|

÷ ®[–D ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m ∂Ú˛_ c^·Á> ∑‚|Dÿ√Vøm

∂ıÁ\fl∑‚| g˛[≈™.

32. ºƒFÁ\fl∑‚| : ∂ ®[–D ®ø›m ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^·Á>

∑‚|Dÿ√Vøm ∂m ºƒFÁ\ ∑‚¶V˛≈m.

( c.D )∂m, ∂k[, ∂©A›>ÔD, ∂ÀT|

33. ∂Ôfl∑‚| : ÿƒV_o_ c^· ∑‚ÿ¶ø›Á> ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m

ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_o[ ∂Ô›º> W[Æ ∑‚|D

ÿ√VÚÁ· >Úkm ∂Ôfl∑‚| ®™©√|D.

(c.D ) ∂m, ÷k[, ÷k^

34. A≈fl∑‚| : ÿƒV_o_ c^· ∑‚ÿ¶ø›Á> ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈

®ø›m¬Ô^ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_o[ A≈›º> W[Æ

∑‚| ÿ√VÚÁ· >Úkm A≈fl∑‚| ®™©√|D.

(c.D ) ÷©√∑, ∂¬Ô´Ω, ÷D\M>[

35. ∑‚|›]ˆA : ÿƒVuÔπ_ c^· ∂, ÷ ®[–D ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m¬Ô^

∂Õ> ÷Õ> ®™ ]ˆÕm kw∫zk>Á™ ∑‚|›]ˆA ®[√Ï.

( c.D ) ÷©√∑ á ÷Õ>©√∑

∂¬Ô´Ω á ∂Õ> Ô´Ω

36. s™V ®ø›m : s™V ®ø›m : s™V ®ø›m : s™V ®ø›m : s™V ®ø›m : s™V ÿ√VÚÁ· >ÚD ®ø›m¬Ô^ s™V

®ø›m¬Ô^ ®™©√|D. s™V ®ø›m¬Ô^ g, ® ∞, , BV

22


( c.D ) ®Õ> ®ø›m , sÚÕm g”¬ÔV ? gÁ¶¬ÔV ?∂mkV , ∞[ , ∂kº™ , ∂kº™V“∞” ®[–D ®ø›m ~u§_ W[Æ s™V°>_ >uÔVÈ›]_

kw¬˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.37. ∂Ôs™V : ÿƒV_o[ ∂Ô›º> W[Æ s™V ÿ√VÚÁ·

cÏ›mkm ®m , BVÏ, ∞[

÷flÿƒVuÔπ_ s™V ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›mÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm.

38. A≈s™V : ÿƒV_o[ A≈›º> W[≈ s™V ÿ√VÚÁ·

cÏ›mkm A≈s™V ®™©√|D.( c.D) ∂k™V , ∂kº™, ¿>Vº™V÷flÿƒV_o_ c^· s™V ®ø›m¬Ô·V˛B g, ∞,

®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m¬Ô^ >MflÿƒV_ÈVÔW[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú˛[≈™.

ÿƒV_ ÷È¬ÔD :ÿƒV_ ÷È¬ÔD :ÿƒV_ ÷È¬ÔD :ÿƒV_ ÷È¬ÔD :ÿƒV_ ÷È¬ÔD :

39. ÿƒV_ : ŒÚ ®ø›m >M›m W[º≈V √È ®ø›m¬Ô^ ºƒÏÕº>Vÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›m\Vl[ ∂Ák ÿƒV_ ®™©√|D.ÿƒV_, ÿ\Va, √>D, ˛·s ®[√Ák ÿƒV_ Œº´ ÿ√VÚÁ·cÏ›mD √È ÿƒVuÔ·VzD.

40. ÿƒV_o[ kÁÔ : ÿƒVuÔÁ· ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷È¬ÔkÁÔl_ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_, ÷Á¶flÿƒV_,

cˆflÿƒV_ ®™ 4 kÁÔBVÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.

41. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ∞º>–D Œ[§[ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬zD ÿƒV_ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ®™©√|D.ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ 6 kÁÔ©√|D.

41. 1. ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ 2. ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ 3. ÔVÈD 4. EÁ™ 5. √ıA(∂) zD 6. ÿ>Va_

42. ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ : ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬˛[≈

ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.( c.D ) A›>ÔD , \M>[ BVÁ™, ˛π, \ÈÏsa, xÚÔ[

43. ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ : ÷¶›][ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬˛[≈ ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^

( c.D ) √^π, z·D, ÷_ÈD, T], ~º´V|,ÿkuA44. ÔVÈ©ÿ√BÏ : ÔVÈ›][ ÿ√BÁ´ cÏ›m˛[≈

ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^(c.D ) ÿÂVΩ , s™VΩ, \Ë, ÂV^, \V>D,

kÚ¶D, E›]Á´, ÿ√ÚDÿ√Vøm zπÏÔVÈD ®]ÏÔVÈD


2345. EÁ™©ÿ√BÏ : (cÆ©A)

cÆ©AÔÁ· z§¬zD ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ E. ÿ√. ®™©√|D.

ÔM, ÔVF, >ı|, ÷ÁÈ, Ôı, ÁÔ, ÷>BD, ÿÔVDA, kV_

ÿku§ÁÈ ÿÔVΩl_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷ÁÈ ( ŒÚ cÆ©A )

>V\Á´©Ø, \_oÁÔ©Ø, \ˆ¬ÿÔVøÕm, ÿƒ∫Ô[M

46. √ıA© ÿ√BÏ (∂) z©ÿ√BÏ

ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ √ıÁ√ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏ ÿƒVuÔ^ √ıA©ÿ√BÏ

®™©√|D . ÷m z©ÿ√BÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô© ÿ√ÆD.

√ıA© ÿ√BÏÔÁ· W≈D, kΩ°, ∂·°, (®ıË¬ÁÔ) ∑Ák

®[–D ÂV[z kÁÔºB ÿ√ÚD√VKD kÚD

47. W≈©√ıA : ÿƒDÁ\, ÔÚÁ\

48. kΩk© √ıA : ƒm´D, ÿƒÀkÔD, x¬ºÔVD, k‚¶D

49. ∂·° : ÷´ı|, J[Æ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï

50. ∑Ák : ÷M©A, Aπ©A, ÔVÏ©A, mkÏ©A

51. √ıA© ÿ√BÏ sz]Ô^

1. ÿƒDÁ\ Á\

2. ÿ>V_ÁÈ n

3. \V‚E E

4. \VıA A

5. Â[§ §

6. Â[Æ Æ

7. ÂÈD ∂D

8. Â[™Ï ∂Ï

9. ]‚√D √D

10. ym m

11. Â[z z

√ıA© ÿ√BÏÔ^ º\uÔı¶ sz]Ô”¶[ c, ÂÏ, \[, ÷_

®[–D sz]ÔÁ·•D ÿ√uÆ kÚD Á\ sz]

ÿ√ÚD√VıÁ\BVÔ ÔV©√|D.

52. ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ÿ>Vao[ ( ÿƒB_ ) ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏ

ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ. ( c.D ) √Ω©A, g‚¶D, |>_, kÚÁÔ ,

sÁ·BV‚|, c≈∫z>_

sz] ÿ√u≈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ

( c.D ) ÿ√VÆ›>_ = ÿ√VÆ + >_

cı_ = cı + ∂_

24


53. sz] ÿ√≈V ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ( c.D ) ÿ>Vı|, Ì›m, ÂÁƒ (sÚDA>_)ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∂_, >_ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·ÿ√uÆ kÚD.

ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ √z] sz]

1. º√∑>_ º√∑ >_

2. √V¶_ √V| ∂_

3. g‚¶D g| ∂D

4. ÿÔVÁÈ ÿÔV_ n

5. ÿƒFÁÔ ÿƒF ÁÔ

6. √VÏÁk √VÏ Ák

7. m≈° m≈ c

8. \≈] \≈ ]

9. cÏflE cÏ E

10. º>V_s º>V_ s

11. Ô¶°^ Ô¶ c^

12. ƒV¬ÔV| (÷≈›>_) ƒV ÔV|

13. ºÔV‚√V| ÿÔV^ √V|

14. º>Vu≈´° º>VuÆ ∂´∑

15. kV´VÁ™ kV gÁ™

16. ÿ√VÆÁ\ ÿ√VÆ Á\

17. √VF›m √VF m

18. ÿkzπ ÿkz^ ÷

19. ÔVıA ÔVı A

54. x>MÁÈ› ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ∑|>_ - ∑| + >_ÿÔ|>_ - ÿÔ|+ >_∑|, ÿÔ|, ®[√™ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ √z]Ô·VzD. ÷Ák x>_WÁÈBVÔ c^·>V_ ÷kuÁ≈ x>_WÁÈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ®[√Ï.

26


63. ÔV´© ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ : ÔV´D ÔÚ] ÷¶©√‚¶ ÿ√BÏ

z§©∏‚¶ ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬z ÿ√Vm©ÿ√B´VÔ ∂Á\Õ>V_

∂Á> ÔV´© ÿ√BÏ ®™ÈVD.

÷Áƒ¬ÔÚs¬z √luE ÷[§BÁ\BV>m

√≈ÁkÔ^ √Ès>D

64. ÔV´ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ: ÔV´D ÔÚ] ÷¶©√‚¶ ÿ√BÏ z§©∏‚¶

ÿ√VÚÁ· E≈©√VÔ z§¬z\Vl[ ÔV´ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ ®[Æ

ÌÆkÏ. kÁ·B_ cÁ¶Õm s‚¶m

kÁ·B_ º√VÈºk EÈ ÿ√VÚ^ kÁ·Õm k‚¶\VÔºk

÷Ú¬zD. ∂ÁkÿB_ÈVD kÁ·B_ ®™

∂Áw¬Ô©√|k]_ÁÈ.

kÁ·B_ ®[–D ÷flÿƒV_ ÁÔl_ ∂Ë•D kÁ·B_

\‚|º\ z§©√>V_ ÔV´ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

65. sÁ™flÿƒV_ : sÁ™ÁB¬ z§¬zD ÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_

®™©√|D.

66. xuÆ ( ∂) sÁ™xuÆ : ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒF> ÿ>VaÁÈ

z§›m kÕ> xuÆ© ÿ√u≈ ÿƒV_ sÁ™xuÆ ®™©√|D

÷m ]Á, √V_, ®ı, ÷¶D g˛BkuÆ¶[ ÔVÈ›Á>•D

ÔV‚|D. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_K¬z› mÁ W[Æ kV¬˛B›][

ÿ√VÚÁ· xΩ›m¬ ÔV‚|km sÁ™xuÆ

( c.D ) \V| º\F˛≈m \VkÏÔ· sÁ·BV|˛≈VÏÔ^

Ôı[ ®øm˛≈V[

67. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™xuÆ :

ÿƒF√k[, ÔÚs, WÈD, ÿƒB_, ÔVÈD, ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ ®™

gÁ≈•D ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›mkm ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™

xuÆ gzD. ÷kuÆ^ EÈ zÁ≈ÕmD kÚD.

ÿƒB_ (\) ÔVÈ›Á> ÿ>πkVÔ¬ ÔV‚|D

(c.D) Ôı[ ÔΩ>D ®ø]™V[

ÿƒF√k[ á Ôı[

ÔÚs á #k_ (®ømºÔV_)

WÈD á ÷Ú©∏¶D

ÿƒB_ á ®øm>_

ÔVÈD á ÷≈Õ> ÔVÈD

ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ - ÔΩ>D


27

68. z§©A sÁ™xuÆ : ÿƒF√kÁ™ \‚|Dÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›] ∏≈kuÁ≈ z§©√VÔ cÏ›mD

sÁ™xuÆ z§©A sÁ™xuÆ ®™©√|D.÷m ÔVÈ›Á> ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›>Vm.(c.D AÔºwÕ] ÿ√V[™[ ( ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ )

ºkÈk[ \mÁ´BV[ ( ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ )xÚÔ[ zu≈VÈ›>V™ (÷¶©ÿ√BÏ )

69. ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ : ( ∞k_ á Ô‚¶Á· )

x[MÁÈ ÷¶›]_ c^·VÁ´ ŒÚ ÿƒBÁÈ ÿƒF•\VÆÔ‚¶Á·l|D ( ∞k_ ) sÁ™xuÆ ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ®™©√|D. ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ x[MÁÈl_ \‚|D kÚD.

®]ÏÔVÈD ÔV‚|D. ŒÚÁ\© √[Á\Ôπ_ >M›>MBVÔkÚD.x[MÁÈ á ¿, ¿Ï, ¿∫Ô^

( c.D ) ¿ º√V, ¿ √Ω, ¿ kV, ÔVßÏ, ¿Ï kVZÏ, ¿Ï kVøD.70. sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆ ; Ô, ÷B, ÷BÏ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·

ÿ√uÆ kVµ›>_, Ák>_, s]›>_. ºkı¶_ g˛B

ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_ kÚD sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆÔ^ gzD.sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆÔ^ Js¶∫ÔπKD, nD√V_ÔπKDkÚD.

( c.D )kVµÔ, ÿƒFÔ, ∂Ú^Ô, ŒaÔ, kVaBÏ, kVaBº\uÔı¶ sz]Ô”¶[ ∂,÷, ∂_ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·ÿ√uÆ kÚD kVa á÷ kVw á ∂ s¶_ á ∂_

kVw_ á ∂_ (ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ )71. c¶[√VuÆ sÁ™xuÆ ( \) ®]Ï\Á≈ sÁ™xuÆ

∂Á™›m sÁ™ xuÆÔ”D c¶[√V‚| ÿ√VÚπKD,

®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√VÚπKD kÚD.ÿƒB_ WÔµkÁ> ÔV‚|km c¶[√V‚| sÁ™xuÆÿƒB_ WÔwVÁ\ÁB ÔV‚|km ®]Ï\Á≈ sÁ™xuÆ

sÁ™xuÆ c¶[√V‚| s.x ®]Ï\Á≈ s.xÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™xuÆ ÿ>V|›>V[ ÿ>V|›]È[∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ ÿƒ_TÏ ÿƒ_ÈVyÏ

sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆ ÿƒV_KÔ ÿƒV_ÈuÔ72. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ ŒÚ ÿ>V¶Ï ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ°

ÿ√ÆD ®flƒ sÁ™flÿƒV_ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ\VzD.

28


ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒD ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD

®™©√|D. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒDJ[Æ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ kÚD. ÷m

ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∂ ®[≈ sz] ÿ√uÆkÚD

( c. D ) kÕ> Á√B[ √V|˛≈ ÿ√ı º√∑D ˛π

kVøDzΩ

73. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>•D, ÿƒBÁÈ•D cÏ›]

W[Æ ÿƒF√k[, ÔÚs WÈD, ÔVÈD, ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ ®[–D

gÆkÁÔ ÿ√BÏÔ”D Œ[≈Á™¬ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl

ÿƒV_ ÿ>ˆWÁÈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD gzD.

√Ω›> \Vk[ √Ω¬˛[≈ \Vk[ √Ω¬zD \Vk[

√Ω›>, √Ω¬˛[≈, √Ω¬zD ®[–D ÿƒVuÔ^ ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ°

ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ.

∂Ák xÁ≈ºB x¬ÔVÈ›Á>•D √Ω›>_ ÿƒBÁÈ•D

cÏ›] W[Æ \Vk[ ®[–D ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ

ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° ÿ√Æ˛[≈™.

74. z§©A ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>ºBV, ÿƒBÁÈºBV

cÏ›>V\_ √ı∏Á™ \‚|D cÏ›] W[Æ

ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl ÿƒV_ z§©A

ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD gzD.

( c.D ) Â_È Á√B[ ∂w˛B \ÈÏ ∂wz á √ıA

~ÆÿÔ‚¶ ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ~Æ á ~uÆ ®ø›m \Á≈Õm

~uÆ ®ø›m ÿÔ‚| kÚD ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ~ÆÿÔ‚¶

®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ®™©√|D

÷m ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√VÚÁ·› >ÚD

÷m g ®[–D ®ø›]_ xΩ° ÿ√u§Ú¬zD

gsuz ∂|›m ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷Ú¬zD

( c.D) kV¶V \ÈÏ √V¶V Á√∫˛π

ºkı¶V á z©Á√ ¶Vz]Á´

75. sÁ™ÿBflƒD : xΩ° ÿ√≈V> ®flƒ sÁ™flÿƒV_ ŒÚ sÁ™

xu§Á™ ∞uÆ ÿ>V¶Ï ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° ÿ√Ú\Vl[ ∂Àÿkflƒ

sÁ™ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.

( c.D ) kÕm xΩ›>V[

sÁ™ xuÆ¬ÔÁ· >øs W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° >Ú\Vl[

∂m sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.


29÷m ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÷, c ®[–D sz]ÔÁ· ÿ√uÆ kÚD.

k´ ÿƒV[™V[ - sÁ™ÿBflƒD

Á√B[ - ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ( ∂á sz] )

76. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>•D, ÿƒBÁÈ•D

cÏ›] W[Æ sÁ™xuÁ≈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒ

sÁ™flÿƒV_ ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.

√Ω›m xΩ›>V[, √Ω¬Ô ÿƒ[≈V[, √Ω©∏_

º>ÏflEBÁ¶Õ>V[

77. sÁ™BVÈÁ™•Dÿ√BÏ: ŒÚ sÁ™xuÆ sÁ™ÁB

cÏ›>Vm ∂ÀsÁ™¬zˆB ÔÚ›>VÁk cÏ›]

®økVBVÔ W[Æ ºkuÆÁ\ cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞uÆD, ∞uÔV\KD

kÚ\Vl™ ∂m sÁ™BVÈÁ™•D ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.

sÁ™BVÈÁ™•D ÿ√BÏ J[Æ ÔVÈ∫ÔÁ·•D cÏ›mD.

xÚÔ[ √ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈V[

√ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈VÁ™ √V´V‚Ω™Ï

÷ÀsÚ ÿ>V¶ÏÔπKD ÿ√u≈V[ ®[≈ sÁ™flÿƒV_

kÕm^·m. x>_ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿ√u≈V[ ®[√m xÚÔ[

®[–D ®økVF¬z √BMÁÈBVÔ kÕm^·m.

÷´ı¶Vkm ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿ√u≈VÁ™ ®[√m xÚÔÁ™

z§¬zD.

78. z§©A sÁ™ÿBflƒD: ÔVÈ›Á>ºBV, ÿƒBÁÈºBV

cÏ›>V\_ √ı∏[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›]

sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl ÿƒV_ z§©A

sÁ™ÿBflƒ\VzD.

(c.D ) ÿ\_È Â¶Õ>V[,ÿ√VÚπ[§ kVΩ™V[

xuÿ≈flƒD : ŒÚ sÁ™xuÆflÿƒV_ sÁ™ÿBflƒD

ÿ√VÚπ_ kÕm \uÿ≈VÚ sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩkm

xuÿ≈flƒD gzD. xu≈VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ÿƒV_ ®flƒ© ÿ√VÚπ_

kw∫zkm xuÿ≈flƒD gzD.

÷´ı| sÁ™xuÆ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÕ>V_ ∂m xuÿ≈flƒD

√Ω›>™[ º>§™V[ ®ø]™[ xΩ›>V[ º>Ω™[

Ôı¶™[

ºkÏflÿƒV_ ºkÏflÿƒV_ ºkÏflÿƒV_ ºkÏflÿƒV_ ºkÏflÿƒV_

®Õ>ÿkVÚ ÿƒV_KD Ô‚¶Á· (∂) ∞kÈVÔ kÚkm

ºkÏflÿƒV_ ®™©√|D

30


ŒÚ ÿƒV_o[ √z]ºB ∂>[ ºkÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÿ√ÚD√VKD∂Á\•D.kVµ›mºkVD - kVµ›mkVµ>_, kVµ¬ÁÔ - kVµ

(®.ÔV.)| Ω ΩB Ω™V[ ΩBk[ |>_ |Ô

kÁ´ kÁ´Õm kÁ´Õ> kÁ´Õ>V[ kÁ´Õ>kÁ™ kÁ´>_ kÁ´Ô

√Ω √Ω›m √Ω›> √Ω›>V[ √Ω›>k[ √Ω›>_ √Ω¬Ô

Ô_ ÔuÆ Ôu≈ Ôu≈V[ Ôu≈k[ Ôu≈_ ÔuÔ

ºÂV¬z ºÂV¬˛ ºÂV¬˛B ºÂV¬˛™V[ ºÂV¬˛Bk[ºÂV¬z>_ ºÂV¬zÔ

s_ suÆ su≈ su≈V[ su≈k[ su≈_ suÔ

∂fi∑ ∂fiE ∂fiEB ∂fiE™V[ ∂fiEBk[ ∂fi∑>_ ∂fi∑Ô

Â| Â|∫˛ Â|∫˛B Â|∫˛™V[ Â|∫˛Bk[Â|∫z>_ Â|∫zÔ

ÌÆ Ì§ Ì§B Ì§™V[ Ì§Bk[ ÌÆ>_ ÌÆÔ

ÿÂV ÿÂVÕm ÿÂVÕ> ÿÂVÕ>V[ ÿÂVÕ>kÁ™

>V >Õm >Õ>V[ >Õ>VÁ™ >Ú>_ >ÚÔ

~‚|: ~‚Ω ~‚ΩB ~‚Ω™V[ ~‚ΩBkÁ™ ~‚|>_ ~‚|Ô

ºÔ^ ºÔ‚| ºÔ‚¶ ºÔ‚¶V[ ºÔ‚¶kÁ™ ºÔ‚¶_ ºÔ‚Ô

Az AzÕm AzÕ> AzÕ>V[ AzÕ>kÁ™ Az>_ AzÔ

81. ÿ>VÁÔ WÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï : ÿ√BÏfl ÿƒV_ºÈV|sÁ™flÿƒV_KD, ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_KD ºƒÚD ÿ>V¶ˆ[÷Á¶l_ ºkuÆÁ\ cÆ©AÔº·V, √ıA, sÁ™x>oBku§[ cÆ©AÔº·V\Á≈Õm Wuz\V™V_ ∂>Á™ ÿ>VÁÔWÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï ®[ÆÌÆkÏ.ÿ>VÁÔWÁÈ›ÿ>V¶Ï gÆ kÁÔ©√|D 1. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ2. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ 3. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ 4. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ5. ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ 6. ºkuÆÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ

82. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ : ÔVÈD ÔV‚|D ÷Á¶WÁÈ•D, ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ

sz]•D \Á≈Õm kÚD ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ

®™©√|D. J[Æ ÔVÈ›]uzD ÿ√VÚÕ]

ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈV_>øk_ ÿ√uÆ kÚD ÿ>V¶Ï¬z

sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ

sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔl_ ÷´ı| ÿƒVuÔ^ ÷Ú¬zD


31x>_ ÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_ÈVÔ°D, ÷´ı¶Vkm ÿƒV_

ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ°D ÷Ú¬zD

cD. ∑| ºƒVÆ, ÿ√V∫z >V\Á´

k·Ï∏Á≈, ÿƒ_o¶D. cÁ≈WÈD, cBÏ ®ıD x]Ï \]

83. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ : √ıA© ÿ√BÚ¬zD ∂m >øs WuzD

ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_K¬zD ÷Á¶ºB Á\ ®[–D √ıA sz]•D

g˛B, g™ ®[–D √ıA cÆ©AÔ”D \Á≈Õm kÚkm

√ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ ®™©√|D.

x›>tµ : J[Æ + >tµ, ÿƒÕ>V\Á´, k‚¶©√ÈÁÔ

84. ÷Ú ÿ√Bÿ´V‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ : E≈©A ÿ√BÏ x[–D,

ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ ∏[–D W[Æ ÷Á¶l_ g˛B ®[ÆD √ıA

cÆ©A \Á≈Õm kÚkm ÷Ú ÿ√Bÿ´‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ

gzD.

÷\B ÿ√VÚ©A - ÷\BD ÿ√VÚ©A

\_oÁÔ©Ø - \_oÁÔ Ø

Á> ]∫Ô^ - Á> ]∫Ô^

∂s c° - ∂s c°

85. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ : ckÁ\¬zD ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ÷Á¶l_

º√VÈ, º√V[≈, WÔ´ , ∂[™ ®[–D ck\ cÆ©AÔ”^ Œ[Æ

\Á≈Õm WuÔ kÚkm c. ÿ>V ®™©√|D.

ckÁ\ - ÿ√VÚ^

\ÈÏÔ^ - \ÈÏ º√V[≈ Ôı

\ÈÏ ∂Ω - \ÈÏ º√V[≈ ∂Ω

86. cÚkÔD : ÷_ÈV> Œ[Á≈ tÁÔ©√|›] ÌÆkm cÚkÔD.

÷]_ckÁ\ ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD.

87. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :

1. º>[ÿ\Va - ÿ\Va›º>[

2. ÿ√VuABD - ABDÿ√V[

3. suAÚkD - AÚks_

4. ∂[Á™› >tµ- >tµ ∂[Á™

88. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :

÷Ú ÿƒVuÔ”¬z ÷Á¶lKD ÷Æ]lKD cD ®[–D

÷Á¶flÿƒV_ \Á≈Õm kÚkm cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ gzD.

cu≈VÏ c≈s™Ï - cu≈VÚD c≈s™ÚD

32


nÕ>Ω ÂV[z ∂∫z·D - nÕ>Ω•D ÂV[z ∂∫z·xDºƒ´ ºƒVw √VıΩBÏ - ºƒ´ÚD ºƒVwÚD √VıΩBÚD

89. ®ıbDÁ\ : ı + cDcD ®[–D ÷Á¶flÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ kÕ>V_∂m®ıbDÁ\. ∑Á™Ô”D - AÁ™Ô”D, ÔuAD - ÔV>KD,g¬ÔxD - ºÔ|D

90. E≈©A ®ıbDÁ\ : c¶–D ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔkÕm ∂m E≈©A ®ıbDÁ\ ®™©√|D.( c.D ) kV–¶–D Ô¶°·¶–D

91. cBÏ° E≈©ADÁ\ : ÷–D ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔkÕ>V_ ∂m cBÏ° E≈©ADÁ\ ®™©√|D.º>M–D, kVM–D, WÈ›]–D, √VÁ≈•–D, ¿ˆ–DxuÆDÁ\ : ŒÚ ÿƒV_o_ \‚|D cD ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ kÚDBVÚ¬zD, BVÁk•D, s´_Ô^ √›mD, ºÔV^ÔπKD

92. ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚ^ºkÆ√|kÁ> ºkuÆÁ\ ®™©√|D. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿ√VÚ^ºkuÆÁ\ÁB cı¶V¬zD cÚA ºkuÆÁ\ cÚA®™©√|D.ºkuÆÁ\ 8 kÁÔ©√|D.

94. ºkuÆÁ\ cÚAx>ÈVD ºkuÆÁ\ - ∂økVF ºkuÆÁ\÷´ı¶VD ºkuÆÁ\- nJ[≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ á g_, g[, |, |ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\- znÕ>VD ºkuÆÁ\ á ÷[, ÷_g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ á ∂m, gm , ∂∞wVD ºkuÆÁ\ á Ôı, ÷¶D, c^ˇµ, º\_ ÔV_®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ - Ôı, ÷¶D, c^ˇµ, º\_ ÔV_( c.D ) ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[≈V[

95. x>_ ºkuÆÁ\ : ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ŒÚ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷B_√VÔkÕm ®økVBVÔ ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú\Vl[ ∂m x>ÈVD ºkuÆÁ\®™©√|D. ÷>Á™ ®økVF ºkuÆÁ\ ®™°D ÌÆkÏ.(®.ÔV) >V\Á´ √VΩ™V^

96. >V\Á´ ®[–D ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ®økVBVzD. ÷m √VΩ™V^®[–D sÁ™flÿƒV_ÁÈ √BMÁÈBVÔ ÿ√uÆ ÿ√VÚ^>ÚD º√Vm ®Às> ºkÆ√V|t[§ ÷B_√VÔ Wu˛≈m.


33÷´ı¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚÁ·ÿƒB©√|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ ºkÆ √|›>km 2D ºkuÆÁ\ ®™©√|D.÷>Á™ ÿƒBu√|ÿ√VÚ^ ºkuÆÁ\ ®™°D ÌÆkÏ÷m (g¬Ô_,∂a›>_, ¿›>_, Œ›>_, cÁ¶B g˛B gÆkÁÔÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD.÷·k´E T| ∂Á¶Õ>V^ - ÷·k´E T‚Á¶ ∂Á¶Õ>V^k·k[ √^π Ô‚Ω™V[ - g¬Ô_ºƒVw™ √ÁÔkÏ ∂a›>V[ - ∂a›>_zÔ[ E™D s|›>V[ - ¿›>_ÔB_sa zl_ º√V[≈k^ - Œ©∏|>_ÔVÏº\ÔD ÿƒ_kD cÁ¶Bk[ - cÁ¶Á\97. J[≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚÁ· ÔÚs

ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D, ÔÚ›>V ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D c¶MÔµflE©ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D ºkÆ©√|›mkm. 3ágD

ºkuÆÁ\BVzD.ÔÚs©ÿ√VÚπ_ ( ÿÔVı| ®[–D ÿƒV_KD c¶MÔµflEÿ√VÚπ_ ( c¶[ ) ®[–D ÿƒV_KD ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VÔkÚD Ï ®økVl[ ÿƒBK¶[ ∏ˆÿ>V[≈V™m ÿƒBKDc¶[ WÔµkm c¶MÔµflE ÿ√VÚ^ ®™©√|D.º√™V ®ø]™V[ - º√™V ÿÔVı| ®ø]™V[

ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï T| Ô‚¶©√‚¶m - ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÔÚ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ·VÔ\VÆ>_ÂVF z‚Ω ÿƒ[≈m - ÂV•¶[ z‚Ωÿƒ[≈m ±_Á>›>V[ - gÆxÔ[ k_oÁ\ ÿƒ[≈V^

98. ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\ ÿ>VÁÔ :ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ z ®[–D ºkuÆÁ\ cÚÁ√ ∞uÆ ÿ√VÚ^

ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ cÏ›m\Vl[ ∂m ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\®™©√|D. ÷m ÿÔVÁ¶, √ıA, Â‚A, >Ô°, ∂mkV>_,

ÿ√VÚ‚|, xÁ≈, ®_ÁÈ ®™ √È ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD.1. ºÂV√_ √ˆ∑ >VÌÏ g_ kw∫Ô©ÿ√u≈máÿÔVÁ¶2. AÁÔ›>_ \M>[ √ÁÔ á √ÁÔ3. √VˆÂı√Ï Ô∏ÈÏ á Â‚A4. Ôı ∂ËÔÈ[ ÔıºV‚¶D á >z]5. >lÏ √V_ kw∫˛™V[ - ∂mkV>_6. ÂV‚Ω[ s|>ÁÈ √V|√‚¶™Ï. ÿ√VÚ‚|7. k·k[ >∫ÁÔ k·Ï\] á zÁ≈

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


34


8. ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[≈V[ á ®_ÁÈ

9. z √]ÈVÔ ÿ√VÚ‚|, Wt›>D ®[√™

ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VÔ kÚD

( c.D ) 1. Ìo ºkÁÈ ÿƒF>V[

2. ºkÁÈl[ Wt›>D ∂BŸÏ ÿƒ[≈V[

99. nÕ>VD ºkuÆÁ\:

ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ”¶[ ( ÷[, ÷_ ) ®[–D ºkuÆÁ\

cÆ©AÔ^ ºƒÏÕm ÿ√VÚÁ· ºkÆ√|›mkm 5D ºku≈Á\

gzD. ÷m ( ¿∫Ô_, Œ©A, ®_ÁÈ, ∞m) g˛B ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_

kÚD ÷_ ®[–D cÚA 3D ºkuÆÁ\l_ ¿∫Ô_, Œ©A, ∞m

g˛B ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_ kÚD.

÷m 7D ºkuÆÁ\l_ ÷¶©ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD

( c.D ) ÿÔVÁ¶l_ E≈Õ>k[ z\™[ á Œ©A

√wWl[ ˛w¬z \mÁ´ á ®_ÁÈ

∂§° (÷_) t¬ÔkÏ Œ·ÁkBVÏ á ∞m ( cBÏ° )

TÁ kVE©√]_ k_Èk[ - ÷_

÷ÚÕm, W[Æ, s¶, ÔV‚ΩKD ®[√™ 5D ºkuÆÁ\¬zˆB

ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VzD.

100. g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ :

∂m, gm, ∂ ®[–D cÆ√A¬Ô^ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ,

ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ cÏ›m\Vl™ ∂m 6DºkuÆÁ\

gzD.

÷m ˛wÁ\ ( cˆÁ\ ) ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD

Ô∏ÈÏ √V‚| á Ô∏È´m √V‚| á cˆÁ\

ÔÕ>[ T| á cˆÁ\

\ÁÈ k·D á \ÁÈBm k·D

sÁ™ √B[ á sÁ™l™m √B[

\ÁÈ cflE á \ÁÈl™m cflE

cÁ¶B ®[√m g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\¬z cˆB ÿƒV_KÆ©√VzD.

gEˆBÏ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ á gEˆBÚÁ¶B ÷Ú¬ÁÔ

Âı√Ï ÷_ÈD - Âı√ÚÁ¶B ÷_ÈD

101. ∞wVD ºkuÆÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :

Ôı, ÷¶D, c[, ˇµ , ÷_, º\_, ÔV_ ®[–D cÆ©AÔ^

ºƒÏÕm ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ >Ú\Vl[ ∂m 7 D ºkuÆÁ\

®™©√|D.


35\ÁÈ JoÁÔ á \ÁÈ¬Ôı JoÁÔT| ºƒVÁÈ c^·m á T‚Ω_ ºƒVÁÈ c^·m∏≈Ï √ÁÔ ÿÔV^·Vm á ∏≈ˆ¶D √ÁÔ ÿÔV^·Vº>>ÁÈ ∑Á\ á >ÁÈ º\_ ∑Á\ÿ√‚Ω √D cÁ¶Bm - ÿ√‚Ω¬z^ √D cÁ¶BmÔ‚Ω_ ÂVF √|›m^·m - Ô‚Ωo[ ˇµ ÂVF √|›m^·m.

102. ®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ ÿ>VÁÔ :ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ sa›>_ ( ∂Áw›>_) ÿ√VÚπ[ ºkÆ√‚|kÚkm ®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\. ÷>Á™ sπ ºkuÆÁ\ ®[√Ï.∂ıV kVµÔ, Âı√V √Ω, ÔÕ>V kÚÔ

103. ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔnÕm ÿ>VÁÔÔ^ ( sÁ™ , √ıA, cDÁ\, ckÁ\,ºkuÆÁ\) ÿ>VÁÔ A≈›º> ∂_ÈV> EÈ ÿ\VaÔ^ ( ÿƒV_ )\Á≈ÕmW[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ >Úkm ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ BVzD.(®.ÔV) ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ kÕ>V^ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ á ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·B_ÿ√V[ + kÁ·B_ = >∫Ô›>V_ g™ kÁ·B_ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·BÁÈ ∂ËÕ> ÿ√ı kÕ>V^÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ x>o_ c^· ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ ®[–D ÿ√BÏÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·B_ ®[–D ÿ√VÚÁ·› >ÚD. 3DºkuÆÁ\ cÚAD √B–D c¶[ ÿ>V¬Ô¬ ÿ>VÁÔBVzD.÷›ÿ>V¶Ï kÕ>V^ ®[√m sÁ™flÿƒV_ÁÈ >øs Wu√>V_ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·BÁÈ ∂ËÕ> ÿ√ kÕ>V^ ®™ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú˛≈m.

104. ∂|¬z› ÿ>V¶Ï :sÁ´°, ÿkzπ, \˛µflE, ∂flƒD, ∂kÈD, x>oB ÿ√VÚ^WÁ≈Õ> ÿƒF•π_ ÷Áƒ WÁ≈¬zD ( Áƒ) ŒÚ ÿƒV_ 2,3,4xÁ≈ ∂|¬˛ kÚ>_ ∂|¬z› ÿ>V¶Ï gzD.∂|¬˛ kÚD ÿƒVuÔÁ· ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD.( cD. ) kVµÔ kVµÔ, ∂kÏ ∂kÏ, √u√È

105. ÷´‚Á¶¬˛·s :∏ˆ¬Ô xΩBV> ÷´‚Á¶fl ÿƒVuÔ·V_ ºƒÏÕm ŒÚ›>[Á\√‚| W[Æ sÁ™¬z ∂Á¶ÿ\VaBVF z§©A ÿ√VÚ^cÏ›] kÚkm ÷´‚Á¶ ˛·s gzD.÷m ÷´‚Á¶fl ÿƒV_ÈVÔºk kÚD. ÷´ı| xÁ≈ \‚|º\∂|¬˛ kÚD ( ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm)

36


(c.D) ¿Ï ƒÈƒÈ ®™ ΩuÆ.\VkÏÔ^ ÔÈÔÈ ®™ Eˆ›>™Ï.\´D \¶\¶ ®™ x§Õ>m

106. ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ‚ √[ÿ\Va :ÿ√VÚ^ E≈©A¬ÔVÔ ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ z§¬Ô √È ÿƒVuÔ^kÚkm ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ‚ √[ÿ\Va gzD.*tÁƒ QVlÆ, ∫˛ cBÏÕ> \´D, ÿƒVu√>D, za >VµÕm

107. cˆflÿƒV_ :ƒVÈ, cÆ, >k, ÂM, ÌÏ, Ôa, ÔΩ, \V, >¶ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔ^tz] ®[–D z›Á> cBÏ›] ÿ√BÏ sÁ™Ô”¬zcˆÁ\ Øı|kÚkm cˆflÿƒV_ÈVzD.ƒVÈ© ÿ√ˆm, cÆ ÿ√VÚ^, ÂMº√E™V[, ÌÏº> ,\VÔsÁ>, ÔΩÂÔÏ,

108. gzÿ√BÏ : gzÿ√BÏ 16 kÁÔ©√|Dÿ√VÚ·Vzÿ√BÏ ( ∂) x>ÈVzÿ√BÏŒÚ xø©ÿ√VÚπ™ ÿ√BÏ∂>Á™fl ∑‚¶Vm ∂>[ cÆ©A¬zg˛ kÚkm ÿ√B´Vzÿ√BÏ (∂) x>ÈVz ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.( cD) ØƒË ƒVD√VÏ ∑ÁkBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>mÿ√VÚ^ EÁ™¬z g˛ kÚkm ÿ√VÚ·Vzÿ√BÏØƒË ®[–D ÿƒV_ ØƒË ÿƒΩBV˛B xø© ÿ√VÚÁ·z§©√m. g™V_ ÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ƒVD√VÏ ∑ÁkBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m®[–D z§©√V_ ØƒË ®[–D ÿƒV_ xø©ÿ√VÚÁ·z§¬ÔVm ∂>[ Ï cÆ©A ØƒË¬ÔVÁB cÏ›m¬˛≈m.

109. ÷¶kVzÿ√BÏ : Ï ÷¶›][ ÿ√BÏ ∂Õ> ÷¶›º>V|ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛kÚkm ÷¶kVzÿ√BÏ®™©√|D.~º´V| ®[™ sÁÈ ? : ÷¶D ( \fiƒ^ ®[–D ÿ√VÚÁ·¬z§¬˛≈m)÷¶D ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm :ÿƒ[Á™ \˛µÕ>má ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ô^÷Õ]BV ÿk[≈m - ÷Õ]B ∂ËÔVÕ]l[ \Á≈kV_ cÈÔD kÚÕ]Bm (\¬Ô^)∂|¬˛ kÚD ÿƒVuÔÁ· ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD.( cD. ) kVµÔ kVµÔ, ∂kÏ ∂kÏ, √u√È

110. ÔVÈkVzÿ√BÏ : ÔVÈ© ÿ√BÏ ∂¬ÔVÈ›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶Bÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ Ø›m^·m.


37ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ ®[–D ]∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ Ø›>m ®[–D √BMÁÈ

ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ \V>›]_ \ÈÏÕ> \ÈÁ´ cÏ›m˛≈m.

ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ ®[√m ∂›]∫Ôπ_ \ÈÚD \ÈÚ¬Ô ÿ√B´V˛

kÕ>>V_ ÔVÈkVz ÿ√BÏ gluÆ

111. EÁ™BVz ÿ√BÏ : EÁ™l[ÿ√BÏ x>_ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛

kÚkm EÁ™ gz ÿ√BÏ

ÿku§ÁÈ ÿƒΩ Â‚¶V[

÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿku§ÁÈ ®[√m EÁ™BV˛B ÷ÁÈÁB

z§¬ÔV\_ ∂>[ x>_ ÿ√VÚ·V˛B ÿÔVΩ¬z g˛ kµ>>V_

÷m EÁ™ gz ÿ√B´VluÆ.

112. √ı√Vzÿ√BÏ : ŒÚ √ıA©ÿ√BÏ ∂©√ıÁ√ ÿÔVı¶

ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm √ı√Vzÿ√BÏ

(c.D) ÿƒkÁÈÁB kıΩl_ Ø‚|

ÿƒkÁÈ ®[√m Ek©A W≈›Á> z§¬zD √ıA©ÿ√BÏ

kıΩl_ Ø‚| ®[–D z§©√V_ ÿƒkÁÈ ®[√m Ek©A

W≈›]_ ∂Á\Õ> ®ÚÁ> z§¬˛≈m.

113. ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ : ŒÚ ÿ>Vao[ ÿ√BÏ ∂›ÿ>VaÈV_

ÿ√≈©√|D ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.

(c.D) ÿ√V§B_ ∑ÁkBVF ÷ÚÕ>m.

ÿ√VˆB_ ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿ√Vˆ›>_ ÿ>VaÁÈ z§©√>V_

∂flÿƒB_ JÈD ÿ√≈©√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ^ ∑ÁkBVF ÷ÚÕ>m ®[–D

z§©√V_ ÷m ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

114. ®ıÈ·ÁkBVz ÿ√BÏ : (c.D ) ±Æ ®[™ sÁÈ

±Æ ®[–D ®ıË[ ÿ√BÏ ∂ÀÿkıË¬ÁÔ cÁ¶B

ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÿ√B´V˛ kÚk>V_ ÷m ®ıÈ·Ák gzÿ√BÏ

gluÆ.

115. ®|›>È·Ák gzÿ√BÏ : (c.D) ˛ºÈV ®[™ sÁÈ

˛ºÈV ®[–D ®|›>_ ( WÆ›>_ ∂·Ák ) ∂·Ák©ÿ√BÏ

∂ÕWÁ≈ÁB cÁ¶B ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÿ√B´V˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷m

®|›>ÈÁk gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

116. xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák : 3 o‚¶Ï ÿÔV|

o‚¶Ï ®[–D xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák ÿ√BÏ ∂Àk·Ák z§¬ÔV\_

∂Àk·kV˛B √V_ º√V[≈ ¿Ï\ ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ∂m

xÔ›]_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

21

38


117. ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ : (cD) c|©√m ÂV[z xwDxwD ®[–D ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák© ÿ√BÏ c|©√m ®[–D gÁ¶Ô^ÿ√B´V˛ kÕ>>V_ ∂m ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ

(cD) 1. Œ[Æ ÿÔV| - ®ıÈ·Ák2. 2 o‚¶Ï º>Ák - xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák3. ŒÚ \VD√wD ÿÔV| - ®ıË¬ÁÔ4. 2 o‚¶Ï ÿÂF º>Ák - xÔ›>_5. ÂV[z ˛ºÈV >V - ®|›>È·Ák6. 5 xwD ºkı|D - ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák7. \_oÁÔ xwD ®ı sÁÈ - ¿‚¶_

118. ÿƒV_ÈVzÿ√BÏ : >D∏ ®[ ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ºÔ‚¶V[ÿƒV_ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ ºÔ‚√V[ ®[–D z§©√V_ ®ø›mÔ·V˛BÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ z§¬ÔV\_ ∂§°Á´¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷mÿƒV_ÈVzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

119. >VMBVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) √VÁÈ kıΩl_ ∞uÆ√V_ ®[–D ¿Ï\ ÿ√VÚ^ ∞uÆ ®ıbD z§©√V_ √V_Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩuzD >V™\V˛B (÷¶D ) z¶›]uz g˛ kÚkm>VMBVz ÿ√BÏ gzD.

120. ÔÚsBVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) zw_ ºÔ‚| \˛µÕ>V[zw_ ®[√m A_ÈV∫zw_ ®[–D ÷Áƒ¬ÔÚs gzD.÷flÿƒV_ ∂¬ÔÚsÁB z§©∏‚¶m ∂¬ÔÚsl[ ÔVˆB\VzD.÷MB ÷Áƒ¬z g˛ kÕ>V_ ÷m ÔÚsBV˛ÿ√B´VluÆ.(cD) TÁ ºÔ‚| \˛µÕ>V[.

121. ÔVˆBkVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) ƒ¬] ƒÁ\B_ Ôu≈V^ƒÁ\B_ ®[–D ÔVˆB›][ ÿ√BÏ ∂>[ ÔV´›]uz ÿ√B´V˛kÕm^·m. ÷ÀkVÆ ÔVˆB›][ ÿ√BÏ ÷¬ÔV´›]uzg˛kÚkm ÔVˆBkVzÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.

122. ÔÚ›>Vzÿ√BÏ : ∂wÔ–¬z ]Úk^”kÏ \™©√V¶D]Ú¬z≈Á· ®ø]B ÔÚ›>Vs[ ÿ√BÏ ]Úk^”kÏ ®[√>VzD.÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ]Úk^”kÏ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ ∂kÁ´¬ z§¬ÔVm∂k´V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ ]Ú¬z≈”¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷mÔÚ›>Vzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

123. ckÁ\BVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) √VÁk gΩ™V^√VÁk º√V[≈ ÿ√ı gΩ™V^.√VÁk ®[–D ÿƒV_ ∂w˛B √mÁ\ÁB z§¬zD.÷]_ gΩ™V^ ®[–D z§©√V^ √VÁk º√V[≈ ÿ√ıb¬zg˛ kÕm^·m. ®™ºk . ÷m ckÁ\BVz ÿ√BÏ gluÆ.


39÷È¬Ô©º√Vo÷È¬Ô©º√Vo÷È¬Ô©º√Vo÷È¬Ô©º√Vo÷È¬Ô©º√Vo

124 Ï ®ø›m WuÔ ºkıΩB ÷¶›]_ \uÿ≈VÚ ®ø›m kÕ>VKD

ÿ√VÚ^ \VÆ√¶s_ÁÈBVl[ ∂>Á™ º√Vo ®[√Ï.

(®.ÔV)

÷È¬Ô kw¬z ÷È¬Ô© º√Vo

1. >Áƒ - ƒÁ>

2. ÷_x[ - x[§_

3. \ÓM á OM \´D

4. A≈ cÈV á cÈVA≈D

5. ÂÔÏA≈D á A≈ÂÔÏ

6. ÔV_kVF á kVF¬ÔV_

7. ÿÔVDA OM á OM¬ÿÔVDA

º\uÔı¶ º√VoÔ^ x[ ∏[™VÔ ÿ>V¬Ô º√VoÔ^ gzD.

125. x>uº√Vo

ÿƒV_o[ x>_ ®ø›m ]ˆÕm ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm

x>uº√Vo.

(cD )

kw¬ÔD - º√Vo

\l_ Á\B_

\fi∑ Á\fi∑

126. ÷Á¶©º√Vo

ÿƒVuÔπ[ ÷Á¶l_ c^· ®ø›m¬Ô^ ]ˆÕm ÿ√VÚ^

ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm ÷Á¶©º√Vo ®™©√|D.

∂ÉB_ ∂ÁÉB_

x´∑ xÁ´∑

127. ÔÁ¶©º√Vo ∂_Èm ~uÆ©º√Vo

ÿƒVuÔπ[ ÷Æ] ®ø›m¬Ô^ \V§ W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√¶V\_

kÚkm ÔÁ¶©º√Vo (∂) ~uÆ©º√Vo ®™©√|D.

∂≈D - ∂≈[ √Õ>_ - √Õ>Ï

WÈD - WÈ[ ∂ÔD - ∂Ô[

128. xuÆ©º√Vo

ÿƒV_o[ ∂Á™›m ®ø›m¬Ô”D \V§ W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^

ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm xuÆ©º√Vo ®™©√|D.

nÕm ∂fi∑

40


129. \‘c

÷È¬ÔD EÁ>Õm ÿƒV_o[ kΩkD \V§ kw∫zD ]ˆÕ>

ÿƒVuÔÁ· ƒV[º≈VÏ ∞uÆ¬ ÿÔVı| \‘c ®™¬ Ì§•^·™Ï.

÷ . kw¬ÔD ÷. º√Vo

1. ®[ >VF - ®Õ>VF

2. BVÏ á gÏ

3. OD >ÕÁ> á OÕÁ>

4. ºƒVwÂV| á ºƒV™V|

5. ]ÚflE´V©√^π á ]ÚflE

6. ]ÚÿÂ_ºko á ÿÂ_ÁÈ

7. ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™D á ÂVÁÔ

BV©∏È¬ÔDBV©∏È¬ÔDBV©∏È¬ÔDBV©∏È¬ÔDBV©∏È¬ÔD

130. BV©A cÆ©AÔ^ : gÆ - ®ø›m, ∂Áƒ, ÊÏ , >ÁÈ, ∂Ω, ÿ>VÁ¶,

131. ®ø›m

®ø›m¬ÔÁ· z§_, ÿÂΩ_, ŒuÆ ®™ J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ

BV©∏È¬Ô›]_ ÌÆ>_ ®ø›m ∂Áƒ¬z cÆ©√VÔ kÚD

132. ∂Áƒ

z§_, ÿÂΩ_, ŒuÆ ®[–D ®ø›m¬Ô·V_ ∂Áƒ¬Ô©√|k>V_

∂Áƒ ®™©√|D.

∂Áƒ ÷´ı| kÁÔ©√|D : 1 ºÂ´Áƒ 2. WÁ´BÁƒ

133. ∂. ºÂ´Áƒ :

z§_ >M›mD Œu≈|›mD, ÿÂΩ_ >M›mD Œu≈|›mD kÚkm

ºÂ´Áƒ gzD.

>M¬z§_ ÿƒV_o[ x>o_ kÕm ºÂ´Áƒ gÔVm

ÿƒV_K¬z x>o_ kÚD z§_ ∂|›m ŒuÆ kÕ>V_ \‚|º\

ºÂ´Áƒ gzD.

134. g. WÁ´BÁƒ :

z§_ ÷ÁÕmD (√¶) z§_ ÷ÁÕm Œu≈|›mD (√¶D)

z§_ ÿÂΩ_ ÷ÁÕmD(√¶V)

z§_ ÿÂΩ_ ÷ÁÕm Œu≈|›m ( √¶VD ) kÚkm WÁ´BÁƒ

135. ÊÏ :

∂ÁƒÁB >™¬z cÆ©√VÔ ÿÔVı| kÚkm ÊÏ ®™©√|D


41136. ∂) ´ÁƒflÊÏ :

ÿkı√Vs[ ~u§_ ºÂ´Áƒ, WÁ´BÁƒ c^· ∞º>–D Œ[Æ

>M›m W[Æ Ê´VF ∂Á\•D ∂Ák ∂ÁƒflÊÏ ®™©√|D.

(cD) >V™D >kt´ı|D >∫Ô sB–ÈÔD

kV™D kw∫ÔV ÿ>M[

ÿ>M[ - WÁ´ - kVF√V| - \ÈÏ

ºÂ´Áƒ - kVF√V| - ÂV^

137. g. ~´ÁƒflÊÏ

ºÂÏ, WÁ´ ®[–D ∂ÁƒÔ^ ÷´ı| ÷´ı¶VÔ ÷ÁÕm kÚD

ÊÏÔ^ ~´ÁƒflÊÏ ®™©√|D.

ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V WÁ´ + WÁ´ = ÔÚs·D

WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = Ìs·D

÷Ák ÷BuÊÏ ®™°D, gEˆB©√V°¬z cˆB>V_ gEˆB

cˆflÊÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.

138. ÷. JkÁƒflÊÏ

~´ÁƒflÊÏ ÂV[ºÔV| ºÂ´Áƒ, WÁ´BÁƒ g˛B ÷´ı¶Á™•D

>M›>MBVÔ ÷Æ]l_ ºƒÏ›>V_ JkÁƒflÊÏ ®‚¶VÔ cÚkVzD.

÷Ák ÔVF ®™ xΩk™ ÂV[zD ÔM ®™ xΩÿk™ ÂV[zD

c^·™.

139. ~. ÔVFflÊÏ

ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V∫ÔVF

WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V∫ÔVF

WÁ´ + WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = ÔÚs·∫ÔVF

ºÂÏ + WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Ìs·∫ÔVF

÷flÊÏÔ^ ÿkı√Vsuz c§B>V_ ÿkı√V cˆflÊÏ

140. c. ÔMflÊÏ

ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = º>\V∫ÔM

WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = Aπ\V∫ÔM

WÁ´ + WÁ´ + WÁ´ = ÔÚs·∫ÔM

ºÂÏ + WÁ´ + WÁ´ = Ìs·∫ÔM

÷Ák kfiE©√Vsuz cˆB>V_ kfiE cˆflÊÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô©

ÿ√ÆD.

(cD) ∂Ô´ x>È ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD g]

√Ôk[ x>uº≈ cÈz

42


141. 1. ∂Ô´ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V

2. x>È = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V

3. ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V∫ÔVF

4. g] = ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V

5. √Ôk[ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V

6. x>uº≈ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V

7. cÈz = WÁ´ +A = WÁ´A = ∏≈©A

142. >Á·

ÊÏ Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ Ô‚|©√‚| WuzD WÁÈ >Á· ®™©√|D

>Á· 7 kÁÔ©√|D

143. ºÂÏ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á· :

\V x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm ºÂÿ´[§B gEˆB >Á·

144. WÁ´ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á· :

(cD) s·x[ WÁ´ kÚkm

145. ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶Á· ( ÿkı√V )

Ìs·D x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm

÷m WÁ´ Œ[§B, gEˆB >Á·¬z \V≈VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·

146. ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á· (ÿkı√V )

ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·

(cD) BV>V–D ÂV¶V\V_

ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ ºÂÏ

º>\V∫ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ

÷BuÊÏ, ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·•D ÿkı√Vsuz cˆBÁk

147. Ôo›>Á· (Ôo©√V)

ÔVF x[ WÁ´ kÚkm

(cD) >V\Á´¬ z·›]MºÈ

ºÂÏ WÁ´ ºÂÏ WÁ´

ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·¬z \V≈VÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬zD ÷m

Ôo©√Vsuz cˆBm.

148. Œ[§B kfiE›]Á ( kfiE©√V )

ÔM x[ WÁ≈ kÚkm

ÿƒÕ>V\Á´¬ z·›]MºÈ

ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ+ WÁ´ + WÁ´

º>\V∫ÔM x[ WÁ≈


43149. Œ[≈V kfiE›]>Á· (kfiE©√V )

kVM_ k·Ï ]∫Ô·[™

ºÂÏ ºÂÏ WÁ´ ºÂÏº>\V∫ÔM x[ ºÂÏŒ[§B Œ[≈V kfiE› >Á·Ô^ kfiE©√Vsuz cˆB

\V x[ ºÂÏ á ºÂÏ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á· s·D x[ WÁ´ á WÁ´\Vx[ WÁ´ á ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈ

s·x[ ºÂÏ á ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈÔVF x[ ºÂÏ á ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈÔVF x[ WÁ´ - Ôo›>Á·

ÔM x[ WÁ´ á Œ[§B kfiE› >Á·ÔM x[ ºÂÏ á Œ[≈V kfiE› >Á·

150. √VkÁÔ : √V 4 kÁÔ©√|D

√V Áƒ >Á·1. ÿkı√V ÿƒ©√ºÈVÁƒ ÷BuÊÏ, ÿkıÊÏ kı¶ÁÈ2. gEˆB©√V ∂ÔkºÈVÁƒ ºÂÏ WÁ≈ Œ[§B gEˆB

>ÁÈ3. Ôo©√V m^·ºÈVÁƒ Ôo›>Á·4. kfiE©√V #∫ÔºÈVÁƒ Œ[§B, Œ[≈V kfiE›>Á·

151. 5 ∂ΩÊÏÔ^ √È ∂|›m Â¶©√m ∂Ω ®™©√|D∂Ω 5 kÁÔ©√|D

1. z≈·Ω á ÷´ı| ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m2. EÕ>Ω - 3 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m3. ∂·kΩ - 4 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m

4. ÿÂΩÈΩ - 5 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m5. ÔoÿÂΩÈΩ - 5¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m

152. ÿ>VÁ¶ : ÿ>VÁ¶ 8 kÁÔ©√|D

º\VÁ™, ®mÁÔ, x´ı, ÷ÁBA, ∂·ÿ√Á¶, ÷´‚Á¶, ∂Õ>V],ÿƒÕÿ>VÁ¶1.º\VÁ™ á x>[Á\

ÿƒF•π_ x>_ ®ø›> Œ[§ kÚkm º\VÁ™º\VÁ™ 8 kÁÔ©√|D1. ∂Ωº\VÁ™ (1) 2. ÊÏº\VÁ™ (7)

27

44


153. ∂Ωº\VÁ™ : x>ÈΩ x>_ ®ø›mD , 2D ∂Ωl[ x>_ ®ø›mD

Œ[§ kÚkm

( cD ) Â[ÿ™fiƒ §km ÿ√VFBuÔ ÿ√VF>∏[

>[ÿ™fiºƒ >[Á™fl ∑|D

154. ÊÏº\VÁ™ : ÊÏ º>VÆD x>ÿÈø›m Œ[§ kÚkm

m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z

155. ÊÏº\VÁ™ kÁÔÔ^ :

1. ÷Á º\VÁ™ (1,2)

2. ÿ√Va©A (1,3)

3. ‘‚ ( 1,4)

4. ÌÁw (1,2,3)

5. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF (1,2,4)

6. º\uÔ (1,3,4)

7. xuÆ º\VÁ™ (1,2,3,4)

156. ÷Á º\VÁ™ :

( cD )÷Ω©√VÁ´ ÷_ÈV> ∞\´V \[™[

157. ÿ√Va©A º\VÁ™ :

( cD ) AÁ™BV sBD º√VÈ Wu≈KD

158. ÷Á ®ø›m

ÿ√VFÁ\¬zD kVFÁ\ ÷¶›>

59. ÌÁw º\VÁ™ (1,2,3)

>V™D >kt´ı|D >∫ÔV sB–ÈÔD

160. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF º\VÁ™ (1,2,4)

÷Ú^ ºƒÏ ÷ÚsÁ™•D ºƒ´V ÷Á≈k[

161. º\u¬ ÔmkVF º\VÁ™ (1,3,4)

162. xuÆ º\VÁ™ (1,2,3,4)

ÔuÔ Ôƒ¶≈ Ôu√Ák Ôu≈∏[

ÿƒF•π[ x>_ ®ø›m ∂·ÿkV›]Ú¬Ô ÷´ı¶VD ®ø›m

Œ[§ kÚkm

∂·ÿkV›]Ú›>_ á \V›]Á´ ∂·° Œ›]Ú›>_

®mÁÔ 8 kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ω ®mÁÔ á1, ÊÏ ®mÁÔ 7

163. ∂Ω ®mÁÔ : ∂Ωº>VÆD 2 D ®ø›m Œ[§ kÚkm

( cD ) ∂Ô´ x>È ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD g]

√Ôk[ x>uº≈ cÈz


45

164. ÊÏ ®mÁÔ :ÊÏ º>VÆD 2D ®ø›m Œ[§ kÚkmm©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z

ÊÏ®mÁÔl[ kÁÔÔ^165. ÷Á ®mÁÔ (1,2)

( cD ) guÆkVÏ gu≈_ √EBVu≈_ ∂©√EºB

166. ÿ√Vo©A ®mÁÔ (1,3)( cD ) º>V[§[ AÔºwV| º>V[ÆÔ ∂‡]ÈVÏ

167. ´c ®mÁÔ (1,4) :

( cD ) mÁ ÂÈD g¬ÔD >ÚcD sÁ™ÂÈD168. ÌÁw ®mÁÔ ( 1,2,3) :

( cD ) √uÆÔ √u≈u≈V[ √u§Á™ ∂©√uÁ≈

169. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF ®mÁÔ ( 1,2,4) :( cD )ø¬ÔD sø©√D >´ÈV[ ø¬ÔD

170. º\u¬ÔmkVF ®mÁÔ (1,3,4) :

( cD ) ÔuÔ Ô¶ƒ≈ Ôu√Ák Ôu≈∏[171. xuÆ ®mÁÔ :

( cD ) m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z172. x´ı ÿ>VÁ¶ :

∂ΩÔπºÈV, ÊÏÔπºÈV ÿƒV_ºÈV, ÿ√VÚº·V x´ı√‚|∂Á\km x´ı ®™©√|D.

173. x´ı ®‚| kÁÔ©√|D :

( cD ) ÷[√D sÁwBV[ ÷|DÁ√ ÷B_ÿ√[√V[m[√D ÌÆ>_ ÷È[

ÊÏ x´ıÊÏ x´ıÊÏ x´ıÊÏ x´ıÊÏ x´ı

174. ÷Á x´ı (1,2) :( cD ) ÿ√VFÁ\•D kVFÁ\ ÷¶›> AÁ´yÏÕ>

175. ÿ√Vo©A x´ı ( 1,3)

( cD ) xu√Ô_ ÿƒl[ ∏u√Ô_ sÁ·•D )176. ŒÚ x´ı (1,4)

( cD ) A≈Õ#FÁ\ ¿´V[ ∂Á\•D ∂ÔÕ#FÁ\•D

177. ÌÁw x´ı ( 1,2,3)(cD ) ºÔ|D g¬ÔxD ÿÔ‚¶ ]Ús™VÏ

178. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF x´ı ( 1,2,4)

( cD ) \VÁÈ BV\D AÈÏkÆD ÁkÔÁ≈

29

46


179. º\u¬ÔmkVF x´ı (1,,4)

( cD)kV™kÏÔ^ \ÈÏ\Vˆ \ıËÁ≈B sıbÈ˛[

180. xuÆ x´ı ( 1,2,3,4)

( cD ) W[≈VKD ÷ÚÕ>VKD ˛¶Õ>VKD Â¶Õ>VKD

181 ÷ÁBA›ÿ>VÁ¶ :

ÿƒF•π[ ∂ΩÔπKD ÊÏÔπKD ÷Æ] ®ø›º>V, ∂ÁƒºBV

Êº´V Œ[§ kÚkm ÷ÁBA› ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D.ŒÚ

√V¶o[ ÷Æ]l_ Œº´ Œo>ÚD ÿƒVuÔ^ ∂Á\km

÷ÁBA›ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D.

÷ÁBA 8 kÁÔ©√|D ( ∂Ω (1) +ÊÏ 7 )

182. ∂Ω ÷ÁBA :

( cD ) ÿÔVı¶_ ºÔVA´D ∂ıÁ¶l_ Ì|D

ÿÔVΩÔ^ kV™D √Ω>´ J|D

ÊÏ÷ÁBA :

183. ÷Á ÷ÁBA (1,2)

(cD) ÿ>FkÿÂ§ Ek©ÿ√Ú¬z ]ÚkVJÏ

184. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF ÷ÁBA

º>Ω™VÏ ÷ÚkÚ¬z ÿ>ˆkˆBVÏ ]Ú\Ô™VÏ

185. xuÆ ÷ÁBA (1,2,3,4)

A_ºÈV|D, Ô_ºÈV|D ÿ√V[º™V|D \ËºBV|D

186. ∂·ÿ√Á¶› ÿ>VÁ¶

∂Ωº>VÆD ( ®) ÊÏ º>VÆD ∂·ÿ√|›m kÚkm ∂·ÿ√Á¶›

ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D

187. ∂Ω ∂·ÿ√Á¶

( cD ) ÿÔ|©√#cD ÿÔ‚¶VÏ¬zfl ƒÏkVF \u ≈V∫ºÔ

®ø©√#D ®_ÈVD \Áw

ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\ ∏Áw ¿¬z>_ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\ ∏Áw ¿¬z>_ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\ ∏Áw ¿¬z>_ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\ ∏Áw ¿¬z>_ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\ ∏Áw ¿¬z>_

188. ŒÚÁ\ : ŒÚÁ\l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛B ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xΩ° ŒÚÁ\l_ >V[

xΩB ºkı|D.

( cD ) \´D ƒVFÕ>m. ˛Á· ŒΩÕ>m.

189. √[Á\ : √[Á\l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xΩ° √[Á\l_ >V[

xΩB ºkı|D

( cD) \´∫Ô^ ƒVFÕ>™, ®ÚmÔ^ Ω™


47s]Ô^ :s]Ô^ :s]Ô^ :s]Ô^ :s]Ô^ :

190. cBÏ]Á™ ®økVF :

cBÏ]Á™ √BMÁÈÁB ÿ√uÆ kÚD

( cD ) xÚÔ[ kÕ>V[

191. ∂‡§Á™ ®økVF :

∂‡§Á™ sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩB ºkı|D.

( cD) \V| kÕ>m

192. ÷Ú]Á™ ÿ√BÏÔ^ ÔÈÕm kÕ>V_ E≈©A ÔÚ]™V_ cBÏ]Á

ÿÔVı| xΩ›>_ ºkı|D. ÷a° ÔÚ]™V_ ∂‡§Á™

ÿÔVı| xΩ›>_ ºkı|D.

193. Ô^ sz] ÿ√u≈ ®økVF :

sz] ÿ√u≈ sÁ™xu§KD Ô^ sz] ÿ√≈ ºkı|D.

( cD) ∏Áw \VkÏÔ^ ®ø]™VÏÔ^

194. ∂_ sz] ÿ√u≈ ®økVF : sÁ™xu§KD ∂Ï sz]

ÿ√u§Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.

( cD) ∏Áw gEˆBÏ √ÈÏ kÕ>VÏÔ^.

195. WÁÈ›m WuzD ÿ√BÏÔ^ kÕ>V_ ®[–D ®[≈ ÿƒV_

k´ºkı|D

( cD ) ∏Áw ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD ®[≈ ÷È¬Ô ±_ √wÁ\BV™m

196. cBÏ]Á™ √Ès[√VÁÈ z§©∏|Dÿ√Vøm √ÈÏ,EÈÏ ®[≈

ÿƒV_ k´ºkı|D

Ì‚¶›]_ √ÈÏ ∂§QÏÔ^ º√E™Ï

Ì‚¶›]_ ∂§QÏ √ÈÏ º√E™Ï

197. nB›Á> z§¬zD ÔV´D kÚDÿ√Vøm ∂_Èm ®[–D

k´¬Ì¶Vm

Œ[º≈V ∂_Èm ÷´ıº¶V >ÚÔ

Œ[º≈V ÷´ıº¶V >ÚÔ

198. ∏Áw ]Ú›>D

∂mÔ^ á ∂m (Œ)

∂ÁkÔ^ á ∂Ák ( √È)

®™m \Ô^ á ®[ \Ô^

ÿ√Vm ka ∂_È á ÿ√Vm ka ∂[Æ

∂k^ ∂_È á ∂k^ ∂_È_ (Œ)

∂kÏÔ^ ∂_È á ∂kÏÔ^ ∂_ÈÏ ( √)

31

48


ŒÚ ªÏ á Ï ªÏ

Ï \Vk‚¶D á ŒÚ \Vk‚¶D

∂Ák ∂[Æ á ∂Ák ∂_È

¿Ï>V[ ÿÔV|›yÏ á ¿Ï>VD ÿÔV|›yÏ

∂Ák>V[ Ω™ á ∂Ák>V[ Ω™

gÁ\Ô^ ºkÔ\VÔ ΩBm - gÁ\Ô^ ºkÔ\VÔ Ω™

∂Ák ÷∫ºÔ c·m - ∂Ák ÷∫ºÔ c·

\¬Ô^ ˛Á¶BVm - ˛Á¶BV

s|k#D º√Vk#D ˛Á¶BVm - ˛Á¶BV

∞uÔ>¬Ôm ∂_È - ∞uÔ>¬Ôm ∂[Æ

√VDA¬z Ôıº ÔV>VÔ c>°˛[≈m

√VDA¬z Ôıº ÔVmÔ·VÔ c>°˛[≈™.

ƒÕ]©∏Áw ¿¬ÔD :ƒÕ]©∏Áw ¿¬ÔD :ƒÕ]©∏Áw ¿¬ÔD :ƒÕ]©∏Áw ¿¬ÔD :ƒÕ]©∏Áw ¿¬ÔD :

199. kÚD ÿ\Val[ x>_ ®ø›m k_o™\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V_ k_o™

WÁÈÿ\Va¬zD, kÚÿ\Va¬zD ÷Á¶l_ tzD tzÕmkÚD

k_o™ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô^ ¬, fl, ›, ©

200. k_o™D tzD ÷¶∫Ô^

∂Õ>, ÷Õ>, ®Õ>, ∂©√Ω, ÷©√Ω, ®©√Ω, ∂∫z, ÷∫z, ®∫z

g∫z, ~∫z, BVı| ®–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD.

∂Õ>¬ ˛Æ, ÷Õ>› º>V‚¶D, ®Õ>› ÿ>Va_, ∂©√Ωfl

ÿƒF>V[, ÷©√Ω¬ Ì§™V[, ®©√Ω© √VÏ©√VF -

÷∫z© √VÏ›º>[, ®∫z© º√V™V[, ®∫z¬ ÌΩ™Ï,

201. gF, º√VF ®–D sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD.

√Ω©√>VFfl ÿƒV[™V[, º√VFfl ºƒÏÕ>V[ ƒVÈ, >k ®[–D

cˆflÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[k_o™D tzD

202. 2,3, D, 4,5D ºkuÆÁ\ cÚAD √B–D c¶[ ÿ>V¬Ô ÿ>VÁÔÔπ[

∏[ k_o™D tzD.

( cD ) >ıßÏz¶D >ıßÁ´ cÁ¶B z¶D

\´©√ÈÁÔ Ô‚Á¶›mÁ sa©A™_

203. ÷Úÿ√Bÿ´V‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD

( cD ) \_oÁÔ©Ø, ºÔVÁ¶¬ÔVÈD, ÿk^π¬˛wÁ\

204. ÿ´ø›m ŒÚÿ\Va ÷Ú©∏[ k_o™D tzD

( cD ) Á>©√VÁk Ø¬ÌÁ¶ yfl∑¶Ï


49205. ~ÆÿÔ‚¶ ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ›][ ∏[ k_o™D tzD

( cD ) cıVflºƒVÆ, ∂aBV©AÔµ, ¶V¬z]Á´

∂,÷ ®[–D ~uÁ≈ cÁ¶B sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ô”¬z ∏[

k_o™D tzD

( cD ) ¶¬ÔV›]ÚÕ>V[ , k´flÿƒV[™V[, º√E©√w˛™V[,

>øs¬ ÿÔVı¶V[

206. kıÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›][ ∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD,

sÁ™flÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD k_o™D tzD.

ÔuÆ› >Õ>VÏ, √‚|›mË, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ, √›m©√V‚|

207. F, Ï, µ ®[≈ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô”¬z∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷ÚÕ>V_

\‚|º\ k_o™D tzD

( cD ) ÂVF¬ÔV_ , ÂVF ÿƒ[≈m, \ÈÏ¬ÌÕ>_, >tµ©√V‚º¶

208. ÷M, >M, \uÆD, \u≈, \uÁ≈ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[

k_o™D tzD

( cD) ÷M¬ÔVÈVD, >MflÿƒV_, \u≈© Á√B[Ô^, \u≈

zwÕÁ>Ô^, \uÆD EÈkuÁ≈.

209. ( ®™ , gÔ ) ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD

( cD ) ®™©º√E™V[ , gÔfl ÿƒV[™V[

210. ( ∂,÷) ®[–D ∑‚|Ôπ[ ∏[–\, ( ®)®[™D s™V°¬z

∏[–D k_o™D tzD.

(cD ) ∂¬z¶D , ÷flºƒVÁÈ, ®›ÿ>Va_

211. xu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD

(cD ) ]Ú¬z≈^ ÿ√Vm›º>Ï°

212. WÁÈÿ\Val_ clÏ ~uÆfl ÿƒVuÔ”¬z©∏[ k_o™D tzD

(cD) \Áw¬ÔVÈD , ka›>¶D , √M¬ÔVÈD

213. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD

( cD) k‚¶¬ºÔV‚Á¶, √flÁƒ©√‚|

214. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD

(cD) \ÈÏ¬Ôı , >V\Á´¬ÁÔ

215. >M¬z§ÁÈ ∂|›m kÚD g ®[–D ÿÂΩK¬z ∏[ kÚD

√ÈV©√wD, cÈV© √VΩ™V[

216. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›][ ∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ kÕ>V_

k_o™tzD

( cD ) z´∫z¬z‚Ω , Ìı|¬˛π

50


217. A≈ ŒuÆ¬z^ ÷´‚Ω¬zD ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï clÏ ÿ>V¶Ï

zu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒVuÔ”¬z©∏[ k_o™D tzD.

gÆ +√VÈD guÆ©√VÈD

ÂV|+ √uÆ ÂV‚|©√uÆ

k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^

218. ®økVF› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

( cD) ºÔVÁ> √VÏ›>V^ , >VF ÿƒ[≈V^ , ºÔVa ÿÔV¬Ôˆ›>m

219. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD ) g|, √VDA, sÁ·√lÏ

220. 2D ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD ) ¿Ï zΩ›>V[, ÔÁ> ÿƒV[™V[

221. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD )Ô_s, ºÔ^s, ÿƒΩ, ÿÔVΩ

222. ∂|¬z›ÿ>V¶Ï, ÷´‚Á¶¬˛·sl_ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD) √VDA√VDA, ƒÈƒÈ, yy

223. 6 D ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm

Œ·Ák›>tµ, k^”kÏÔÚ›m

224. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

( cD) kÕ> Á√B[, √VÏ›> ÔıÔ^

225. sÁ™ÿBflƒ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

√VÏ›mfl ÿƒ[≈V[ , kÕm ÿƒ[≈V[, ÿƒFm ÿÔV|›>V[ √VÏ›m,

√Ω›m º√V[≈ c sz] ÿ√u≈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ÷ÚÕ>VKD ÷Ák

k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D gzD. ∂>™V_ ÷flÿƒVuÔπ_

k_o™D tzD

226. ∂Ák, ÷Ák, ®Ák, ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm.

(cD) ∂Ák √VÏ›>™Ï, ÷Ák ÿƒ[≈™Ï, ®Ák Ì§™Ï

227. sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xu§[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm

( cD ) kVµÔ >tµ, kVµÔ ÿ√ˆBVÏ

228. √Ω ®™ xΩ•D sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD) kÚD√Ω ÿƒV[™V[, >ÚD√Ω ºÔ‚¶V[

229. (∂m, ÷m) ®[–D ∑‚|Ôπ[ ∏[–D ®m, BVm, ®[–D s™V

ÿ√BÏÔπ[ ∏[–Dk_o™D tÔVm

(cD) ∂m ÿƒF, ÷m ºÔ^, ®m ÿ√Vm, BVm Ì§™VÏ

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text



51230. ∂›>Á™, ÷›>Á™. ®›>Á™ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[

k_o™D tÔVm.

( cD) ∂›>Á™ A›>Ô∫Ô^, ÷›>Á™ √≈ÁkÔ^, ®›>Á™

231. cBÏ]Á™ ÿ√Vm©ÿ√BÏÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm

( cD) \VV¬ÔÏ ÌΩ™Ï, ÿ>VaÈV·Ï >ÁÈk[,

232. sπ›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD) ÔıV ºÔ^, >D∏ √V|

233. √›m, ®‚| >s´ ∏≈ ®ıÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm

234. g,∞, ®[–D s™V ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD) ∂k™V ÿƒ[≈V[, ∂kº™ Eˆ›>V[, ∂kº™V º√E™V[

235. ∂[Æ, ÷[Æ, ®[Æ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD ) ∂[Æ ÿÔV|›º>[, ÷[Æ √VÏ›º>[, ®[Æ ÿƒ_ºk[

236. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›Á> ∂|›> sÁ™xuÆ kÕ>V_

k_o™D tÔVm

(cD ) ÔÚDA ∑Ák›>V[, ÿ\[Æ ][≈V[

237. sÁ™xuÆ› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

(cD ) xw∫˛™ ƒ∫zÔ^, kÕ>m z]Á´..

52


1. ∂Ô±_ - 6

nÕ]Á™ nD√m - \V≈[ÿ√VÁ≈B™VÏ

nÕ]Á™ ®ø√m - JkVÁ>BVÏ

]Á™ÿ\VanD√m - ÔÕ>[ºƒÕ>™VÏ

]Á™\VÁÈ 150 - ÔËº\>VsBVÏ

ÔVÏ ÂVu√m - Ôı[Ì›>™VÏ

ÁÔÕWÁÈ (nÕ]Á™ 60)

(∂) ÷[MÁÈ - A_È∫ÔV´™VÏ

2. A≈±_ - 1

Ô·ka ÂVu√m - ÿ√VFÁÔBVÏ

3. ∂≈±_ ∂_Èm ¿]±_Ô^ - 11

ÂVÈΩBVÏ á ƒ\xMkÏÔ^

ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ á s·D∏ÂVÔ™VÏ

÷[™VÂVu√m - Ô∏ÈÏ

÷MBÁkÂVu√m - Ø>fiºƒ>™VÏ

]ˆÔ|ÔD - Â_ÈV>™VÏ

gƒV´¬ºÔVÁk - ÿ√ÚkVl[x_oBVÏ

√wÿ\Va - x[ÆÁ≈BÁ≈B™VÏ

EÆ√fiƒJÈD - ÔVˆBVƒV[

∞ÈV] - ÔËº\>VsBVÏ

]Ú¬z≈^ - ]Úk^”kÏ

xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE - Ì¶ŸÏ˛wVÏ

1. ]Ú¬z≈”¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ º√Vu≈©√|D ¿]±_

2. ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : ºk·Vıºk>D, ÂVÈΩ ÂV˚Æ,

z‚Ω›]Ú¬z≈^

3. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ÿ>Vz›>kÏ - √m\™VÏ

4. ]Ú¬z≈^ º√VÈºk ∂≈›m©√V_, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_, ÔV\›m©√V_

º√V[≈ 3 ∏ˆ°ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.

5. ∂≈›m©√V_ - 13, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ - 24, ÔV\›m©√V_ -3

∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ c^·™.

6. Â‚A¬z ÔÚDÁ√ ckÁ\BVÔ ÌÆD ±_ ÂVÈΩBVÏ.


537. ˜.R.º√V© ÷Õ±ÁÈ g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›m^·VÏ.

8. gKD ºkKD √_K¬zÆ], ÂVKD ÷´ı|D ÿƒV_K¬zÆ]

(√wÿ\Va©√V¶_)

ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ :

1. ÔΩÁÔ ®[√>uz mı| ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^.

2. ÂV[z \ËÔ^ mı|Ô·VÔ ÷ÁÕ> \VÁÈÔ^ º√VÈ

ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD \Ë º√V[≈ ÂV[z ÔÚ›m¬Ô^

Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©√>V_ ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ ®™

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

3. ÷Õ±_ 7-km \uÆD 100-km √V¶ÁÈ ˜.R.º√V©

g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›m^·VÏ.

4. s·D∏ ®[√m gEˆBˆ[ ªÏ ÿ√BÏ.

5. ∂_ÈÁk ÿƒFkVÏ¬z ∂≈D Ìu≈D.

6. ÷·Á\©√Úk›m Ô_ÈVÁ\ zu≈D.

7. ÿk_km ºkıΩ[ ÿkzπ s¶_.

÷[™VÂVu√m :

1. m[√D ÿÔV|¬zD ÿƒB_ÔÁ· ÿ>Vz›m¬ÌÆD ±_.

2. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔÚ›][ xΩsKD ÷[™V ®™¬Ì≈©√|k>V_

÷[™V ÂVu√m ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

3. ªÁ™›][Æ ªÁ™©ÿ√Ú¬z>_ ÷[™V.

4. ÷[™Vm Ák¬zD ÿ√ÚDÿ√VÚ^ Ák©A ÷[™V.

÷MBÁkÂVu√m :

1. ÷MB ÿ√VÚ‚Á· 40 √V¶_Ôπ_ ÿ>Vz›m Ì§•^·>V_

÷©ÿ√BˆÁ™© ÿ√u≈m.

2. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶KD 3 ∂_Èm 4 ÂuÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÷MÁ\BVÔ

ÌÆD.

3. ªÁ™›][Æ ªÁ™ÿ√Ú¬ÔVÁ\ ÷Mm.

4. kÚkVF ∂§Õm kw∫z>_ ÷Mº>.

5. \V™D ∂aÕ>∏[ kVwVÁ\ x[ ÷Mm.

]ˆÔ|ÔD :

1. ]ˆ - 3 ; Ô|z - ÔV´\V™ ÿ√VÚ^.

2. ∑¬z, t·z, ]©∏o ®[–D J[§™V_ g˛B \ÚÕm¬z

]ˆÔ|ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.

3. ÷m ±Æ ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.

54


4. ÷]_ kÚD ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD 3 ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D, \¬Ôπ[\™\B¬Ô›Á> º√V¬Ô¬ÌΩBm.

5. ÿÂfiƒD ∂¶¬z>_ T¶VzD.6. >V·V·[ ®[√V[ Ô¶[√¶ kVwV>V[.7. ºk·V·[ ®[√V[ sÚÕ]Ú¬Ô cıV>V[.

gƒV´¬ºÔVÁk :

1. gƒV´D - Œø¬ÔD ; ºÔVÁk - ∂|¬˛¬Ì≈_.2. Œø¬ÔÿÂ§ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆD ±_.3. ÂV^º>VÆD ÿƒFBºkıΩB Ô¶Á\ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆD ±_.4. ÷>[ JÈ±_ gˆ¶D ®[≈ k¶ÿ\Va ±_.

√wÿ\Va :

1. ¿] ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· s·¬˛¬ÔV‚|D kÁÔl_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶±_.

2. ]Ú¬z≈^, ÂVÈΩBVÏ ±_Ôº·V| ŒÚ∫ºÔ Ák›m®ı›>¬Ô ÿ√ÚÁ\•Á¶Bm.

3. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BÏ ÷Õ±ÁÈ xmÿƒV_ ®™¬z§©∏|˛≈VÏ.4. √wÿ\Val[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : √wÿ\Va 400, cÈÔkƒ™D,

xmÿ\Va5. 34 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 400 √V¶_Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m.6. Ôu≈o[ ºÔ‚¶ºÈ Â[Æ

O™KD >[kVBV_ ÿÔ|D.Ôı¶Á> Ôu≈k[ √ıΩ>[ gkV[. (®|›m¬ÔV‚|√V¶_)

EÆ√fiƒJÈD : (5 E§B ºkÏÔ^)

1. √fiƒ - 5 ; JÈD - ºkÏ

2. EÆkømÁ™, ÿÂÚfiE, EÆ\_o, ÿ√Ú\_o, Ôı¶∫Ô›>ˆg˛B 5 EÆºkÏÔ^ ºÂVÁB© º√V¬˛ c¶K¬z cÆ] >Úkmº√V_ ÷Õ±_ Ì≈©√‚|^·m.

3. ÷Õ±_ Ô¶°^ kVµ›m¶[ 97 ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.

4. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD c^· 5 ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ \¬Ôπ[\™ºÂVÁB (∂§BVÁ\ÁB) º√V¬z˛≈m. gÁÔBV_÷Õ±_ EÆ√fiƒJÈD ®™ ÿ√BÏÿ√uÆ^·m.

5. Ôı ∂wz - ÷´¬ÔD ÿÔV^”>_

ÔV_ ∂wz - ∏≈ˆ¶D ÷´Õm ÿƒ_ÈVÁ\

÷Áƒ ∂wz - √ı ºÔ‚¶V Â[Â[≈_


55g´VFflE¬z ∂wz - xΩÁk mËÕmÁ´›>_

∂´ƒ–¬z ∂wz - zΩ\¬Ô^ kÚÕ>V\_ ÔV›>_

∞ÈV] :

1. ∞ÈV] ®[√m \Ú›mk©ÿ√BÏ (∂) ∞È›Á> x>[Á\BVÔ

cÁ¶Bm ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^.

2. ∞ÈD, Èk∫ÔD, ÂVÔºÔƒ>D, EÆÂVkuØ ∂_Èm >¬ºÔVÈD,

∑¬z, t·z, ]©∏o g˛B 8 kÁÔ \ÚÕm ÿ√VÚ^

ºƒÏÕ> ÔÈÁk.

3. ÷Õ±_ ÂV[z ∂Ωl_ gÆ ∂≈¬ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÌÆD ±_.

4. ÷Õ±_ E≈©A√Vl´D, >uE≈©A√Vl´D c^√¶ 81

ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.

5. ÷m >twÏ¬z ∂Ú\ÚÕm º√V[≈ ÷È¬˛BD.

6. ÷Õ±o[ ÂuÔÚ›m Ôuº√Vˆ[ ∂§BVÁ\ÁB ∂ÔuÆD.

7. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]B ÔËº\>VsBVÏ ƒ\ ƒ\B›Á> ºƒÏÕ>kÏ.

5áD ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏ.

]Ú¬z≈^ :

1. ]Ú¬z≈^ á ÷È¬Ô z§©A :á ÔÚsBVzÿ√BÏ (∂)

∂Á¶ÿB|›> gzÿ√BÏ.

2. ]Ú ®[–D ∂Á¶ÿ\Va ÿ√u≈ ±_.

3. 133 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 1330 z≈‚√V¬Ô^.

4. ∂≈›m©√V_ - 38 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ -70

∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, ÔV\›m©√V_ - 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^.

5. Œ[√m ÷B_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.

6. ∂≈›m©√V_ - ÂV[z ÷B_Ô^ : (√Vl´sB_ - ÂV[z

∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; ÷_È≈sB_ - 20 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ;

m≈k≈sB_ - 13 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; ªalB_ - ŒÚ ∂]ÔV´D)

ÿ\V›>D 38 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^

7. ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ á J[Æ ÷B_Ô^ : (∂´EB_ - 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ;

∂∫ÔsB_ - 32 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; Œa∏B_ - 13 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^)

ÿ\V›>D 70 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^

8. ÔV\›m©√V_ - ÷´ı| ÷B_Ô^ : (Ô·sB_ - 7 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^

;Ôu∏B_ - 18 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^) ÿ\V›>D 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^

9. √]ÿ[ˇµÔ¬z ±_Ôπ_ ÷m tÔ°D ÿ√ˆBm, ∂]Ô

√V¶_Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m.

56


10. 107 ÿ\VaÔπ_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ±_.

11. ]Ú¬z≈Á· g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ - ˜.R.º√V©

12. ]Ú¬z≈Á· È›][ ÿ\Val_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ -

T´\VxMkÏ

13. ]Ú¬z≈Á· k¶ÿ\Val_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ -

p∂©√Vy‚E>Ï

14. \ÁÈB›mkVƒ[ \Ô[ QV™©∏´ÔVƒD ÷Õ±ÁÈ 1812-_

x>[x>o_ √]©∏›m >fiÁƒl_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.

15. s¬º¶VˆBV \ÔV´VË ÔVÁÈl_ Ôısa›>mD √Ω¬zD

±_ ]Ú¬z≈^.

16. ]Ú¬z≈π[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : >tµ\Á≈, x©√V_,

c›>´ºk>D, ÿ>Fk±_, cÈÔ©ÿ√Vm\Á≈, kV•Á≈

kVµ›m, k^”k©√B[, ÿ√VFBVÿ\Va, ÔVÈDÔ¶Õ>

ÿ√VmÁ\ ±_, ~≈Ωÿkı√V, >tµ\V][ ÷MB cBÏ¿],

÷BuÁÔ kVµs_ÈD, cÈÔ©ÿ√Vm±_, ∂≈÷È¬˛BD,

ÿ√VÚ”Á´, xmÿ\Va.

17. ]Ú¬z≈”¬z cÁ´ ÿƒF> √][\Ï : >Ú\Ï, \¬z¶kÏ,

>V\›>Ï, ÂflƒÏ, √ˆ], √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ, ]Ú\ÁÈBVÏ, \_ÈÏ,

Ôs©ÿ√Ú\V^, ÔVπ∫ÔÏ

18. ÷]_ √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ cÁ´ E≈Õ>m.

19. ÷Õ±_ ´iBVs_ ∂bmÁ·¬ÔV> ˛ÿ´Dπ[ \VπÁÔl_

Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

20. ÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ÷Õ±_ ssoB›m¶[ Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

21. ÷Õ±o[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB √VΩB √È ƒV[º≈VÏÔπ[

√V¶_ÔÁ· ]Úk^”k\VÁÈ ®™ ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

22. ]Úk^”k\VÁÈl_ 55 √V¶_Ô^ c^·™. √VΩB

AÈkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 53.

23. ]Úk^”kˆ[ ÔVÈD ˛.x.31. ®™ºk ÷Á>¬ÿÔVı|

]Úk^”k´Vı| Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

24. ]Úk^”kˆ[ ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ÿ>Fk©AÈkÏ,

ÂV[xÔ™VÏ, \V>V–√∫˛, ÿ√ÚÂVkÈÏ, x>u√VkÈÏ,

ÿƒÕÂV©º√V>ÔÏ, ÿ√VFl_AÈkÏ, ÂVB™VÏ, º>kÏ.


57xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE :

1. Ô_sÁBs¶ Œø¬Ôº\ E≈Õ>m ®™¬ÌÆD ±_.

2. gÏÔo •Ô›m \¬Ô‚ÿÔ_ÈVD

>o_ E≈Õ>[Æ Œø¬ÔxÁ¶Á\ (√V¶_ kˆ)

3. xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiEl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ∂§°Á´¬ºÔVÁk

4. ÷m ÔVfiE›]Á™l[ mÁ≈Ô”^ Œ[Æ.

5. ÷Õ±_ 10 ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·•D, 100 √V¶_ÔÁ·•D ÿÔVı¶m.

6. ÷Õ±_ ÌÆD ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ :

Ôu≈ÁÈs¶ - Œø¬Ôº\ E≈Õ>m

Ôu≈Á> s¶ - \≈kV\_ ÷Ú©√m

÷·Á\ÁB s¶ - ºÂVBu≈ kVµºk

∂wzÁ¶Bk´VÔ ÷Ú©√Á> s¶ - ÂVxÁ¶k´VÔ ÷Ú©√º>

zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB s¶ - Œø¬Ôº\

E≈Õ> ±ÁÈ Ôu≈Á> s¶ - Ôu≈§Õ>VÁ´ ∏[√u§ Â¶›>ºÈ

√ÁÔkÁ´ >ıΩ©√Á> s¶ - ∂kÚ¬z Â[Á\ ÿƒFkº>

nÕ]Á nD√m :

1. x_ÁÈ, z§fiE, \Ú>D, ÿÂF>_, √VÁÈ ®™ nÕ]Á™¬zD

√›m √V¶_Ô^ T>D 50 √V¶_Ô^ √V¶©ÿ√u≈m.

2. ÷m x_ÁÈ› ]Á™ÁB x>ÈVk>VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ±_.

3. ÷´ı| \V[Ô^ √VÁÈk™›]_ >ıßÏ zΩ¬zD cBÏÕ>

ÿÂ§ÁB s·¬z˛≈m.

nÕ]Á ®ø√m :

1. ®ø√m √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.

2. ˛.∏. 5-gD ±u≈VıÁ¶ ºƒÏÕ> ±_.

]Á ÿ\Va nD√m :

1. 50 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.

2. ˛.∏. 4-D ±u≈VıÁ¶ ºƒÏÕ> ±_.

]Á \VÁÈ ±uÆ nD√m :

1. 150 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ˛.∏. 5-D ±u≈VıÁ¶fl

ºƒÏÕ>m.

2. ÷©∏≈s sÁ™ ÷DÁ\lºÈºB √B™π¬zD ®[√Á>

cÏ›m˛≈m.

ÔVÏ ÂVu√m :

1. x_ÁÈ› ]ÁÁB \‚|D √VΩB ±_.

58


2. ˛.∏. 4-D ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ> ±_.

3. 40 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.Ô·ka ÂVu√m :

1. BVÁ™© º√VÏ √u§B √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_.

2. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶KD ∂‚¶¬Ô·›m ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ÿÔVı|xΩ•D.

3. ∂DÁ\ ®[≈ k™©A ∂Á\Õm^·m.

4. 40 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.ÁÔWÁÈ :

1. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]BkÏ - A_È∫ÔV¶™VÏ

2. ÁÔWÁÈl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ - nÕ]Á™ ∂Æ√m3. ÔVÈD ˛.∏.5-gD ±u≈Vı|4. 60 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|^·m

5. √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_Ôπ_ \ÚÕ>V_ AÔµÿ√u≈m∞ÈV], ]ˆÔ|ÔD, EÆ√fiƒJÈD

ÔV©∏B ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^ :

1. ÔV©∏B ÷È¬ÔD ÌÆD ±_ >ıΩBÈ∫ÔV´D.2. ÔV©∏B ÷È¬˛BD ÿ>V¶ÏWÁÈ ÿƒF•^ ®™

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

3. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏BD, nfiEÆÔV©∏BD ®™ ÷ÚkÁÔ©√|D.4. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :

EÈ©√]ÔV´D - ÷·∫ºÔVkΩÔ^

\Ëº\ÔÁÈ - Ê›>ÁÈƒV›>™VÏÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë - ]Ú›>¬Ôº>kÏzı¶ÈºÔE - ÂV>z›>™VÏ

kÁ·BV√] - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ5. nfiEÆÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :

Û·V\Ë - º>VwVÿ\Vaº>kÏ

¿ÈºÔE - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈc>Bz\V´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈÂVÔz\V´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ

BºƒV>´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈEÈ©√]ÔV´D :

1. EÈDA + ∂]Ô´D = EÈ©√]ÔV´D

2. >ta_ º>V[§B x>_ ÔV©∏BD

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text



593. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B›]_ ÔVÈ›]_ xÕÁ>Bm

4. ˇÏ›>Á™kˆ √V¶_Ô”¬z x[º™VΩ EÈ©√]ÔV´ kˆÔ^

5. ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : zΩ\¬ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆk>V_ zΩ\¬Ô^

ÔV©∏BD

6. ÷B_, ÷Áƒ, ÂV¶Ô›>tµ s·¬zk>V_ ÷m x›>tµ

ÔV©∏BD

7. \[™Á´ >ÁÈÁ\BVÔ¬ ÿÔV^·V\_ \¬ÔÁ· >ÁÈÁ\BVÔ

ÿÔVı¶ ±_

8. x>_ ÔV©∏BD, ÂV¶Ô¬ÔV©∏BD, JºkÕ>Ï ÔV©∏BD, º>EB

ÔV©∏BD, ƒx>VB ÔV©∏BD, ŒuÆÁ\ ÔV©∏BD, A´‚E

ÔV©∏BD, EÈDA, cÁ´lÁ¶l‚¶ √V‚|Á¶ ÿƒF•^, ÿƒÕ>tµ

ÔV©∏BD

9. EÈ©√]ÔV´D ÌÆD 3 cıÁ\Ô^ : ∂´EB_ ∏Áw›º>VÚ¬z

∂≈D Ìu≈VzD. cÁ´ƒV_ √›]MÁB cBÏÕº>VÏ ∞u≈_.

ªµsÁ™ cÆ›m kÕm ª‚|D.

10. ±_ ∂Á\©A : 3 ÔVı¶D, 30 ÔVÁ> cÁ¶Bm. 5001 kˆÔ^

cÁ¶Bm.

1. AÔVÏ ÔVı¶D á 10 ÔVÁ> ; 2. \mÁ´¬ÔVı¶D á 13 ÔVÁ> ;

3. kfiE¬ÔVı¶D - 7 ÔVÁ>

\Ëº\ÔÁÈ :

1. ºÔVkÈ–¬zD, \V>s¬zD ∏≈Õ> \Ô^ \Ëº\ÔÁÈ

2. m≈° kVµ¬ÁÔ©√u§ ÌÆD ±_

3. ±o[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : \Ëº\ÔÁÈ m≈°, ÿ√·›>

ÔV©∏BD, ÊÏ]Ú›> ÔV©∏BD, m≈° ±_, ∂≈¬ÔV©∏BD

4. >ta_ º>V[§B ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔV©∏BD

5. ÷m 30 ÔVÁ>ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. 4755 kˆÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.

6. ∂x>∑´∏ÁB x©∏≈sl_ Ák›]ÚÕ>kÏ gA›]´[

7. \Ëº\ÔÁÈ ÌÆD clÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 6 (\¬Ô^ º>kÏ,

∏´D\Ï, Â´ÔÏ, sÈ∫z ÿ>Vz], º√F)

ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë :

1. sÚ›>©√VkV_ ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ x>_ ÔV©∏BD, ÷m ŒÚ ƒ\

ÔV©∏BD

2. ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : \±_, ÔV\±_, x¬]±_

3. k¶ÿ\Val_ c^· ƒ›]BEÕ>V\Ë, ƒˆ›]´Û·V\Ë ®[≈

÷Ú±ÁÈ >øs ®ø>©√‚¶m.

60


4. ÊkÔ[ EÕ>V\Ë•¶[ Œ©∏‚|^·>V_ ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë ®[Æ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

5. º>kºÈVÔ›]_ c^· ºÔ‚¶Á> ÿÔV|¬zD ŒÚ ´›]™D

EÕ>V\Ë

6. ÔV©∏B›>ÁÈk[ ÊkÔ[, 8 \ÔπÁ´ \Õ>V[, g>ÈV_

÷Õ±_ xøkmD ]Ú\D √u§B ÿƒF]Ôº·

÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^·™. gÁÔBV_ ÷m \±_ ®[Æ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

7. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]B ]Ú›>¬Ô›º>kÏ ÊkÔ–¬z ÔV\›]ÈÔ[

®™ √‚¶D Û‚Ω•^·VÏ.

zı¶ÈºÔE :

1. zı¶ÈºÔE ®[≈V_ ∑Úı¶ >ÁÈxΩÁB cÁ¶Bk^ ®[Æ

ÿ√VÚ^.

2. ÷>[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ∂ÔÈÔs

3. ÷Õ±_ ÔÁÈQ´V_ \Õ]ˆz\Vˆ ®™ ]Á´©√¶\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.

4. zı¶ÈºÔE ÔÁ> º>ˆÔVÁ> ®[≈ ÿ√·›>±o_

ÔV©√|˛≈m.

kÁ·BV√] :

1. ÷m ŒÚ ƒ\ ÔV©∏BD

2. ÷>[ JÈ ±_ ÁkEÔA´VD

3. \¶ºÈÆ>_ √u§ ÌÆD ±_

4. kÁ·BV√] ÔsBwz WÁ≈Õ> ±_ ®™ >¬ÁÔBVÔA´VD

ÌÆ˛≈m

5. ƒ\ ÔV©∏BD : EÈ©√]ÔV´D, ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë, kÁ·BV√]

6. ÿ√·›>ÔV©∏BD : \Ëº\ÔÁÈ, zı¶ÈºÔE

nfiEÆ ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :

Û·V\Ë :

1. Û·V\Ël[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ á Û¶V\Ë

2. ÷Õ±o[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> gÚÔ> \ÔVA´V›Á> >øsBm

3. ÷Õ±ÁÈ© √u§ ƒ´kÿ√·ºÔVÈV Ô_ÿk‚Ω_

Ì≈©√‚|^·m

4. º√VÚ¬z ÔV´D ÿ√V≈VÁ\ ®™¬ÌÆD ±_.

¿ÈºÔE :

1. ÔÚÁ\BV™ ÌÕ>ÁÈ•Á¶Bk^ ®™©ÿ√VÚ^

2. ¿ÈºÔEl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ¿ÈºÔE ]´‚|


613. zı¶ÈºÔE ®[≈ ±K¬z ®]´VÔ √V¶©√‚¶ ±_ ¿ÈºÔE

4. ƒ\ xMkÏ xMflƒÕ]´[ ∂§°Á´©√Ω ¿o ®[≈ ÿ√ı

]ÚÕ] ƒ\ ƒB›Á> >ø°˛≈V^.

c>Bz\V´ ÔVsBD :

1. ÷>[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> - ÿ√Ú∫ÔÁ> ; >ÁÈk[ - c>B[

2. ÛˆB c>B›]_ ∏≈Õ>>V_ ÷©ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈V[.

3. c>B–¬z sflÁƒT´[ ®[≈ ÿ√BÚD cı|

ÂVÔz\V´ ÔVsBD :

1. ÂVÔ√fiƒt ºÂV[∏[ E≈©∏Á™¬ ÌÆD ±_

2. ºkÆÿ√BÏ á ÂVÔ√fiƒt ÔÁ>

3. ÷Õ±_ xø¬Ô xø¬Ô \›Á>•D, º√VÔ›Á>•D √u§

ÌÆ˛≈m

BºƒV>´ ÔVsBD :

1. ÷>[ JÈ ±_ á c›]´A´VD

2. Œ·º>B ÂV‚| \[™[ \Vˆ>›>[ clÏ√ol[ yÁ\ÁB

∂§Õm clÏ√o ÿÔV|©√Á> WÆ›]™V[. ®™ºk

clÏÿÔVÁÈ ym ®™ ÌÆD ±_ ÷m.

Eu§È¬˛B∫Ô^

1. ÂVB¬ÔÏ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.1350 x>_ 1750 kÁ´

2. \mÁ´l_ ÂVB¬ÔÏ g‚E¬z ∂ΩºÔVoBkÏ BVÏ?

z\V´ÔD√ı[

3. Eu§È¬˛B∫Ô^ ®›>Á™ kÁÔ©√|D ?

96

4. >ta_ x>[x>ÈVÔ› º>V[§B cÈV ±_ ®m?

]Ú¬ÔlÈVB QV™ cÈV

5. ]Ú¬ÔlÈVB QV™ cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ºƒ´\V[ ÿ√Ú\V^ ÂVB™VÏ

6. g”Á¶B∏^Á·BVÏ ]Ú cÈV \VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÂD∏BVı¶VÏ ÂD∏

7. ]Ú¬zu≈VÈÂV>Ï cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√Ôs´VBÏ

8. ∂Õ>¬Ôs T´´VÔkx>oBVÏ ÷Bu§B cÈV ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

]ÚkV‘Ï cÈV ]Ú¬Ôø¬z[≈›m cÈV

62


9. ∞ÔVD√´ÂV>Ï cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔ^

10. #m ÷È¬˛BD ®ÀkÁÔ© √VkV_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?

Ôsÿkı√VkV_

11. #m ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ >ÁÈflE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km ®m?

>tµs|#m

12. ÔV¬ÁÔ s| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÿk^Á·kV´™VÏ

13. *™V‚E ∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ®ø]B #m±_ ®m?

>ƒs|#m

14. #][ kÁÔÔÁ·¬ ÌÆÔ?

∂Ô›#m, A≈›#m

15. >tµs| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÿ√BÏ ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ

16. ÿÂfi∑s|#][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ

17. ∂wÔÏ ˛^Á·s|#][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

√È√‚¶Á¶fl ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>© AÈkÏ

18. kı|s| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÔflEB©√ x>oBVÏ

19. ∑©´y√¬Ôs´VBÏ ÷Bu§B #][ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?

Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ s≈os|#m

20. ∏^Á·›>ta[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?

∏^Á·¬Ôs, ∏^Á·©√V‚|

21. ∏^Á·›>ta[ ÷ÚkÁÔÔ^ BVÁk?

gı√V_ ∏^Á·›>tµ, ÿ√ı√V_ ∏^Á·›>tµ

22. ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?

10

23. gı√V_ ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ BVÁk?

ÔV©A, ÿƒ∫ˇÁ´, >V_, ƒ©√VË, x›>D, kÚÁÔ, ∂DAo,

Eu§_, EÆ√Á≈, EÆº>Ï

24. ÿ√ı√V_ ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ BVÁk?

ÔV©A, ÿƒ∫ˇÁ´, >V_, ƒ©√VË, x›>D, kÚÁÔ, ∂DAo,

Ôw∫z (∂D\VÁ™), ¿´V¶_, ªƒ_


6325. ∏^Á·›>tµ ÷È¬˛B›][ x[º™VΩ BVÏ?

ÿ√ˆBVµkVÏ

26. ∏^Á·›>tµ ®Õ>fl ƒÕ>›>V_ g™Ák?

ÔaÿÂΩÈVEˆBfl ƒÕ>sÚ›>›>V_

27. ∂DAo© √ÚkD ®ÀÿkÀ kÁÔÔ·V_ √V¶©√|D?

ƒV\, >V™, º√>, >ı¶D ®–D ÂV[z kÁÔÔπ_

28. z\´zÚ√´Ï ÷Bu§B ∏^Á·›>tµ ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

*™V‚EBDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>tµ

29. ]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï xÚÔ[ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

√Ôa¬ Ì›>Ï

30. ÔVÕ]\]BDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∂w˛B© √È√‚¶Á¶fl ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï

31. \ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩB ∏^Á·›>tµ

±_Ô^ BVÁk?

ºƒ¬˛wÏ ∏^Á·›>tµ, xÁÔy[ gı¶kÏ ∏^Á·›>tµ

32. ÔÈD√Ô›][ cÆ©AÔ^ ®›>Á™?

18

33. ÔÈD√Ô ÷È¬˛BD √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏÔ^ BVÏ?

÷´‚Á¶BÏÔ^

34. ÔÈD√Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m ®m?

ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√ÔD

35. ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√Ô›][ √V‚|Á¶›>ÁÈk[ BVkÏ?

J[≈VD ÂÕ]kÏ\[

36. ÔÈD√Ô›][ ÿƒF•^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?

Ô¶°·VÏ¬z - 100, xMkÏ¬z - 95, ∂´ƒÏ¬z - 90,

∂Á\flƒÏ¬z - 70, kËÔÏ¬z - 50, ºk·V·Ï¬z - 30

37. g”Á¶B ∏^Á·BVÏ ]Ú¬ÔÈD√Ô›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÂD∏BVı¶VÏ ÂD∏

38. ]Úk´∫Ô¬ ÔÈD√ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

∏^Á·© ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ

99. \mÁ´¬ ÔÈD√ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

z\´zÚ√´Ï

40. ÷´‚Á¶BÏ √VΩB ÔÈD√Ô ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

]ÚkV\V›#Ï¬ ÔÈD√ÔD, ]_ÁÈ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD

64


41. T´\VxMkÏ √VΩB ÔÈD√Ô ±_ ®m?

]Ú¬ÔVkŸÏ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD

42. ÂÕ]¬ ÔÈD√Ô›]_ ÔV©√|D √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

144

43. z≈kfiE ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km

®m?

z≈kfiE ÂV¶ÔD, z≈kfiE ÂV‚ΩBD

44. z≈kfiE ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km

®m?

]Ú¬zu≈VÈ¬ z≈kfiE

45. ]Ú¬zu≈VÈ¬ z≈kfiEB[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√¬ Ôs´VBÏ

46. k´> ÂfiÁƒB©√ ∏^Á· ÷Bu§B z≈kfiEB ±_ ®m?

>tw´E z≈kfiE

47. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ¬ z≈kfiEl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÿÔV‚Á¶RÏ Ek¬ÿÔVøÕm º>EÔÏ

48. ÿ√›>ºÈÔD z≈kfiEl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ºk>ÂVBÔ ƒV¸]ˆBVÏ

49. √^” á ®Õ> WÈ \¬Ô”¬z cˆB ±_?

\Ú> WÈ \¬Ô”¬z

50. √^” ÷È¬˛BD ®Õ> k™©A kÁÔÁBfl ƒVÏÕ>m?

AÈ[

51. √^” ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m ®m?

x¬Ì¶u√^”

52. x¬Ì¶u√^π[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√¬ Ôs´VBÏ

53. √^” á ÷È¬˛B›][ ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ ®[™?

cw›]©√V‚|, √^º·ƒ_

54. ∂Õ>V] ÷È¬˛BD ®Õ> k™©A kÁÔÁBfl ƒVÏÕ>m?

÷ÁBA

55. ∂Õ>V] ÿkı√V ®ÀkÁÔ BV©∏_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?

ÿkı√V BV©A ∂_Èm Ô‚¶Á·¬ Ôo›mÁ≈ BV©A

56. ∂Õ>V]© AÈkÏ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?

Œ‚¶¬Ì›>Ï


6557. ƒ¶ºÔV√Ï ∂Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÔD√Ï

58. ∂uA>› ]ÚkÕ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_ ∂DÁ\BVÏ

59. ÿ√V[kıÕ>Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ºƒ´\V[ÿ√Ú\V^ ÂVB™VÏ

60. ]ÚkÕ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]Ú\aÁƒBVµkVÏ

61. ]Úk´∫Ô›>Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∏^Á·©ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ

62. ]Ú¬z≈·Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

÷´VÁƒ¬ÔsQÏ

63. Â¬ˇ´Ï ®ø]B ∂Õ>V] ±o[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?

ÔlÁÈ√V] ÔV·›]√V] ∂Õ>V]

64. ºÔVÁk ÷È¬˛BD ®›>Á™ √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD?

Ô‚¶Á·¬ Ôo›mÁ≈l_ 100 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD

65. >fiÁƒ kV[ ºÔVÁkl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÿ√VFBV ÿ\Va©AÈkÏ

66. \ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ÷Bu§B ºÔVÁk

±_Ô^ BVÁk?

z·›#Ï¬ ºÔVÁk, ]ÚkVk|mÁ≈¬ ºÔVÁk, ÊÏÔVa¬

ºÔVÁk

67. ƒ>Ô ÷È¬˛BD ®›>Á™© √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m?

100

68. ÿ>VıÁ¶ \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

√Ω¬ÔV∑©AÈkÏ

69. ∂≈©√C∑´Ï ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

∂D√ÈkV¬ Ôs´VBÏ

70. ]Úflƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

\VË¬ÔkVƒÔÏ

71. ÷ºB∑ÂV>Ï ]Úflƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

BVµ©√VD ƒ>VEkD ∏^Á·

72. \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

x›m ∑Õ>´D x>oBVÏ

66


73. \–¿]fl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

ºk>˛ˆ x>oBVÏ

74. ÔVÏº\Ô¬ ÔsQÏ √VΩB ƒ>ÔD ®[™?

ÿÔV∫z \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD

75. ºƒVw \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

g›\ÂV> º>EÔÏ

76. √VıΩ \¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √ΩBkÏ BVÏ?

nBDÿ√Ú\V[

77. √V¶_ ®[√m ®>Á™¬ z§¬zD?

√Á™\¶ÁÈ

78. E›]´\¶o[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ

79. ]Ú\∫ÁÔBVµkVÏ ®ø]B \¶_Ô^ BÁk?

E§B ]Ú\¶_, ÿ√ˆB ]Ú\¶_

80. ÂV_kÏ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ

81. ]Ú∂∫Ô \VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]ÚÂV°¬Ô´ƒÏ

82. ÿ\FˇÏ›] ®ÀkÁÔ© √VkV_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?

gEˆB© √VkV_

83. ÿ\FˇÏ›]ÁB› º>VuÆs›>kÏÔ^ BVÏ?

∏uÔVÈfl ºƒVwÏÔ^

84. Â·ÿkı√Vs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

AÔºwÕ]BVÏ

85. AÔºwÕ] ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

ÿ√V[sÁ·Õ> Ô·›#Ï

86. AÔºwÕ]ÁB g>ˆ›> k^·_ BVÏ?

ƒÕ]´[ ÔkÏ¬˛

87. Â·ÿkı√Vs[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> ®m?

\ÔV√V´>›]_ c^· Âº·V√V¬˛BV™D

88. Â·ÿkı√V ®›>Á™ ÔVı¶∫ÔÁ·•D, ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·•D

cÁ¶Bm?

3 ÔVı¶∫ÔÁ·•D, 400 ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·•D cÁ¶Bm.

89. Â·ÿkı√Vs_ c^· ÔVı¶∫Ô^ BVÁk?

∑BDk´ ÔVı¶D, Ôo›ÿ>V¶Ï ÔVı¶D, Ôo¿∫z ÔVı¶D


6790. AÔºwÕ] ®ÀkVÆ AÔw©√|˛≈VÏ?

ÿkı√VsuºÔVÏ AÔºwÕ]

91. AÔºwÕ] >[Á™ g>ˆ›> k^·ÁÈ ®›>Á™ ÷¶∫Ôπ_

√V´V‚Ω•^·VÏ?

nÕm ÷¶∫Ôπ_

92. Û>V‚¶›][ yÁ\ÁB s·¬zk>uÔVÔ÷Bu≈©√‚|^· ±_

®m?

Â·ÿkı√V

93. ÁÂ¶>D BVÚÁ¶B k´ÈVuÁ≈¬ ÌÆ˛≈m?

Â·[

94. ÁÂ¶>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∂]T´´V\√VıΩBÏ

95. ÁÂ¶>D ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏. 16áD ±u≈Vı|

96. ÁÂ¶>›]_ c^· sÚ›>©√V¬Ô^ ®›>Á™?

1172

97. ÁÂ¶>D ®ÀkVÆ º√Vu≈©√|˛≈m?

ÁÂ¶>D AÈkÏ¬z Œ·¶>D

98. ∂]T´´V\Ï ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?

ÂÆÕÿ>VÁÔ, ÿku§ºkuÁÔ, ÔVE¬ÔVı¶D, ÌÏ\A´VD,

\ÔVA´VD

99. ∂]T´´V\Ï ÷Bu§B ÿ\Va©ÿ√BÏ©A ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

÷o∫ÔA´VD, ]Ú¬ÔÚÁk© √]uÆ©√›>Õ>V]

100. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD ÷Bu§BkÏ BVÏ?

√´fiºƒV] xMkÏ

101. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›][ ÔVÈD?

˛.∏.16-gD ±u≈Vı|

102. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›]_ c^· √¶È∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ?

68

103. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^?

3363

104. √´fiºƒV]BVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ?

]Ú\Á≈¬ÔV|

105. x>o_ º>V[§B ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD?

ºk©√›#´VÏ ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD

68


106. ∂≈ÿÂ§ ƒV´D ®[≈ ±o[ gEˆBÏ?xÁ™©√VΩBVÏ

107. ∂≈ÿÂ§ ƒV´›]_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· ÿkı√V¬Ô^?226

108. Ôs ÔV·º\Ô›Á> B\Ôı¶D √V|s›>kÏ BVÏ?∂]\m´ Ôs

109. Ôs ´V‚ƒ>Ï ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ?Ô‚EB©√ xMkÏ

110. >ËÁÔ© A´VD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?ÔflEB©√ xMkÏ

111. Ô‚EB©√ xMkÏ ÷Bu§B ∏≈ ±_Ô^?ÔVfiEA´VD, ]ÚkVÁ™¬ÔVA´VD, ØkV”ÏA´VD,

º√‘ÏA´VD, sÂVBÔA´VD, ]Ú›>ËÁÔ√]uÆ©√Õ>V], Ô‚EBVÕ> Ú›º´ƒÏ √]uÆ√›>Õ>V],√fiƒVs´∂Õ>V], kı|s|#m, ÿƒ[Á™ sÂVBÔÏ∏^Á·›>tµ, Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ ÔV>_,Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ s´os|#m112. Ô‚EB©√ xMkˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

EkQV™ ºBV˛113. ∂ˆflƒÕ]´ A´V›Á>› >ta_ sÚ›>V√VkV_ √VΩBkÏ

BVÏ?T´Ôs´VBÏ

114. T´Ôs´VBˆ[ ªÏ ®m?Â_ŸÏ

115. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ z≈kfiEl[ √V‚|Á¶›>ÁÈk[ BVÏ?ƒ´º√V˜ \[™[

116. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ z≈kfiEl[ \Æÿ√BÏ ®[™?Ôo¶¬ÿÔVΩ z≈kfiE

117. xÁ™©√VΩBVˆ[ ƒ\BD ®m?∂ÚÔ ƒ\BD

118. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›º>kÏ ÷Bu§B ÔÈD√ÔD ±_ ®m?]Ú©√V]ˆ©AoRÏ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD

119. s_o√V´>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?s_o©A›#´VÏ (s_o©A›#´VµkVÏ)

120. s_o√V´>D ®Õ> ±ÁÈ› >øs ÷Bu≈©√‚¶m?k¶ÿ\Val_ sBVƒÏ ®ø]B √V´>›Á>


69121. s_o√V´>›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

4300

122. s_o√V´>›]_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √Úk∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?

10

123. s_o©A›#´VÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

]ÚxÁ™©√VΩ ÂV‚ΩK^· ÔMRÏ

124. s_o©A›#´Á´© √V´>D √V|D√Ω ºkıΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏ BVÏ?

k¬Ô√VÁ>kV√] g‚ÿÔVı¶V[

125. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

]ÚkıV\ÁÈ

126. ∂Ú˛ˆ¬z ∂Ú^AˆÕ> ÷Á≈k[ BVÏ?

xÚÔ©ÿ√Ú\V[

127. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B E≈©AÁ¶B±_ ®m?

]Ú©AÔµ

128. >V•\V™kÏ ∂Ú˛ˆÁB ®ÀkVÆ √V´V‚|˛≈VÏ?

kV¬˛uz ∂Ú˛ˆ

129. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

16000

130. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ √V¶_Ôπ_ ÷[Æ Â\¬z¬ ˛Á¶©√Ák

®›>Á™?

1307

131. 1307 √V¶_ÔπKD ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ®›>Á™ ƒÕ>

ºkÆ√V|ÔÁ· Ák›m©

√VΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ?

1008

132. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ √‚¶©ÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?

ƒÕ>ºkÕ>Ï, ƒÕ>©ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÈB¬Ô·fiEBD

133. ÔÕ>Ï ∂È∫ÔV´›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ

134. ÔÕ>Ï ∂È∫ÔV´›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

102

135. ÔÕ>´–Ø]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ

136. ÔÕ>È–Ø]l_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

52

70


137. ]ÚkÚ©A ±o[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ

138. ]ÚkÚ©∏_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

18

139. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.15-gD ±u≈Vı|

140. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?

ºk_sÚ›>D, \l_sÚ›>D

141. z\´zÚ√´Ï kVµÕ> ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏. 17-gD ±u≈Vı|

142. tz]BVÔfl Eu§È¬˛B∫ÔÁ·© √VΩlÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?

z\´zÚ√´Ï

143. ∏´√Õ> ºkÕ>Ï ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?

z\´zÚ√´Ï

144. ¿]ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

z\´zÚ√´Ï

145. z\´zÚ√´ˆ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVÏ?

ƒıxÔEÔV\Ë¬ Ôs´VBÏ, EkÔV\∑Õ>ˆ ∂DÁ\

146. z\´zÚ√´Ú¬z© º√∑Õ]≈[ ∂π›>kÏ BVÏ?

]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï xÚÔ[

147. z\´zÚ√´Ï x>o_ ÷Bu§B ±_ ®m?

ÔÕ>ÏÔsÿkı√V

148. *™V‚EBDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

z\´zÚ√´Ï

149. x›m¬z\V´ƒVt ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

z\´zÚ√´Ï

150. z\´zÚ√´Ï ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?

ÔlÁÈ¬ÔÈD√ÔD, \mÁ´¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ]ÚkV‘Ï

ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈ, E>D√´ xDxË¬ºÔVÁk, E>D√´

ÿƒF•‚ºÔVÁk, ÷´‚Á¶\Ë\VÁÈ, ÔVE¬ÔÈD√ÔD,

ƒÔÈÔÈV k_o\VÁÈ, \mÁ´ *™V‚EBDÁ\¬ z≈D,

*™V‚EBDÁ\ ÷´‚Á¶\Ë\VÁÈ

151. >›mk© ∏´ÔVƒˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]ÚÿkVu§RÏ QV™©∏´ÔVƒ º>EÔÏ


71152. >›mk©∏´ÔVƒÏ cÁ´ ®ø]B ±_ ®m?

EkQV™ E›]BVÏ

153. >›mk©∏´ÔVƒÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?

>›mk©∏´ÔVƒD

154. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›º>kÏ ÷Bu§B ÔÈD√Ô ±_ ®m?

]Ú©√V]ˆ©AoRÏ¬ÔÈD√ÔD

155. Ô\´ƒ ƒ[\VÏ¬Ô›Á> x>[x>o_ cÈ˛–¬z ∂π›>kÏ

BVÏ?

>V•\V™kÏ

156. >V•\V™kÏ √V¶_Ô^ ®©√Ω ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™?

>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^ ]Ú©√V¶_]´‚|

157. >tµ ÿ\Val[ c√W¶>D ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√km ®m?

>V•\V™k∑kVt ]Ú©√V¶_]´‚|

158. ∑D\V ÷Ú©√º> ∑ÔD BVÏ ÌuÆ?

>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^

159. ÿ√VF•ÈzD, ÿ√VF•≈°D ÿ√VF•¶KD ÿ√VF BVÏ ÌuÆ?

>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^

160. >V•\V™k ∑kVtÔ^ √VΩB √V¶_Ô^ BVÁk?

√´V√´¬ÔıË ®ÕÂV‚ÔıË, ˛π¬Ôı\Ë,

g™Õ>¬Ôπ©A

161. B\Ôı¶D √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ

162. ÔV·º\Ô›][ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?

k´>[

163. g∑Ôs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?

ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ

164. kÁƒÔs ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?

ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ

165. kÁƒÔs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?

ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ

166. ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkˆ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ ®[™?

÷Dÿ\[–Dx[º™ ®ø±ÆD, ®ıIÆD ∂Dÿ\[≈V_

gl´xD √VΩB ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆBkÏ

167. ÔV·º\Ô©AkÈÏ √VΩB >M©√V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

187

72


168. ÔV·º\Ô©AkÈÏ √VΩB ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

]ÚkVÁ™¬ÔV cÈV, ]ÚkVÁ[ÔV ƒ´∑k] \VÁÈ, E›]\¶_,ƒx›]´ sÈVƒD

169. EºÈÁ¶ ÂBD ÿ√VÚ›>©√V|k]_ E≈Õm s·∫˛BkÏ VÏ?

ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ170. ÔÈD√ÔD √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏÔ^ BVÏ?

÷´‚Á¶BÏÔ^

171. ÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔπ[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?÷·fiÛˆBÏ, xmÛˆBÏ

172. ÷·fiÛˆBˆ[ ∏≈s ª™D ®[™?

zÚ¶Ï73. xmÛˆBˆ[ ∏≈s ª™D ®[™?

x¶kÏ

174. ÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔ^ ÷Bu§B O_Ô^ BVÁk?]_ÁÈ¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ]ÚkV\›m¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ∞ÔVD√´ÂV>Ï cÈV,Ô‚E¬ÔÈD√ÔD, \VÁ>¬ÔÈD√ÔD, JkÏ ∂D\VÁ™

175. Ê‚|¬Ôs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?∂Õ>Ô¬Ôs T´´VÔk x>oBVÏ

176. Ek©∏´ÔVƒˆ[ QV™ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

EkQV™√V> ÷Ú>BÏ177. ]Úÿk∫ÁÔ¬ ºÔVÁkÁB ÷Bu§BkÏ BVÏ?

Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ

178. ]Úÿk∫ÁÔ¬ ºÔVÁkl[ \Æÿ√BÏ ®[™?\Õ]ˆ¬ºÔVÁk

179. ∏´Ao∫Ô‹ÁÈB[ gƒˆBÏ BVÏ?

Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ180. Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ ®ÀkÁÔ¬ Ôs √V|k]_ E≈Õm s·∫˛™VÏ?

E›]´Ôs

181. ÂV_kÏ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BÏ?Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ

182. Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ ®›>Á™

34183. √, \ º√V[≈ ÷>µÔ^ ÷Á•D ®ø›mÔπ[§ √V¶©√|D

±_ ®m?

¿º´V‚¶ÔD


73184. ∂‚¶©∏´√Õ>D ®–D ÿ>Vz©∏_ ∂¶∫˛•^· ±_Ô^

®›>Á™?

8

185. ∂‚¶©∏´√Õ>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∏^Á·©ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ

186. Â_ÈV©∏^Á· √V´>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

Â_ÈV©∏^Á·

187. k¶\ÁÈB© ∏^Á·l[ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.1706

188. k¶\ÁÈB© ∏^Á· ®©√Ω© º√Vu≈©√|˛≈VÏ?

ÿƒÕ>tø¬Ô>°D ]BVÔkVˆ] (kVˆ] - Ô¶_)

189. ƒÕ>© √V¶_ÔÁ·© √V|k]_ E≈©A ÿ√u≈kÏ BVÏ?

√Ω¬ÔV∑AÈkÏ

190. √Ω¬ÔV∑AÈkÏ √VΩB ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

√_Èk´VB[ cÈV, √_Èk´VB[ ∏^Á·›>tµ,

√VD√È∫ÔV´Ï kÚ¬Ô¬ºÔVÁk, A^πÚ¬z ºkjÏ ÔÈD√ÔD,

cÁ\√VÔÏ √]ÔD

191. ∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

]_ÁÈBVΩ

192. ∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBˆ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ?

Â_È>D∏, k^πBDÁ\

193. ÷´V\ÂV¶Ô¬ ˇÏ›>Á™l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBÏ

194. ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™›m¬z ∂Ú˛_ c^· Âˆ\D ˛´V\D

195. ÂÕ>™VÏ ƒˆ›]´D ®ø]Bm BVÏ?

ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ

196. ]Ú¿ÈÔı¶ÂVB™VÏ ˇÏ›>Á™l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ

197. ÂV_kÁÔ© √V¬ÔÁ·© √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?

*™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·

198. ÂT™ ÔD√Ï, ∏uÔVÈ¬ ÔD√Ï ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ BVÏ?

\ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·

199. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

]ˆE´A´D

74


200. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·l[ >ÕÁ> ÿ√BÏ ®[™?

E>D√´D∏^Á·

201. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ÂVÿ·V[Æ¬z ®›>Á™ √V¶_ √V|D

]≈Dÿ√u≈kÏ?

400

202. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ®ø]B ±_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

80

203. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·¬z ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶ √‚¶D ®m?

\ÔVs›mkV[

204. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· >ÈA´V∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?

16

205. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· ∏^Á·›>tµ ±_Ô^

®›>Á™?

10

206. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· ±_Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m

®m?

ºƒ¬˛wVÏ∏^Á·›>tµ

207. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·l[ ±_ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD ]´‚Ω

ÿkπl‚¶ \VV¬ÔÏ BVÏ?

c.ºk.∑kVtÂV>nFBÏ

208. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´¬ Ôs´VBÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

ÿ>VıÁ¶\ı¶È›]K^· ÷´V∑Â_ŸÏ

209. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´ Ôs´VBˆ¶D >tµ √l[≈ ˛§›>kÏ BVÏ?

®_‹∑mÁ´

210. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´¬ Ôs´VBÏ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

÷´ıB kVƒÔ©√V, ÷´∫ºÔV[ ƒıÁ¶ ÂV¶ÔD, ƒzÕ>ÁÈ

sÈVƒD, >VÚÔ sÈVƒD

211. ∑kVt sAÈV™Õ>V ∂ΩÔ^ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

~wD

212. ∑kVt sAÈV™Õ>ˆ[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?

\l_kVÔ™[

213. BVµ±_ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∑kVt sAÈV™Õ> ∂ΩÔ^

214. sAÈV™Õ>Ï ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

\>∫Ô Û·V\Ë, BVµ±_


75215. sAÈV™Õ>Ï >tµ© º√´VEˆB´VÔ© √ËAˆÕ> ÷¶D ®m?

∂ıV\ÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD

216. sAÈV™Õ>Ï ®[≈ √‚¶D BV´V_ ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m?

÷´V\˛Úi \¶›]™V_

217. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ?

÷´V\FBV∏^Á·, E[™DÁ\

218. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

\Ú#Ï

219. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?

k¶ŸÏ k^·ÈVÏ, ]ÚkÚ‚ ∏´ÔVƒ k^·ÈVÏ

220. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ √¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™ ]ÚxÁ≈Ô·VÔ

ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^·™?

6

221. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ®ø]•^· cÁ´ÂÁ¶ ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

\–xÁ≈Ôı¶kVƒÔD, ˝(Ê)kÔVÚıB Œø¬ÔD

222. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ƒ[\VÏ¬Ô ƒ∫Ô›Á> ®Õ> gı|

º>VuÆs›>VÏ.

1865 gD gı|

223. ƒ›]B >Ú\ƒVÁÈÁB WÆsBÏ BVÏ?

÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^

224. ƒ›]B QV™ƒVÁÈÁB ∂Á\›>kÏ BVÏ?


225. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ QV™zÚ BVÏ?

]ÚQV™ƒD√Õ>Ï

226. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ∏[√u§ Œø˛B ±_ ®m?

]ÚkVƒÔD

227. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ >V´Ô \Õ]´D ®[™?

∂Ú‚ÿ√ÚfiºƒV] >M©ÿ√Ú∫ÔÚÁ

228. ]ÚkÚ‚√V √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?


229. kVΩB √lÁ´¬ Ôı¶º√Vÿ>_ÈVD kVΩº™[ BVÏ ÌuÆ?

÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ÌuÆ

230. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ x>o_ BVÚÁ¶B √¬>Ï?

xÚÔ√¬>Ï

76


231. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ kVµÕ> ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.1823 x>_ 1874 kÁ´

232. ÷È∫ÁÔ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›][ x>_ >tµ© º√´VEˆBÏ BVÏ?

sAÈV™Õ> ∂ΩÔ^

233. √‚Ω™›>Vˆ[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?

]ÚÿkıÔV¶Ï

234. √‚Ω™›>VÏ ÷BuÁÔ ®F]B ÷¶D ®m?

]Úÿku§RÏ

235. √‚Ω™›>VÏ ®ø]•^· ±_Ô^ BVÁk?

ºÔVl_ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈ, ]Ú¬Ôø\È xDxË¬ºÔVÁk,

]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï xD\Ë¬ºÔVÁk, ]ÚºkÔD√xÁ¶BVÏ

]ÚkÕ>V], ]ÚÿkVu§RÏ ŒÚ√V ŒÚ√‡m

236. E›>ÏÔ^ ®ÀkVÆ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï?

EkV– Ø]fl ÿƒ_kÏÔ^ ®[Æ

237. E›>ÏÔ·m ƒ\BD ®[™?

ƒ\´ƒ ƒ[\VÏ¬ÔD

238. E›>ÏÔ·m ÿÂ§ ®[™?

cıÁ\ÁB› º>|km

239. E›>ÏÔ·m \Á BVôÚÕm ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m?

]ÚJÈôÚÕm

240. E›>ÏÔπ_ >ÁÈBVBkÏ BVÏ?

∂Ô›]BÏ

241. x>_ E›>Ï BVÏ?

]ÚJÈÏ

242. Â‚¶Ô_KD º√∑º\V ÂV>[ c^πÚ¬ÁÔl_ BVÏ ÌuÆ?

EkkV¬˛BÏ

243. √VkD ÿƒFBV]Ú \™º\! √VkD ÿƒF>V_ ®\[ ÿÔVıº¶VΩ©

º√VkV[ BVÏ ÌuÆ?

Ô|ÿkπflE›>Ï

244. tÔ©√wÁ\BV™ cÁ´ ®m?

÷Á≈B™VÏ Ô·sB_ cÁ´

245. ÷Á≈B™VÏ Ô·sBK¬z cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?

Â¬ˇ´Ï

246. cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔ”^ ÔVÈ›>V_ xu√‚¶kÏ BVÏ?

÷·DØ´Ï


77247. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›]uz x>[ x>o_ cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?

÷·DØ´Ï

248. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD xøÁ\¬zD cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?

÷·DØ´Ï

249. ÷·DØ´Ï ®Õ> ƒ\B›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>kÏ?

ƒ\ ƒ\B›Á>

250. º√´VEˆBÏ cÁ´ ®ø]•^· ÷È¬˛BD ®m?

]Ú¬ºÔVÁkBVÏ

251. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛BÏ cÁ´kz›m^· ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^ BVÁk?

Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ•D, √›m©√V‚|D

252. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ cÁ´kz›m^·ÔV©∏BD ®m?

ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë

253. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ ®ÀkVÆ º√Vu≈©√|˛≈VÏ?

cflEº\uAÈkÏ ÿÔV^ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ

254. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ cÁ´l[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?

ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBD

255. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD ÿƒV_È]ÔV´›]uzfl E≈Õ> cÁ´

®ø]lÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?

ºƒ™VkÁ´BÏ

256. ºƒ™VkÁ´BÏ cÁ´ ®©√Ω kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m?

ºƒ™VkÁ´BD

257. ∂ΩBVÏ¬z Â_ÈVÏ cÁ´kz›> ±_ ®m?

EÈ©√]ÔV´D

258. W´DÁ√BVÏ ÔVkÈ[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?

∂ΩBÏ¬z Â_ÈVÏ

259. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®Õ> ±K¬z cÁ´ kz›m^·VÏ?

]Ú¬z≈”¬z

260. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?

ÔVfiEA´D

261. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®Õ> ƒ\B›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>kÏ?

Ákk ƒ\B›Á>

262. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z x>[ x>ÈVÔ g≈Vl´©√Ω ®[–D cÁ´

®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?

]Ú¬zÚÁÔ©∏´V[ ∏^·V[

78


263. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z Œ[√>Vl´©√Ω cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?

ÂfiÊBÏ

264. ÂfiÊBÏ ®ø]B ∏≈ cÁ´Ô^ BVÁk?

]Ú©√^π ®øflE cÁ´, ]ÚsÚ›> cÁ´, ÿ√ˆB ]Úÿ\Va

cÁ´ 265. ]Ú©√VÁk¬z g≈Vl´©√Ω cÁ´

®ø]lÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?

∂w˛B \kV· ˝(Ê)BÏ

266. ∂w˛B \kV· ˝(Ê)BÏ ®ø]B ∏≈ cÁ´Ô^ BVÁk?

∂\ÈV™]∏´V[, ÔıOıEÆ>VDA

267. ÂVÈVl´›]ÀB ∏´√Õ>D xøÁ\¬zD cÁ´ ®ø]lÚ©√kÏ

BVÏ?

ÿ√ˆBkVflƒV[∏^Á·

268. sBV¬˛BV™fl ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›] ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ BVÏ?

ÿ√ˆBkVflƒV[∏^Á·

269. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z x©√›>V≈Vl´©√Ω cÁ´ ®ø]lÚ©√kÏ

BVÏ?

k¶¬Ô› ]ÚT]∏^Á·

270. Áƒk E›>VÕ> ƒV›]´∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?

14

271. 13-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ º>V[§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒ›]´∫Ô^

®›>Á™?

4


®›>Á™?

8


®›>Á™?

2

274. 63 ÂVB[\VÏÔπ[ k´ÈVu§_ EÈ ÿƒF]ÔÁ· \‚|D

z§©∏|D ƒV›]´ ±_ ®m?

]Ú¬ÔπuÆ©√VΩBVÏ

275. ]Ú¬ÔπuÆ©√VΩBVÏ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]Ú¬Ô¶∆Ï cFBkÕ>VÏ

276. ]Ú°Õ]BVÏ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]ÚsBŸÏ cFBkÕ> º>kÏ


79277. ]Ú°Õ]BVÏ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.12-gD ±u≈Vı|278. ]Ú°Õ]BVˆ_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?

45279. √∑, √], √VƒD x>oBku§[ ÷B_AÔÁ· ®|›]BDAD

E›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?Ek©∏´ÔVƒD

280. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ

281. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›][ ÔVÈD ®[™?˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|

282. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?100

283. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒV›]´∫Ô”^ >ÁÈÁ\B kVFÕ>m ®m?EkQV™ º√V>D

284. EkQV™ º√V>›]uz ®ø>©√‚¶ cÁ´l[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?EkQV™ \V√VΩBD

285. EkQV™ º√V>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?ÿ\F¬Ôı¶ º>kÏ

286. EkQV™ º√V>›][ ÔVÈD ®[™?˛.∏.13-gD ±u≈Vı|

287. EkQV™ º√V>›]K^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?12 ±u√V¬Ô^, 39 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 81 ®|›m¬ÔV‚|ÿkı√V¬Ô^

288. ÿ\F¬Ôı¶ º>kˆ[ >ÁÈ\VV¬ÔÏ BVÏ?∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ

289. ∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒV›]´ ±_®m?EkQV™ E›]BVÏ

290. EkQV™ E›]BVˆ[ JÈ±_ ®m?EkQV™º√V>D

291. EkQV™ E›]BVˆK^· ÷Ú∏ˆ°Ô^ BVÁk?√´√¬ÔD, ∑√¬ÔD

292. EkQV™ E›]BVˆ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB s·¬zD √wÿ\Va ®[™?Ek›][ º\_ ÿ>Fkt_ÁÈEkQV™E›>¬zº\_ ƒV›]´t_ÁÈ

80


293. ÷Ú√V ÷Ú√‡m gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ

294. ÷Ú√V ÷Ú√‡m ®ÀkÁÔ› ÿ>VÁ¶l_ ∂Á\Õm^·m?

∂Õ>V]› ÿ>VÁ¶l_

295. c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô^

®›>Á™?

7

296. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

]Úk]ÁÔ \™kVƒÔ∫ Ô¶Õ>VÏ

297. ]Úk]ÁÔ \™kVƒÔ∫ Ô¶Õ>Vˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÿ\FÔı¶ º>kÏ

298. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.13-gD ±u≈Vı|

299. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD ®Õ> \Õ]´›>[ >›mk© ÿ√VÚÁ·

ÿ>πkVF¬ ÌÆ˛≈m?

Â\EkVB ®[–D nÕÿ>ø›m \›]´›][

300. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?


301. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ ®ÀkÁÔ ÿkı√VkV_ ∂Á\Õm^·m?

z≈^ÿkı√VkV_

302. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|

303. s™V ÿkı√V gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

ÿÔV^·k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ

304. s™V ÿkı√Vs[ ÔVÈD ®[™?

˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|

305. ÿÔVΩ¬Ôs gEˆBÏ BVÏ?


306. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô”^ ∂·kV_ tÔflE§B ±_ ®m?

ÿÔVΩ¬Ôs

307. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô”^ ]Úk^”kÁ´© º√Vu§•Á´¬zD

±_ ®m?

ÿÂfi∑s|#m

308. ÿÂfi∑s|#m gEˆBÏ BVÏ?



81309. 96 kÁÔ ∏´√Õ>∫Ôπ_ Œ[≈V™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?

ÿÂfi∑s|#m

310. gEˆBˆ¶D >[ ÿÂfiÁƒ #m s|¬zD kÁÔl_ ∂Á\Õ>

Áƒk E›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?

ÿÂfi∑s|#m

311. º√Vu§© √‡ÿ≈VÁ¶ ÿkı√Vs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?


312. º√u§© √‡ÿ≈VÁ¶ ÿkı√V ®ÀkÁÔ √VkV_

√V¶©√‚|^·m?

Ôoÿkı√VkV_

313. ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?

\Á™QV™ º>EÔÏ

314. >kÔVˆBD √›Á>BD s·¬˛¬ ÌÆD ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?

cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD

315. cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?


316. cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD ®›>Á™ sÚ›>©√V¬ÔÁ·

cÁ¶Bm?

6

317. Áƒkƒ\B›]uz© A≈D√V™ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· \Æ›mÁ´¬zD

±_ ®m?

ƒ∫Ôu√ W´VÔ´D

318. ƒ∫Ôu√ W´VÔ´D gEˆBÏ BVÏ?


√z] ÷ - >tw§QÏÔ”D, >tµ›ÿ>Vı|D

√V´]BVÏ :

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 11.12.1882

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ®‚¶BA´D á #›m¬zΩ \Vk‚¶D

3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ∑©´\ËBD

4. 1893-_ ®‚¶BA´D ƒ\¸>V™ AÈkÏÔ·V_ √V´] ®[–D

E≈©A©√‚¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

5. 1898-1902 kÁ´ ÔVEl_ kVµÕ>VÏ

6. >tµ, g∫˛ÈD, ÷Õ], ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, k∫ÔV·ÿ\Va, ∏ÿ´fifl,

∂´A g˛B ÿ\VaÔπ_ AÈÁ\©ÿ√uÆ s·∫˛™VÏ.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


82


7. 1904-_ \mÁ´l_ √V´] ®ø]B √V¶_ sºkÔ√V– ®[–D

÷>a_ ÿkπBV™m.

8. ®‚¶BA´D ƒ\¸>V™›]_ ∂´ƒÁk© AÈk´VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.

9. \mÁ´ ºƒm√] cBÏWÁÈ© √^πl_ >twVEˆB´VÔ

√ËBVu§™VÏ.

10. ÔsÁ>l_ ∑Bƒˆ>D ®ø]B x>_ ÔsQÏ √V´]

11. ÿƒ[Á™ ¤™ƒ∫ÔD ®[≈ ∂Á\©Á√ º>VuÆs›>kÏ

12. ºÔoflE›]´D ®™©√|D kÁ´°xÁ≈ÁB >tø¬z x>o_

>Õ> ÿ√ÚÁ\ √V´]ÁB ºƒÚD.

13. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÔsQÏ kV_‚s‚ÿ\[ ®ø›mxÁ≈ÁB ∏[√u§

>ta_ kƒ™¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏ.

√›]ˆÁÔ √Ë :

1. ∑º>ƒt›]´[ ®[≈ ÂVπ>a_ c>sBVEˆB´VÔ

√ËBVu§™VÏ.

2. s¤BV ®[≈ ÷>Áw ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.

3. ÷Õ]BV ®[≈ kV´÷>µ gEˆB´VÔ √ËBVu§™VÏ.

4. ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]M ®[≈ \ÔπÏ \V> ÷>Áw ÊMkVflƒVˆBVº´V|

÷ÁÕm Â¶›]™VÏ.

5. ÛˆB c>BD, ÔÚ\ºBV˛ ®[≈ ÷>wVEˆB´VÔ

√ËBVu§™VÏ.

6. √VÈ√V´›, gÏ B∫ ÷ıΩBV ®[≈ g∫˛È ÷>µ gEˆB´VÔ©

√ËBVu§™VÏ.

7. √V´]l[ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏÔ^ : º>EBÔs, s|>ÁÈÔs,

\ÔVÔs,Ê‚|¬Ôs, \¬Ô^Ôs, >uÔVÈ >tµ ÷È¬˛B

sΩÿk^π, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÕÁ> ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ.

8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : Ôı[ √V‚|, zl_√V‚|, √VfiƒVo ƒ√>D,

√V©√V √V‚|, xÚÔ[ √V‚|, ÿƒVÏz\Vˆ, ∂¬Mzfi∑,

ØºÈVÔ´DÁ√, A]B g›]flÛΩ, Âk´›]™ ÔÁ>Ô^,

]ıΩ\ƒV¸]ˆ, g§_ ŒÚ √∫z, >´V∑, QV™´>D,

ƒÕ]ˆÁÔl[ ÔÁ>, sÂVBÔÏ ÂV[\Ë \VÁÈ, Ê‚|¬Ôs,

x´∑, ∑º>ƒ ˇ>∫Ô^, ÿƒÕ>tµÂV|.

9. \Á≈° : 11.09.1921 á ®‚¶BA´›]KD ]Úk_o¬ºÔËlKD

√V´]BVÏ kVµÕ> ÷_ÈD WÁ™° ÷_È\VÔ°D, ®‚¶BA´›]_

\Ë\ı¶√xD ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m.


83√V´]>Vƒ[ :

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 29.04.18912. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : AmÁkl_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : Ô™Ô∑©A´›]™D

4. >™m 16-km kB]_ AmÁk ∂´E™Ï Ô_Ÿˆl_º√´VEˆB´VÔ √Ël_ ºƒÏÕ>VÏ. ÷>uzx[ E§m ÔÈD W´s∂´∑©√^πl_ √ËBVu§™VÏ.

5. √V´]>VƒÁ™ >tµÂV‚Ω[ ´Û_ ®[Æ ∂Áw©√VÏÔ^.6. √V´]>VƒÁ™ ∏[ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> ÔsQÏÔ^ >∫ÔÁ·

√V´]>VƒM[ √´D√Á´¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[Æ ∂Áw›m¬

ÿÔVı¶™Ï. (kVË>Vƒ[, xΩB´ƒ[,∑©A´›]™>Vƒ[, ÔD√>Vƒ[)

7. z|D√¬Ô‚|©√V| √u§ ÷Õ]BVsºÈºB x>[x>o_ √V‚|

®ø]B ÿ√ÚÁ\ √V´]>VƒÁ™ºB ºƒÚD.8. 1929-gD gı| zΩB´∑ √z›>§° ∞|Ôπ_ √V¶_Ô^,

Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ®ø> g´D∏›>VÏ.

9. 1931-_ AmÁk x´∑ ®[≈ ∞‚ΩÁ™ g´D∏›>VÏ.10. zl_ ®[≈ ÷È¬˛B ÷>Áw Â¶›] kÕ>VÏ.11. ÿƒ¬ ÿ\Val_ ÷k´m √V¶_ ÿ\VaBV¬ÔD ÿƒFB©√‚|^·m.

12. 1954-gD gı| Amflºƒˆ ƒ‚¶\[≈ cÆ©∏™´VÔº>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.

13. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : √VºkÕ>Ï, A´‚E¬Ôs, AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ,

√z›>§° ÔsQÏ, ÷BuÁÔ ÔsQÏ, AmÁk¬zl_,>tµÂV‚Ω[ ÷´Û_ ÔVDƒº>VÀ

14. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : z|D√ s·¬z, ÷Úı¶T|, ∂w˛[ Eˆ©A,

√VıΩB[ √ˆ∑, ®]Ï√V´V> x›>D, ºƒ´>Vı¶kD, ƒfiÊk√Ïk>›][ ƒV´_, ÷Á·QÏ ÷È¬˛BD, T´›>VF, Â_ÈyÏ©A,A´‚E¬Ôs, >twflEl[ Ô›], ÿƒ·tB[, z§fiE›]´‚|,

ÔV>_WÁ™°Ô^, ÔV>ÈV Ô¶Á\BV, ]Ú¬z≈^ cÁ´,÷´ËB[, ∏E´VÕÁ>BVÏ, ÷ÁƒBxm, \Ëº\ÔÁÈÿkı√V, Ôı˛ A´‚E¬ÔV©∏BD, √Ω›> ÿ√ıÔ^,

>taB¬ÔD.15. \Á≈° : 21.04.196416. >tµÂV| ∂´∑ 1990-_ ÷k´m √Á¶©AÔÁ·

ÂV‚|Á¶Á\BV¬˛Bm.

67

84


ÂV\¬Ô_ ÔsQÏ ÷´V\o∫ÔD ∏^Á· :

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 19.10.1888

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º\VÔ˚Ï á ÂV\¬Ô_ \Vk‚¶D

3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ÿk∫Ô‚´V\[, ∂D\M ∂DÁ\BVÏ

4. k·Ï©A›>VF : √mÈV¨s

5. ]ÚflE \Vk‚¶ ÔV∫˛´¸ ÿƒBÈV·´VÔ°D, Ô‘Ï \uÆD

ÂV\¬Ô_ k‚¶V´ ÔV∫˛´E[ >ÁÈk´VÔ°D

√ËBVu§•^·VÏ.

6. 1932-gD gı| ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ c©Aƒ›]BV˛´Ô›]_ ÔÈÕm

ÿÔVı¶VÏ.

7. >twÔ ∂´E[ x>_ ∂´ƒÁk¬ ÔsQ´VÔ √>s k˛›>kÏ.

8. ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV¶tl_ >tµ ∏´]W]BVÔ°D ÿ√VÆ©A

k˛›m^·VÏ.

9. >twÔ ƒ‚¶ º\ÈÁk cÆ©∏™´VÔ°D ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.

10. ºÔVsÕ>´V∑ nB∫ÔVÚ¶[ ÷ÁÕm ºÈVÔt›´V ®[≈

÷>Áw Â¶›]™VÏ.

11. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : g¸>V™ ÔsQÏ, ÔVÕ]B ÔsQÏ, ÂV\¬Ô_

ÔsQÏ, ÔV∫˛´¸ ÔsQÏ, g‚Eÿ\Va ÔVkÈÏ

12. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ∂k–D ∂k”D, \ÁÈ¬Ô^·[, ÷È¬˛B

÷[√D, ƒ∫ÿÔVo, >tw[ ÷>BD, ®[ ÔÁ>, Ôs>Vfiƒo,

ÔVÕ] ∂fiƒo, >tµºkÕ>[, >tµ›º>Ï, ∂[A ÿƒF>

∂uA>D, ]Ú¬z≈^ AmcÁ´,

13. \Á≈° : 24.08.1972

Ôs\Ë º>EBsÂVBÔD ∏^Á· :

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 27.08.1876

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º√‘Ï á z\ˆ \Vk‚¶D

3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : Ek>V™©∏^Á·, g]ÿÈ‚∑t

4. gEˆBÏ : ƒVÕ>o∫Ô >D∏´V[

5. ÿkı√V ÷BuÆk>_ k_ÈkÏ

6. ®‚s[ ∂Ï_| ®ø]B ] ÁÈ‚ g‡© gEBV ®[√>Á™

gEBº¤V] ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ >twV¬ÔD ÿƒFm^·VÏ.

7. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : Ôs\Ë, zwÕÁ> ÔsQÏ

8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : \ÈÚD \VÁÈ•D, ÂVfiE_ ÂV‚| \Ú\¬Ô^

ka \V[*ÔD, gEBº¤V], c\Ï¬ÔFBVD √V¶_Ô^,


85ÔVÕ>˚Ï ƒVÁÈ, º>sl[ ˇÏ›>Á™Ô^, ÷·Õÿ>[≈_,

√∑°D Ô[ÆD, zwÕÁ>fl ÿƒ_kD.

9. \Á≈° : 26.09.1954

\´A¬ÔsÁ>

xΩB´ƒ[

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 07.10.1920

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ÿ√ˆBz·D á º>M \Vk‚¶D

3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : mÁ´´V∑

4. ÔVÁ´¬zΩ, *™V‚E ∑Õ>º´¸k´Ï cBÏWÁÈ©√^πl_

>twVEˆ´VÔ √ËBVu§™VÏ.

5. ¤V] \Æ©A ]Ú\D ÿƒFm ÿÔVı¶VÏ.

6. >twÔ ∂´∑ ÷kÚÁ¶B Ø∫ÿÔVΩ ®[≈ ÔVsB›]uz

√V´]>Vƒ[ sÚm kw∫˛Bm (1966).

7. ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV¶tBV_ ÷kÏ √V¶_Ôπ_ g∫˛ÈD \uÆD

÷Õ]l_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

8. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ÔsQÏ, >uÔVÈ >twÔ

ÔsQÏÔπ[ x[º™VΩ, √V´]>Vƒ[ √´D√Á´ ÔsQÏÔ”^

J›>kÏ

9. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ÔVsB©√VÁk, Ø∫ÿÔVΩ, T´ÔVsBD,

\M>Á™ º>|˛º≈[, ÿÂfi∑ÿ√VÆ¬z]_ÁÈºB,

ª[ÆºÔV_

10. \Á≈° : 1998

kVË>Vƒ[

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 22.07.1915

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : s_oB˚Ï á AmÁk

3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ∂´∫ÔƒVt (®) ®›]´VƒK

4. ÷kÏ √V´]>VƒM¶D ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬Ô_s √l[≈VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z ´t

®[–D AÁ™©ÿ√BÏ cı|.

5. zu§BKÔ´ ŒoÁB x>[x>o_ ckÁ\BVÔ

®|›>Vı¶kÏ

6. ∏ÿ´fi∑ zΩB´∑ >ÁÈkÏ ÷kÚ¬z ÿƒkVoBÏ sÚm

kw∫˛•^·VÏ.

7. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : √VkÈÏ \Ë, √VkÈÏ \[™[, AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ,

ÔsQº´Æ, >tµÂV‚Ω[ >VÌÏ, >tµÂV‚Ω[ ºkÏ‚¸ÿkVÏ›.

8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : zwÕÁ> ÷È¬˛BD, ÿÔVΩx_ÁÈ,

86


®aºÈVsBD, ®a_sÚ›>D, ÷[√ ÷È¬˛BD, >twflE,

ÿ√V∫Ô_√ˆ∑, yÏ›>BV›]Á´, ÿ>V|kV™D

9. \Á≈° : 07.08.1974

∑´>V

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 23.11.1921

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : √ÁwB˚Ï á ÂVÁÔ \Vk‚¶D

3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[

4. √VºkÕ>Ï *m ÿÔVı¶ √u§[ ÔV´\VÔ >[ ÿ√BÁ´

∑©A´›]™ >Vƒ[ ®[Æ ÿ√BÁ´ \Vu§¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷>[

∑Ú¬Ôº\ ∑´>V.

5. ÷kÚÁ¶B º>[\Áw ®[≈ ±_ >twÔ ∂É[ >tµ

k·ÏflE›mÁ≈l[ √ÊÁ™ ÿ√u≈m.

6. ÷È¬Ô ÿ√ÚDAÈkÏ ÊÏÔVa ∂ÚVflƒÈ º>EÔÏ,

ÿ\F¬ºÔVVÏ g˛ºBVÏÔπ¶D >tµ √l[≈VÏ.

7. ÷kÏ Â¶›]B ÷>µÔ^ : ÔVsBD, ÷È¬˛BD, ªÏkÈD, ∑´>V

8. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : ckÁ\¬ÔsQÏ, A´‚E¬ÔsQˆ[ A]B z´_

9. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : º>[\Áw, ƒVs[ x›>D, ∑kÚD

∑ıVDAD, mÁ≈xÔD, √‚¶›>É, c>‚Ω_ c>|,

kVÏ›Á> kVƒ_, ®flE_ ÷´°, x[–D ∏[–D

8. \Á≈° : 20.06.2006

Ôı>Vƒ[

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 24.06.1927

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : EÆÌ¶_√‚Ω á EkÔ∫ÁÔ \Vk‚¶D

3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : x›Á>BV

4. k·Ï©A›>VF Ák›> ÿ√BÏ á ÂV´VB[

5. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ƒVÕ>©√Ï á sƒVÈV‚E

6. AÁ™©ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ÔVÁ´x›m©AÈkÏ, k™∫ÔVxΩ,

ÔV\Ô©∏ˆB[, √VÏk]ÂV>[, gº´V¬˛BƒVt, m©√V¬˛

7. ÷kÁ´ ÿ>FkVÁ™ gflE ®[√kÏ 7,000/- ‘√VF¬z

>›ÿ>|›m ÂV´VB[ ®™© ÿ√Bˆ‚| k·Ï›>VÏ.

8. ÷kÏ ®ø]B x>_ ]Á´lÁƒ© √V¶_ : ÔÈ∫ÔV]Ú \™º\....

(Ô[Ml[ ÔV>_ - 1949)

9. ]Á´©√¶›mÁ≈¬z x>o_ ÷kÁ´ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ :

÷B¬zÂÏ ´VDÂV›


8710. ÷kÏ ÷Æ]BVÔ ®ø]B ]Á´lÁƒ©√V¶_ : Ôıº

ÔÁÈ\Vº™.... (J[≈VD∏Á≈)

11. Â¶›]B ÷>µÔ^ : ]Ú\Ô^, ]Á´ÿBVo, º\>Vs, ÿ>[≈_,

]Á´, x_ÁÈ, ÔΩ>D, >tµ\ÈÏ, ƒı¶\VÚ>D, ÿ>[≈_]Á´,

Ôı>Vƒ[

12. √ˆ∑D √V´V‚|D : 1969 - E≈Õ> √V¶ÈVEˆBÚ¬ÔV™ º>EB

sÚm, 1978 - >twÔ ∂´ƒÁk¬ÔsQÏ √‚¶D, 1979 -

∂ıV\ÁÈ ∂´ƒÏ WÁ™°©√ˆ∑, 1979 - ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV¶t

sÚm, ÷ÚÕm √VΩB ÷´∫Ôu√V, ÷Bu≈tµ ÔsQÏ,

EÆÌ¶_√‚Ωl_ º>V[§B √V‚|©√≈Ák, ÔsB´∑

13. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ∂Ï›>x^· ÷Õm\>D, g‚¶™›] g]\Õ],

\V∫ÔM, ∞∑ÔVsBD, ÁÔ©√VÁk, ºk·∫zΩ ]ÚswV,

Ô_È¬zΩ \VÔVsBD, EkÔ∫ÁÔflÊÁ\, gl´D y°,

∂∫ÁÔBÏ¬Ô[M, ´V¤>ı¶Á™, ºƒ´\V[ÔV>o

14. kVµ¬ÁÔ ƒˆ>D : ®™m kƒÕ> ÔVÈ∫Ô^, k™kVƒD (∏≈©A

x>_ ]xÔ kÁ´, ®™m ∑Bƒˆ>D, k™kVƒ›]_ s|√‚¶ √z],

\™kVƒD, ÔV∫˛´¸ Ô‚E ÔVÈD)

15. \Á≈° : 17.10.1981

c|\ÁÈ ÂV´VBÔs :

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 25.09.1899

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ØsÁ·kVΩ á c|\ÁÈ, ]Ú©ØÏ \Vk‚¶D

3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ÂV´VBƒVt

4. x›mƒVt Ôs´VBˆ[ \VkÏ

5. ƒ∫Ô´>V∑ ∑kVtÔπ¶D BV©∏È¬˛D Ôu≈VÏ.

6. ÔÁÈkVÏ ®[.®¸. ˛ÚiÚ¬z ˛Õ>™VÏ Ô>VÔVÈ‚ºƒ√D

®ø]B>V_ ÔÁÈkV[ zÚkVÔ s·∫˛™VÏ.

7. ]Ú¬z≈^ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ]Á´©√¶›]_ tz]BVÔ

√B[√|›]BkÏ.

8. E≈©A©ÿ√BÏ : √z›>§° Ôs´VBÏ

9. \Á≈° : 23.05.1981

√‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶ Ô_BV∑Õ>´D :

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 13.04.1930

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ÿƒ∫ÔD√|›>V[ÔV| á >fiÁƒ \Vk‚¶D

3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ∂ÚVflƒÈD á sƒVÈV‚E

88


4. ÷kÏ ÷Bu§B √V¶_ÔÁ· ¤™ƒ¬] ®[≈ √›]ˆÁÔ

ÿkπl‚| kÕ>m.

5. ]Á´©√¶›]uÔVÔ ÷kÏ ÷Bu§B x>_√V¶_ á Â_ÈÁ>

ÿƒV[™V_ ÂV›]Ô™V (√¶D - √Ω›> ÿ√ı)

6. E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : \¬Ô^ ÔsQÏ, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ÔsQÏ

7. \Á≈° : 08.10.1959

\Ú>ÔVE :

1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 13.02.1920

2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º\È¬zΩÔV| á ]ÚflE \Vk‚¶D

3. z¶ÕÁ>l_ c^· º>s ÂV¶Ô ƒÁ√l[ ÂV¶Ô∫Ô”¬z

√V¶_Ô^ ®ø]™VÏ.

4. √V√ÂVƒD EkM[ ƒºÔV>´ÚD, √V¶ÈVEˆBÚ\V™

´V¤ºÔV√VÈ ∂FBÏ ÷kˆ[ gEˆBÏ

6. ÷kÏ ®ø]B x>_ ]Á´lÁƒ©√V¶_ á ÿ√ı ®[–D

\VB©º√BVD (\VBVk])

7. E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : ]Á´¬Ôs ]ÈÔD

8. ºƒÈD \V¶Ï[ ]ºB‚¶ˆ[ ÷´‚Á¶¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ \Ú>ÔVE,

ÔV.x.ÿ≠Z©

7. \Á≈° : 29.11.1989

Am¬ÔsÁ>

1. >ta_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÕÁ> ®™© º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ -

√V´]BVÏ

2. ªÏkÈD ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ - ÔsQÏ

x.º\›>V

3. ÿ\·™›][ ÂV°Ôπ_ á ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ gEˆBÏ -

ÔsQÏ ∂∏

4. ªEÔ^, ÔV˛>∫Ô^ ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©AÔπ[

gEˆBÏ - ÔsQÏ *´V

5. ÛˆB Ww_ ®[–D ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á Eu∏

6. √V_T] ®[–D ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ∂©m_

´„\V[

7. ´V©∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´[ ®[–D ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á

ÔsQÏ ∂∏

8. ÷[Á≈B ÔsQÏÔπ_ E≈©√VÔ º√ƒ©√|√kÏ á ÔsB´ƒÏ

Ák´x›m


899. s´_ s·¬zÔ^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ÔsQÏ

ƒıxÔD

10. \M>[ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ´Vt

11. ÔıßÏ Ø¬Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ÔsQÏ

x. º\›>V

12. ÂV.ÔV\´Vƒ[ √Á¶›> E≈Õ> ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz]Ô^ : ÛˆBÔVÕ],

ÔÚ©A \ÈÏÔ^, ∂oÔ^, ∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´ÏÔ^, ªÁ\, sÁÈ\ÔπÏ,

ÔÚ›>D\V, Ô_ÈÁ≈, EÆ¬ÔVflEl[ E≈zÔ^

13. sΩ˛≈m ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ~º´V|

>tw[√[

14. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m º>kÁ>Ô^ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á

√V©ˆBV

15. ®¸>ÚD ®¸>Ï œflƒÚD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á

√kV ÿƒ_È›mÁ´

16. Am¬ÔsÁ> mÁ≈l_ E≈Õm s·∫zD ÿ√ı ÔsQÏÔ^ á

÷´V. *™V‚E, º´V˛Ë, º>k\Ô^, ÷Õ]´V√kVM, ∂´∑

\Ëº\ÔÁÈ, ˛.s¤BÿÈ‚∑t, WÏ\ÈV ∑ºí, ƒ´·V

´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[

17. x´ı, kV¬zJÈD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á

º>k\Ô^

18. º>[ x^”Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á

º´V˛Ë

19. ®©ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ®^·_ >[Á\•¶[ s\Ê¬zD gu≈_

ÿ√u≈kÏ á ∂´∑ \Ëº\ÔÁÈ

20. ÿ√ıÔ^ s·D√´© ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô©√|kÁ> ºk>Á™ºBV|

z§©∏|√kÏ á WÏ\ÈV ∑ºí

21. º\Ô›][ >VÔD ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±o[ gEˆBÏ á ƒ´·V

´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[

>twÔD ªÚD º√ÚD, º>Vu≈D \Vu≈D √u§B ÿƒF]Ô^

z§fiE : \ÁÈ•D \ÁÈ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD

1. \ÁÈÔ”¬z ∂ÚºÔ c^· ªÏÔ”¬z ÂVÔ\ÁÈ,

gÁ™\ÁÈ, s´Vo\ÁÈ, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.

÷Ák ∂Á™›mD z§fiE WÈ ªÏÔº·.

2. z[Á≈ ∂|›m^· ªÏ z[˚Ï, z[≈›#Ï, z[≈¬zΩ

90


3. \ÁÈÁB¬ z§¬zD k¶ÿƒV_ á ˛ˆ. Ek˛ˆ, ˛Úi˛ˆ,

¿È˛ˆ, ºÔV›>˛ˆ ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD \ÁÈÁB Œ‚Ω ®øÕ>

ªÏÔº·.

4. z§fiE WÈ \¬Ô^ ∏≈ ªÏÔ”¬z ÿƒ[Æ >∫˛B ÿ√Vøm

>∫Ô^ WÈ© ÿ√BÁ´ \≈kVm gµkVÏz§flE, Ô^·¬z§flE,

ÿ\V¶¬z§flE ®™ ÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï.

x_ÁÈ : ÔV|D ÔV| ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD

1. \´D ÿƒ§Õ> ÔV|Ô^ √w∫ÔVÈ›]_ tÔ ∂]ÔD. g>ÈV_ \´D

ÛµÕ> ÷¶›]uz zΩ ÿ√BÏÕ> \¬Ô^ \´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω

∂D\´© ÿ√Bº´V| ªÏ© ÿ√BÁ´•D kw∫˛™Ï.

2. ∂›]\´D ÛµÕ> √z] guÔV| ®™°D, gÈ\´D ÛµÕ> √z]

gÈ∫ÔV| ®™°D, Ô·VflÿƒΩ WÁ≈Õ> √z] Ô·¬zΩ ®™°D,

√Á™\´D WÁ≈Õ> √z] √Á™BA´D ®™°D ÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï.

\Ú>D : kBKD kB_ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD

1. WÈk·xD, ¿Ïk·xD WÁ≈Õ> ªÏ, gÆD ∂>[ ÔÁ´l_

∂Á\Õ> ªÚD guGÏ ®™ kw∫ÔÈVluÆ. ∂mºk ∏[™Ï

g›#Ï ®™ \ÚsBm.

2. Ô¶D√ \´D ÛµÕ> √z] Ô¶DØÏ, Ô¶D√›#Ï ®™°D, ÿ>[Á™

ÛµÕ> √z] ÿ>∫ÌÏ ®™°D, AπB\´D ÛµÕ> √z]

AπB∫zΩ, AπBfiºƒVÁÈ, AπBD√‚Ω ®™°D ÂD

x[º™VÏÔ^ z·D, ªÚË, ∞ˆ x>oB ¿Ï WÁÈÔÁ·

cÚkV¬˛ ∂kuº≈V| ªÏ ÿ√BÁ´•D ÷Á›>™Ï.

∂ÀkVº≈ ®øÕ>º> AπB∫z·D, ÊkÈ©º√ˆ, º√´V∆´Ë.

ÿÂF>_ : Ô¶KD Ô¶_ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD

1. Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ cÚkV™ º√‘Ï : √‚Ω™D, EuGÏ√V¬ÔD

2. >twÔ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ √´>kÏ kVµÕ> ªÏÔ^ : ˇw¬ÔÁ´,

ºÔVΩB¬ÔÁ´, ¿ÈV∫ÔÁ´.

3. >twÔ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ *™kÏ kVµÕ> ÷¶D : z©√D.

∂´∑D ªÏÔ”D

1. ÿ√ÚºkÕ>ÚD, zÆWÈ\[™ÚD ∂´ıÔ^ (ºÔV‚Á¶)

∂Á\›m \¬ÔÁ· ÔV›>™Ï.

2. ∂Õ> ºÔV‚Á¶ ÛµÕ> ªÏÔº· : ÔÕ>Ïk¬ºÔV‚Á¶,

º>k¬ºÔV‚Á¶, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶, √‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶


91]Áƒ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ^

1. >D ªÚ¬z ˛w¬ºÔ c^· ªÏ ˇÒÏ ®™°D, º\uºÔ c^·

ªÏ º\ŸÏ ®™°D, ÿ>u˛_ c^· ªÏ ÿ>[√wfiÛÏ ®™°D,

k¶¬ºÔ c^· ªÏ k¶√wfiÛÏ ®™°D ∂Áw›>™Ï.

2. ÂVB¬Ô \[™ÏÔ^ >twÔ›Á> 72 √VÁ·B∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m

>D g”ÁÔ¬z c‚√|›]™Ï. ∂kÏÔ^ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔº·V|

√VÁ·B›Á>•D ºƒÏ›m kw∫˛™Ï. g´©√VÁ·BD,

´V¤√VÁ·BD, z\V´√VÁ·BD

3. ÔVÈ∑wuE \uÆD g‚E\Vu≈D, ºku§™Ï ÔÈ©A g˛B

ÔV´∫Ô·V_ x>_WÁÈ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ”D,

>M›>[Á\t¬Ô ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ”D EÁ>›m ]ˆÕm \Ús

kw∫ÔÈVluÆ. (®.ÔV : \]Á´ á \ÚÁ> á >uº√Vm

\mÁ´BVÔ \V§•^·m ; ºÔVk[A›#Ï á ºÔVBDA›#Ï á

ºÔVÁk).

cÈÔV·VsB >twÏ

1. n¬˛B ÂV|Ô^ ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™´VÔ 193 ÂV|Ô”D, 3

g‚E©AÈ∫Ô·VÔ 235 ÂV|Ô^ c^·™. ÷ku§_ ∞≈›>Vw

154 ÂV|Ô^ >ta™D c^·m.

2. ÷]_ zÁ≈Õ>m 10 º√Ï x>_ ∂]Ô√‚ƒD 7.5 È‚ƒD º√Ï kÁ´

∂B_ÂV‚Ω_ kVµ˛[≈™Ï. ÷]_ 20 ÂV|Ôπ_ È‚ƒ›]uzD

º\u√‚º¶VÏ kVµ˛[≈™Ï

3. kËÔD, ºkÁÈkVF©A ÔV´\VÔ √w∫ÔVÈ›]ºÈºB >twÏÔ^

∂B_ÂV‚Ωuz ÿƒ[≈™Ï.

4. ƒVmk[ kËÔD ÿƒF•Dÿ√VÚ‚| Ô¶_Ô¶Õm ÿƒ[≈>VÔ

ÌÆD z§©A \Ëº\ÔÁÈl_ c^·m.

5. ∏´V[¸ ÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ ÔV©√|D ˆRMB[ ys_

kVøD ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\BV™ \¬Ô^ >twº´. ÷kÏÔ^ Amflºƒˆ

ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_ √z]ÔπoÚÕm Œ©√Õ> ÌoÔ·VÔ ∂∫ºÔ

zΩB\Ï›>©√‚¶kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ ∏ÿ´fi∑ ÿ\Va º√E™VKD,

Â\m √ı√V¶V™ ÔVkΩ ®|›>_, º>Ï ÷ø›>_

º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ÔÁ¶∏Ω¬˛[≈™Ï.

6. ÷È∫ÁÔl_ kVøD >twÏÔπ_ 95% º√Ï ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬Ô_s

x>_ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD kÁ´lKD >taºÈºB Ô_s

√l[≈™Ï.

92


>tµ ÿ\Val_ ∂§sB_ EÕ>Á™Ô^

1. ∂§s_ OıËÁÈ k·ÏflEºB ∂§sB_ ®[√Á>

]Úk^”kÏ ∂§° ∂u≈D ÔV¬zD ÔÚs ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.

2. sıËB_ ∂§° cÈÔD ®[–D >tµ ÿƒV_ cÈ° ®[–D

ÿƒV_o[ ∂ΩBVÔ© ∏≈Õ>m. cÈ° ®[√m ∑uÆ>_ ®[Æ

ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD, QVÈD ®[≈ >tµ ÿƒV_ QV ®[–D

ÿƒV_ÈΩl_ º>V[§Bm. QV_-ÿ>V∫z>_.

3. k§m WÁÈ÷B ÔVBxD ®[–D A≈ÂV˚uÆ©√V¶_ kVM_

ÔVu§_ÈV √z]ÁB© √u§ ÌÆ˛≈m.

4. k·k[ ∞kV kV˚Ï] ®[–D A≈ÂV˚uÆ©√V¶_ gπ_ÈV

s\V™D √u§ ÌÆ˛≈m.

ºÔV^Ô^ √u§B >twˆ[ ÔÚ›m

1. #\ºÔm á kV_Â‚ƒ›]´D

2. ÿƒÕW≈\VÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ÿƒÀkVF ®[ÆD, ÿkDÁ\BVÔ

÷Ú©√>V_ ÿk^π ®[ÆD ÌÆkÏ. QVlÆ¬zD x[º√

ÿk^π º>V[§ sΩBÁÈ cÏ›mk>V_ ÷>Á™

sΩÿk^π ®[ÆD ÌÆkÏ. ÷]_ ÿk^π >Vm ÷Ú©√Á>

÷[Á≈B gF° AÈ©√|›m˛≈m.

3. A]>VÔ ∂§Õ>>V_ A>[ g>ÈV_ ÷Á> ∂§k[ ®[Æ

∂Áw›>™Ï.

4. sBV ®[≈V_ ÿ√ˆB ®™© ÿ√VÚ^. g>ÈV_ sBVw[

®[≈™Ï.

5. x[A ƒMÁB ÔVˆ ®[≈Áw›>™Ï. ÷[Á≈B ∂§QÏÔ^

∂]_ ÔÕ>ÔD ÷Ú©√>VÔ ÌÆ˛≈VÏÔ^.

6. ]∫Ô^ - ƒÕ]´[. >Vº™ Œπs¶¬ÌΩB QVluÁ≈ ÂV^*[

®™°D ÷>M¶tÚÕm Œπÿ√uÆ Œπs¶¬ÌΩBÁ>

ºÔV^*[ ®[ÆD ∂Áw›>™Ï.

ÿ√V§lB_ ∂§° :

1. yD∏a ®Õ]´D √Õ>_ kÚÕ> ®[≈ √]uÆ©√›m √V¶_ JÈD

ÔÚDA ∏a•D ®Õ]´D √u§•D ∂Õ> ºÔË•D ®Õ]´¬

˛ÆD ®[≈ ÿ√Ú∫ÔÁ>l[ JÈD gµmÁ· ˛Æ

√u§•D ∂§BxΩ˛≈m.

ÔM\sB_ ∂§° :

1. ŒÚÁ\›º>Vu≈›m nºkÆ k™©∏[ ÷È∫zÔ]Ïs|ªD

ÂÈ∫ÿÔø \ËÔ”D - ®[≈ EÈ©√]ÔV´© √V¶_ nÕm kÁÔ


93\ËÔ”D Œπs|D ]≈›]™V_ ºkÆ ºkÆ ÿ√BÁ´¬ ÿÔVı|^·m.

g™V_ ∂ku§[ JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ Œ[º≈ ®[√m >uº√VÁ>B

ºk]lB_ EÕ>Á™•¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B>VÔ c^·m.

\ıËB_ ∂§° :

1. >twÏÔ^ WÈ›Á> nÕm kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ›m¬ ÔV‚Ω•^·™Ï.

º\KD W≈›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿƒD\ı ®[ÆD, >[Á\l[

∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Ô·ÏWÈD ®[ÆD, ∑Ákl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_

ckÏWÈD ®[ÆD ∏ˆ›m^·™Ï.

∂bsB_ ∂§° :

1. ∂bÁk› mÁ·›m ∞ø Ô¶ÁÈ AÔ‚Ω ®™ - Œ·ÁkBVÏ Ï

∂bsÁ™ ƒ>Ì§‚| ºÔVπ–D c·[ - ®[ÆD ∂bsB_

√u§ ÌÆ˛[≈™Ï.

¿ˆB_ ∂§° :

1. ¿Ï ∑wuE ÷B_A ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈V_ cÈz ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Á>ºB

k^”kÏ,

ÿÂ|∫Ô¶KD >[¿ÏÁ\¬ z[ÆD >ΩÕÿ>ao

>V[Â_ÔV g˛ sΩ[. á ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.

\Ú›mk ∂§° :

1. c¶D√VÏ ∂al[ cl´VD ∂akÏ - ]ÚJÈÏ

2. \ÚÕ>V˛ >©√V \≈›>u≈VÏ á k^”kÏ

3. ∂ÆÁk E˛flÁƒ \Ú›mkD :

c¶D∏Á¶ º>V[§uÿ≈V[Á≈ ∂Æ›m ∂>[ c]´D ªu§

∂¶_ ª≈fl ∑‚| ºkº≈VÏ \ÚÕ]™V_ mB´D yÏkÏ. ®™¬ ÔD√Ï

∂ÆÁk E˛flÁƒ© √u§ Ì§•^·VÏ.

4. ∂ø›>›]™V_ ¿Ï\©ÿ√VÚπ[ ∂·Ák ∑Ú¬Ô xΩBVm. ÷Õ>

cıÁ\ÁB¬ Ôı¶§Õ>kÏ 17-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ kVµÕ> √V¸Ô_.

>twÏ kVË√D \uÆD Ô¶u√BD

1. Ô¶u√B›Á> xÕ¿Ï kw¬ÔD - ®™¬ ÌÆD ±_

ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD

2. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ gı|Ô”¬z x[™º´ >twÏ ˛Z¸, º´VD,

®˛©m x>_ Ê™D kÁ´l_ Ô¶_ka kVË√D ÿƒF>™Ï.

®˛©m, √VÈ¸y™D, ÿ\ƒ√º¶VtBV, √V∏ºÈVMBV, Ê™D g˛B

ÂV|Ô^ >twÔÏÔπ[ ÿ√VÚÁ· sÚD∏© ÿ√u≈™Ï.

÷∫˛ÚÕm ∞ÈD, Èk∫ÔD, ÷fiE, t·z g˛BÁk º\uÔVEB

ÂV|Ôπ_ Â_È

94


sÁÈ¬z suÔ©√‚¶™. º\KD x›m, √k·D, g´D, ∂˛_,ÿkım˛_ ƒ∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.

3. >twÏÔ^ ˛º´¬ÔÏÔÁ·•D, º´V\VMBÏÔÁ·•D Bk™ÏÔ^®[Æ ∂Áw›>™Ï.

ÿ>V_oB_ gF°Ô^

1. ÿ>V_ÿ√VÚ^ mÁ≈l™Ï 1963-gD gı| ÔVsˆ©ØD√‚Ω›]_ ˇwVÏÿkπ ®[–t¶›]_ º\uÿÔVı¶ Ô¶_∂ÔÈVFs_ ˛.x. 3ágD ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ> Ô‚Ω¶÷Ω√V|Ô”D, √¶z›mÁ≈, ∂Á≈k‚¶ kΩk ¿Ï›º>¬ÔD, A›>sÔV´D, A›>Ï √V>D x>oB ®flƒ∫Ô^ ˛Á¶›>™.

2. ÷Ák √ıÁ¶B ÔVsˆ©ØD√‚Ω™ \¬Ô^ √B[√|›]B ÿ√VÚ^®[√mD, ÷©√Ω ŒÚ ÂÔ´D ÷ÚÕ>m ®[√>uzD ƒV[≈VzD.

3. ÷∫z √¶z›mÁ≈ c^·>V_ Ô¶_ kVË√Dº\uÿÔVı|^·m ÿ>ˆ˛≈m. g]flƒÂ_Ÿˆ_ 1876, 2003g˛B gı|Ôπ_ Â¶›>©√‚¶ ∂ÔÈVF°Ôπ_ ∞´V·\V™xm\¬Ô^ >VoÔ^ Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô©√‚¶™.

4. ˛.x.300 á ˛.∏.300 kÁ´lÈV™ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>÷›>VoÔ^ ÷≈Õº>Vˆ[ ®KDA¬Ì|Ô”¶[ >∫Ô›]ÈV™ÿÂ›]©√‚¶D, ÿƒD∏™VÈV™ gı ÿ√ı ÿ>FkcÚk∫Ô”¶–D, ÷ÚD∏™V_ g™ Ô›]Ô^, s·¬z›>V∫˛g˛BÁkÔ^ ˛Á¶›>™.

cºk \ÚÕm ºÂVF yÏ¬zD JoÁÔÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™

ÿƒF]Ô^

1. √E©∏Ë ®[–D √Vs ®[–D √El[ ÿÔV|Á\ √u§ ÌÆD±_ á \Ëº\ÔÁÈ.\fiƒ^ - ƒπ ¿¬zDÿÔV›>\_o - ∏›>D ¿¬zDÊ´ÔD - kluÆ Û| >Ë¬zDt·z - ÿ>VıÁ¶¬Ô‚ΩØı| - ko ∂Ôu§ÿk∫ÔVBD - zπÏflE, zÚ] #FÁ\

2. ºÂVF¬z x>_ ÔV´D á c©A3. ÿÂVÆ¬z›yM kBuÆ¬z ºÔ| á √wÿ\Va4. ƒ\flÊÏ c° : ºƒVÆD ÔVFÔ§•D ∂Á´ klÆ ; √V_, º\VÏ,

¿Ï ÔV_ klÆ ; ÿku§¶D ÔV_ klÆ. klÆ AÁ¶¬Ôcıb>_ ºÂVF¬z ÷¶\π¬zD.


955. ∂·°¬z tfiE™V_ ∂tÏ>xD Âfi∑. ÂV^º>VÆD ®πB

ÂÁ¶√luE ÿƒFB ºkı|D.JoÁÔÔ^ :

m·E gs - \VÏAƒπ, ¿Ï¬ºÔVÁk, >ÁÈko ¿∫zDˇwVÿÂ_o - \fiƒ^ ÔV\VÁÈˇwVÿÂ_o + ÔuÔı|- EÆ¿´Ô¬ºÔV·VÆ#mkÁ· - ∑kVƒ¬ºÔV·VÆ ¿¬zD ÷Á> k^·ÈVÏ

QV™©√flEÁÈ ®[Æ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.z©Á√º\M - Âfl∑¬ÔΩ, z©Á√º\M ÷ÁÈ•¶[

\fiƒ^, c©A ºƒÏ›m √B[√|›]™V_ÿƒV§ E´∫z ¿∫zD.

ºƒVuÆ¬Ôu≈VÁw - xΩ k·ÚD, JÈflÛ| zÁ≈•DxÚ∫ÁÔ©√‚Á¶ - x§Õ> ®KDA Ì|D, Ôı√VÏÁk zÁ≈

¿∫zD, c¶ÁÈ kKkV¬zD.ÔÚºk©∏ÁÈ - Ê>º√] z\VzD, s≠x§°ÔÚƒÈV∫Ô[M - ÷´›>ºƒVÁÔ ¿∫zD, ÿƒ§\V™D,

\fiƒ^ÔV\VÁÈ, ÂÁ´ º√V¬zD,Ôı√VÏÁk ÷w©A ¿∫zD.

\Ë>¬ÔVπ ˇÁ´ - kVF©Aı, z¶uAı ¿∫zDx∑x∑¬ÁÔ ˇÁ´ - ƒπ ¿∫zD∂Ô›]¬ˇÁ´ - √_ ƒVÏÕ> ºÂVF z\VzDk_ÈVÁ´ á WÁ™kVu≈_ ÿ√ÚzDºk©√∫ÿÔVøÕm - \VÏA ƒπ ¿∫zD

ºk©∏ÁÈÁB ∂Á´›m› >¶k∂DÁ\BV_ ÿk©AºÂVF ¿∫zD.√E›m©AE, ºÂVBu≈kVµºk zÁ≈ku≈ÿƒ_kD - √wÿ\Va.

96


xÁ™kÏ. ÔV. ÿƒ_kz\VÏc>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ∂ÉB_ ∂§sB_ Á\BD.

ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.

2. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D

1. Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D á 1773

∏ˆ‚¶[ √V´V”\[≈›]_ WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ƒ‚¶›

]oÚÕm>V[ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ x>_ ∂›]BVBD

mk∫z˛≈m ®™ÈVD.

÷Õ>fl ƒ‚¶›][ JÈD ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ WÏkVÔD

xøÁ\BVÔ ∏ˆ‚œi √V´V”\[≈›][ ˇµ ÿÔVı| k´©√‚¶m.

k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™Ï Ô_Ô›>V, √D√VF \uÆD ÿ\‚´V¸

´V¤>VMÔπ[ ÔkÏ™´VÔ°D WBt¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. (÷Õ> kÁÔl_ x>_

ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸).

Ô_Ô›>Vs_ cflƒ¿]\[≈D Œ[Æ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ>

cflƒ ¿]\[≈›][ Œ©A>K¶[ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ ÷Bu≈°D, Œø∫z xÁ≈

Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ ®|¬Ô°D ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

2. ∏‚¸ ÷Õ]BV ƒ‚¶D á 1784

1773 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶›Á> º\D√|›>D s>›]_

∂Á\Õ>m. ÔDÿ√Ml[ WÏkVÔ›Á> ŒÚ k´[xÁ≈¬z^ ÿÔVı|

kÕ>m.

∏ˆ‚Ωi ∂É[ ∂Á\flƒÏ ŒÚkÁ´ >ÁÈk´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ gÆ

cÆ©∏™Ï ∂¶∫˛B WÏkVÔ¬ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∂ÉB_ ƒVÏ√V™

∂Á™›m© ÿ√VÆ©AÔ”D ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl¶D Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.

\VÔV∫Ô^ \›]B ∂É[ ka ÔV‚|>_√ΩºB ÿƒB_√¶

ºkı|D. ÷Á>© ∏[√u≈› >kÆD √‚ƒ›]_ \VÔV∫ÔÁ· √>s

¿¬ÔD ÿƒFB ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

kVË√D ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s≠B∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mº\ ÔDÿ√Ml[

÷[ ∂]ÔV´ k´DA¬z^ ÿÔVı|k´©√‚¶m.


97√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1793√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1793√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1793√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1793√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1793

WÏkVÔ¬ zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D ÷Õ]B kÚkVloÚÕm

kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

ƒ‚¶ Œø∫z Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔl_ >ÁÈl|D ∂]ÔV´D

¿]\[≈∫Ô”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1813√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1813√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1813√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1813√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1813

˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ ∞Ôº√VÔ kËÔ cˆÁ\ xΩ°¬z

kÕ>m.

ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, Ô_Ô›>V Ô°[ƒ_Ôπ[ ∂]ÔV´D

sˆ°√|›>©√‚¶m.

c^jÏ >[™V‚E ∂Á\©AÔ”¬z kˆ kÛo¬zD cˆÁ\.


ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂k´m zø¬Ô”¬zD º\KD ∂]Ô

∂]ÔV´D.

WÏkVÔ¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ Œ©A>K¶[ xø ÷Õ]BV°¬z\V™

ƒ‚¶tBuÆD ∂]ÔV´D \›]B zø°¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

kÚkVF s≠B∫Ôπ_ xø ∂]ÔV´D, Œ‚| ÿ\V›>

÷Õ]BV°¬z\VÔ Œº´ √‚ÿ¤‚Á¶› >BVˆ›>_ g˛B cˆÁ\Ô^

ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M ŒÚ EÆ WÏkVÔD \uÆD ∂ÉB_

∂Á\©√VÔ ∑Ú∫˛Bm. (∏Á¬Ô”D, ∂Á\flƒÔ∫Ô”D WÏkVÔ¬

zø¬Ôπ[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.)

ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[ ∂´∑ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ ®[Æ

∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∂k´m WÏkVÔ¬ zø ÷Õ]B¬ zø ®™ kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.


ÔDÿ√M WÏkVÔ›Á> º\D√|›mkm √u§ ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_

ÿ¶_ÿ«·E ∂π›> ∂§¬ÁÔl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ cÚkV™m.

k∫ÔV·›m¬ÿÔ™ >M ÔkÏ™Ï WB\™D.

Ô°[Eo[ ƒ‚¶ \uÆD WÏkVÔfl ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ >M›>MºB

÷™D ÔV©√‚¶™.

ÔDÿ√M ªaBÏÔ^, >M º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°Ô^ JÈD º>Ï°

ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï.

98


÷Õ]BVs[ ÔDÿ√Ml[ g‚E cˆÁ\ÁB ®©º√Vm

ºkı|\V™VKD xΩ°¬z¬ ÿÔVı| kÚD ∂]ÔV´D ∏ˆ‚œi

√V´V”\[≈›]¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

3. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1858

∏ˆ‚œi ∂É[ ºÂ´Ω g‚E ÷Õ]BVs_ WÁÈ ÿÔV^·

kakz›>m ÷flƒ‚¶º\.

1857 E©√VF ÔÈÔ›Á>B|›m ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô¶Õ> 250

gı|Ô·VÔ ÷B∫˛ kÕ> ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M ÔÁÈ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

g‚E WÏkVÔD ∏ˆ‚œi xΩBV‚El[ ºÂ´Ω© √VÏÁkl[ µ ÿÔVı|

k´©√‚¶m.

÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ Ák¸´VF gÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔVM∫ ∏Á ®[√kº´

∏ˆ‚¶[ xΩBV‚El[ ÷Õ> ∂§s©Á√ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ. 1858 ¤™kˆ 11

÷_ ∂ÈÔV√V› >Ï√VÏ JÈD ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ \ÔV´VËl[ ÷Õ>

º√´§¬ÁÔ \ÔVƒVƒ™D ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m.

÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷Õ]B ∂Kk_ÔÁ·¬ ÔkM©√>uÔVÔ

÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ÷Õ]BVsuÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ ®[–D ŒÚ A]B √>s

∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. ÷kÏ ÷∫˛ÈVÕm ∂Á\flƒ´Ák cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[

ŒÚk´VÔ ÷Ú©√VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z› mÁ AˆB 15 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶

g‚E \[≈D ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> \[≈›]_ ®‚| º√Ï ∂É[ cBÏ

∂]ÔVˆÔ^. *>D c^· ∞ø º√Ï √>s ÷w¬zD ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬

ÔDÿ√Ml[ ÷B¬zÂÏÔ·V_ º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï.

ÂV| √_ºkÆ \VÔV∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷ku§[

WÏkVÔD ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ ∂_Èm ÿÈ©Ω™‚ ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ >ÁÈÁ\l_

∂Á\Õ>m.

ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ ®[≈ √>s Ák¸´VF ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D

ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔVM∫ ∏Áºk ÂV‚Ω[

x>_ Ák¸´VF, (÷kº´ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔÁ¶E ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´KD Ì¶).

÷Õ]B g‚EBÁ\©∏[ xø ∂]ÔV´xD ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[

ˇµ Œ[§Á¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷kÏ ÷Õ]Bfl ÿƒBÈÚ¬z Ô‚|©√‚¶kÏ.

÷Õ]Bfl ÿƒBÈº´V ∏ˆ‚œi √V´V”\[≈›][ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^

c‚√‚¶kÏ.


99÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1861÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1861÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1861÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1861÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1861

÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A k´ÈVu§[ tÔ x¬˛B Á\_ Ô_ ÷m.

∏ˆ‚¶[ √V´V”\[≈D á ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ + 15 º√Ï

∂¶∫˛B ÷Õ]B Ô°[E_ zø á ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ + ®¬Ez‚œÀ Ô°[E_

®[Æ, g‚E WÏkVÔD ŒÚ Œø∫z xÁ≈¬z^ ÿÔVı| k´©√‚¶m.

>™m ®¬Ez‚œÀ Ô°[Eo_ ÷Õ]BÏÔÁ· WB\™D ÿƒFm,

º>Ák¬ºÔu√ ∂Á> sˆ° ÿƒFm ÿÔV^”D ∂]ÔV´D ÔkÏ™Ï

ÿ¤™´K¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, k∫ÔV·D g˛B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ >M›>Mfl

ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ô^ ∞u√|›>©√‚¶™.

ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤ó[ g‚E ∂]ÔV´D √´kÈV¬Ô©√‚| √D√VF

\uÆD ÿ\‚´V¸ ∂´∑Ôπ¶D ∂Á\B©ÿ√u≈™.

÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1892÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1892÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1892÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1892÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1892

º>Ï>_ JÈD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√¶V

s‚¶VKD, ÷>[ JÈD ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ \Á≈xÔ\VÔ º>Ï>_ xÁ≈ÔÁ·

∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm ®™ÈVD.

÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[Eo[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk\u≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^

k∫ÔV· ºƒD√Ï g‡© ÔV\Ï¸ \uÆD \VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[E_

g˛Bku≈V_ WB\™D ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï. \VÔVfl ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬

Ô°[Eo[ ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\u≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^, √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô^,

\Vk‚¶ ÔwÔ∫Ô^, ÂÔ´V‚EÔ^, ¤*[>VÏÔ^.... º√V[≈ k‚¶V´

∂Á\©AÔ·V_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.

÷flƒ‚›][ JÈD ºÔVÔºÈ, ∂◊º>Vi xÔÏ˜ º√V[≈

÷Õ]BÏ ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ ÷¶D ÿ√uÆ >\m ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ®|›m¬ Ì≈

kVF©A ∞u√‚¶m.

√‚ÿ¤‚ skV>D, ®¬Ez‚œÀ *>V™ ºÔ^sÔ”D √]Èπ›>_

º√V[≈ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ÷Õ> Ô°[E_Ô”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶™.

Es_ √Ë : \›]B ∂´∑© √Ë \VÔV© √Ë, ƒVÏWÁÈ© √Ë

®™ J[≈VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

4. ÷Õ]B Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1909

÷m tıº¶Vá\VÏo \ÆÊ´Á\©A ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

tıº¶V á ÷Õ]B Ák¸´VF, \VÏo á ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ.

÷>[√Ω ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬ Ô°[Eo[ (ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[

100


Ô°[E_) ∂]Ô√‚ƒ cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ 16 ÷oÚÕm 60 gÔ

cBÏ›>©√‚¶m.

∂´ƒ© √>s ƒVÏAÁ¶BkÏÔº· ∂Ákl[ ÿÔ·´k

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™Ï. ÷>uz x[™V_ ºÔ.˜.z©>V \uÆD

⁄ºƒ[ ∏_˛´Vt g˛B ÷Ú ÷Õ]BÏÔÁ· \VÏo ∏´A ∂Ák

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ WBt›]ÚÕ>VÏ. 1909 ƒ‚¶©√Ω ®¸.∏. E[«V ƒ‚¶

cÆ©∏™´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. ÷kÚ¶[ ÿÔ·´k cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ

Œ[√m º√Ï ÷¶D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™Ï (÷kÏÔ^ xÁ≈ºB Ák¸´VF,

√Á¶›>·√], gÆ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^, ŒÚ \VWÈ ∏´]W] g˛ºBVÏ).

÷]_ 27 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ º>Ï>_ JÈD º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√‚¶>V_

÷Õ]BÏÔ^ Á\Bfl ƒ‚¶\[≈›]KD \VWÈfl ƒ‚¶\[≈›]KD

∂]Ô·s_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈™Ï.

\VÔVfl ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

ˇw¬Ôı¶kVÆ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÿ\‚´V¸ á 47, √D√VF á 45,

k∫ÔV·D á 48, ∂ƒVD á 40 \uÆD √fiƒV© á 24.

ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[E_Ô”¬z √‚ÿ¤‚ \uÆD ÿ√Vm \¬Ôº·V|

ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ∂Á™›m s≠B∫ÔπKD (÷´VbkD, ∂BK≈°....

>sÏÕ>) yÏ\V™∫Ô^ WÁ≈ºkuÆD ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ x>[x>ÈVÔ >M ∏´]W]›mkD

kw∫Ô©√‚¶m (∏u√V| xÁ· s‚¶ ∏ˆsÁ™kV>›m¬ÔV™ x>_

sÁ> ÷m).

kz©AkVˆ ∏´]W]›mkD ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m. (t[º¶V

∏´Aºk kz©AkVˆ ∏´]W]›mk›][ >ÕÁ>BVÔ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈VÏ).

÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1915

÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶∫Ôπ[ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈fl ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ·

Œø∫ÔÁ\›>m.

÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1919

÷m \Vıº¶z á ÿƒD¸º√VÏ| ÊÏ]Ú›>D ®™°D

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÿƒD¸ º√VÏ| ÷Õ]B Ák¸´VF, \Vıº¶z

÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ.

ÔkÏ™ÏÔπ[ ∂]ÔV´›Á>¬ zÁ≈¬ÔV\_ \VÔV∫Ôπ_

ÿ√VÆ©√V™ ∂´∑ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m.

WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ ÷´‚Á¶ g‚E xÁ≈ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©‚¶m.

WÏkVÔ s≠B∫Ô^ \›]B \uÆD \VÔV s≠B∫Ô^ ®™


101>M›>MBV¬Ô©√‚¶™. \›]B ∂É[ ºÂ´Ω¬ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^

kÚk™ºk \›]B s≠B∫Ô^.

\VÔV s≠B∫Ô^, WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ x>_ xÁ≈BVÔ

Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ mÁ≈Ô^ ®[ÆD, \Vu≈©√‚¶ mÁ≈Ô^ ®[ÆD ÷´ı¶VÔ©

∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

\Vu≈©√‚¶ mÁ≈ÔÁ· g”ÂÏÔπ[ √VÏÁkl[ µ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√

∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï.

Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ mÁ≈ÔÁ· ÔkÏ™ÚD, ∂k´m ®¬Lz‚ΩÀ

Ô°[EKD ºƒÏÕm ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷∫ºÔ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬z ®Õ>

s>\V™ ÿ√VÆ©AD ÷_ÁÈ.

\VÔV∫Ôπ[ WÏkVÔ, g‚E\[≈, W] s≠B∫Ôπ[

*]ÚÕ> \›]B ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ >·Ï›>©√‚¶™. ∂É[ kÚkVF ÷™D

÷´ı¶VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷>[ JÈD \VÔV∫Ô^ >VD kÛo¬zD

kˆ›ÿ>VÁÔÁB¬ ÿÔVıº¶ >\m WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™.

\VÔV √‚ÿ¤‚ \›]B √‚ÿ¤‚ΩoÚÕm ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

\VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ >™¬zˆB √‚ÿ¤‚Á¶ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB°D,

\VÔV kÚkVF JÈ∫ÔπoÚÕm kˆ kÛo¬Ô°D cˆÁ\ ÿ√u≈™.

\›]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ∂Á™›m s≠B∫ÔπKD xø ÂV‚Ωuz\V™

g‚E\[≈ ∂]ÔV´›Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >¬Ô Ák›m¬ÿÔVı¶m.

1.EÈ z§©∏‚¶ s≠B∫Ôπ_ ®Õ>ÿkVÚ \VºƒV>VÁk•D

ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[ √VÏÁk¬ÔVÔ Œm¬˛ Ák¬Ô ÔkÏ™Ú¬z ∂]ÔV´D

∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2.÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ x>[ xÁ≈BVÔ ÷´ı| ∂|¬z

ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.

3.º\ÈÁk 60 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷kÏÔπ_ 34 º√Ï

º>Ï>_ JÈD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.

4.ˇwÁk ∑\VÏ 144 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷kÏÔπ_ 104

º√Ï º>Ï>_ JÈD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.

5.kV¬ÔV·ÏÔ^ ƒx>VBD \uÆD √_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ôπ[

∂Ω©√Á¶l_ (˛Ú›>kÏ, g∫˛ºÈBÏ, ÷Õ]BÏ, Ê¬˛BÏ...) ÷™D

ÔV©√‚¶™Ï.

6.x>[ x>ÈVÔ º>Ï>_ gÁBD ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.

102


Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[

1919 gD gı|fl ƒ‚¶›][ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· g´VB°D,

]Ú›>°D, ŒÚ ÿ√VÆ©√V™ ∂´∑¬ÔV™ kaÔV‚| ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^

z§›m ÔÚ›mÁ´ kw∫Ô°D ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ∂Á\›> Ôt≠[. ÷m

´VB_ zø ∂_Èm Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ®™©√‚¶m. ƒÏ ¤VÏÎ Áƒ\[

÷Õ>¬ Ôt≠M[ >ÁÈkÏ.

÷¬zøs_ ÷ÚÕ> ∞ø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ_ ®kÚº\ ÷Õ]BÏ

÷_ÁÈ ; ∂Á™kÚº\ nº´V©∏BÏ. ®™ºk 1927á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈

ÿ\‚´V¸ ÔV∫˛´¸ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_ ÷¬ Ôt≠Á™ A≈¬ÔË¬Ô ÔV∫˛´¸

xΩ° ÿƒF>m.

1.Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ÷´ı|xÁ≈ ÷Õ]BV s¤BD ÿƒF>m (1928

∏©´kˆá\VÏfl) \uÆD 1928 ∂¬º¶V√Ï á1929 ∞©´_).

2.Áƒ\[ kÚÁÔ ®]Ï©A© º√V´V‚¶›]_ √fiƒV© E∫ÔD ®[Æ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|D ÈVÈV È]√]´VF ÈVÌˆ_ ÷≈Õ>VÏ.

3.÷m >™m ∂§¬ÁÔÁB 1930 º\ 27 ÷_ ÿkπl‚¶m. ÷>[

∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ‚Ωi √V´V”\[≈D ÷Õ]B ∂´∑› ƒ‚¶›Á>

kΩkÁ\›>m.

5. ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ 1928

1927 ΩƒD√ˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ÿ\‚´V¸ ÔV∫˛´¸ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_

WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶ yÏ\V™›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_, 1928 ∏©´kˆ 12gD

º>] ]_ol_ ŒÚ ∂Á™›m¬ Ô‚E \ÔVÂV| Ì‚¶©√‚¶m. ÷Õ>¬

Ì‚¶›]_ º\V]ÈV_ ºÂÚ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ÷Õ]B ∂´EB_ ƒ‚¶¬

ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ √u§ xΩ° ÿƒFB ŒÚ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\©√m ®™ xΩ°

ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.

÷>[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ : º>Î√Ô#Ï ƒ©‘, ∂o N\VD, ∂º™,

ÿ¤BÔÏ, º¤V¥, ƒÏ>VÏ \∫Ô^ E∫, ≠VN© zº´V¥, ∑√Vi º√V¸

\uÆD ∏´>V[.

∂§¬ÁÔl[ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ : ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[

∂Õ>¸m, ∂k´kÏ ƒ\B›Á> ∏[√uÆD ∑>Õ]´D, \›]B ∂´E[ ˇµ

ƒÁ√ \uÆD \VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬z ÔÈ©A kV¬ÔV·ÏÔ·V_

º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^; ÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ >M ÷¶

Œm¬ˇ|, kBmkÕº>VÏ kV¬zˆÁ\, ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^.

Report of the Committee by the All Parties Conference to De-termine the Principles of the Constitution of India ®[Æ


103∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ kw∫Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ∂§¬ÁÔ, ∞ø ∂›]BVB∫Ô^

(Seven Chapters) ÷´ı| ∂‚¶kÁÔ^ (Two Schedules) \uÆD

J[Æ ∏[MÁ©AÔÁ· (three appendices) ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.24

√¬ÔD ÿÔVı¶ ∞wVD ∂›]BVB›]_ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶ kÁ´° z§›m

sˆkV™ s·¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷¶D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™.

÷Õ> ∂§¬ÁÔÁB W´VÔˆ›> x¸oD ‹¬, 14 ∂Dƒ∫Ô^

ÿÔVı¶ ˜[™V ∂§¬ÁÔÁB >V¬Ô_ ÿƒF>m.

6.÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1935

∑>Õ]´›m¬z xÕÁ>B ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷Æ] ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D.

1937 ∞©´_ Œ[Æ x>_ ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›>©√‚¶m.

÷flƒ‚¶D 321 ∏ˆ°ÔÁ·•D 10 ∂‚¶kÁÔÁ·•D

ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.

\VÔV∫ÔÁ·•D, ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫ÔÁ·•D (Indian states)c^·¶¬˛B ŒÚ Ì‚¶V‚E ∂Á\©∏ÈV™ ∂´∑¬z ÷m √ˆÕmÁ´

ÿƒF>>m. xø >[™V‚E ∂>ÔV´›Á> cÆ]©√|›]Bm.

÷Õ> Ì‚¶É_ ÷Ákm ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ sÚ©√›m¬z

s¶©√‚¶m.

\›]B, \VÔV∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g‚E \[≈ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^

>M›>MBVÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶™.

\VÔV ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ zΩBÉ[ ºÂ´Ω √VÏÁkl_

ÿƒB_√|kVÏÔ^. \‚|t_ÈV\_ ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ ∂Õ>Õ> \VÔV

ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ∂Á\flƒÏÔπ[ gºÈVƒÁ™©√ΩºB ÿƒB_√|kVÏ.

\›]B ∂É[ xø ∂]ÔV´xD ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó¶D

Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.

\›]Bfl ƒ‚¶\[≈D (Federal Legislature) ÷´ı| ∂|¬z

ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ƒ‚¶\[≈D ( Legislative Assembly)\uÆD ƒ‚¶¬ Ô°[E_ ( Legislative Assembly)

WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô^ J[Æ kÁÔÔ·VÔ©

∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶™. 1. ∏ˆ‚Ωi ÷Õ]BV: ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, \›]B k∫ÔV·D,

∂ƒVD, ¨ÔVÏ, ŒˆƒV, √fiƒV©, EÕm, \›]B \VWÈD, k¶√z] \VWÈD,

c›]´©∏´º>ƒD g˛B 11 \VWÈ∫Ô^ c^·¶∫˛BÁk : 2. RMB[

∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ : ]_o, ∂Î*Ï, z¶z, ∂Õ>\V[áWºÔV√VÏ y°Ô^ º√V[≈

gÆ √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m; 3. ∑º>EB ∂´∑Ô^: Á\ÛÏ, ÿ¤FØÏ,

º¤V›ØÏ, ÔVi*Ï º√V[≈ 562 E§B √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı| >M›>M

∂´∑Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™.

104


÷flƒ‚¶›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™ x>_ ÿ√Vm› º>Ï>_ 1937á÷_

ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. ÔV∫˛´¸ ∂Æ]© ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ ÿ√uÆ g‚E

∂Á\›>m. g™V_ ÷´ı¶VD cÈ¬© º√Vˆ_ ÷Õ]BVÁk•D

kK¬Ô‚¶VB\VÔ ÷ø›ms‚¶ ∏ˆ‚¶M[ ÿƒBK¬z ®]Ï©A› ÿ>ˆs›m

1939á÷_ ÔV∫˛´¸ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ∂Á™kÚD Ìıº¶V| ´V˜™V\V

ÿƒF>™Ï.

Áƒ\[ Ôt≠™V_ kV¬zÆ] ∂π¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ> ÿ¶VtMB[

∂Õ>¸m √u§ ÷Õ> ƒ‚¶D ®m°D z§©∏¶s_ÁÈ.

7. gÔ¸| ∂§s©A (1940)

o[o›ºÔV ∏ÁkV_ 1940, gÔ¸| 8ágD º>]

EDÈVsoÚÕm ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ ∂§¬ÁÔ. ÷m ÷Õ]BV°¬z

ÿ¶VtMB[ ∂Õ>¸m \uÆD s˛>VflƒV´ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™

(Representative Nature) ŒÚ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> cÚkV¬Ô ∂–\]

kw∫zkm g˛BkuÁ≈ cÆ] ÿƒF>m.

÷m Ák¸´Vl[ ®¬Lz‚TÀ Ô°[Eo_ ÷Õ]B

cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·•D ºƒÏ›m ∂Á> sˆ° √|›mkm; ∏ˆ‚Ωi ÷Õ]BV,

\[™´V‚E √z]Ô^ g˛Bku§[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ º√VÏ

gºÈVƒÁ™¬ Ô°[E_ cÚkV¬z>_; ÿ¶VtMB[ >z]

kw∫zk>uÔV™ ºÂV¬Ô∫Ô^ ®[–D J[Æ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·

ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.

8. ˛ˆ©¸ t≠[ - 1942

÷Õ]BV°¬z ∂]ÔV´ ÁÔ\Vu≈D ÿƒFkm ÿ>V¶´√VÔ ŒÚ

∂ÉB_ ]‚¶›Á> kz©√>uÔVÔ 1942 \VÏfl 22gD º>] ÷Õ]BV kÕ>

zø >ÁÈkÏ ¸¶V©º√VÏ| ˛ˆ©¸.

ÔV∫˛´∑D, x¸‹D ‹¬zD ÷Õ> #m¬zøs[ √ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ·

∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^”D √‚ƒ›]_, ÷´ı¶VD cÈÔ©º√Vˆ[ xΩs_ ∂Ák

∂\ÈV¬Ô©√|D.

#m¬zøs[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ : ÷Õ]B \¬Ô·V_ º>ÏÂÿ>|¬Ô©√|D ŒÚ

∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√BV_ ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>

cÚkV¬z>_ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[

∂Õ>¸m kw∫zD \ÔV∫Ô^, ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D

÷Á›> ŒÚ ∂Ôı¶ ÷Õ]B RMBÁ™ cÚkV¬z>_

xøfl ∑>Õ]´›Á> ®]Ï√V›> ÔV∫˛´∑D, x¸oD ‹¬zD

÷Á>© A≈¬ÔË›>™. ÔVÕ]˜ ÷Á> ]kVÈV™ k∫˛l[


105ÔVÈVk]BV™ ÔVºƒVÁÈ (A Post dated Cheque of a Drowing Bank)®[Æ kÏË›>VÏ.

ºÔ∏™‚ t≠[ ]‚¶D á 1946ºÔ∏™‚ t≠[ ]‚¶D á 1946ºÔ∏™‚ t≠[ ]‚¶D á 1946ºÔ∏™‚ t≠[ ]‚¶D á 1946ºÔ∏™‚ t≠[ ]‚¶D á 1946

∂‚o >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÿ√›s¬ ÈV´[¸,

¸¶V‡º√VÏ| ˛ˆ©¸, ∞.s. ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï g˛ºBVÏ ∂¶∫˛B

#m¬zøÁk ∂Á\›>m. ÷Õ>BV°¬zD \Ô sÁ´s_ ∑>Õ]´D

˛Á¶¬Ô c>°kmD ŒÚ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ÁB cÚkV¬zkmº\

÷Õ> #m¬zøs[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD.

÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ >M ÂV|, >M ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√

®[–D ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔÁB ÷¬zø W´VÔˆ›>m.

÷›]‚¶›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√¬z

º>Ï>_Ô^ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÷Á>B|›m ŒÚ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´∑

∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1946, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2gD º>] ºÂÚ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™

÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´∑ ∂]ÔV´›m¬z kÕ>m.

∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 8gD

º>] mk∫˛Bm. x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷]_ ÔÈÕmÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ.

\°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D\°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D\°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D\°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D\°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D

÷Õ]BVs¶D ∂]ÔV´›Á> Œ©√Á¶©√mD, ÂV‚Á¶ ÷´ı¶VÔ©

∏ˆ©√mº\ \°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^. ÷m 1947 …[

J[≈VD º>] ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÿkπl‚¶ ŒÚ ∂§¬ÁÔl[ kaBVÔ ŒÚ

kΩk›Á>© ÿ√u≈m.

÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´fl ƒ‚¶D á 1947÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´fl ƒ‚¶D á 1947÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´fl ƒ‚¶D á 1947÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´fl ƒ‚¶D á 1947÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´fl ƒ‚¶D á 1947

÷flƒ‚¶›][ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D 1935á÷_

]Ú›>∫Ô^ ÿƒFB©√‚¶™ (÷Õ]BV \uÆD √V˛¸>VM[ AdaaptatiiongÁ JÈD) ÂV‚Ω[ ®]ÏÔVÈ ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶∫ÔÁ·

kz©√>uÔVÔ ŒÚ >uÔVoÔ ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√ (ConstituedntAssembley) ∂Á\¬Ô xΩ° ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.

1. 1947 …[ 3ágD º>] ∏´>\Ï ˛·ÿ\[‚ ∂‚o ∏ˆ‚¶[

ÿ√Vm\¬Ô^ ƒÁ√l_ ÷Õ]BVÁk ÷Õ]BVá√V˛¸>V[ ®™ ÷Ú

>MÂV|Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬zD ]‚¶›Á> ∂§s›>VÏ.

2. ÷m 1947 ˝ÁÈ 18ágD º>] ÷∫˛ÈVÕm \ÔV´VËl[

ÁÔÿBV©√›]uz© ∏[ ƒ‚¶\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.

3. ÿ>V¶ÏÂm 1947 gÔ¸‚ 14 á÷_ √V˛¸>V–D, 1947

gÔ¸‚ 15 ∂[Æ ÷Õ]BV°D ∑>Õ]´D ÿ√u≈™.

106


4. Œ[Æ√‚¶ ÷Õ]BVsoÚÕ> 562 \[™´V‚E √z]Ôπ_

532 \[™´V‚E© √z]Ô^ A]B ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs_ ÷¶D

ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™. ÷ku§_ Á«]´V√V›, …™VÔ›, ÔVi*Ï >sÏ›> 529

\[™´V‚E √z]Ô^ ÷Õ]BV°¶[ ÷ÁÕ>™.

9. ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√

∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ \VÔV

ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ÔπoÚÕm º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.

\VÔV∫Ô^ \u≈D ÷Õ]B \VWÈ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ s˛>›][

∂Ω©√Á¶l_ (∑\VÏ √›m ÷È‚ƒD º√Ú¬z ŒÚ cÆ©∏™Ï) cÆ©∏™Ï

÷¶∫Ô^, ∂Õ>Õ> √z]lK^· ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ ƒx>VB∫ÔÁ·fl

ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ”¬z (Ê¬˛BÏ, ÷¸ÈVtBÏ \uÆD ÿ√Vm) ∂Á\•\VÆ

÷ÚÕ>m.

1.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 385. ÷]_

93 º√Ï ÷Õ]B \VWÈ© ∏´]W]Ô^, ∞Á™B 292 º√Ï ÷Õ]B

\VÔV∫ÔÁ·fl (∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BV) ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^.

2.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 9ágD

º>]ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. g™V_ x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷¬Ì‚¶›]_ ÔÈÕm

ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ. ƒÁ√l[ >uÔVoÔ› >ÁÈkÏ ƒflE>V™Õ> E[«V.

3.ÿ>V¶ÏÕm 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 11á÷_ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[

W´Õ>´› >ÁÈk´VÔ ´Vº¤Õ]´ ∏´ƒV›mD, mÁ› >ÁÈk´VÔ ÿ«fl.

xÔÏ˜•D º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A¬zø

gºÈVƒÔÏ ∏.®[ ´VÀ.

4.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√¬ÔV™ √ˆÕmÁ´ yÏ\V™›Á> (Ob-

jective REsolution) ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ 1946 ΩƒD√Ï

13ágD º>] ÷>[ x>_ Ì‚¶›]_ ÿÔVı| kÕ>VÏ. ÷m √È›>

skV>∫Ô”¬zD, ÔÈÕmÁ´BV¶_Ô”¬zD xΩs_ 1947 ¤™kˆ

22ágD º>] ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.

5.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›m¬ÔV™ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ √ÈkuÁ≈ ∂ÉB_

WÏB ƒÁ√l[ √_ºkÆ zø¬Ô^ √ˆÕmÁ´›>™. ÷Õ>¬ zø¬Ôπ[

√ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ·© √u§ skV]¬Ô ŒÚ ÿ√Vm ÔÈÕ>VF°D ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m.

÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> kΩkÁ\¬Ô ¶V¬¶Ï

∂Dº√›ÔVÏ>ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ŒÚ kÁ´°¬zø 1947 gÔ¸| 29ágD

º>] ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.


1076.∂Dº√›ÔÏ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ kÁ´°¬ zø ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™

kÁ´° ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> (Draft Constitution on India) ∂ÉB_ WÏB

ƒÁ√› >ÁÈkˆ¶D 1948 ∏©´kˆ 21gD º>] kw∫˛Bm.

7.÷Õ]B© ∏ˆsÁ™¬z©∏[ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™Ï

®ıË¬ÁÔ 299 gÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ>m. ÷kÏÔπ™_ 284 º√Ï 1949

ÂkD√Ï 26gD º>] ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ ÷Æ] kΩÁk

∂∫ˇÔˆ›m ÁÔÿBø›]‚¶™Ï.

8.zΩ•ˆÁ\, º>Ï>_, >uÔVoÔ √V´V”\[≈D g˛B

≠´›m¬Ô^ c¶™ΩBVÔ ∂\K¬z kÕ>™ (1949 ÂkD√Ï 26)

9.∞Á™B ≠´›m¬Ô^ 1950 ¤™kˆ 26 gD º>] x>_

∂\o_ kÕ>™. ®™ºk>V[ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶D

ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ kÕ> ÂV^ ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ 1950 ¤™kˆ 26 ®[Æ

kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.

10.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬Ô ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√

11 xÁ≈ ÌΩBm.

11.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›m¬z ÷Æ] kΩD ÿÔV|¬Ô ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô^,

11 \V>D 18 ÂV‚Ô^ ∏Ω›>™.

12.∑\VÏ 64 ÷È‚ƒD ‘√VF ÿƒÈs_ 60 ÂV|Ôπ[

∂ÉBÈÁ\©AÔÁ· gF° ÿƒFm cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.

13.114 ÂV‚Ôπ_ ®ø] xΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

14.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√› >ÁkÈÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ´Vº¤Õ]´ ∏´ƒV›.

15.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶ kÁ´°¬zø› >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï >ÁÈkÏ

¶V¬¶Ï ∂Dº√›ÔVÏ.

16.1948 ÂkD√Ï 4: ∂Ákl[ x>_ kVE©A. ÷m nÕm ÂV‚Ô^

ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™.

17.1949 ∂¬º¶V√Ï 17: ÷´ı¶Vkm kVE©A. 7653

]Ú›>∫Ô”¬z E√Vˆ∑ ÿƒFB©√‚¶™. 2473 ]Ú›>› yÏ\V™∫Ô^

º√E xΩ° ÿƒFB©√‚¶™.

18.1949 ÂkD√Ï 14: J[≈Vkm kVE©A.

19.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶ kÁ´s_ ÁÔÿBø›]‚¶ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^

: 284 º√Ï.

20.1949 ÂkD√Ï 26: ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D

∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m . (Adopted).

108


21.1950 ¤™kˆ 26 : ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶

ÂV^.

22.÷flƒ‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶ ]™º\ ÷Õ]B¬ zΩB´∑

]™\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|˛≈m (¤™kˆ 26)

10.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^

¶V¬¶Ï ∏.gÏ.∂Dº√›ÔÏ, ∂¤F ‡√V_ºÔ, ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ,

E.´V¤ºÔV√VÈVflƒVˆ, ¶V¬¶Ï √VA ´Vº¤Õ]´∏´ƒV›, ƒÏ>VÏ k_È©√VF

√‚º¶_, ºÔ.®D.x[¥, AÚº≠V›>D \VÀÈ∫ÔÏ, ƒÕy© z\VÏ √‚¶º¶_,

ÿ\·ÈV™ ∂A_ÔÈVD gvV›, EBV\ ∏´ƒV› xÔÏ˜, Âπ[

´fiƒ[ºÔVi, √_kÕ›´VF º\›>V, ‡;√´V∫ gı¶M (g∫˛ºÈV

÷Õ]B cÆ©∏™Ï) ®fl.∏.º\VΩ (√VÏE cÆ©∏™Ï), «º´Õ]´ xÔÏ˜

(∏u√|›>©√‚¶ ƒx>VB cÆ©∏™Ï), ∞.√«#Ï z´V∫ (ÌÏ¬ÔV ƒx>VB

cÆ©∏™Ï)

11.EÈ x¬˛B ÿ√ı cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^

ƒº´V˜M ÂV•|, «[vV º\›>V, mÏÔV√F º>ix¬,

´VÎz\Vˆ ∂Dˆ› ÿÔ·Ï, s¤B ÿÈ‚∑t √ıΩ‚.

12.∏´√È ¿]›mÁ≈ k_K™ÏÔ^

∂_ÈVΩ ˛ÚiƒVt nBÏ, √™Ô_ ÂÉD\ ´VÀ, ºÔ.®D.

x[¥, Ôºı \VÀÈ∫ÔÏ.

13.kÁ´°¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^

¶V¬¶Ï ∏.gÏ. ∂Dº√›ÔVÏ (>ÁÈkÏ), ®[.ºÔV√VÈƒVt

∂FB∫ÔVÏ, ∂_ÈVΩ ˛ÚiƒVt ∂FBÏ, ¶V¬¶Ï ºÔ.®D.x[¥,

ÁƒB› xÔ\m ƒVm_ÈV, ®[.\V>k ´VÀ (∏.®_.t‚¶Ï¬z √]ÈVÔ),

Ω.Ω.˛Ú≠ı\VflƒVˆ (Ω.∏.ÿÔF›>V–¬z √]ÈVÔ).

÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D ÁÔÔ·V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ ŒÚ gk\VzD.

÷Á> ®ø]BkÏ ∏º´\ ÿ√«Vˆ ÂÁ´[ Á´vV› ®[√k´VkVÏ. ÷Á>

®ø> ∂kÚ¬z 254 W©AÔ^ º>Ák©√‚¶>VD. ®ø] xΩ¬Ô

gÆ\V>∫Ô^ ∏Ω›>m. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> ®ømk>uÔVÔ ®Õ>s>\V™

ƒ[\V™›ÿ>VÁÔ•D ÿ√≈V> Á´vV›, ∂>uz ~¶VÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ

√¬Ô›][ ÷Æ]lKD >™m ÿ√BÁ´ ®ø> ∂–\] >´ ºkı|D ®[≈D

ÔÁ¶E© √¬Ô›]_ >™¬z ®ø›>§s›> >™m √V‚¶™Vˆ[ ÿ√BÁ´

z§©∏¶ ∂–\]¬Ô ºkı|D ®[ÆD ºÔ‚|¬ ÿÔVı¶V´VD.


10914.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÁ\©A :1.÷Õ]B ∂ÉÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬˛B ƒÁ√ á ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√.2.∂ÉÈÁ\©∏[ º>ÁkÁB x>[ x>ÈVÔ Ì§BkÏ á ®[.®[.´VF.3.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶ gºÈVƒÔ´VÔ √ËBVu§BkÏ á ∏.®[.´VÀ.4.∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√l[ >uÔVoÔ >ÁÈkÏ á ƒflE>V™Õ> E[«V.5.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A kÁ´°¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ (>ÁÈkÏc‚√¶) ∞ø.6.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√BV_∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶ kÚ¶D 1949, ÂkD√Ï 26.7.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬Ô ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√ ®|›m¬ÿÔVı¶ÔVÈ ∂·° ÷´ı| gı|Ô^, 11 \V>∫Ô^, 18 ÂV‚Ô^.8.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ÿ√ÚD√z] ®|›>V·©√‚¶ ƒ‚¶D á 1935gD gı| ÷Õ]Bfl ƒ‚¶D.9.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A WÏB ƒÁ√ ∂Á\¬Ô ÔV´\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> #m¬zøºÔ∏™‚ mVm¬zø (1946).10.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A WÏB ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> Ôt‚ΩÔ^ 22.15.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ E≈©√Dƒ∫Ô^1. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A cÈ˛ºÈºB tÔ ¿·\V™ ®ø>©√‚¶

∂ÉBÈÁ\©A (Lengthiest Written Constitution).2. ÷Æ¬Ô\V™º>V (Rigid) ∂_Èm ÿÂ˛µkV™º>V (Flexible)

∂_È.3. Ì‚¶V‚E \uÆD ŒuÁ≈BV‚E (union of States) E≈©A¬

ÌÆÔπ[ ÔÈÁk.4. ÂV¶V”\[≈ ∂Á\©A ÿÔVı¶¶ ∂´∑ (Parliamentary Form

of Government).5. ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ (Fundamental)6. ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô¶Á\Ô^ (Fundamental Duties).7. ∂´∑¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kaÿƒK›]fl ÿƒ_KD ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^

(Directive Principles of State Policy).8. ¿]›mÁ≈l[ ∑>Õ>´D (Judiciary Independaent).9. \>ƒVÏ∏[Á\ (A Secular State).10. ŒuÁ≈¬ zΩ•ˆÁ\ (Single Citizenship)11. kBm kÕ> ∂Á™kÚ¬zD, kV¬Ôπ¬Ô cˆÁ\ (Universal

Adult Franchise).12. EÆ√V[Á\BÚ¬zD E≈©A kVƒÔ∫Ô^.13. ∑>Õ]´\V™ ∂Á\©AÔ^ (Independent Bodies).14. ∂kƒ´WÁÈ ∏´Ô¶™D (Emergency Povisions)

110


16. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ JÈ∫Ô^ (Source of the Constitution)

ÂV|Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÂV|Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÂV|Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÂV|Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÂV|Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ ®|›>V·©√‚¶ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^®|›>V·©√‚¶ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^®|›>V·©√‚¶ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^®|›>V·©√‚¶ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^®|›>V·©√‚¶ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^

÷∫˛ÈVÕm √V´V”\[≈D, ƒ‚¶D ÷BuÆ>_, ƒ‚¶\[≈√w¬Ô∫Ô^, >M zΩ•ˆÁ\, \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák,÷Ú √V´V”\[≈D \uÆD √V´V”\[≈ xÁ≈Ô^.

∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^, ∑>Õ]´\V™ ¿]›mÁ≈, ¿]º√´VÁ, zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÁ´ ¿¬z>_,cflƒ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]ÔÁ· ¿¬z>_, mÁ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.

∂BÏÈVÕm ∂´∑¬z kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^, \VWÈ∫Ô·ÁkcÆ©∏™Ï WB\™D, zΩB´∑ >ÁÈkÏ º>Ï>_.

Ô™¶V Ì‚¶V‚E xÁ≈l_ gºÈVƒÁ™l_ cflƒ¿]\[≈Dg¸]ºóBV ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_, ∑>Õ]´\V™ sBV√V´D,

√V´V”\[≈›]_ c^· ÷Ú ∂Ák Ì‚|›ÿ>V¶Ï.ÿ¤Ï\M ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[ º√Vm ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^

´›m.íBV ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô¶Á\Ô^ \u≈D ¿] (ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´

\uÆD ∂ÉB_ xÔ©AÁ´)ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔV \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·› º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_

\uÆD ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D.∏´V[¸ zΩB´∑ ∑>Õ]´\V™ ƒ\>Ï\ xÔ©AÁ´¤©√V[ ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂\_√|›>_.

17. ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ c‚∏ˆ°Ô^17. ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ c‚∏ˆ°Ô^17. ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ c‚∏ˆ°Ô^17. ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ c‚∏ˆ°Ô^17. ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ c‚∏ˆ°Ô^

√z] ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶D s]/∏ˆ°/≠´›m

(Part) (Artical)

I ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô^, A]B \VWÈ∫Ô^cÚkV¬ÔD \VuÆ>_ 1-4

II ÷Õ]B¬ zΩ•ˆÁ\ 5-11


111III ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ 12-35IV ∂´∑¬z kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^ 36-51IV-A ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\Ô^ 51AV \›]B ∂´∑ 52-151

zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 52-62mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 63-73\›]B ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ \uÆD 74-78∂‚¶ÏM ÿ¤™´_ 76√V´V”\[≈D 79-123cflƒ¿]\[≈D 124-127>ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔBV·Ï 148-151

VI \VWÈ ∂´∑ 152-237g”ÂÏ 152-237\VWÈ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ \uÆD 163-167∂‚kºÔ‚ ÿ¤™´_ 165ƒ‚¶\[≈D 168-213cBÏ¿]\[≈D 214-232mÁ ¿]\[≈D 233-237

VII x>_ √‚ΩB_ √z] B-l_ c^· \VWÈ∫Ô^ 152-237VIII RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ 239-242IX √fiƒVB›m VÎ 243-243-OIX-A ÂÔ´V‚EÔ^ 243P-243ZGX √w∫zΩl™Ï √z]Ô^ 244-244 AXI \›]B á \VWÈ c≈°Ô^ 245-263

\›]B á \VWÈ ƒ‚¶\[≈ c≈°Ô^ 245-263\›]B á \VWÈ WÏkVÔ›]≈[ c≈°Ô^ 245-255

XII W], ÿƒV›m, Œ©√Õ> kw¬z 264-300 AW] 264-291Ô¶[ÿƒV›m \]©A kw¬z (Ô¶Á\Ô^) 294-300ÿƒV›mˆÁ\ 300 A

XIII kÏ›>ÔD, kVË√D : ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ 301-307XIV \›]B \VWÈ ∂´E[ ˇµ c^· √ËÔ^ 308-323

√ËÔ^ 308-314

112


÷Õ]B g‚E©√ËÔ^ 315-323XIV-A yÏ©√VB∫Ô^ 323 A -323 BXV º>Ï>_ 324-324AXVI ÷¶Œm¬ˇ| (SC, ST, OBC, Anglo Indian) 330-342XVII g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-351

\›]B g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-344\VWÈ g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 345-347cflƒ¿]\[≈ ÿ\VaÔ^ 348-349cBÏ¿]\[≈ ÿ\VaÔ^ 348-349E≈©A ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^ 350-351

XVIII ∂k´ƒWÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D 352-360º>EB ÿÂΩ¬ÔΩWÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D 352\VWÈ ∂´∑ º>V_s √u§B ∏´Ô¶™D 365W] ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩWÁÈ 360

XIX √_kÁÔ 361-367XX ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›> xÁ≈Ô^ 368XXI >uÔVoÔ, \Vu≈¬ÌΩB \uÆD E≈©A s]Ô^ 369-392XXII zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈ √‚¶∫Ô^ ∂π›>_ \uÆD ¿¬Ô©√‚¶Ák 393-395

XVII g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-351

18. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ∂‚¶kÁÔ^18. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ∂‚¶kÁÔ^18. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ∂‚¶kÁÔ^18. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ∂‚¶kÁÔ^18. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ∂‚¶kÁÔ^∂‚¶kÁ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ s]Ô^

x>_ 1. \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ, ∏´º>ƒ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ 1 \uÆD 42. RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^, ÿ√BÏÔ^, sˆkV¬ÔD

2ágD ∏[ kÚ√kÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D, ÿƒÈ°©√ΩÔ^,ƒKÁÔÔ^ º√V[≈kuÆ¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B s]Ô^1. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 59 \uÆD 652. \VWÈ g”ÂÏ 1583. \¬Ô·Ák ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ, mÁ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ 754. \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák› >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ 975. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ, mÁ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ 1646. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶º\ÈÁk >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ1867. cflƒ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 1258. cBÏ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 2219. ÷Õ]B >ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔ Ô‚|©√V‚| ∂]ÔVˆ148


113

3-gD ∏[kÚ√kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ cÆ]ÿ\Val[ kΩk∫Ô^1. \›]B ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ 752. √V´V”\[≈ º>Ï>o[ ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ 843. √V´V”\[≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 994. cflƒ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 1245. ÷Õ]B >ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔ Ô‚|©√V‚|∂]ÔVˆ 1486. \VWÈ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ 1737. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ º>Ï>o[ ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ 1738. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 1889. cBÏ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 219

4-gD \VWÈ∫Ô·Ákl[ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· \VWÈ∫Ô”¬zD,RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zD Œm¬ˇ| ÿƒF>_ 4 \uÆD 80

5ágD √w∫zΩl™© √z]Ô^, √w∫zΩl™ \¬Ôπ[WÏkVÔD \uÆD Ô‚|©√V| ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^ 244

6ágD ∂ƒVD, º\ÔVÈBV, ]ˆA´V, tºƒV´D g˛B\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ c^· √w∫zΩl™© √z]Ôπ[WÏkVÔD ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^ 244 \uÆD 275

7-gD √‚ΩB_ I (\›]B √‚ΩB_), √‚ΩB_ II (\VWÈ© √‚ΩB_),√‚ΩB_ III (ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_) \›]B© √‚ΩB_ 100,(mk¬Ô›]_ 97), \VWÈ© √‚ΩB_ 61 (mk¬Ô›]_ 66)ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_ 52 (mk¬Ô›]_ 47) g˛Bku§[√Ω\›]B, \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·©√˛ÏÕ>π›>_ 246

8-gD ∂´EB_ ∂Á\©√V_ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ÿ\VaÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ g´D√›]È 14ÿ\VaÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m. >uº√Vm 22ÿ\VaÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ∂Ák: ∂ƒVt, k∫ÔVπ,z¤´V›], ÷Õ], Ô[™¶D, ÔVi*ˆ, \ÁÈBV·D,\´V›], ŒˆBV, √fiƒV∏, ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, EÕm, >tµ,ÿ>K∫z, cÚm.

÷Õ]B ÿ\Va 21ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›][ JÈD1967á÷_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿ\VaÔ^ :ÿÔV∫ÔË, \Ë©Aˆ, ºÂ√Vπ.

71-km ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>›][ JÈD 1992á÷_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶

114


ÿ\VaÔ^ : º√V¶V, º¶V∫˛ˆ, Á\]o. 34492ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›][ JÈD 2003á÷_ ƒVÕ]o \uÆD

ÿ\Va 3519ágD WÈfl ÊÏ]Ú›>∫Ô”¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B EÈ

ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ \uÆD s] xÁ≈Ô^ ÿƒ_È›>¬ÔÁkBVÔflÿƒF>_ (mk¬Ô›]_ 13 >uº√Vm 282) º√V[≈ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ c^·™. WÈfl ÊÏ]Ú›>D (x>_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D 1951á÷[ √Ω ¤*[>Vˆ xÁ≈Œa¬Ô©√‚¶m 31 B

10-gD Ô‚E›>Vko[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ >z]lw©√m ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^52ágkm ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>D 1985 JÈD 102ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m. (÷m Ô‚E›>Vk_ >Á¶flƒ‚¶D \uÆD®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. 19

11-gD √fiƒVB›m ´VÎ (29 √ËÔ^) 73ágkmƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D 1992 243G

12-gD ÂÔ´V‚E (18 √ËÔ^) 74ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D1992 243W

19. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>∫Ô^19. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>∫Ô^19. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>∫Ô^19. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>∫Ô^19. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>∫Ô^

1. (1951) : 9ágkm ∂‚¶kÁ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2. º√fl∑ˆÁ\l_ EÈ Ô‚|©√V|ÔÁ· s]›>m.

3. ƒJÔ \u≈D ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ ∏[ >∫˛BkÏÔ”¬z ÷¶ Œm¬ˇ|

∂π¬Ô ƒ‚¶tBuÆD kÁÔl_ \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ∂]ÔV´D ∂π›>m.

7. (1956) ÿ\Va ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ √]™V[z \VWÈ∫Ô^ \uÆD gÆ

RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶Á> ∂∫ˇÔˆ›>m.

(2) ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ÿ√VmkV™

cBÏ¿]\[≈D ∂Á\¬Ô kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.

21. (1967) : ®‚¶Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ EÕ] ÿ\Va ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

24. (1971) : ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ®Õ> ŒÚ √z]ÁB•D ]Ú›mk>uÔV™

√V´V”\[≈›][ ∂]ÔV´›Á> cÆ]©√|›]Bm. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A›

]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬Ô”¬z ¤™V]√] Œ©A>_ ∂π©√Á>

Ô‚¶VB\V¬˛Bm.


11526. (1971) : ∑>Õ]´›]uz xÕÁ>B ∑º>ƒ ∂´ƒÏÔ”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶

ƒKÁÔÔ^ (\[™Ï \VMBD) Œa¬Ô©√‚¶™.

36. (1975) : E¬˛tuz \VWÈ ∂Õ>¸m kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

42. (1976) xÔ°Á´l_ ]Ú›>D ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. Socialist, Secular,Integrity g˛B J[Æ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.

√z] IV- ¬z A]>VÔ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ∂]_ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\Ô^

ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.

∂´EBÈÁ\©A› ]Ú›>›Á> ¿] A™´VFsuÔ ∂©√Vu√‚¶>VÔ

∂§s›>m.

\VWÈ© √‚ΩBo_ ÷ÚÕm nÕm ÷™∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√Vm© √‚ΩBK¬z

\Vu§Bm.

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈ›Á> nÕm

gıΩoÚÕm gÆ gı¶VÔ \Vu§Bm.

cflƒ¿]\[≈D \uÆD cBÏ ¿]\[≈∫Ôπ[ ¿] A™´VF° \uÆD

cˆÁ\© º√´VÁ ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·¬ zÁ≈›>m.

kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈ÔÁ· ∂\_√|›> ƒ‚¶tBuÆDº√Vm, ∂m

∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\ÔÁ· *Æk>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ¿]\[≈∫Ô^ ∂Ák

ÿƒ_È›>ÔV>ÿ>™ ∂§s¬Ô ÷BÈVm.

º>EB ∂kƒ´ WÁÈÔÁ· ÷Õ]BVs[ ŒÚ √z]¬z \‚|D

∂\_√|›> kÁÔ ÿƒF>m.

ƒ‚¶D Œø∫z WÁÈÁBfl ƒ\Vπ¬Ô ®Õ>ÿkVÚ \VWÈ›m¬zD

\›]B© √Á¶ÔÁ· ∂–©√ \›]B ∂´∑¬z ∂]ÔV´\π›>m.

\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ ¤™V]√] g‚E ∂\_√|›>©√‚¶Á>

Am©∏©√>uÔV™ ÔVÈ›Á> gÆ \V>›]oÚÕm ŒÚ kÚ¶\V¬˛Bm.

43. (1977): cflƒ ¿]\[≈D cBÏ ¿]\[≈∫Ôπ[ ¿]A™´VF° \uÆD

cˆÁ\© º√´VÁ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ]ÚD√ ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶™. º>ƒ sº´V>

ÿƒB_Ô”¬ÿÔ]´VÔ ƒ‚¶tBu≈, √V´V”\[≈›]uz 42ágkm

ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›]_ kw∫Ô©√‚¶ E≈©A ∂]ÔV´D √§¬Ô©√‚¶m.

44. (1977): ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ ÔVÈV›Á> gÆ

gıΩoÚÕm *ı|D nÕm gı¶VÔ \Vu§Bm. ÿƒV›mˆÁ\ÁB

∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\loÚÕm ¿¬˛Bm.

52. (1985) 10ágkm ∂‚¶kÁ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ∂]_ Ô‚E› >Vk_

ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ ®|¬Ô©√|D Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


116


58. (1987) ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ÷Õ] ÿ\Va ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏÁ√

∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ ÿkπl|km ÿ>V¶Ï√V™m.

61. (1989) ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› º>Ï>K¬ÔV™ kV¬Ôπ¬zD

kBm 21á÷oÚÕm 18ágÔ¬ zÁ≈¬Ô©√‚¶m.

65. (1990) >Vµ›>©√‚º¶VÏ \uÆD √w∫zΩl™Ú¬ÔV™ º>EB¬

Ôt≠[ ∂Á\¬Ô kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.

69. (19910 ]_oÁB º>EB› >ÁÈÂÔ´© √z]BVÔ ∂§s›>m¶[ 70

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√•D ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.

70. (1992) ]_o \uÆD √VıΩflºƒˆ g˛B RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ôπ[

ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ¤™V]√] º>Ï>o_ √∫ºÔuÔ kakÁÔ

ÿƒF>m.

73. (1992) √fiƒVB›m VÎ ∂Á\©AÔ”¬z ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ∂∫ˇÔV´D

∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m¶[, ÷m ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ 12ákm ∂‚¶kÁ•D, (IX) A ®[≈

√z]•D ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.

76. (1994) >twÔ ∂É[ \VWÈ ∂´∑© √Ë \uÆD Ô_s

WÆk™∫Ôπ_ BC/MBC/SC/ST ∏ˆs™Ú¬z 69 ƒ>s˛> ÷¶ Œm¬ˇ|

∂π¬zD ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ Œ[√>Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl[ ˇµ

Ák›>m.

84. (2000) 1 . ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[

®ıË¬ÁÔl_ \Vu≈D ÿÔVı| kÚk>uÔV™ >Á¶ÁB 2026ágD

gı| kÁ´ ¿Ω›>m.

1991ágD gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿ>Vz] \Æ

Ê´Á\¬Ô©√¶ kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.

ƒ‚œ¸ÔÏ, c›>´Vfiƒ_ \uÆD ¤VÏ¬Ôı‚ \VWÈ∫Ô^

cÚkV¬z>_.

86. (2002) 1. Ô_sÁB ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\BVÔ ∂§s›>m Am ≠´›m

21 ∞ á ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

≠´›m 51 ∞á÷[ ˇµ, gÆ x>_ 14 kB]uz‚√‚¶ zwÕÁ>ÔÁ·©

√Ω¬Ô Ák©√>uÔV™ ÛµWÁÈÁB ÿ√uº≈VÏ cÚkV¬˛› >ÚD

ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\BV¬˛Bm. kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ôπ_

c^· ≠´›m 45án \Vu§BÁ\›>m.

87. (2003) ÿ>Vz] \ÆÊ´Á\©Á√, 2001-gD gı| \¬Ô^

ÿ>VÁÔÁB ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| WÁ≈ºku≈©√¶ ºkı|ÿ\™

∂§s›>m.


11791. (2003) 1. \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´ÁsB_ ∏´>\Ï c^π‚¶ ÷>´

∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> ®ıË¬ÁÔl_

15%÷›]uzD ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm. \VWÈ ∂Á\flƒ´Ákl_

x>ÈÁ\flƒÁ´•D ºƒÏ›m ƒ‚¶\[≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÿ\V›>

®ıË¬ÁÔ 15%÷›]uzD º\_ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm.

∂º> º√V_ E§B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ (ºÔVkV, E¬˛D, tºƒV´D)

∂Á\flƒÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 12-¬z¬ zÁ≈B¬ Ì¶Vm.

Ô‚E› >Vk_ >Á¶flƒ‚¶›][ ˇµ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ®|¬Ô©√‚¶ cÆ©∏™Ï

(≠´›m (75) 1 \uÆD 164 (1) √Ω) *ı|D A]>VÔ› º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D

kÁ´ ∂Á\flƒÏ √>s¬z WBt¬Ô©√¶¬Ì¶Vm.

92. (2003) º√V¶V, º¶V¬ˆ, Á\]o, ƒVÕ>o g˛B ÂV[z ÿ\VaÔ^

∂ÉBÈÁ\©A 8ágkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.

97. (2012) gÏΩ¬˛^ 19 (1) (E) l_ ºÔV g√º´‚ΩÀ ÿƒVÁƒ‚ΩÔ^

®[–D ÿƒV_ÁÈ ºƒÏ›>_ º√V[≈kuÁ≈© √u§Bm.

20. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D20. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D20. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D20. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D20. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D

1. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>› ]Ú›mD xÁ≈ÔÁ· ÌÆD

∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ≠´›m á 368.

2. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A x>ÈVkm ]Ú›>D º\uÿÔV^·©√‚¶ kÚ¶D

á 1951.

3. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ xÔ°Á´ ŒÚ xÁ≈ \‚|º\

]Ú›>©√‚|^·m.

4. ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬ÔÁ· ÿÔVı|k´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ x[

∂–\] º>Ák ÷_ÁÈ.

5. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A› ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬ÔÁ· zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ

ÁÔÿBø›]¶ \Æ¬Ô xΩBVm.

6. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬Ô”¬z Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶D (JointSitting) ˛Á¶BVm.

7. ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô‚¶Á\©A \V≈V\V_ ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ®Õ>©

√z]ÁB•D √V´V”\[≈D ]Ú›>ÈVD á ºÔƒkV ÂÕ>V √V´]

kw¬˛_ cflƒ¿]\[≈›][ yÏ©A.

8. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√› ]Ú›mD xÁ≈Ô^ J[Æ.

9. ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\ÔÁ· √V´V”\[≈D ]Ú›> xΩBVm á

ºÔVÈ¬ÂV› kw¬˛[ yÏ©A.

118


10. ∂´EBÈÁ\©∏[ ®©√z]ÁB•D ]Ú›mD cˆÁ\ÁB

√V´V”\[≈›m¬z cÆ]©√|›mD ]Ú›>D 24ákm

]Ú›>D.

21.√V´V”\[≈D21.√V´V”\[≈D21.√V´V”\[≈D21.√V´V”\[≈D21.√V´V”\[≈D

\¬Ô·Ák (ºÈV¬ƒÁk)

kBmkÕº>VÏ kV¬zˆÁ\ ®–D ∂Ω©√Á¶› >›mk›][ JÈD

\¬Ô·V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ (ÿ\D√Ï g‡©

√VÏoÿ\[‚) ∂¶∫˛Bº> ºÈV¬ƒÁ√.

1.1952, ∞©´_ 17ágD º>] ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ WÈs_ kÕ>m. ÷>[ x>_

Ì‚¶D 1952, º\ 13ágD º>] Â¶Õ>m.

2.mk¬Ô›]_ (x>_ ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô^) ÷m «°¸ g‡© ] ¨©∏^

®[º≈ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>m. ∏u√V| 1954, º\ 14 x>_ ÷m ºÈV¬ƒÁ√

®[Æ ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.

cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ : ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ÿ\V›>D ®›>Á™

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷¶Dÿ√≈ÈVD ®[√m √u§ ∂´EB_ ƒ‚¶›]_

z§©∏¶©√‚|^·m. ∂]Ô√‚ƒ\VÔ 52 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^kÁ´ ÷]_ ÷¶D

ÿ√≈ÈVD.

÷kÏÔπ_ 530 º√Ï \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD, 20 º√Ï \›]B

g‚E©√z]l_ ÷ÚÕmD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|kVÏÔ^. g∫˛ºÈV á ÷Õ]B

kDƒVkaÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> ÷´ı| º√Á´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D

ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·° : nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^. ƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D

mk∫zD º>] x>_ nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^ ®[√º> ÷Õ> ÔVÈ ∂·°.

®[≈VKD ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·° xΩ•D x[º√ ∂Á>© √>s ¿¬ÔD

ÿƒFB zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÚ¬z ∂]ÔV´xı|.

∂kƒ´WÈ ÔVÈ>]_ ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·Ák, ƒ‚¶©√Ω ŒÀÿkVÚ

xÁ≈•D´Vı|¬z º\u√¶V\_ ¿Ω›m¬ ÿÔV^· √V´V”\[≈›m¬z

∂]ÔV´xı|.

g™V_ ∂º>ºkÁ·l_ ∂kƒ´WÁÈ kV√¸ ÿ√≈©√‚¶ ∏[A,®Õ>

ÔV´D ÿÔVı|D gÆ\V>›]uz º\_ ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·°

¿‚Ω¬Ô©√|>_ Ì¶Vm.

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ kˆÁƒ z]Á´ ÈV¶›][

∂Á\©∏_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ¬z ®]´VÔ

kÈ©√¬ÔD g”D Ô‚E•D, ÷¶©√¬ÔD ®]Ï¬Ô‚E cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”D ÷¶D

k˛¬˛[≈™Ï. ∂Ákl[ x>_\VΩl_ √VÏÁkBV·ÏÔ”¬zD,


119√›]ˆÁÔBV·ÏÔ”¬zD ÷¶D Œm¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ : ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ®]ÏÔ‚E cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[

>ÁÈkº´ ®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ. ÷kÚ¬z ÔV∏ÿ™‚ ∂Á\flƒÁ´©

º√V[≈ ∂Õ>¸mı|.

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ k´ÈVu§_ ÂV[ÔVD ƒÁ√ kÁ´ ®]Ï¬Ô‚E¬ÿÔ™

∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ >ÁÈkÏ ®kÚD ÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ.

ŒÚ Ô‚E¬z ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk ®]ÏÔ‚E ®[–D >z]

˛Á¶¬Ô, ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ_ √›]_ ŒÚ √∫z

÷¶∫ÔÁ·BVkm ÷¬Ô‚E ÿ√u§Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.

ÔV∫˛´¸ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ´VD ∑√¬ E∫ºÔ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ x>_

®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ.

√V´V”\[≈D

√V´V”\[≈D ®[√m zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ, ºÈV¬ƒÁ√, ´VÎBƒÁ√

g˛B J[Á≈•D c^·¶¬˛Bm.

nÕ>Vkm ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm gı|Ô”¬z º\_

¿Ω›>m.

mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¿¬ÔD ÿƒF•D yÏ\V™D

´VÎBƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ mk∫Ô©√|D.

÷Ú ƒÁ√Ôπ[ Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶›Á> Ì‚|√kÏ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.

>ÁÈÁ\ºBu√kÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ.

ÂD∏¬ÁÔl_ÈV yÏ\V™D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ÿÔVı|

k´©√|D.

√V´V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÔVÈD gÆ

\V>›]uztÔ¬Ì¶Vm.

√\ºƒV>V ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√|D.

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ nÕm kÚ¶ √>s¬ÔVÈD ®[√m, ÿ√Vm›º>Ï>_

xΩÕm Â¶¬zD x>_ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ˆoÚÕm Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

ÂV¶V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú ∂ÁkÔπ[ Ì‚¶›]KD √∫ºÔuzD

cÆ©∏™´_ÈV> Œº´ Â√Ï ∂‚¶VÏM ÿ¤™´_.

ŒÚ \ºƒV>V √ \ºƒV>V ®[Æ ƒ√VÂVBÔ´V_ ƒV[≈π¬Ô©√‚¶V_

∂mºk ÷Æ]BV™m.

22. \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Ák (´VÎBƒÁ√)22. \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Ák (´VÎBƒÁ√)22. \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Ák (´VÎBƒÁ√)22. \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Ák (´VÎBƒÁ√)22. \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Ák (´VÎBƒÁ√)

√V´V”\[≈ º\ÈÁkBV™ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ[

∏´]W]ÔÁ· cÆ©∏™´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ∂Á\©A.

120


1952, ∞©´_ J[≈VD º>] ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z kÕ>m.

mk¬Ô›]_ ÷m Ô°[E_ g‡© º¶‚¸ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∏u√V|

1954, gÔ¸| 23á÷_ ÷m ´VÎBƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ :cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ : 250-¬z tÔV\_ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.

÷kÏÔπ_ 12 º√Ï zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V_ WBt¬Ô©√|˛[≈™Ï.

∂§sB_, ÔÁÈ, ÷È¬˛BD, ƒJÔ ºƒÁk º√V[≈ mÁ≈Ôπ_ AÔµ

ÿ√u≈ Â√ÏÔÁ·ºB zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ ÷©√>s¬z WB\™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.

®fiEB ÷¶∫Ô^ \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ s˛>VflƒV´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ \VWÈ∫

Ô”¬zD, \›]B g‚E©√z]Ô”¬zD √˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.

ÔVÈ ∂·° :ÔVÈ ∂·° :ÔVÈ ∂·° :ÔVÈ ∂·° :ÔVÈ ∂·° : gÆkÚ¶∫Ô^, ÿ√VmkVÔ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿ\V›>\VÔ

ÔÁÈ¬Ô©√|km ÷_ÁÈ. g™V_ ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈

J[§ÿÈVÚ √∫z cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ F° ÿ√ÆkmD, A]>VÔ› º>Ï°

ÿƒFB©√|ºkVÏ √>sºBu√mD WÔµÕm ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬zD.

´VÎBƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÷¶ kˆÁƒ ∂Á´¬ºÔV· kΩs_

∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

´VÎBƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ :´VÎBƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ :´VÎBƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ :´VÎBƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ :´VÎBƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ : mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkº´ ´VÎB ƒÁ√l[

®¬¸ ∂‡¨¥ºBV ºƒÏ\[ (mÁ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ √>sl[

ÔV´\VÔ ˛Á¶›> √>s) ÷kº´ ´VÎB ƒÁ√l[ >ÁÈkÏ.

tÔ ∂]Ô ÔVÈD (√›m kÚ¶∫Ô^) ´VÎB ƒÁ√› >ÁÈk´VÔ √>s

k˛›>kÏ ÂV‚Ω[ x>_ mÁ¬ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï

®¸.´V>V˛Úi[. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈD ÷©√>s k˛›>kÏ s.s.˛ˆ

(÷´ı¶Á´ kÚ¶∫Ô^).

√V´V”\[≈fl ÿƒBÈÔD√V´V”\[≈fl ÿƒBÈÔD√V´V”\[≈fl ÿƒBÈÔD√V´V”\[≈fl ÿƒBÈÔD√V´V”\[≈fl ÿƒBÈÔD

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√¬zD, ´VÎBƒÁ√¬zÿ\™ >M›>M ÿƒBÈÔ∫Ô^

cı|. A]B ∂´EBÈÁ\©Á√ ∂|›m 1952á÷_ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ ÿƒBÈÔD

√VÏoÿ\[‚ ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[ÆD, VÎBƒÁ√ ÿƒBÈÔD Ô°[E_ g‡©

¸º¶‚¸ ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[ÆD kw∫Ô©√‚¶™. ∏u√V| 1954á÷_ ÷Ák

xÁ≈ºB ºÈV¬ƒ√V ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ VÎB ƒ√V ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_

kw∫Ô©√¶ÈVl™.

23. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï23. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï23. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï23. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï23. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ kÚ¶›]uz J[Æ xÁ≈ Ì|kmı|. 1.√‚ÿ¤‚

Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (∏©´kˆáº\), 2. √ÚkÔVÈ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (˝ÁÈ á gÔ¸‚),

3. zπÏÔVÈ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (ÂkD√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï).


121√V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶D ÿ√VmkVÔ ÔVÁÈ 11 \Ë¬z mk∫zD.

ƒV>V´ WÁÈl_ ÔVÁÈ 11 \Ë x>_ \]BD ŒÚ \Ë kÁ´•D

Ì‚¶D ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD. \]BD ŒÚ \Ë x>_ ÷´ı| \ËkÁ´

÷Á¶ºkÁ· ºÂ´D. g™V_ ÷Õ> ÷Á¶ºkÁ·ÁB ´›m ÿƒFmD,

\VÁÈ gÆ\Ë¬z º\_ Ì‚¶›Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm Â¶›]B

ƒÕ>Ï©√∫Ô”D cı|.

ƒÁ√l_ kÚÁÔ© √]°ƒÁ√l_ kÚÁÔ© √]°ƒÁ√l_ kÚÁÔ© √]°ƒÁ√l_ kÚÁÔ© √]°ƒÁ√l_ kÚÁÔ© √]°

ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ c‚√¶ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ √›]_ ŒÚ √∫z

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ ∂Ákl[ ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ (ºÔV´D)

˛Á¶¬zD.

÷Ú ƒÁ√ÔÁ·ºBV, ∞º>–D ŒÚ ƒÁ√ÁB \‚|º\V ÿƒB_√¶V\_

>|¬ÔºkV (Aº´Vº´V¬) ƒÁ√ÁB© √>s ¿¬ÔD ÿƒFBºkV zΩB´∑›

>ÁÈkÚ¬z ∂]ÔV´xı|.

24.√‚ÿ¤‚24.√‚ÿ¤‚24.√‚ÿ¤‚24.√‚ÿ¤‚24.√‚ÿ¤‚

√V´V”\[≈›]_ ÷´ı| √z]Ô·VÔ √‚ÿ¤‚ (÷´l_ºk \uÆD

ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚) >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m.

∏©´kˆ J[≈VD kV´›]_ ÷´l_ºk √‚ÿ¤‚|D, ∏©´kˆ \V>›][

ÔÁ¶E ºkÁÈÂVπ_ ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚|D >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈™.

ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚ cÁ´ ÷´ı| √z]Ô^ ∂¶∫˛Bm. ÂV‚Ω[

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ WÁÈ z§›m x>_ √z]. ∂|›> W]BVıΩuÔV™ kˆ

√ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD √z]l_ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD. k´°áÿƒÈ°ÔÁ·©

√u§B xøÁ\BV ∂§¬ÁÔ ÷›m¶[ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|D.

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ W]BÁ\flƒÏ √‚ÿ¤‚ cÁ´ÁB© √Ω›m xΩ›>

∏u√V|, ∂m ´VÎB ƒÁ√ º\Á¤¬z ÿÔVı| ÿƒ_È©√|D.

÷Á>B|›m ∂´E[ kˆ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ ∂¶∫˛B W] \ºƒV>VÁk

W]BÁ\flƒÏ ∂Ákl_ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFkVÏ. ÷Á>B|›m ∂Ák ÔÁÈ•D.

25. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√•D, ´VÎBƒÁ√•D25. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√•D, ´VÎBƒÁ√•D25. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√•D, ´VÎBƒÁ√•D25. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√•D, ´VÎBƒÁ√•D25. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√•D, ´VÎBƒÁ√•D

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ºÈV¬ƒÁ√

x>[Á\ ƒÁ√. 1952 ∞©´_ 17 ÷_ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ kÕ>m. √>s¬ÔVÈD

nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^. cÆ©∏™´VÔ zÁ≈Õ> √‚ƒ kBm 25 gzD. ÷>[

>ÁÈkÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ. W] \ºƒV>VÁk x>[ xo_ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_

\‚|º\ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB xΩ•D. ÷´ı|

122


cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ· zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. ∂]Ô√‚ƒ

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 552. >twÔ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 39. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ

º>Ï>o_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂´EB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>›]_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m.

÷m mk¬Ô›]_ «°¸ g‡© ¨©∏^¸ ®™©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| 1954 º\

14÷_ ºÈV¬ ƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.

26.´VÎBƒÁ√26.´VÎBƒÁ√26.´VÎBƒÁ√26.´VÎBƒÁ√26.´VÎBƒÁ√

mÁfl ƒÁ√. 1952 ∞©´_ 3á÷_ ÿƒB_xÁ≈¬z kÕ>m. WÁÈBV™

ƒÁ√ (cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ √>s¬ ÔVÈD gÆkÚ¶∫Ô^, ÷´ı|

kÚ¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ J[§ÿÈVÚ √∫z cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^

√>sloÚÕm ÿkπºBÆ˛≈VÏÔ^) cÆ©∏™´VÔ zÁ≈Õ> √‚ƒ kBm

30. ÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ mÁ¬zΩB´∑›>ÁÈk´VkVÏ. W] \ºƒV>Vs[

*m ∂]ÔV´D zÁ≈°. ÷]_ 12 º√Á´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D

ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. ∂]Ô©√‚ƒ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 250. >twÔ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 18

º√Ï. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ º>Ï>o_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂]ÔV´›Á>

ÿ√VÚ›>kÁ´ ƒ\\V™ ∂]ÔV´D, E≈©A ∂]ÔV´D cı|. A]B ∂˛È

÷Õ]B ƒÏT¸Ô^ (gÏΩ¬˛^ 312) mk∫Ô ´VÎB ƒÁ√ >M› yÏ\V™D

WÁ≈ºku≈ºkı|D. \VWÈ© √‚ΩBo_ ÿƒV_È©√|D s≠B∫Ôπ[

ƒ‚¶ cÚkV¬Ô›m¬z ´VÎBƒÁ√l[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D Ô‚¶VBD º>Ák. ÷m

mk¬Ô›]_ «°¸ g‡© ¸º¶‚¸ ®™©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| 1954, gÔ¸|

24 ÷_ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.

27. √V´V”\[≈D

1. √V´V”\[≈D ®[√m zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ, ºÈV¬ƒÁ√,

´VÎBƒÁ√ g˛B J[Á≈•D c^·¶¬˛Bm.

2. nÕ>Vkm ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm gı|Ô”¬z

º\_ ¿Ω›>m.

3. mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¿¬ÔD ÿƒF•D yÏ\V™D

´VÎBƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ mk∫Ô©√|D.

4. ÷Ú ƒÁ√Ôπ[ Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶›Á> Ì‚|√kÏ zΩB´∑›

>ÁÈkÏ. >ÁÈÁ\ºBu√kÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ.

5. ÂD∏¬ÁÔl_ÈV yÏ\V™D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\

ÿÔVı|k´©√|D.

6. √V´V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD ÷Á¶©√‚¶

ÔVÈD gÆ \V>›]uz tÔ¬Ì¶Vm.

7. √\ºƒV>V ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√|D.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text



1238. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ nÕm kÚ¶ √>s¬ÔVÈD ®[√m,

ÿ√Vm›º>Ï>_ xΩÕm Â¶¬zD x>_ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ˆoÚÕm

Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

9. ÂV¶V”\[§›][ ÷Ú ∂ÁkÔπ[ Ì‚¶›]KD √∫ºÔuzD

cÆ©∏™´_ÈV> Œº´ Â√Ï á ∂‚¶VÏM ÿ¤™´_.

10. ŒÚ \ºƒV>V √ \ºƒV>V ®[Æ ƒ√VÂVBÔ´V_

ƒV[≈π¬Ô©√‚¶V_ ∂mºk ÷Æ]BV™m.

28. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ28. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ28. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ28. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ28. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ

1. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ >™m ´V˜™V\V ÔΩ>›Á> ∂–©√ ºkıΩB

Â√Ï á mÁ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.

2. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ ÷kÏ x[MÁÈl_ √>s©∏´\VD ÿƒF˛≈VÏ

á >ÁÈÁ\ ¿]√].

3. ÷Õ]B¬zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkˆ[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk \VπÁÔ á

zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ \VπÁÔ.

4. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ \VπÁÔÁ· kΩkÁ\›>kÏ á ®‚s[ Ÿ‚Ω[¸

5. ÿ√Vm \[M©A kw∫zD ∂]ÔV´›Á> zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÚ¬z

kw∫zD ∏ˆ° gÏΩ¬Ô^ á 72

6. cflƒ¿]\[≈, cBÏ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]ÔÁ· WBt©√kÏ á

zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.

7. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶∫ÔÁ·¬ Ì‚|D ∂]ÔV´D √Á¶›>kÏ á

zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.

8. ∂kƒ´ WÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D ÿkπl|√kÏ á zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.

9. ´VÎBƒÁ√¬z zΩB´∑›>ÁÈk´V_ WB\™D ÿƒFB©√|D

cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ á12 º√Ï.

10. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÁ´ ¿¬zD Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ÷D¨flÿ\[‚.

29. º>Ï>_29. º>Ï>_29. º>Ï>_29. º>Ï>_29. º>Ï>_

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\ kBm ∂Ω©√Á¶l_

∂π¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

2. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ º>Ï>_ Â¶Õ> gı| á 1952.

3. kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\ ŒÚ ∂´EBÈÁ\©A cˆÁ\.

4. kV¬Ôz©√]° xΩk>uz 48 \Ë ºÂ´›]uz x[√VÔ º>Ï>_

∏´flƒV´D xΩ¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D.

5. kV¬Ôπ¬zD ÷BÕ]´∫Ô^ (Elctronic Votting Machine) \VWÈ

º>Ï>o_ x>_ xÁ≈BVÔ xøÁ\BVÔ √B[√|›>©√‚¶ \VWÈD á

ºÔVkV.

124


6. 18 kBm ØÏ›]BV™ ∂Á™kÚ¬zD kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\∂π¬zD ≠´›m á 326.

7. ∂´EB_ Ô‚EÔ”¬z ∂∫ˇÔV´D ∂π©√m, E[™∫Ô^ Œm¬zkmá º>Ï>_ gÁBD.

8. \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ tÔflE§B ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ ÿ>Vz] á÷È‚ƒ›y°.

9. 84ákm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[®ıË¬ÁÔÁB 2026 kÁ´ \Vu≈V\_ ÷Ú¬Ô kÁÔ ÿƒF>m.

10. º>Ï>_ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÊÏ]Ú›>∫ÔÁ· √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒFB∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ Ôt‚Ω ]º™i ºÔV¸kVt Ôt‚Ω.

-----------------------


125

xÁ™kÏ.S.Ô_BVËc>sº√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈ÿƒ[Á™ ˛§¸mk¬ Ô_Ÿˆ, >VD√´D, ÿƒ[Á™.

3. k´ÈVÆ

cÈÔ ÂVÔˆÔ∫Ô^

1.ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtB ÂVÔˆÔD1.ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtB ÂVÔˆÔD1.ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtB ÂVÔˆÔD1.ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtB ÂVÔˆÔD1.ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtB ÂVÔˆÔD

÷[Á≈B R‡©´œ¸, Á¶¬ˆ¸ gÆÔ”¬z ÷Á¶©√‚¶ √z]l_

(>uº√VÁ>B mÚ¬˛, EˆBV \uÆD ÷´V¬˛[ √z]Ô^) >Áw›>

ÂVÔˆÔD.

˛.x ÂVÈVl´D gı|Ôπ_ ºÔVl_ÔÁ·•D, ∂´ı\Á™

ÔÁ·•D Ô‚Ω™Ï ®[√Á> ∂ÔwVF°Ô^ ÔV‚|˛[≈™Ï. ªÏ (Ur) ª´¬

(Urak), ®ˆ| (Eridu) , ÛƒV (Susa) g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ƒ¬Ô´∫Ô^ (Wheels)cÚkV¬˛B>uÔV™ ÿ>V_ÿÈflƒ∫Ô^ ˛Á¶›m^·™.

k´ÈVuÆ¬zD xu√‚¶ ÔVÈ›Á>•D, k´ÈVu§[ g´D√

ÔVÈ›Á>•D ∏ˆ¬zD Ô‚¶›Á> ®ømD ]≈[ cÚkV™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D ®[Æ

÷Á>¬ Ì≈ÈVD.

ƒ¬Ô´›Á>•D, √w∫ÔVÈ ®ø›m kΩk\VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D ¬RM‡√VÏD

®ø›m¬ÔÁ·•D Ôı| ∏Ω›>kÏÔ^ ∑º\ˆBÏÔº· ®™ ÂD√©√|˛≈m.

˛.x. 2000 kV¬˛_ ÷m ∏≈ ÷™›>kÏÔ”¶[ ÔÁ´Õm º√V™m.

2. √V∏ºÈVMBD2. √V∏ºÈVMBD2. √V∏ºÈVMBD2. √V∏ºÈVMBD2. √V∏ºÈVMBD

ˆ¶›]_ WÁÈ›m kVw xu√‚¶ ƒx>VB∫Ôπ_ ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^

cÚkVkm ÷[§BÁ\BV>m. .x. 3000 á 2000 ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_

√V∏ºÈVM_ x>o_ ÷›>ÁÔB ÿÂ§xÁ≈ cÚkV™m ®[Æ Ì≈ÈVD.

√V∏ºÈVMB \[™[ «x´V∏ ˛.x.1792á1750) cÚkV¬˛B

¿]xÁ≈Ôπ_, WÈD ÿÔV^x>_, skÔV´›m, zwÕÁ>ÁB >›m

®|›>_ º√V[≈ku§uÔV™ s]xÁ≈Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™.

126


3.Ê™V3.Ê™V3.Ê™V3.Ê™V3.Ê™V

Ê™Vs[ ÿ>[√z]l_ ÿÂ_KD, k¶√z]l_ ´V˛ º√V[≈ EÆ

>VMB∫Ô”D, ºƒVBV, ∂kÁ´ \uÆD ˛w∫z kÁÔÔ^ g˛BÁk•D

√lˆ¶©√‚¶™.

ºk·VıÁ\ ÿƒFB g´D∏›> \¬Ô^ EÆ zΩlÚ©AÔ^ ∂Á\›m

kVµÕ>™Ï. ∑\VÏ ˛.x. 2000 kV¬˛_, \›]B gEB ÂVÔˆÔ∫Ô”¶[

ÿ>V¶ÏA ∞u√¶, ÂÔ´∫Ô^ cÚkVÔ g´D∏›>™.

\fiƒ^ gÆ ®™©√|D ⁄kV∫º«V gu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ ÿƒa›>

ºk·VıÁ\ ÂVÔˆÔ›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏÔ^, >Vt´D, ∏›>Á·

º√V[≈kuÁ≈ cÚ¬˛, ÿkıÔÈD ÿƒFB°D ∂§Õ]ÚÕ>™Ï.

˛.x.18-17 gD ±u≈Vı|Ôπ_ º≠∫ kDƒD gı¶ ÔVÈ›Á> Ê™

ÂVÔˆÔD cBÏ°ÿ√u≈ ÔVÈD ®[º≈ Ì≈ÈVD. x¬˛B ÂÔ´\V™ ∂[

ºB∫˛_ z]Á´ Ø‚ΩB kıΩÔ^ ΩB ÔVÈD ∂m.

4. ®˛©m4. ®˛©m4. ®˛©m4. ®˛©m4. ®˛©m

˛.x. 3100 mk∫˛Bm. ÿ\™¸ ®–D ‡√Vº´V kDƒ \[™M[

g‚El[ ˇµ ÁÂ_Â]¬ ÔÁ´l_ ®˛©]B ÂVÔˆÔD >Áw›>m.

\¬Ô^ \[™Á™¬ Ô¶°π[ ∏´]W]BVÔ°D, √VmÔV¬zD

ÔVkÈ™VÔ°D ÔÚ]™Ï. Ô¶°^ \[™[, ∂k–¬z¬ ˇµ√ΩÕ>

∂Á\flƒÏ, \>zÚ¬Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ Ô‚Ω¬ÔV›> ®˛©][ ƒV>V´

zΩ\¬Ô^, ∞´V·\V™ ∂ΩÁ\Ô^ ®™ √ΩWÁÈ ∂Á\©√VÔ ∂Õ>fl

ƒx>VBD ÷ÚÕ>m.

\¬Ô^ \Ú›mkD, ÔË>D, ºÔV^Ôπ[ ÷¶©ÿ√BÏflE º√V[≈

kuÁ≈ ∂§Õ]ÚÕ>™Ï.

cÈÔ© AÔµÿ√u≈ ∏´t|Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB Ô‚¶©√‚¶™.

5. tº™Vk[ ÂVÔˆÔD5. tº™Vk[ ÂVÔˆÔD5. tº™Vk[ ÂVÔˆÔD5. tº™Vk[ ÂVÔˆÔD5. tº™Vk[ ÂVÔˆÔD

nº´V©∏BVs[ tÔ© √wÁ\BV™ ÷ÕÂVÔˆÔD, \›]B› >Á´¬Ô¶_

√z]lK^· ∞˜B[ Ô¶u√z]l_ º>V[§, ˛.x. 2000á1450 ÷_

cflƒWÁÈÁB ∂Á¶Õ>m.

˛Z‚ ys_ ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ¤VΩÔ^, º\V]´∫Ô^, x›]Á´Ô^

º√V[≈Ák Áƒ©´¸, ®˛©m ÂV|Ô”¬z ∞uÆ\] ÿƒFB©√‚|, Ô¶_

kVËÔD ÿ√Ú˛B ÔVÈD ∂m.

ºÂVºvV¸ (Knossos), Á\ÈV (Maila), ‡ÿ√l¸º¶V¸ (Phaistos),ƒV¬º´V¸ (Zakros) g˛B ÷¶∫ÔπK^· \VπÁÔÔπ_ ÔV©√|D

∑kº´VsB∫Ô^ ∂∫z kVµÕ> \¬Ô^ √Bt[§ kËÔfl ÿƒa©∏_


127\˛µ°¶[ kVµÕ>™Ï ®[≈ ÔÚ›Á> cÚkV¬z˛[≈™.

Á\ÊMBÏ, ˛º´¬ÔÏ g˛ºBVÏ √Á¶ÿB|›m ˛Z‚ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>

∂a›>™Ï. ÷›ys[ ÿ√ÚD√z] ®ˆ\ÁÈ ÿkΩ©∏_ ∂a›>m.

6. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ6. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ6. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ6. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ6. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ

EÕmÂ]© √^·›>V¬˛_ cÚkV™ ÂVÔˆÔD.

˛.x.3000 kV¬˛_, EÕm ƒ\ÿkπÔπ_ √È zΩlÚ©AÔ^, ªÏÔ^

cÚkVl™. ∂Õ> ÂVÔˆÔ›][ cflƒ¬ Ô‚¶›]_, ÿ\VÔfiƒ>Vº´V,

«´©√V ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ >ÈV ∑\VÏ ÷Ú√>Vl´D ∂_Èm x©√>Vl´D

\¬Ô^ kVµÕ]Ú¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈m.

ºÔVmÁ\, √VÏo, Ô¶ÁÈ, ®^, √Ú›] g˛BkuÁ≈ ∂∫˛ÚÕ>

\¬Ô^ √lˆ‚¶™Ï. √Ú›] ÿÂFB©√‚| ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtBV kÁ´

∞uÆ\] ÿƒFB©√‚¶>uÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ c^·™.

∑‚¶ ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ^ ∂]Ô ∂·s_ >BVˆ¬Ô©√‚| c√ºBV˛¬Ô©√‚¶™.

ºÔVA´∫Ô^ º√V[≈ ∏´t¬Ô›>¬Ô ∂Á\©AÔ^ ÷_ÈVs‚¶VKD,

ÿ\flƒ›>zÕ> xÁ≈l_ ∂∫z ÂÔ´∫Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™.

ºÂ´VÔ°D, kˆÁƒBVÔ°D ∂Á\Õ> T]Ô^, \Áw¿Á´

ÿkπºBuÆk>uÔV™ kΩÔV_Ô^ Ôa°¿Á´ ÿkπºBuÆk>uÔV™

ƒV¬ÔÁ¶Ô^ ÷∫z ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™. >VMB¬ Ô·fiEB∫Ô”D,

kB_Ôπ_ √lÏ ÿƒFm >VMB∫ÔÁ· ∂ÆkÁ¶ ÿƒF> cÁw©√Vπ

Ô”¬ÔV™ zΩlÚ©AÔ”D >MBVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>™.

7.«´©√V7.«´©√V7.«´©√V7.«´©√V7.«´©√V

«´©√Vsuz› ÿ>uºÔ 650 ˛.* ÿ>VÁÈs_ ÷ÚÕ> ÂÔ´D

ÿ\VÔfiƒ>Vº´V. ÷∫zD ∑‚¶ ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ·V_ g™ E≈Õ> ÂÔ´Á\©A

÷ÚÕ>m.

EÕmÿkπ ÂVÔˆÔ›][ \Á™›]‚¶D >Mfl E≈©AÁ¶Bm. E§B

T|Ô^, ÷´ı| J[≈ ∂Á≈Ô^ ÿÔVı¶Ák zπBÈÁ≈,

Ôa©∏¶∫Ô^ º√V[≈ kƒ]Ô”tÚÕ>™.

8.√ıÁ¶ ÂVÔZÔ∫Ô^8.√ıÁ¶ ÂVÔZÔ∫Ô^8.√ıÁ¶ ÂVÔZÔ∫Ô^8.√ıÁ¶ ÂVÔZÔ∫Ô^8.√ıÁ¶ ÂVÔZÔ∫Ô^

1. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ ÂVÔZÔ›][ ÔVÈD ˛.x. 3250 x>_ ˛.x. 2750

kÁ´.

2. ÁÂ_ Â]l[ Â[ÿÔVÁ¶ ®™©√|km ®˛©]B ÂVÔZÔD.

3. R©´œ¸, Á¶ÔZ¸ Â]Ô^ √V•D ÷¶›]_ º>V[§Bm á ÿ\ƒ√º¶VtB

ÂVÔZÔD.

128


4. \fiƒ^ ÂVÔˆÔD ®[√m á Ê™ ÂVÔZÔD.

5. º>¿Á´ cÈ˛uz ∂π›> ÂVÔZÔD á Ê™ ÂVÔZÔD

6. ˆ¬ºk>D, ¿∫ÔÈVÔ ∞Á™B ∏≈ºk>∫Ô^ ÷Bu≈©√‚¶m á ∏uÔVÈ

ºk>ÔVÈD.

7. ˆ¬ºk> ÔVÈ ÂVÔZÔD á ˛´V\ ÂVÔZÔD.

8. ˛º´¬Ô ÂVÔZÔD √u§ ∂§B c>°D ±_Ô^ á ÷oB‚, ŒΩL.

9. √ıÁ¶B º´V\VMB ÂVÔZÔ›][ Á\B ÷¶D á ÷›>Vo.

10. º´V\VMB ÂVÔZÔD cÈ˛uz ∂π›> \Vÿ√ÚD Â[ÿÔVÁ¶ á

zΩB´∑› >›mkD.

9. ÍÏÔ^9. ÍÏÔ^9. ÍÏÔ^9. ÍÏÔ^9. ÍÏÔ^

>\m ÿƒVÕ> ØtBV™ \›]B gEBVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô›

ÿ>V¶∫˛BÁ> ∂|›m, \∫ºÔVoBVs_ ÂVº¶VΩÔ·VÔ› ]ˆÕ>

ÍÏÔ^ √_ºkÆ ÷¶∫Ô”¬z¬ zΩÿ√BÏÕ>™Ï.

ÍÏÔπ[ ºkÿ≈VÚ ∏ˆ° √V´ÊÔD ka g©ÔVM¸>VÁ™¬

ÁÔ©√u§Bm. ∏[™Ï ÷Õ]B kÕ>Á¶Õ> ∂kÏÔ^ ÔVÕ>V´D, √fiƒV©,

\V·kD, ÷´V¤¸>V[ º√V[≈ √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔ©√u§¬ÿÔVı| ŒÚ

º√´´Áƒ WÆs™Ï. ÷Õ>© º√´´E[ x>_ \[™[ º>V´\V[.

10.«Ï≠kÏ›>™Ï (606-647)10.«Ï≠kÏ›>™Ï (606-647)10.«Ï≠kÏ›>™Ï (606-647)10.«Ï≠kÏ›>™Ï (606-647)10.«Ï≠kÏ›>™Ï (606-647)

z©>ÏÔÁ·B|›m ∂´EBo_ ∞u√‚¶ Û[B›Á> ∂Ôu§Bm

kÏ›>\V™ÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ zÚº≥›]´›Á>B|›> >Vº™¸k´›Á>

>ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| g‚EAˆÕ>™Ï. AiBØ] ®[√kº´ ÷Õ>

kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ.

«Ï≠ˆ[ ÿ>[™Ô© √Á¶ÿB|©AÔ^ ÿku§BÁ¶Bs_ÁÈ.

˛.∏.363á_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ÂÏ\Á> Â]¬ÔÁ´ º√Vˆ_ º\uz ƒV”¬˛B

\[™™V™ ÷´ı¶VD AoºÔE «Ï≠Á´› º>Vu¬ÔΩ›>VÏ.

√V√‚¶ˆ[ «Ï≠ƒˆ>D, Ê™© √BË •kV[ ∑kV∫˛[ √B¬

z§©AÔ^ «Ï≠ˆ[ ÔVÈ›Á> ÌÆ˛[≈™. x¸‹D g]¬ÔD

∞u√|k>uz x[∏ÚÕ> k¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔÁ¶E E≈Õ> g‚EBV·Ï

«Ï≠º´.

11.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD11.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD11.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD11.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD11.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD

˛.x. 324 x>_ .x.187 kÁ´ ∂´ƒVı¶ ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD>V[

÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ º√´´∑. ÷Õ> ƒVD´VÎB›Á> >V∏›>kÏ ƒÕ]´ z©>

ÿ\·ˆBÏ.


129\Ô>›Á> g‚E AˆÕ> ÂÕ>kDƒ \[™M[ √Á¶› >·√]BVlÚÕm

ƒÕ]´z©> ÿ\·ˆBÏ ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ c>sBV_ \Ô>›Á>¬ ÿk[Æ

ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆs™VÏ.

ƒÕ]´ z©> ÿ\·ˆBˆ[ ∂´ı\Á™¬z kÕ> ˛º´¬Ô ∏´]W]

ÿ\Ô¸>M¸.

12.∏ÕmƒV´Ï12.∏ÕmƒV´Ï12.∏ÕmƒV´Ï12.∏ÕmƒV´Ï12.∏ÕmƒV´Ï

ƒÕ]´z©> ÿ\·ˆBˆ[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ∂kÚÁ¶B \Ô[

∏ÕmƒV´Ï \Ô>›][ ∂]ÔV´›Á> ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.

13.∂ºƒVÔÏ13.∂ºƒVÔÏ13.∂ºƒVÔÏ13.∂ºƒVÔÏ13.∂ºƒVÔÏ

∏ÕmƒV´ˆ[ \Ô[ ∂ºƒVÔÏ .x. 273 ÷_ \Ô>›][ \[™™V™VÏ.

÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§[ ∏´√È \[™´V™ ÷kÏ>V[ AÔµÿ√u≈ ∂ºƒVÔ

\[™Ï.

Ôo∫Ô •›>›]uz©∏[ (˛.x.265) A›> \>¬ÿÔV^ÁÔBV_

~Ï¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂ºƒVÔÏ º>kÏÔπ[ ∂[A¬z √V›]´\V™k[ ®[≈

ÿ√VÚ^√|D º>k™VD∏ˆB ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.

ƒV´ÂV›]_ ÷k´V_ WÆk©√‚¶ ∂ºƒVÔ ¸#∏ÁB \V]ˆBVÔ¬

ÿÔVı|>V[ ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂´∑fl E[™D

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

14.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á>¬ z§›m ∂§B c>°D g>V´∫Ô^:14.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á>¬ z§›m ∂§B c>°D g>V´∫Ô^:14.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á>¬ z§›m ∂§B c>°D g>V´∫Ô^:14.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á>¬ z§›m ∂§B c>°D g>V´∫Ô^:14.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á>¬ z§›m ∂§B c>°D g>V´∫Ô^:

ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ ∂Ï›> ƒV¸]´D, ÿ\Ô¸>ÃL[ ÷ıΩÔV, sƒVÔ

>>>ˆ[ x›´V´V≥ƒD, ∂ºƒVÔÏ Ô_ÿk‚|Ô^, A›>áƒ\ ƒ\B

÷È¬˛B∫Ô^.

15.\Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD15.\Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD15.\Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD15.\Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD15.\Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD

˛.x. g≈VD ±u≈Vı| º√´´∑Ôπ_ Œ[≈V™ \Ô>D k¶

÷Õ]BVs[ x¬˛B º√´´∑Ôπ[ Œ[Æ. >ÁÈÂÔÏ √V¶oA›]´D

(x>o_ ´V¤„ÚÔD>V[ >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔfl ÿƒB_√‚¶m). \Ô>

ƒVD´VÎB›][x>_ x¬˛B \[™Ï ∏D∏ƒV´Ï. ÷kÏ>V[ \Ô> ÂV‚Á¶

ŒÚ º√´´ƒVÔ \Vu§™VÏ. ∏D∏ƒV´Ú¬z© ∏≈z ∂k´m \Ô[

∂¤V>ƒ›Ú \[™´V™VÏ. ÷kÏ ÁkƒVo, ºÔVƒÈD ®[≈ ´VÎB∫ÔÁ·

\Ô>›º>V| ÷Á›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ.

16.z≠V™Ï16.z≠V™Ï16.z≠V™Ï16.z≠V™Ï16.z≠V™Ï

Ê™Vs_ RE (E›]BÏ) kz©Á√fl ºƒÏÕ> z≠V™ÏÔ^ x>o_ k¶¬z

g©ÔVM¸>VÁ™¬ (√V¬œˆB) ÁÔ©√u§™VÏÔ^. ∏[™Ï ƒÕm

Â]¬ÔÁ´ ƒ\ÿkπÔπKD, Ô∫ÁÔ Â]¬ÔÁ´l[ x¬˛B √z]ÔπKD

>∫Ô^ ∂]ÔV´›Á> WÁÈÂV‚Ω™Ï.

130


z≠V™ÏÔπ_ ÷´ı| ∂´ƒ kDƒ∫Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™. x>_ kDƒDÔV‚∏v¸ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. (˛.∏. 50-78) ÷Õ> kDƒ›m\[™ÏÔ^ Œ[≈VD ÔV‚∏v¸ \uÆD ÷´ı¶VD ÔV‚∏v¸ ®™∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.17.ÔMiÔÏ (˛.∏. 78á120)17.ÔMiÔÏ (˛.∏. 78á120)17.ÔMiÔÏ (˛.∏. 78á120)17.ÔMiÔÏ (˛.∏. 78á120)17.ÔMiÔÏ (˛.∏. 78á120)

÷´ı¶VD ÔV‚∏¸L[ \Ô[ ÔMiÔÏ z≠V™ kDƒ›]_ tÔ°D∏´√È\V™ \[™Ï. ÔMiÔÏ √>sºBu≈ ˛.∏. 78 x>_ ƒÔ kÏ≠Dÿ>V¶∫˛Bm.18.÷Õ]B¬ ÔVÈı¶ˆ[ ƒÔkÏ≠D ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ : \VÏfl 22,18.÷Õ]B¬ ÔVÈı¶ˆ[ ƒÔkÏ≠D ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ : \VÏfl 22,18.÷Õ]B¬ ÔVÈı¶ˆ[ ƒÔkÏ≠D ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ : \VÏfl 22,18.÷Õ]B¬ ÔVÈı¶ˆ[ ƒÔkÏ≠D ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ : \VÏfl 22,18.÷Õ]B¬ ÔVÈı¶ˆ[ ƒÔkÏ≠D ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ : \VÏfl 22,19571957195719571957

ÔVi*ˆKD ÔMiÔA´D ®[≈ tÔ ∂w˛B ÂÔ´›Á> ÔMiÔÏWÏ\VË›>VÏ. ∏[™Ï ÿ√≠VkVÏ ®[Æ ∂§B©√|D AÚ≠A´D>V[∂kÚÁ¶B >ÁÈÂÔ´D.

˛.∏. 87 ÷_ ÔMiÔÚ¬z º>k A›´ ®[≈ √‚¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.A›>\>›Á>© √´©√ º\uÿÔVı¶ √ËÔÁ·¬ ÔÚ›]_ÿÔVı|

ÔMiÔÏ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ºƒVÔ[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. ∂kÁ´A›>\>›]uz ÷‚| ÿƒ[≈kÏ ∂¸kºÔV≠Ï.19.ƒ>kVÔ™Ï19.ƒ>kVÔ™Ï19.ƒ>kVÔ™Ï19.ƒ>kVÔ™Ï19.ƒ>kVÔ™Ï

>¬ÔV›]KD \›]B ÷Õ]BVsKD ÿ\·ˆBÏÔÁ·› ÿ>V¶ÏÕmƒ>kVÔ™Ï √>sl_ ∂\ÏÕ>™Ï. A´V∫Ôπ_ z§©∏¶©√|D gÕ›´Ï>V[ ƒ>kVÔ™Ï ®[≈ ÔÚ›mD cı|.20.z©>© º√´´∑20.z©>© º√´´∑20.z©>© º√´´∑20.z©>© º√´´∑20.z©>© º√´´∑

˛.∏. 335-455 kÁ´ k¶ ÷Õ]BVÁk Œº´ ÂV¶VÔ WÏk˛›>m z©>º√´´ºƒ. ÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§_ ÿ√VuÔVÈ\VÔ s·∫˛BmD z©>ÏÔπ[ÔVÈÔ‚¶º\. z©> kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ p z©>Ï. ÷kÁ´ ∂|›mg‚E¬z kÕ>kÏ Ôº¶V›Ôƒ[.21.ƒÕ]´ z©>Ï (˛.∏. 314-339)21.ƒÕ]´ z©>Ï (˛.∏. 314-339)21.ƒÕ]´ z©>Ï (˛.∏. 314-339)21.ƒÕ]´ z©>Ï (˛.∏. 314-339)21.ƒÕ]´ z©>Ï (˛.∏. 314-339)

z©> º√´´E[ cıÁ\BV™ WÆk™Ï x>ÈVD ƒÕ]´z©>º´. >V[∂ˆBÁ ∞§BÁ>ÿBV‚Ω z©> kÚ¶D ®[≈ ŒÚ A]B kÚ≠›Á>g´D∏›>VÏ. \ÔV ´V¤V]´V¤ ®[≈ ∂Á¶ÿ\VaÁB•D >[ ÿ√Bº´V|ºƒÏ›m¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.22.ƒx›´z©>[ (˛.∏.330-380)22.ƒx›´z©>[ (˛.∏.330-380)22.ƒx›´z©>[ (˛.∏.330-380)22.ƒx›´z©>[ (˛.∏.330-380)22.ƒx›´z©>[ (˛.∏.330-380)

z©> ∂´ƒ √´D√Á´l_ tÔ© ∏´√ÈV\™kÏ. ∂ÈÔ√V]K^· ŒÚ∂ºƒVÔ ¸#∏l_ 33 kˆÔπ_ ƒx›´z©>M[ √Á¶√ÈD √u§Bsk´∫Ô^ ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Vwl_ ÿ√V§¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈™.

÷kÏ ÷Õ]B ÿÂ©º√VoB[ ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏ.


13123.÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>[ (380-412)23.÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>[ (380-412)23.÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>[ (380-412)23.÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>[ (380-412)23.÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>[ (380-412)

z©> º√´´E[ Œπ\B\V™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D. ]Ú\ c≈°Ô·VKD,

√Á¶Ôπ[ g]¬Ô∫Ô·VKD ÷kÏ ÂV‚Ω[ √´©Á√ s¸>ˆ›>VÏ.

÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>–¬z s¬´\V]›>[ ®[≈ √‚¶D

kw∫Ô©√‚¶m. ÷kÏ cÎ¤lMÁB >™m ÷´ı¶Vkm

>ÁÈÂÔ´V¬˛™VÏ.÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_>V[ Ê™ BV›]ZÔÏ √V˛BV[ (399-

411) ÷Õ]BV°¬z s¤BD ÿƒF>VÏ.

s¬´\V]›>–¬z© ∏≈z z\V´z©>[, ¸ÔÕ> z©>[, AÚz©>[,

Â´LD« z©>[, ÷´ı¶VD z\V´z©>[, A›> z©>[, >>VÔ> z©√[,

√VÈV]›B[ º√V[º≈VÏ g‚E Â¶›]™Ï.

24.÷¸ÈVtBÏ g‚E÷¸ÈVtBÏ g‚E÷¸ÈVtBÏ g‚E÷¸ÈVtBÏ g‚E÷¸ÈVtBÏ g‚E

ÂV| ∏Ω©√º>V| ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿƒV›m¬ÔÁ·fl ÛÁ≈BV¶ ºkı|D

®[√º> √ÁwB ÔVÈ ÷¸ÈVtB© √Á¶ÿB|©∏[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD.

8ágD ±u≈VıΩ[ mk¬Ô›]_ EÕm© √z]l_ Ô¶_ ÿÔV^Á·BÏ

√_ºkÆ ∂´V∏B¬ Ô©√_ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔ©√u§™Ï. ÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÂm √V´ÊÔ

ÔkÏ™Ï ∂_ «¤VÎ xÔD\m ∏[ ÔVEÁ\ EÕm© √z]¬z

∂–©∏™VÏ.

EÕm Â]¬ ÔÁ´l_ ÔVExD, EÕm ∂´ƒ™V™ >VˇÏ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™

´V¤A›]´ ºƒÁ™•D º\V]¬ÿÔVı¶m. ´VkÏ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ (712 ÷_)

´VˇÁ´¬ ÿÔV[Æ s‚| ÔVED EÕmÁk¬ ÁÔ©√u§™VÏ.

∂º´∏Bˆ[ EÕm √Á¶ÿB|©A ŒÚ ÿku§ ®[Æ Ì≈

xΩBVs‚¶VKD ÷Õ]B¬ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D ®ı∫ÔÁ·•D ÿkπ

cÈz¬z¬ ÿÔVı| k´ ∂º´∏BÏ ka kz›>™Ï. ÷Õ]BVs[ ®ıÔ^,

ØÎBD, >ƒVDƒ xÁ≈ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ cÈÿÔ∫zD √´©∏™Ï.

25.xÔ\m Ô˜M25.xÔ\m Ô˜M25.xÔ\m Ô˜M25.xÔ\m Ô˜M25.xÔ\m Ô˜M

˛.∏.1000á¬zD 1020á¬zD ÷Á¶ºB xÔD\m Ô˜M 17 xÁ≈

÷Õ]BV *m √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ. 1018á_ Ô[º™V˜KD, 1025 ÷_

ºƒV\ÂV›]KD tÔ©√B∫Ô´\V™ >V¬z>_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. Ô[º™VÎ

√Á¶ÿB|©∏[ ÷Á¶ºB \m´VÁk•D ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m

WÏJÈ\V¬˛™VÏ. z¤´V›]_ ºƒV\ÂV› gÈB›Á> ∂Á¶Õ> Ô˜M

∂∫z^· V¤A›]´ÏÔÁ· s´‚Ωs‚| ºÔVlÁÈ¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›>VÏ.

√fiƒV∏_ ¤V‚\¬Ôº·V| ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m>V[ Ô˜Ml[ ÷Æ]©

√Á¶ÿB|©A.

132


AÔµÿ√u≈ ∂§QÏÔ^ √ÈÏ Ô˜Ml[ ∂´ı\Á™l_÷ÚÕ>™Ï. c›∏, c[`ˆ, ∂_AÚM, √V´ÊÔ º«V\Ï ®[ÆAÔw©√‚¶ ∏Ï>VL º√V[≈kÏ Ô˜Ml[ ∂´ƒÁkÁB∂È∫Ôˆ›>™Ï.26.xÔD\m ºÔVˆ26.xÔD\m ºÔVˆ26.xÔD\m ºÔVˆ26.xÔD\m ºÔVˆ26.xÔD\m ºÔVˆ

xÔD\m ºÔVˆl[ \uÿ≈VÚ ÿ√BÏ xl¸`y[ xÔD\m∏[vV ®[√>VzD. 1175 ÷_ x_›>VÁ™•D √fiƒVÁ√•DÁÔ©√u§B ºÔVˆl[ √VÏÁk ]_oÁB ºÂV¬˛› ]ÚD∏Bm.´V¤A›]´ T´ÏÔ^ ]_olKD, gÎ*ˆKD \[™[ ∏ˆ›]s´VÎÿƒ·«V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ Œ[Æ ºƒÏÕ>™Ï. 1191 ÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈º√Vˆ_ ´V¤A›]´ÏÔ^ ÿk[≈™Ï. g™V_ tÔys´›m¶[ ºÔVˆÂ¶›]B ÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√Vˆ_ (1192) ∏ˆ›s´VÎ ÁÔm ÿƒFB©√‚|∏[™Ï ÿÔVÁÈ ÿƒFB©√‚¶VÏ.27.∑_>V[Ôπ[ g‚E27.∑_>V[Ôπ[ g‚E27.∑_>V[Ôπ[ g‚E27.∑_>V[Ôπ[ g‚E27.∑_>V[Ôπ[ g‚E

1206 x>_ 1526 kÁ´BV™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D nÕm ∂´ƒ kDƒ∫ÔπÈV™32 ∑_>V[Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ g‚E ÿƒF>™Ï.28.∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD (1206-1210)28.∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD (1206-1210)28.∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD (1206-1210)28.∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD (1206-1210)28.∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD (1206-1210)

xÔD\m ºÔVˆl[ \´›m¬z©∏[ ∂kÏ ÁÔ©√u§B ÷Õ]B©√z]Ôπ[ ∂]√]BVÔ z›Ay[ n√¬ √>sºBu≈VÏ. ÷Õ]BVs[x>_ x¸‹D g‚EBV·´V™ z›Ay[ ∞u√|›]Bm>V[ ∂ΩÁ\kDƒD.29.÷_|‚ti (1210-35)29.÷_|‚ti (1210-35)29.÷_|‚ti (1210-35)29.÷_|‚ti (1210-35)29.÷_|‚ti (1210-35)

nÿ√¬˛[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ÷_›mti ]_o ∑_>V™VÔ∂ˆBÁºB§™VÏ. z›Ay[ ÁÔ©√u§B √z]ÔÁ· Œ[§Á›mŒÚ \›]B ∂]ÔV´›][ ÿ√VÆ©∏[ ÿÔVı| kÕ>kÏ ÷_›mtº≠.z›Ay[ ÔVÈ›_ ÿ>V¶∫˛B zm©t™VÏ Ô‚|D √ËÁB xΩ›mÁk›>mD\ ÷_›mti>V[. z›Ay[ √¬]BVÏ ÔV¬˛ ®[≈ Û∏ºBV˛l[ WÁ™kVÔ ÷‚¶ ÿ√Bº´ zm©t™VÏ.x>_ ÿ√ı \ÔV´VË ´LBVx>_ ÿ√ı \ÔV´VË ´LBVx>_ ÿ√ı \ÔV´VË ´LBVx>_ ÿ√ı \ÔV´VË ´LBVx>_ ÿ√ı \ÔV´VË ´LBV

÷_›mt≠M[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ∂k´m ÔÁ¶E sÚ©√©√Ω´LBV (1236-39) g‚E¬z kÕ>V^. ]_o ∂ˆBÁl_ ∂\ÏÕ>Œº´ ÿ√ı\Ë.30.√V_√[ (1266á86)30.√V_√[ (1266á86)30.√V_√[ (1266á86)30.√V_√[ (1266á86)30.√V_√[ (1266á86)

x[™V^ ∂ΩÁ\BV™ ˛BV`y[ √V_√[ 40 gı|ÔVÈD]_ol_ g‚E AˆÕ>VÏ. x>_ ÷Ú√m kÚ¶∫Ô^ \[™[


133

ÂLÚyM[ x¬˛B ∂Á\flƒ´VÔ°D, ∂|›> 20 kÚ¶Dƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]BVÔ°D √V_√[ g‚E AˆÕ>VÏ. √V_√M[ W¤©ÿ√BÏcK¬ÔV[.

]_o ∑_>V[Ôπ[ k·ÏflE¬zD g‚E xÁ≈Ô”¬zD x¬˛BEu∏BVÔ ]ÔµÕ>kÏ √V_√º™.31.˛_˜ kDƒD (1290-1320)31.˛_˜ kDƒD (1290-1320)31.˛_˜ kDƒD (1290-1320)31.˛_˜ kDƒD (1290-1320)31.˛_˜ kDƒD (1290-1320)

√V_√–¬z© ∏[ kÕ>kÏÔÁ· A≈Õ>^πs‚| ¤ÈVKy[ ˛_˜(1290-96) ˛_˜ kDƒ›Á> ¸>V∏›>VÏ.32.∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ (1296-1316)32.∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ (1296-1316)32.∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ (1296-1316)32.∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ (1296-1316)32.∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ (1296-1316)

ÿ>[MÕ]BV c‚√¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ√ÚD √z]ÁB•D >[kƒ©√|›]B x>_ x¸‹D \[™[ ∂ÈV°yº™. >V[ ÿkπl‚¶ÂVB∫Ôπ_ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï ®[º≈ >[Á™¬z§©∏‚ΩÚÕ>VÏ.33.m¬·¬ kDƒD33.m¬·¬ kDƒD33.m¬·¬ kDƒD33.m¬·¬ kDƒD33.m¬·¬ kDƒD

ÔVL \Vo¬ >™m ÿ√BÁ´ ˛BV`y[ m¬·¬ ®[Æ\Vu§¬ÿÔVı| m¬·¬ kDƒ›Á> mk¬˛™VÏ. ]_o¬z ∂ÚºÔm¬·¬√V› ®[≈ ÂÔÁ´ cÚkV¬˛Bm ∂kº´. 1325 ÷_ ˛BV`y[ÔVÈ\V™mD ÷·k´ƒ[ ˝™VÔV[ xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ ®[≈ÿ√Bˆ_ ∑_>V™VÔ >[Á™© ∏´Ô¶™©√|›]¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.34.xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ (1325-1351)34.xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ (1325-1351)34.xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ (1325-1351)34.xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ (1325-1351)34.xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ (1325-1351)

√>sºBu≈mD m¬·¬ ÿƒF> x>_ ÊÏ]Ú›>D >ÁÈÂÔÁ´]_oloÚÕm º>k˛¬z \Vu§Bm>V[. (º>k˛ˆ ®[√m ∏[™V_ÿ>·ÈV√V› ®[Æ \Vu≈©√‚¶m) 700 ˛.* ¿ı¶ >ÁÈÂÔÏ \Vu≈BV›]Á´ º>V_sl_ xΩÕ>m. ®™ºk >ÁÈÂÔÏ *ı|D ]_o¬z\Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.35.Á>Jˆ[ √Á¶ÿB|©A35.Á>Jˆ[ √Á¶ÿB|©A35.Á>Jˆ[ √Á¶ÿB|©A35.Á>Jˆ[ √Á¶ÿB|©A35.Á>Jˆ[ √Á¶ÿB|©A

1396 ÷_ ƒ\ÏÔı‚ \[™[ Á>JÏ √V´ÊÔD, g©ÔVM¸>V[,ÿ\v©√º¶VtBV ®[≈ ÷¶∫Ô”¬z© √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ.36.ºÈVΩ kDƒD (1451-1526)36.ºÈVΩ kDƒD (1451-1526)36.ºÈVΩ kDƒD (1451-1526)36.ºÈVΩ kDƒD (1451-1526)36.ºÈVΩ kDƒD (1451-1526)

ºÈVΩ kDƒ›][ tÔ°D ∏´√È\V™kÏ E¬ÔÕ>Ï ºÈVΩ. ÷k´mÔVÈ›]_>V[ g¬´V ÂÔ´D ÷´ı¶Vkm >ÁÈÂÔ´\VÔcBÏ›>©√‚¶m. ºÈVΩ kDƒ›m ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V[ ÷©´V˛D ºÈVΩ. 1526÷_ Â¶Õ> √VM©√‚ •›>›]_ ÷kÁ´› º>VuÔΩ›> √V√Ï, ÿ\VÔÈVBkDƒ›Á> g´D∏›>VÏ.

134


37.ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´∑37.ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´∑37.ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´∑37.ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´∑37.ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´∑

ÂLÚ›][ xÔD\m ®[–D √V√Ï 1526 ∞©´_ 20á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈

x>_ √VM©√‚ º√Vˆ_, ]_ol[ ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V™V™ ÷©´V˛D

ºÈVΩÁB º>VuÔΩ›m ÿ\VÔÈVB ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆs™VÏ. ÷m ŒÚ

A]B ÔVÈÔ‚¶›][ mk¬ÔD.

38.√V√Ï (1526á30)38.√V√Ï (1526á30)38.√V√Ï (1526á30)38.√V√Ï (1526á30)38.√V√Ï (1526á30)

ÿƒ∫˛¸ÔV[ á Á>JÏ kDƒ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏ √V√Ï. √V√Ï ®[≈V_

E∫ÔD ∂_Èm \VT´[ ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^. √VM√‚ º√Vˆ[ JÈD √V√Ï

]_oÁB•D g¬´VÁk•D ÁÔ©√u§™VÏ.

39.⁄\VR[ (1530á40, 1555á56)39.⁄\VR[ (1530á40, 1555á56)39.⁄\VR[ (1530á40, 1555á56)39.⁄\VR[ (1530á40, 1555á56)39.⁄\VR[ (1530á40, 1555á56)

ÿ\VÔÈVB ƒ¬´kÏ›]BVÔ ⁄\V•[ √>s ∞uzDº√Vm ∂kÚ¬z

kBm 23. g©ÔVMBÏÔÁ·•D, z¤´V›]_ √Ô#Ï ≠VÁk•D

º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ. 1599 ÷_ √¬vˆ[ ∂Ú˛K^· ÿƒ·[vl_, g©Ô[

√Á¶›>·√] º≠ÏÔV[ ⁄\V•º™V| ƒıÁ¶l‚¶VÏ.

1540 º\ 17 ÷_ ÿ\VÔÈVBÚD g©ÔVMBÚD Ô[º™V˜[ ∂ÚºÔ

*ı|D º\V]™Ï. Ô∫ÔVº√VÏ ®[ÆD ∏_˛´VD º√VÏ ®[ÆD Ì≈©√|D

Ô[º™VÎ •›>›]_ º≠ÏÔV[ ÿku§ ÿ√u≈VÏ.

º≠ÏÔV[ (1540á45)

1486 ÷_ ∏≈Õ> º≠ÏÔV[ (÷Buÿ√BÏ √Z›) ÿ\VÔÈVB \[™Ï

⁄\VRÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›m >™m g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈÂV‚Ω™VÏ. `Ï

kDƒ›Á>› º>VuÆs›> ÷kÏ >™m 54ágD kB]_ xΩ Û‚Ω¬

ÿÔVı¶VÏ. 1522á÷_ ÔVÏ \[™Ï √ÔÏÔVº™ ÷kÚ¬z º≠ÏÔV[ ®[≈

√‚¶›Á> ∂π›>kÏ.

xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬˛uz© ∏[ k¶ ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ© √´Õ>

ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆsBÏ º≠ÏÔVº™.

º\uz EÕm Â] x>_ k∫ÔV·›][ ºƒV™VÏÔVÀ kÁ´BV™ ´V[‚

‚´∫¬ ƒVÁÈ ∂Á\›>kÏ ÿ≠Ï≠V ®™©√|D º≠ÏÔVº™.

40.∂¬√Ï (1556á1605)40.∂¬√Ï (1556á1605)40.∂¬√Ï (1556á1605)40.∂¬√Ï (1556á1605)40.∂¬√Ï (1556á1605)

∂¬√Ï √>s¬z kÚD º√Vm ∂kÚ¬z kBm 13. ∂¬√ˆ[ g‚E

®_ÁÈ g©ÔVM¸>V[ x>_ k∫ÔV·D kÁ´•D, ÔVi*Ï x>_

ºÔV>Vkˆ kÁ´•D √´Õ]ÚÕ>m.

∂¬√Ï 1562 ÷_ ´V¤A›´ ÷·k´E º¤V>V√VÁB ]Ú\D ÿƒFm

ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z© ∏≈Õ> \Ôº™ ¤«V∫ˇÏ. ∂¬√ÚÁ¶B ÔVÈ›]_

¨ÔVˆ\_, √Ôk[>V¸, \V[E∫ º√V[≈ √È V¤A›´ÏÔ^ cBÏ√>sl_

∂\Ï›>©√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.


135WÈkˆ kÛ_ kw¬Ô›Á> xu§KD ¿¬˛Bm>V[ ∂¬√ˆ[ tÔfl

E≈Õ> ÊÏ]Ú›>D. W] ∂Á\flƒ´VÔlÚÕ> ´V¤V º>V¶Ï\VºÈ ÷>[

x¬˛B Eu∏. >ƒk_ƒ´ ØWz] ÀBk¸> ®[√m ÷Õ>› ]‚¶›][ ÿ√BÏ.

s>ÁkÔπ[ xø ƒD\>t_ÈV\_ ƒ] º\uÿÔV^”>_ Ì¶Vm

®[≈ ƒ‚¶›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| kÕ>VÏ. ]Ú\ kBÁ>•D ÿ√ıÔ”¬z 14,

gıÔ”¬z 16 WÏl›>VÏ. ÷>™V_ √V_B skVÔD >Á¶

ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. ¤LBV ®[≈ kˆÁB•D ´›m ÿƒF>VÏ.

∂¬√ˆ[ ƒÁ√l_ ∂Ø_ √v_ \uÆD ∂kÏ ƒºÔV>´Ï ∂A_ Á√L

÷ÚkÚD x¬˛B cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™Ï.

√V´ÊÔ ÿ\Val_ √v_ ®ø]B ±_ ∂¬√Ï ÂV\. ÷>[ J[≈VD

√VÔD ∂FM ∂¬√ˆ. \ÔV√V´›Á> √V´ÊÔ ÿ\Val_ Á√L ÿ\Va

ÿ√BÏ›>VÏ. ´V\ƒˆ>\V™¸ ®ø]B m·E>VvÏ, ƒ∫ˇ> QVMBV™

>V[ºƒ[ ÷ÚkÚD ÷¬ÔVÈ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔº·.

∂¬√ˆ[ ÿÂÚ∫˛B Âı√ÚD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ¬z cˆBkÚ\VlÚÕ>kÏ

´V¤V ¨Ï√V_. ÷k´m ÷Buÿ√BÏ \ºÔi>V¸.

∂¬√Ï cÚkV¬˛B A]B >ÁÈÂÔ´D √º>ØÏ E¬ˆ. ∂Á™›m \>∫Ôπ[

x¬˛B ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·•D ÷Á›m ][ ÷ÈVN ®[≈ ŒÚ A]B

\>›Á> cÚkV¬˛™VÏ.

41.¤«V∫ˇÏ (1605-1627)41.¤«V∫ˇÏ (1605-1627)41.¤«V∫ˇÏ (1605-1627)41.¤«V∫ˇÏ (1605-1627)41.¤«V∫ˇÏ (1605-1627)

∂¬√ˆ[ \Á≈ÁkB|›m ∂k´m J›> \Ô[ ƒ‹D >™m 36 gD

kB]_ cÈÔ ÿku§BV·[ ®™ ÿ√VÚ^√|D ¤«V∫ˇÏ ®[–D √‚¶©

ÿ√BÚ¶[ ∂ˆBÁ ∞§™VÏ.

÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_>V[ g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[

#>ÏÔ·V™ ÔV©¶[ «V¬˛[¸, ƒÏ>V\¸ º´V g˛ºBVÏ ÿ\VÔÈVB

∂´ƒÁk¬z s¤BD ÿƒF>™Ï. ƒ¬´kÏ›]l¶tÚÕm EÈ ƒV>Ô\V™

∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√Æk]_ ƒÏ>V\¸ º´V ÿku§ ÿ√u≈VÏ. p ÂÔˆ[

∂ÚºÔ ¤«V∫ˇÏ cÚkV¬˛B ≠Vo\VÏ, W≠V›√V¬ ®[–D

ØÕº>V‚¶∫Ô^ tÔ© ∏´√È\V™Ák.

42.≠V¤«V[ (1627-58)42.≠V¤«V[ (1627-58)42.≠V¤«V[ (1627-58)42.≠V¤«V[ (1627-58)42.≠V¤«V[ (1627-58)

>¬ÔV ÿku§ÁB› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >™m \Ô[ ÷·k´ƒ[ z´Vx¬z

cÈ˛[ \[™[ ®™© ÿ√VÚ^√|D ≠V¤«V[ ®[© ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω™VÏ

ƒ¬´kÏ›] ¤«V∫ˇÏ >ÕÁ>ÁB© º√VÈºk ≠V¤«V–D ŒÚ ´V¤A›´

>Vl[ A>_kº™. ∏ÿ´fi∑© √BËÔ^ ÿ√ÏMBÏ \uÆD ¶ºkMÏ,

136


÷›>VoB© √BË \˚¬˛ g˛ºBVÏ ≠V¤«V[ ÔVÈ›]_

÷Õ]BV°¬z kÕ>™Ï.

43.Œ·´∫ÔÊ© (1658-1707)43.Œ·´∫ÔÊ© (1658-1707)43.Œ·´∫ÔÊ© (1658-1707)43.Œ·´∫ÔÊ© (1658-1707)43.Œ·´∫ÔÊ© (1658-1707)

≠V¤«V[áxD>VÎ >D√]Ôπ[ A>_k[. y´tzÕ> ÿ\VÔ_

ƒ¬´kÏ›]Ôπ[ ÷Æ] \[™´VÔ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈VÏ. gÈDˇÏ (cÈÔ T´[)

®–D √‚¶© ÿ√BÚ¶[ Œ·´∫ÔÊ© ∂ˆBÁ ∞§™VÏ.

44.s¤BÂÔ´D (1336-1565)44.s¤BÂÔ´D (1336-1565)44.s¤BÂÔ´D (1336-1565)44.s¤BÂÔ´D (1336-1565)44.s¤BÂÔ´D (1336-1565)

«ˆ«´[, A¬Ô[ ®[≈ ƒºÔV>´ÏÔº· s¤B ÂÔ´ ƒVD´VÎB›Á>

WÆsBÏÔ^. ∂ÕÂV‚Ôπ_ ∏´√È\VlÚÕ> ∏´V\ ƒ[MBVE \V>k

s›BV´ıB[ \uÆD ∂k´m ƒºÔV>´[ ºk> √ıΩ>™V™ vB[

®[√kÏÔπ[ gE•¶[ WÆk©√‚¶m s¤BÂÔ´D. 1336 ÷_

«ˆ«´[ xΩÛ‚¶©√‚¶VÏ.

45.˛Úiº>k ´VBÏ (1509-29)45.˛Úiº>k ´VBÏ (1509-29)45.˛Úiº>k ´VBÏ (1509-29)45.˛Úiº>k ´VBÏ (1509-29)45.˛Úiº>k ´VBÏ (1509-29)

m”k kDƒ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ> Úiº>k´VBº´ AÔµÿ√u≈ s¤BÂÔ´

\[™Ï. √VtM º√´´∑¬z ®]´VÔ© º√V´VΩB ˛Úi º>k´VBÏ

´VF©ØÏ ÂÔ´›Á>fl ∑u§•^· ÿƒa©A^· √z]ÔÁ·

ÁÔkƒ©√|›]Bm ∂kÚÁ¶B x¬˛B\V™ ÿku§ ®™¬ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈m.

ÿ>K∫˛_ gx¬> \_B>V ®[≈ ÷Ú ÔVsB∫ÔÁ·© √Á¶›>VÏ.

®‚|© AÈkÏÔ^ WÁ≈Õ> ∂k´m ƒÁ√ ∂i¶]¬Ô¤∫Ô^ ®[Æ

º√Vu≈©√‚¶m.

46.>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ46.>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ46.>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ46.>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ46.>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ

1565 ÷_ ∏¤©ØÏ, ºÔV_ÿÔVı¶V, ∂Ô\›ÂÔÏ ®–D J[Æ

÷¸ÈVtB ∂´∑Ô^ Œ[Æ ºƒÏÕm s¤BÂÔ´›Á>¬ >V¬˛™.

>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶¬z ∂ÚºÔ•^· √ıË«‚¶ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈

º√Vˆ_ s¤BÂÔ´D √|º>V_sBÁ¶Õ>m >π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ ®[ÆD

´V≥ƒ >∫˛Ω ®[ÆD ÷m z§©∏¶©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> •›>›]_ V\´VB[

ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ. s¤BÂÔ´D ÿÔV^Á·BΩ¬Ô©√‚| ∂ΩºBV|

∂a¬Ô©√‚¶m.

47.√VtM º√´´∑ (1347-1526)47.√VtM º√´´∑ (1347-1526)47.√VtM º√´´∑ (1347-1526)47.√VtM º√´´∑ (1347-1526)47.√VtM º√´´∑ (1347-1526)

z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ŒÚ ÷¸ÈVtB© º√´´∑. xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ g‚E

ÔVÈ›]_ ∂k´m ∂]ÔV´›m¬z ƒkV_ s|k>VÔ ÷m ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>m.

∂ÈV°y[ √„\[≠V z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √VtM kDƒ \[™Ï.


13748.÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œ≠VÏ48.÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œ≠VÏ48.÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œ≠VÏ48.÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œ≠VÏ48.÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œ≠VÏ

1. 1600 : g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬ÔV™ ´VB_ ƒVÏ‚¶Ï.

2. 1612 : º\u˛Õ]BVs[ Û´›]_ x>_ g∫˛È› ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ.

3. 1613 :ÿ\VÔÈVBfl ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›] ¤«V∫ˇÏ g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬

4. ÔDÿ√M¬z ÷Õ]BVs_ sBV√V´D ÿƒFk>uÔV™ ∂–\]

kw∫˛™VÏ.

5. 1616 : ÿ\VÔ_ ∂´ƒÁk¬z ƒÏ >V\¸ º´V s¤BD.

6. 1618 : ÿ\VÔ_ ∂´∑ g∫˛È¬ ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z º\KD

√È √z]Ôπ_ sBV√V´D ÿƒFB ∂–\] kw∫˛Bm.

7. 1639 : ÿ\‚´VL_ AM> ¤VÏÎ ºÔV‚Á¶¬z ∂Ω¬Ô_

ÂV‚¶©√‚¶m.

8. 1651 : ˛w¬˛Õ]BVs[ ⁄¬πl_ g∫˛ºÈB ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ

WÆ°>_.

9. 1698 : ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z Ô_Ô›>V, ∑>V˚],

ºÔVsÕ›ØÏ g˛B ˛w¬˛Õ]B© √z]Ôπ_ WÈ cˆÁ\ ˛Á¶›>m.

49. x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1746 á 48)49. x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1746 á 48)49. x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1746 á 48)49. x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1746 á 48)49. x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1746 á 48)

1740 ÷_ nº´V©√Vs_ ∞u√‚¶ g¸]ˆB kVˆ∑ˆÁ\©

º√Vˆ[ >V¬ÔD ÷Õ]BVsKD ®]ÿ´Vo›>m. 1746 ÷_

√VıΩflºƒˆloÚÕ> ∏ÿ´fi∑ g”ÂÏ ΩR©º· g∫˛ºÈBÏ *m

º√VÏ ÿ>V|›>VÏ. ÷mºk x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√Vˆ[ mk¬ÔD.

g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÔÏÂV¶Ô ÂkV© ∂[kVÚyM¶D c>s ºÔV´,

∏ÿ´fi∑¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ ∂k´m º√V‚ΩBV·Ï ƒÕ>VÔVEA¶[

c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ ÿƒFm ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÿƒ[Á™¬ÔÚ˛_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈

∂Á¶BVuÆ© º√Vˆ_ g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÿku§ÿ√u≈™Ï.

50. 2ágD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1749 á 1754)50. 2ágD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1749 á 1754)50. 2ágD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1749 á 1754)50. 2ágD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1749 á 1754)50. 2ágD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1749 á 1754)

Á«]´V√V› W¤VD √>s¬z k´sÚD∏B xv√Ï ¤∫

®[√kÁ´ ΩR©º· g>ˆ›>VÏ. guÔV| ∂ˆBÁÁB sÚD∏B

ƒÕ>VƒV˛A¶[ ΩR©º· ∞uÔ™ºk Â‚A ØıΩÚÕ>VÏ. ÷DJkˆ[

√Á¶Ô”D 1749á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ gDØÏ º√Vˆ_ ∂[kVÚyÁ™

(x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√Vˆ_ g∫˛ºÈBÚ¬z c>sBkÏ) ÿÔV[Æ

ÿku§kVÁÔ ÛΩ™VÏÔ^. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm xv√Ï

138


¤∫ Á«]´V√V› W¤V\VÔ°D, ƒÕ>V ƒV˛© guÔV| ÂkV©√>slKD ∂\ÏÕ>™Ï.

∏u√V| ∏ˆ‚œi >·√] ´V√Ï‚ ˛Á·À guÔV‚Á¶¬ÔV©√Vu§™VÏ. ÔVºkˆ© √V¬ÔD º√Vˆ_ ∏ÿ´fi∑© √Á¶Ô^x§BΩ¬Ô©√‚¶™. ƒÕ>V ƒV˛© ∏Ω¬Ô©√‚| >fiƒV∆ˆ_E´flºƒ>D ÿƒFB©√‚¶VÏ. 1754 √VıΩflºƒˆ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ©√Ω÷´ı¶VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.51.J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1758 á 1763)51.J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1758 á 1763)51.J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1758 á 1763)51.J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1758 á 1763)51.J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1758 á 1763)

nº´V©√Vs_ ∞wVı| º√VÏ (1756 á 1763) ÿkΩ›>º√Vm,÷Õ]BVs_ J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ mk∫˛Bm. 1760 ÷_∏ÿ´fi∑©√Á¶› >ÁÈkÏ Ô°ı‚ ΩÈVo ®[√kÁ´ kÕ>kVE©º√Vˆ_ ∏ˆ‚œi >·√] ƒÏ ∂BÏÌ‚ x§BΩ›>VÏ. 1761 ÷_√VıΩflºƒˆ•D ÁÔ©√u≈©√‚¶m.

1763 √Vˆ¸ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ©√Ω √VıΩflºƒˆ, ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_,\VN, ∞™VD √z]Ôπ_ \‚|D ∏ÿ´fi∑¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ >\mÂ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· \‚|©√|›]¬ ÿÔV^· Œ©A¬ÿÔVı¶™Ï.52.∏·VE© º√VÏ52.∏·VE© º√VÏ52.∏·VE© º√VÏ52.∏·VE© º√VÏ52.∏·VE© º√VÏ

k∫ÔV· ÂkV© E´VÎ c›ÿ>·ÈV°¬zD, g∫˛È©√Á¶Ô”¬zD ÷Á¶lÈV™ º√VÏ 1757 …[ ÷_ ŒÚ xΩ°¬zkÕ>m. g∫˛ºÈBˆ[ ÷Õ> ÿku§ ÷Õ]BVs[ g∫˛Èg‚El[ ŒÚ z§X¶VÔºk ∂Á\Õ>m.53.√¬ƒÏ º√VÏ53.√¬ƒÏ º√VÏ53.√¬ƒÏ º√VÏ53.√¬ƒÏ º√VÏ53.√¬ƒÏ º√VÏ

∂ºBV›] ÂkV©, ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´ƒÏ, k∫ÔV· ÂkV©g˛ºBVˆ[ Ì‚|© √Á¶ÔÁ· g∫˛ºÈBÏ x§BΩ›>™Ï(1764). ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ÈÔV√V› c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ, ÷>[√Ω g∫˛È¬˛w¬˛Õ]B kËÔ¬ zø°¬z ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´ƒÏ ]kVMcˆÁ\ÔÁ· kw∫˛™VÏ.

1. 1756 : k∫ÔV· ÂkV© g∫˛ºÈBˆ¶tÚÕm Ô_Ô›>VÁk¬ÁÔ©√§™VÏ.

2. 1757 : ∏·VE© º√VÏ. k∫ÔV·›]uz A]B ÂkV© ´V√Ï‚


139

3.1764 á 65 : √¬ƒÏ º√VÏ. ¨ÔVÏ, k∫ÔV·D, ŒˆƒV º√V[≈

÷¶∫Ôπ_ ]kVM cˆÁ\ ÔDÿ√M¬z¬ ˛Á¶›>m. ´V√Ï‚

˛Á·À ÷´ı¶VD xÁ≈BVÔ k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™Ï.

4.1767 á 69 : Œ[≈VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.

5.1772 : k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™´VÔ kV´[º«¸ Ω∫¸ WB\™D.

6.1773 : Œø∫z xÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D ÂVÏ› ∏´A >ÁÈÁ\l_

ƒ‚¶\V™m. ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô”¬ÔVÔ ÿÔVı| kÕ>

x>_ ƒ‚¶D ÷m.

7.1774 :Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶©√Ω kV´[º«¸ Ω∫¸ ÔkÏ™Ï

ÿ¤™´ÈV™VÏ. Ô_Ô›>Vs_ cflƒ ¿]\[≈D WÆk©√‚¶m.

8.1775 á 82 : x>_ g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB© º√VÏ.

9.1783 : ÷Õ]BVs_ ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M WÏkVÔ›Á>

Œø∫z√|›mD ‡º√V¬v¸ ÷Õ]BV \ºƒV>V.

10.1784 : ∏‚¸ ÷Õ]BV \ºƒV>V.

11.1790 á 91 : J[≈VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.

12.1793 : ÔV´[kVo¸ k∫ÔV·›]_ ƒV∑k> WÈkˆÁB

∂\_√|›]™VÏ.

13.1799 : ÂV[ÔVD (÷Æ]) Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.

14.1803 á 05 : 2ágD g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB º√VÏ.

15.1814 á 16 : g∫˛È á ÌÏÔV º√VÏ.

16.1817 á 19 : 3ágD g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB© º√VÏ.

17.1829 : c¶[Ô‚Á¶ºBÆD ƒ] ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ› >Á¶

ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.

18.1833 : ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ ƒVÏ‚¶Ï Am©∏¬Ô©√‚¶m.

19. ÔDÿ√Ml[ ÷Õ]B sBV√V´¬ z›>ÁÔ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.

20.1839 á 42 : x>_ g∫˛È á g©Ô[ º√VÏ.

21.1845 á 46 : x>_ g∫˛È á Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ.

22.1853 : √D√VF á >Vº™ ÷´l_√VÁ> ]≈Õm

140


23.1857 : Œ[≈VD ∑>Õ]´©º√VÏ ®™©√|D E©√VF ÔÈÔD.24.1858 : ∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´E[ WÏkVÔD.25.1859 : ¿È©A´‚E (÷ıΩºÔV)26.1861 : ÷Õ]B Ô°[L_¸ ƒ‚¶D.27.1876 á 77 :]_o >Ï√VÏ. s¬º¶VˆBV \ÔV´VË÷Õ]BVs[ \ÔV´VËBVÔ°D ∏´Ô¶™©√|›>©√‚>VÏ.28.1878 : ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛È á g©Ô[ º√VÏ. ÷Õ]B ÿ\Va©√›]ˆÁÔÔπ[ ∂∏ˆt>\V™ ∑>Õ]´›Á>› >Á¶ ÿƒF•DÿkÏ™VzÈÏ ∏´¸ ƒ‚¶D.29.1883 : ÷_√Ï‚ \ºƒV>V ƒÏflÁƒ.30.1856 : ÷Õ]B º>EB¬ ÔV∫˛´¸ c>BD.31.1891 : ]Ú\ kBÁ> Wflƒl¬zD ∞Î g‡© Ô[v[‚\ºƒV>V.32.1893 : ÷Õm á ÷¸ÈVtB¬ ÔÈk´D.33.1905 : k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™. ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD.34.1906 : ∂˛È ÷Õ]B x¸‹D ‹¬ c>BD.35.1909 : t[º¶V á \VÏo ƒ‚¶D.36.1911 : k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™ ÁÔs¶©√‚¶m.37.1912 : ∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BVs[ >ÁÈÂÔÏ Ô_Ô›>VsoÚÕm]_o¬z \Vu≈©√‚¶m.38.1915 : ÔVÕ]˜ ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔVsoÚÕm ÷Õ]BV]ÚDA>_.39.1916 : ÔV∫˛´¸ á x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷Á¶ºBBV™ È¬º™Vc¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. º«VD‘_ ÷B¬ÔD.40.1919 : \Vıº¶z á ÿƒD¸º√VÏ| WÏkVÔfl ÊÏ]Ú›>fl ƒ‚¶D.ÿ´·È‚ ƒ‚¶›m¬z ®]´VÔ ÔVÕ]˜ >ÁÈÁ\l_ º√V´V‚¶D.√fiƒV∏[ ¤VoB[ kVÈV√V¬ √|ÿÔVÁÈ.


141

43.1923 : ∑B´VÎB Ô‚E ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ º>Ï>o_º√V‚Ωl‚¶™Ï. ÷]_ ÿku§ ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^ ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™´V™VÏÔ^.44.1928 : Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ÷Õ]BV kÚÁÔ. ÷Õ]BVs[®]ÏÔVÈ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>› ÿ>π°√|›mD º\V]ÈV_ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ.45.1929 : Ø´ ∑>Õ]´D ®–D ∏´Ô¶™D ÈVÌÏ ÔV∫˛´¸\ÔVÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ\™>VÔ WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶m.46.1930 : ÔVÕ]˜ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD (c©Aƒ›]BV˛´ÔD). ÷Èı¶M_ Œ[≈VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_ÔV∫˛´¸ √∫ºÔu≈m.47.1931 : ÔVÕ] á ÷Ïs[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A÷B¬Ô›Á> ÔVÕ]˜ sÈ¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷´ı¶VDk‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV|.48.1932 : ÔV∫˛´¸ ÷B¬Ô›Á> ∂´∑ >Á¶ ÿƒF>m. ƒ‚¶\Æ©A ÷B¬Ô›][ ÷´ı¶VD Ô‚¶D mk∫˛Bm. Ø™Vc¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. J[≈VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV|.49.1934 : ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD sÈ¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.50.1935 : ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D 193551.1937 : A]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]™Ω©√Á¶lÈV™ x>_º>Ï>_.52.1940 : ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[ >z] kw∫zDgÔ¸‚ ƒKÁÔ.53.1942 : ˛ˆ©¸ t≠[. ÿk^Á·Bº™ ÿkπºBÆº√V´V‚¶D.54.1944 : ÔVÕ]˜ á ˜[™V º√fl∑ kVÏ›Á>Ô^.55.1945 : ÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ©√Á¶ (n®[n) ÁÔ]Ô^sƒV´Á.56.1946 : ´VB_ ÷Õ]B[ ºÂsl_ ÔÈk´D ÔV∏ÿ™‚

142


57.1947 á 1948 : ∂]ÔV´ ÁÔ\Vu≈D ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ∏ˆ‚œi ∏´>\Ï ˛·\[‚ g‚ol[ ∂§¬ÁÔ.÷Õ]BVÁk•D, √V˛¸>VÁ™•D ÷´ı| >M›>MÂV|Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬zD ÿ\·[‚ º√‚¶[ ∏´As[ …[ ]‚¶D.

54.÷Õ]B k´ÈVÆ 1757 á 1947 ÔVÈ kˆÁƒ©√‚ΩB_

1757 ∏·VE© º√VÏ1758 ÿ√¶Vs_ ¶fl∑¬ÔV´Ï º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√¶_1760 kÕ>kVE© º√VÏ1761 J[≈VD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ1764 √¬ƒVÏ º√VÏ1765 ∂ÈÔV√V› c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1766 k¶ƒÏ¬ÔVÏ g∫˛ºÈBÏ kƒ\V>_1767á1769 x>_ Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ1772 g”ÂÏ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸1773 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D1774 º´V˛_ÈV© º√VÏ

g”ÂÏ >ÁÈkÏ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸Ô_Ô›>Vs_ >ÁÈÁ\ ¿]\[≈D

1775 ÂÕ>z\VÏ sƒV´Á1775á1782 x>_ \´V›]B º√VÏ1776 A´Õ>Ï c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1779 kV‚ÔV[ \VÂV|1780á1784 ÷´ı¶VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ1781 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D1782 ∂ºBV›] ¨ÔDÔ^ skÔV´D

ƒV_Á√ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1784 \∫ÔjÏ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ

∏‚ ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶D1786 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ ÔV´[kVo¸


143

1792 p´∫Ô©√‚¶D c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1793 k∫ÔV· WÁÈBV™ WÈkˆ› ]‚¶D1795 ÔÏ>V© º√VÏ1798 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ \VÏM∫¶[1799 ÂV[ÔVD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ1800 s_oBD ºÔV‚Á¶¬ Ô_Ÿˆ1800á1801 ÿ>[MÕ]B¬ ˛·ÏflE1802 √VÊ[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1803á1805 ÷´ı¶VD \´V›]B© º√VÏ1806 ºkŸÏ¬ ˛·ÏflE1809 ∂tÏ>ƒ´¸ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1813 ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_1814á1816 ÌÏ¬ÔV© º√VÏ1817á1818 ∏ı¶VˆÔ^ º√VÏ1817á1819 J[≈VD \´V›]B© º√VÏ1824á1826 x>_ √ÏtB© º√VÏ1828 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ s_oBD ÿ√ıΩ∫1829 c¶[Ô‚Á¶ ∞≈_ (ƒ]) >Á¶ÿƒFB©√¶_1829á1837 >¬ÔÏÔ^ Œa©A1831 Á\ÛÏ WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ ÔDÿ√M ∞u≈_1833 ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_1835 ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s yÏ\V™D1839á1842 x>_ g©ÔVMB© º√VÏ1843 EÕm ÁÔ©√u≈©√¶_1845á1846 x>_ Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ1848 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ ¶_ÿ«VE1848á1849 ÷´ı¶VD Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ1852 ÷´ı¶VD √ÏtB© º√VÏ1853 √D√VF á >VV ÷Ú©A© √VÁ>

ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_1854 ƒÏ ƒVÏÈ¸ c‚ Ô_s ∂§¬ÁÔ

144


1855 ƒVÕ>V_ ˛·ÏflE1856 ∂ºBV›] ÷Á©A

√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D1857á1858 ÿ√Ú∫˛·ÏflE1858 ∏ˆ‚Ωi º√´´E s¬º¶VˆBV ∏´Ô¶™D

∏ˆ‚Ωi g‚El[ˇµ ÷Õ]BVÁkE´VF ÔÏM∫

1861 ÷Õ]B \[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D÷Õ]B cBÏ¿]\[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D

1862 cBÏ¿] \[≈∫Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶_ÁkE´VF ®_˜[

1864 kV>V∏Ô^ ˛·ÏflEÁkE´VF ¤V[ÈV´[¸

1864á1865 Ø‚¶V[ º√VÏ1869 ÁkE´VF º\ºBV1872 ÁkE´VF ÂVÏ›A‘¬1873 EDÈV \VÂV|1874 ¨ÔVÏ √fiƒD1876 ÁkE´VF o[¶[

∂´ƒV∫Ô© √‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D1877 ÿ¶_o >Ï√VÏ1878 ÷´ı¶VD g©ÔVMB© º√VÏ1880 ÔVÕ>\¬ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1878 >VFÿ\Va √›]ˆÁÔ ƒ‚¶D

º√VÏ›>·kV¶∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D1880 ÁkE´VF ˆ©√[

√fiƒ¬ Ôt≠[1881 ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ ƒ‚¶D

Á\ÛÏ g‚E \[™ˆ¶D Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√¶_1882 «[¶Ï Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[1883 ˛_√Ï‚ \ºƒV>V


145

1884 ÁkE´VF ¶©ˆ[1885 ÷Õ]B º>EB ÔV∫˛´¸ mk¬Ô©√¶_

J[≈VD √ÏtB© º√VÏ1888 ÁkE´VF ÈV[¸ÿ¶·[1889 ºk_¸ ÷·k´ƒÏ kÚÁÔ1891 ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ ƒ‚¶D1892 ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D1893 m´VÕm c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ1894 ÁkE´VF ®_˜[1895 E›´V_ ˛·ÏflE1896 \V©∏^Á·Ô^ ˛·ÏflE1899 ÁkE´VF ÔÏƒV[1900 √fiƒ¬ Ôt≠[1904 √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D

Ì‚|≈° ƒ∫Ô∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D1905 k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™

ÁkE´VF t[º¶V1905á1908 ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD1906 x¸‹D ‹¬ mk¬Ô©√¶_1908 ÿƒF]› >V^Ô^ ƒ‚¶D1909 \VÏoát[º¶V ÊÏ]Ú›>D1910 ÁkE´VF «VÏΩfi1911 ÿ¶_o >Ï√VÏ

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A1912 >ÁÈÂÔÏ Ô_Ô›>VsoÚÕm ÿ¶_o¬z

\Vu≈©√¶_÷¸o∫¶[ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[

1913 Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ yÏ\V™D1914á1918 x>_ cÈÔ© º√VÏ1915 ÷Õ]B √VmÔV©Afl ƒ‚¶D

146


1916 ƒV‚ÈÏ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[ÁkE´VF ÿƒD¸º√VÏ|È¬º™V c¶[√V|

1919 \V[º¶záÿƒD¸º√VÏ| ÊÏ]Ú›>D1920 ˛ÈV√› ÷B¬ÔD

Œ›mÁwBVÁ\ ÷B¬ÔD1921 ÁkE´VF ZΩ∫

ºk_¸ ÷·k´ƒÏ kÚÁÔ A≈¬ÔË©A\V©∏^Á·Ô^ ˛·ÏflE\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A

1923 ∑BV‚E¬ Ô‚E‹ Ôt≠[ÔV©A kˆ¬ ÔwÔD

1926 ÁkE´VF ÷Ïs[1927 ÷Õ]B Ô©√u√Á¶ ƒ‚¶D1928 º\V]ÈV_ ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ1929 ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD

ƒVÏ>V ƒ‚¶D á «VÏº¶V¬ Ô_s¬zø∂§¬ÁÔ1930 x>_ k‚¶ º\Áƒ \VÂV|1931 ÔVÕ] á ÷Ïs[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ

ÁkE´VF s_o∫¶[÷´ı¶VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \VÂV|\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A á s‚ºÈ

Ôt≠[ ∂§¬ÁÔ1932 J[≈Vkm k‚¶º\Áƒ \VÂV|1933 ÿk^Á· ∂§¬ÁÔ ÿkπl¶©√¶_1935 ÷Õ]B ∂´ƒV∫Ôfl ƒ‚¶D1936 ÁkE´VF s[o›ºÔV1937 \VÔV ∑BV‚E1939 ÷´ı¶VD cÈÔ©º√VÏ mk¬ÔD


147

1942 ˛ˆ©¸ #m¬zøÿk^Á·Bº™ ÿkπºBÆ ÷B¬ÔD

1943 ÁkE´VF ºkk_k∫ÔV·© √fiƒD

1944 ´V¤V˜ ]‚¶D1945 ºkk_ ]‚¶D

EDÈV á \VÂV|ÿ√Vm› º>Ï>_

1946 Ô¶u√Á¶¬ ˛·ÏflE∂Á\flƒ´Ák› #m¬zøºÂ´Ω Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ÂV^÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´ƒV∫ÔD

1947 ÁkE´VF \°[‚º√‚¶[∂‚o ∂§s©A\°[‚º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈfl ƒ‚¶D∏ˆsÁ™ºBV| s|>ÁÈ

55.÷Õ]BVs[ EÈ x¬˛B º√VÏÔ^

˛.x 326 ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï Á«¶V¸√¸ º√Vˆ_ º√V´¸\[™Á™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.261 Ôo∫Ô©º√VÏ, ∂ºƒVÔÏ, Ôo∫Ô \[™Á™ ÿk[≈VÏ.˛.∏. 712 xÔ\m ∏[ ÔVED EÕm *m √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ.1191 x>_ >Á´[º√VÏ, ∏ˆ›s´VÎ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆÁB

º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1192 ÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√VÏ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆ ∏ˆ›s´VÁ¤

º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1194 ƒÕ>ÏkVÏ º√VÏ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆ Ô[º™V˜[

ÿ¤BflƒÕ]´Á™ º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1526 x>ÈVD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ. √V√Ï ÷©´VND ºÈVΩÁB

º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


148


1527 Ô[kV º√VÏ. √V√Ï ´VV ƒ∫ÔVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1539 ÿƒ·ƒV º√VÏ. ÿ≠Ï≠V Ûˆ ⁄\VRÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1540 Ô[º™VÎ/∏_˛´VD º√VÏ. ÿ≠Ï≠V Ûˆ ⁄\VRÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1556 ÷´ı¶VD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ. ∂¬√ˆ[ ∏´]W]BVÔÁ√´DÔV[ ÿ«xÁk› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1565 >ÁÈ¬ºÔV‚Á¶ º√VÏ. s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´∑¬zD,>¬ÔV ∑_>V[Ô”¬zD (∂«\m ÂÔÏ, ¨ÔVÏ,∏¤©ØÏ, ºÔV_ÿÔVı¶V, ∏¶VÏ) ÷Á¶ºB ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m.s¤BÂÔ´ ƒVD´VÎBD xΩ°u≈m.1576 «V_ΩÔVΩ º√VÏ. ∂¬√Ï \ÔV´VV ∏´>V© E∫ÁÔº>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1615 º\kVÏ º√VÏ. º\kVÏ ÿ\VÔÈVBÏ kƒDŒ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m. ¤«V∫ˇÏ \uÆD º\kVˆ[ ´VVÁÔÿBø›>V™m.1658 >VÏ\› \uÆD ƒxÔÏ º√VÏ, ¡´∫ÔÊ© >V´V∑¬ºÔVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1665 ´V¤V ÿ¤FE∫ EkV˜ÁB º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ. A´Õ>ÏŒ©√Õ>D ÁÔÿBø›>V™m.1708 ºÔ‚ º√VÏ. ƒVz >V´V√VÁB º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1737 º√V√V_ º√VÏ. √V˜´VÀ xÔ\m≠VÁkº>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.1739 ÔÏ™_ º√VÏ ÂVyÏ≠V. xÔ\mÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.11757 ∏·VE© º√VÏ. ´V√Ï‚ ˛Á·À >ÁÈÁ\l_ g∫˛È©√Á¶Ô^ k∫ÔV· ÂkV©E´VÎ c›ÿ>·ÈVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>™.1760 kÕ>kVE© º√VÏ. g∫˛È©√Á¶ ∏ÿ´fi∑© √Á¶ÁB›

º>VuÔΩ›>m.1764 √¬ƒÏ º√VÏ, g∫˛È©√Á¶ k∫ÔV· ÂkV© *Ï ÔVED,∂kV› ÂkV© c›ÿ>·ÈV, ÿ\VÔÈVB º√´´ƒÏ ≠V gÈD


149

1770 c>B˛ˆ º√VÏ. \´V›]BÏÔ^ W¤VÁ\ º>VuÔΩ›>™Ï.1766á69 x>_ g∫˛ºÈVá\´V›>V º√VÏ, g∫˛ºÈBÏÔ^º>VuÔΩ›>™Ï.1780á84 ÷´ı¶Vkm g∫˛ºÈBÏáÁ\ÛÏ º√VÏ. Á«>Ï∂o º√Vˆ[ º√Vm (1782) ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ. º√VÏ ∏[™Ï∂k´m \Ô[ ]©A ∑_>V™V_ Â¶›>©√‚¶m. ÷©º√VÏ\∫ÔjÏ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ•¶[ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m (1784).1789á92 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈVáÁ\ÛÏ º√VÏ. ]©A∑_>V[º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. p´∫Ô©√‚Ω™ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ ∞u√‚¶m.1799 ÂV[ÔVD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ. ]©A∑_>V[ ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ.1803á06 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛È \´V›>V º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^\´V›]BÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.1817á19 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈV \´V›]B© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi√Á¶Ô^ \´V›]BÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.1824á26 x>ÈVD g∫˛È √ÏtB© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^√ÏtBÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.1839á42 x>ÈVD g∫˛È g©ÔVMB º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi√Á¶Ô^ g©ÔVMB ∂´ƒ[ º>Viy xÔ\mÁk º>VuÔΩ›>m.1845á46 x>ÈVD g∫˛ºÈB Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ. Ê¬˛BÏÔ^º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï. ∂›m¶[ √fiƒV© ∏ˆ‚œiƒVD´VÎB›m¶[ ÷Á¬Ô©√‚¶m.1852 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛ºÈV √ÏtB© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^ÿku§ ÿ√u≈™.1865 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈV √ÏtB©º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚¶[ ÿku§ÿ√u≈m. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm √Ï\VÁk ÷Á›>m.1868á80 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛ºÈV g©Ô[ º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi√Á¶Ô”¬z √È›> ∏[™Á¶°.

150


56.√w∫ÔVÈ ÷Õ]BV

1. cÚk ka√V| g´D∏›> ÔVÈD á EÕm ƒ\ÿkπ ÔVÈD.

2. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ ÂVÔZÔD √u§ ∂§B c>°√Ák á

∂ÔµkV´VFflE ƒV[ÆÔ^.

3. ˆ¬ºk>›]_ ∂]ÔD z§©∏¶©√|D Ô¶°^ á ÷Õ]´[.

4. ÂVÈÕ>V √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›Á> º>VuÆs›>kÏ á x>ÈVD

z\V´ z©>Ï.

5. ÿkıÔÈ Â¶´V¤Ï EÁÈ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D á

ºƒVwÏ ÔVÈD.

6. ÷´V¤˛ÚÔD ®[–D A]B ÂÔÁ´ cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á

∏D∏ƒV´Ï.

7. ÷´ViΩ´Ì¶ÏÔπ[ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á \VMB WºÔ>D.

8. c√W¶>∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ á 108.

9. ÷´ı¶Vkm ƒ\ ƒ\B¬Ì‚¶›m¬z >ÁÈÁ\

>V∫˛BkÏ á º>k›] ºƒ\ ƒÏ\™V.

10. cÈÔD cÚıÁ¶ kΩk\V™m ®™ x>o_ Ì§B

÷Õ]BÏ á kVÔ√‚¶Ï.

57.÷Õ]BV : mk¬Ô ÔVÈD

1. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ ƒVD´VÎBD á \Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD.

2. g≈VD ±u≈VıΩ_ WÈsoÚÕ> \ÔV¤™√>∫Ô^ á

√]™VÆ.

3. ƒÕ]´z©>™V_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶ˆ[

>·√] á ÿƒ_R¬Ô_ WºÔV¶Ï.

4. º>k™VD√ˆB ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ \[™Ï á

∂ºƒVÔÏ.

5. ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ ∂Ï›>ƒV¸]´›Á> g∫˛È›]_

ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ á EBV\V


1517. z©> ÔVÈ›]_ kVµÕ]ÚÕ> g•Ïºk> gflƒVˆBÏ á

>[kÕ]ˆ.

8. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[x>ÈVÔ >∫Ô ÂVB∫ÔÁ·

∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏÔ^ á ÷Õº>V ˛º´¬ÔÏ.

9. «Ï≠Ï ®ø]B x¬˛B ±_Ô^ : ∏ˆB>ÏEÔV, ´›™Vko,

ÂVÔVÕ>D.

10. Ê™©√BË •kV[ ∑kV∫ ÷Õ]BV s¤BD ÿƒF>

ÔVÈÔ‚¶D á «Ï≠Ï ÔVÈÔ‚¶D.

58.÷Õ]BV : ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈD

1. ´ViΩ´Ì¶ ƒVD´VÎB›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á >Õ] ±_Ô^.

2. ƒV”¬˛BÏÔπ[ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á kV>V∏.

3. √_ÈkÏ ÔVÈ Ek™ΩBVÏÔ^ á ∂©√Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï.

4. ƒV>kVÔ™ kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ á ExÔ[.

5. ˛Úi º>k´VBˆ[ ∂Á\flƒ´Ák ∂i¶]¬Ô¤∫Ô^.

6. EkV˜l[ g[tÔ zÚ á ´VD>V¸.

7. ÷Õ]BVÁk >V¬˛B x>_ ∂[MB √Á¶ÿB|©√V·Ï á

\ÔV ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï.

8. xÔ\m Ô˜l[ x>_ ÷Õ]B© √Á¶ÿB|©A á ˛.∏. 1000.

9. Œ[≈VD >Á´[ º√Vˆ_ xÔ\m ºÔVˆÁB º>VuÔΩ›>kÏ

á ∏Ú›s´VÎ ÿƒ·ÔV[.

10. ÷Õ]BVs_ x¸‹D g‚E¬z kakz›> º√VÏ á

÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√VÏ.

59.∂ΩÁ\, m¬·¬ kDƒ∫Ô^

1. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ x¸‹D ´V¤kDƒD ∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD.

2. ∂ΩÁ\ kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ á z›Ay[ n√¬.

3. √V´ÊÔ √ıΩÁÔBV™ ÿÂ·º´VÁƒ ÷Õ]BVs_

∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ á √V_√[.

4. ÂVB∫Ôπ_ >[Á™ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï ®[Æ

ÿ√V§›m¬ ÿÔVı¶ ˛_˜l[ >·√] á ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜.

152


5. ÿ>[MÕ]BVÁk g¬˛´t›> ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜l[>·√] á \Vo¬ÔVØÏ.

6. ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ ∂Á\flƒ´Ák ÔsQÏ á ∂*Ï z¸Ú.7. xÔ\m ∏[ m¬·¬˛[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ á h™V ÔV[.8. ÷´Vbk T´ÏÔ”¬z ∂[√π©√VÔ WÈ›Á> √‚¶V

º√V‚|¬ ÿÔV|¬zD xÁ≈ÁB› ÿ>V¶∫˛ Ák›> \[™Ïá ‡∏º´V¸ ≠V m¬·¬.

9. √VtM kDƒD cÚkVÔ¬ ÔV´\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔÈÔD á>¬ÔV ÔÈÔD.

10. ]_oÁB gı¶ ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V[ kDƒD á ºÔVÈΩ kDƒD.

60.ÿ\VÔÈVBÏ

1. ÿ\VÔÈVB ´V¤kDƒD g‚E ÿƒF> ÔVÈ Ô‚¶D á1526á1857.

2. √V√ˆ[ xø©ÿ√BÏ á v˛Ú›y[ xÔ\m √V√Ï.3. ÷Õ]BV *m √Á¶ÿB|¬Ô √V√Ú¬z ∂Áw©A

s|›>kÏÔ^ á gÈDÔV[, ÿ>·›ÔV[.4. ¯\VRM[ kVµ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ á ¯\VR[ ÂV\V.5. z¤´V›Á> ÿk[≈>[ WÁ™kVÔ ∂¬√Ï Ô‚ΩB

WÁ™s¶D á AÈÕ› >ÏkVvV.6. y[ ÷ÈVN ®[√>[ ÿ√VÚ^ á Ô¶°π[ \>D.7. ∂¬√ˆ[ ∂ÁkÁB ∂È∫Ôˆ›> ÷Áƒ¬ ÔÁÈQÏ á

>V[ºƒ[.8. ¤«V∫ˇÏ ÔVÈ›]_ ÷Õ]BVs_ ∂≈xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶

º√VÁ>©ÿ√VÚ^ á AÁÔlÁÈ .9. ¡´∫ÔÊ©A¶[ º\V]B \´V‚ΩB \[™Ï á EkV˜.10. ÿ\VÔÈVBÏÔπ[ ∂´ƒÁk ÿ\Va á √V´ÊÔD.


153k´ÈVÆ -----II

61.>twÔ k´ÈVÆ

÷È¬˛BD, Ô_ÿk‚|Ô^, ÂVB∫Ô^ \uÆD

AÁ>ÿ√VÚ^ ƒV[ÆÔ^ ∂B_ÂV‚¶kˆ[ √B¬z§©AÔ^

º√V[≈Ák √ıÁ¶› >twÔ k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂§B c>°D x¬˛B

g>V´∫Ô^.

1.ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ ±_Ô^, √›m©√V‚|

±_Ô^, nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ ... º√V[≈Ák √wÕ>tµ

k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂§B›>ÚD x¬˛B ÷È¬Ô, ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^.

2.ÿ\Ô¸>ÃL[ ÷ıΩÔV, >VÈtl[ cÈÔ kÁ´√¶D,

Ê™©√BË •kV[ ∑kV∫˛[ EáRá˛ º√V[≈Ák >twÔ

k´ÈVuÁ≈ ®|>m¬ÔV‚|D x¬˛B ∂B_ÂV‚¶kÏ z§©AÔ^.

3.ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ \[™ÏÔ^ ºƒ´, ºƒVw, √VıΩB \´Á√fl

ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔπ_ ºƒ´[ ÿƒ∫z‚|k[, ÔˆÔV_ ºƒVw[,

gˆB© √Á¶ Ô¶Õ> ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[, >ÁÈBV™∫ÔV™›m

ÿƒÚÿk[≈ ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[ g˛ºBVÏ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔkÏÔ^.

ÔVsˆ gu§[ zÆ¬ºÔ ÔˆÔVÈ[ Ô‚ΩB Ô_ÈÁ √Vƒ™

skƒVB›Á>© ∏[√u§B ƒx>VB›Á> c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ ºƒVw

∂´∑ ÿƒB_√‚¶Á> cÏ›m˛≈m. ºƒVwˆ[ >ÁÈÂÔÏ cÁ≈RÏ.

4.ºƒ´[ ÿƒ∫z‚|k[ kfiEÁB› >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|

∑\VÏ 50 gı|Ô”¬z º\_ g‚E ÿƒF>kÏ.

5.ºƒ´ á ºƒVw©√Á¶ÔÁ· >ÁÈBVÈ∫ÔV™D (>fiƒV∆Ï

\Vk‚¶D) ∂Ú˛_ º>VuÔΩ›>>V_ √VıΩB[ ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[

>ÁÈBVÈ∫ÔV™›mfl ÿƒÚÿk[≈ √VıΩB[ ®™°D

∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶V[. >ÁÈÂÔÏ \mÁ´.

6.√Vˆ, ÔVˆ, ˆ, Â_o, º√Ô[, gF, ∂]B\V[

º√V[º≈VÏ ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ^.

7.ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ›]_ ∏´V\Ï, ≥›]ˆBÏ, kËÔÏ, ºk·V·Ï

®[Æ ÂV[z kÁÔ kÚ∫Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>>VÔ ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD

ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈m.

154


8.xE§, ÿ>VıΩ, ØDAÔVÏ, ÿÔVuÁÔ x¬˛B

mÁ≈xÔ∫Ô^.

62.Ô·©∏´Ï ÔVÈD

ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ JºkÕ>ÏÔπ[ TµflE¬z© ∏[∑\VÏ 300

gı|Ô”¬ÔV™ k´ÈVÆ ÿ>πkVÔ ÷_ÁÈ. ÷¬ÔVÈ›Á>

Ô·©∏´Ï ÔVÈD ®[ÆD, ÷Úı¶ ÔVÈD ®[ÆD, ∂§QÏÔ^

kÚË¬˛[≈™Ï.

63.√_ÈkÏ ÔVÈD

ÿ>VıÁ¶ \ı¶È›][ ÔVfiÊA´›Á>› >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬

ÿÔVı| gı¶kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔπ_ ∏´V˛Ú> ÿ\Val_

ƒVƒ™∫Ô^ ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔ^. ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Val[ ƒVƒ™∫ÔÁ·

ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔ^ ®™ ÷´ı| ∏ˆs™ÏÔπÚÕ>™Ï. Ek

¸ÔÕ>kÏ\–D, s¤B ¸ÔÕ>kÏ\–D ∏´V˛Ú> ÿ\Va© ∏ˆÁkfl

ºƒÏÕ> AÔµÿ√u≈ \[™ÏÔ^.

ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Val_ ƒVƒ™D ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔπ_

(ÂV[ÔVD ±u≈VıΩ[ ∏u√z]) z§©∏¶›>¬ÔkÏ sib

z©>[.

64.x>ÈVD \ºÔÕ]´kÏ\[ (˛.∏. 600 á 630)

E›]´ÔV´©Ao, sE›]´ E›>[ ®[–D √‚¶© ÿ√BÏÔπ_

∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ AÔµÿ√u≈ √_Èk \[™[. ƒV”¬˛B \[™[

÷´ı¶VD AoºÔEl¶D º>Vu≈kÏ. ∂©√ˆ[ ÿƒ_kV¬ÔV_ ƒ\

\>›Á>› m≈Õm Áƒk \>›Á>› >øsB \ºÔÕ]´kÏ\[,

k_ÈD, >Èk˚Ï g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ zÁ¶kÁ´¬ ºÔVl_Ô^

®ø©∏™VÏ. \›>sÈVƒ© ∏´ÔVƒ™D ÷kÏ ®ø]B AÔµ t¬Ô ±_.


15565.Â´ED\kÏ\[ (˛.∏. 630 á 668)

\ºÔÕ]´ kÏ\M[ \Ô[. ƒV”¬˛B ÂV‚Ω[ *m

√Á¶ÿB|›m ÷´ı¶VD AoºÔEÁB› º>VuÔΩ›>>V_ kV>V∏

ÿÔVı¶V[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. \ÔV√oA´›Á>

cÚkV¬˛BkÏ. ÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_ Ê™© √BË •kV[ ∑kV∫ (˛.∏.

640) ÔVfiEA´D kÕ>VÏ.

√_ÈkÏÔVÈD ÷Õm ƒ\B \Æ\ÈÏflE ÔVÈD ®™ÈVD.

Áƒk ÂVB[\VÚD, Ákk gµkVÏÔ”D √¬]

÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D, ÷È¬˛B∫ÔÁ·•D ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ √Á¶›>™Ï.

66.∏uÔVÈ© √VıΩBÏ (˛.∏.550 á950)

ºk^s¬zΩ ÿƒ©º√|Ôπ[ √Ω √VıΩB kDƒ›][

(x>ÈVD √VıΩBÏ) x>_ \[™Ï Ô|∫ºÔV[ √VıΩB[.

÷kÁ´B|›m g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏÔ^ : \V≈kÏ\[ ∂kM

Û·V\Ë, ºƒÕ>[ ÿƒaB[, ∂ˆºÔƒˆ (Ì[ √VıΩB[),

√´V∫zƒ[, \V≈kÏ\[ ´V¤ED\[ á 1 \uÆD √´VÕ>Ô

ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[.

÷kÏÔÁ·B|›m ∂ˆBÁ ∞§B p\V≈ pk_È√[

(815 á 862) ÿ>^·VuÆ© º√Vˆ_ J[≈VD ÂÕ]kÏ\ √_Èk™V_

º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.

˛.∏.880á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ]Ú©A≈D∏BD º√VÁ´B|›m

√VıΩB ∂´∑ TµflEBÁ¶Õ>m.

67.∏uÔVÈfl ºƒVwÏ (˛.∏.850 á 1279)

cÁ≈RÏ ºƒVw[ s¤BVÈM[ kVˆƒV™ x>ÈVD

g]›>[ (871 á 907) ]Ú©A≈D∏B›]_ Â¶Õ> º√Vˆ_ √_Èk

\[™[ ∂√´V˜>Á™› º>VuÔΩ›m ºƒVw© º√´´Áƒ

koÁ\√|›]™V[.

÷k´m \Ô[ x>ÈVD √´VÕ>Ôfl ºƒVw[, \mÁ´

ÿÔVı¶V[, ~wD ÿÔVı¶V[ ®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ.

156


ºƒVwÏÔVÈ ª´V‚E WÏkVÔD √u§ √´VÕ>Ôfl ºƒVwM[

c›]´º\‘Ï Ô_ÿk‚|¬ z§©AÔ^ sˆkVÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.

E>D√´D Â¶´V¤Ï ºÔVsK¬z ÿ√V[ÌÁ´ ºkFÕ>kÏ.

68.x>ÈVD ÷´V¤ ´V¤ ºƒVw[ (˛.∏.985 á 1012)

∑Õ>´ ºƒVw[ á kV™k[ \ÔVº>s >D√]l™ˆ[

A>_k[. ÔVÕ>jÏ ƒVÁÈl_ ºƒ´ \[™M[ Ô©√u√Á¶ÁB

∂a›>m. ÷È∫ÁÔ, \VÈ›y° º√V[≈ Ô¶_ Ô¶Õ> ÂV|ÔÁ·

ÿk[≈m. √VıΩB ÂV‚Ω_ ºƒVwÏ g]¬Ô›Á> kKkVÔ

WÁÈWÆ›]Bm º√V[≈Ák ÷k´m z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ÿku§Ô^.

xDxΩfl ºƒVw[, ∂Úıÿ\VakÏ\[, ´V¤ºÔƒˆ,

ÔVÕ>jÏflƒVÁÈ ÔÈ\Æ›>kÏ ®[Æ √_ºkÆ √‚¶©ÿ√BÏÔ·V_

E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ. ]ÚkVÈV∫ÔV‚| ÿƒ©A© √‚¶B∫Ô^ ÷k´m

g‚EÁB© √u§ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™. ˛´V\ WÏkVÔ›m¬ÔVÔ

z¶ºkVÁÈ xÁ≈ º>Ï>_, WÈ ∂·T| º√V[≈Ák ÷k´m

z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ƒV>Á™Ô^. >fiÁƒ© ÿ√Ú°Á¶BVÏ ºÔVsÁÈ¬

Ô‚ΩBkÏ (ÿ√ˆBºÔVs_).

69.÷´Vº¤Õ]´ºƒVw[ (1012 á 1044)

xΩÿÔVı¶V[, Ô∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[, Ô¶V´D ÿÔVı¶V[

º√V[≈Ák ÷´Vº¤Õ]´ºƒVw[ ÛΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶ EÈ √‚¶∫Ô^.

>ÁÈÂÔÁ´ >fiƒV∆ˆoÚÕm Ô∫ÁÔ ÿÔVı¶

ºƒVwA´›m¬z \Vu§™V[. ºƒVw Ô∫ÔD ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶

\Vÿ√ÚD ∞ˆÁB¬ Ô‚Ω™VÏ.

÷kÚ¬z© ∏[ x>ÈVD ÷´V¤V] ´V¤[, ÷´ı¶VD

÷´Vº¤Õ]´[, x>ÈVD T´ ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ º√V[º≈VÏ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm

ŒÚkÏ ∏[ ŒÚk´VÔ ˛.∏. 1067 kÁ´ ∂´ƒVı¶™Ï.

T´ ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ \Ô[ g] ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ g‚EºBV|

s¤BVÈB[ ka kÕ> ºƒVwÏ g‚E xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.


15770.zºÈV›m∫Ôfl ºƒVw[ (˛.∏. 1070 á 1120)

ƒV”¬˛BÏ á ºƒVwÏ ÔÈ©A ktƒ kal_ kÕ> ºƒVwÏ

g‚El[ mk¬ÔD.Ê™ ∂´ƒÁk¬z #>ÏÔÁ· ∂–©∏BkÏ.∑∫Ô kˆÁB ¿¬˛B>V_ ∑∫ÔD >sÏ›> ºƒVw[ ®™fl

E≈©∏¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏ. zºÈV›m∫Ôfl ºƒVw[ ∏^Á·› >tµ,s¬˛´\fl ºƒVw[ cÈV ÷k´m ÿ√ÚÁ\ÔÁ· ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.

71.∏uÔVÈ© √VıΩBÏ (˛.∏. 1190 á 1310)√VıΩB[ ƒÁ¶BkÏ\[ p k_È√[, 1090á_ √VıΩBÏ

g‚EÁB WÆs™VÏ. ÷kÁ´B|›m g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏÔ^

ƒÁ¶BkÏ\[ zÈºƒÔ´ √VıΩB[ (1190 á 1218), \V≈kÏ\[∑Õ>´√VıΩB[ (1216 á 1238), ÷´ı¶VD \V≈kÏ\[∑Õ>´√VıΩB[ (1238 á 1255), ¤¶VkÏ\[ ∑Õ>´ √VıΩB[

(1251).÷Æ] \Vÿ√ÚD √VıΩB \[™[ \V≈kÏ\[ x>ÈVD

zÈºƒÔ´ √VıΩB[ (1268 á 1311).ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ >twÔ›Á> gı¶

\[™[ √´D√Á´ √VıΩBÏ √´D√Á´ºB.ÿkM¸ ÂÔ´© √BË \VÏ¬ºÔV º√VºÈVs[ z§©AÔ^

√VıΩBÏ g‚EÁB©√u§ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™.

72.\mÁ´ ∑_>V[ g‚E

\V≈kÏ\[ zÈºƒÔ´© √VıΩBM[ \Ô[Ô·V™∑Õ>´√VıΩB–D, T´ √VıΩB–D \Vo¬ÔØˆ[ ÿ>[™Ô©

√Á¶ÿB|©∏[º√Vm kVˆ∑ˆÁ\fl ƒıÁ¶l_ ~|√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.∑Õ>´ √VıΩBº™ >ÕÁ>l[ ∂[∏uzˆBk™VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V[.T´√VıΩBÁ™› >[ kVˆƒV¬Ô WÁ™›> >ÕÁ>l[ ]‚¶›Á>¬

ºÔ‚| g›]´xu≈ ∑Õ>´ √VıΩB[ >ÕÁ>ÁB¬ ÿÔVÁÈÿƒFms‚|, ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜l¶D ƒ´Á¶Õ>>VÔ°D, ∑_>V[∂©º√Vm >¬ÔV© √Á¶ÿB|©∏_ ÷ÚÕ> \Vo¬ÔVØÁ´

∑Õ>´√VıΩB–¬z g>´kVÔ \mÁ´ ÿƒ_K\VÆ

158


√Ë›>>VÔ°D ƒ\ÔVÈ gk∫Ô^ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™. \Vo¬

ÔVØˆ[ kÚÁÔÁB¬ ºÔ^s•u≈ T´√VıΩB[ >ÁÈ

\Á≈kV™V[. \mÁ´ kÕ> \Vo¬ÔVØÏ ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï ºÔVsÁÈ

y¬˛Á´BV¬˛ ∂∫˛ÚÕ> ÿƒ_k∫ÔÁ· ∂^πfl ÿƒ[≈V[.

∏[™Ï ÷´Vº\¸k´D kÁ´ ÿƒ[Æ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m ]_o

]ÚD∏B (1311) \Vo¬ ÔVØÏ, \mÁ´l_ ŒÚ W´Õ>´ xÔ\]BÏ

√Á¶ÁB s‚|fl ÿƒ[≈V[. ÷mºk \mÁ´l_ ∑_>VMBÏ

g‚E¬z (1310) s›]‚¶m.

1318á÷_ x√V´¬ ˛_˜, z¸ÚÔVÁ™ \mÁ´¬z ∂–©∏

\mÁ´, ]_o ∑_>VMB›][ ŒÚ √z] ®[Æ ∂§s›>VÏ.

˛BV∑y[ m¬·¬˛[ \Ô[ cŸÔV[ √´V¬˛´\

√VıΩBÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›m \mÁ´ ∑_>VMB›Á> sˆ°

√|›]™V[.

73.>twÔ›]_ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´∑

ÿ>[™Ô›]_ ]_o ∑_>VMB©√Á¶l[

ª|Úk_ÔÁ·› >|¬zD ºÂV¬z¶[ m∫Ô√›]´V Â]¬ÔÁ´l_

cÚkV˛B ∂´ºƒ s¤BÂÔ´ ∂´∑. ÷©º√´É[ g]¬ÔD x>o_

k¶ >twÔ›]_ ƒÕ]´˛ˆÁBfl ∑u§B √z]Ôπ_>V[

∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. ∂>[∏[ ƒDAk´VBM[ guÔV‚|© √z]Ôπ_

WÁÈ ÂV‚¶©√‚¶m.

x>ÈVD A¬Ôˆ[ \Ô–D, ÷´ı¶VD «ˆÔ´M[

ƒºÔV>´–\V™ z\V´ ÔD√ıVs[ √Á¶› >·√]BV™

\∫zº>k[ s¤B ÂÔ´© º√´É[ >twÔ ÿku§Ô”¬z›

>ÁÈÁ\ >V∫˛™VÏ. ƒKk ÂÉD\[ 1485 x>_ ÷©√z]¬z©

ÿ√VÆ©º√uÆ¬ ÿÔVı¶V[.

1378á÷_ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[ ÷´ı¶VD A¬ÔÏ

\mÁ´ÁB ÿk[≈VÏ. ÷Á>B|›m \mÁ´ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[

g‚El[ ˇµ kÕ>m.

÷ÕWÁÈl_ √VtM ∑_>V[Ô^ \uÆD ∂kÏÔ·m

∂]ÔVˆÔπ[ ∂¶¬zxÁ≈¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl™V_ √V]¬Ô©√‚|

ÿ>K∫z \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπºB§B skƒVlÔ”D,


159kËÔÏÔ”D s¤BÂÔ´© √Á¶T´ÏÔ^ mÁ•¶[ >twÔ›]_zΩºB≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛™Ï.

s¤BÂÔÏ \[™ÏÔπ[ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÁB© ÿ√uÆ g∫ÔV∫zg‚E© ÿ√VÆ©º√u≈kÏÔ^. ƒÕ>Ï©√D ˛Á¶›> º√Vm >∫Ô^g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈ ÂV‚¶ xB[≈™Ï.

ÂVÔ\ ÂVB¬Ô[ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´E[ √VmÔV©∏_ ÷ÚÕ>√VıΩB ÂV‚Á¶¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›> T´ºƒÔ´ ºƒVw–¬z ®]´VÔ∂–©√©√‚¶k[. ºƒVwÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›> ÂVÔ\ ÂVB¬Ô[ >™mÿƒVÕ> ∂´Áƒ ∂Á\¬Ô› ]‚¶t‚¶V[. g™V_ ∂k™m \Ô[s∑k ÂV> ÂVB¬Ô[ ∂>uz Œ›mÁw©A Â_Ôs_ÁÈ. >ÕÁ>ÁB\[™Ï ˛Úi º>k´VBˆ¶D Œ©√Á¶›>V[. ÷flÿƒBK¬ÔVÔs∑kÂV>[ \mÁ´ g”Â´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶V[.

74.ÂVB¬ÔÏÔ^

˛Úi º>k´VBÏ g‚E¬ÔVÈ›]_ >tµÂV| \mÁ´,ÿƒfiE, >fiƒV∆Ï ®[–D J[Æ √z]Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>™.÷ku§[ WÏkVÔD ÂVB¬ÔÏÔ^ ®™©√|D g”ÂÏÔπ¶DŒ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.

s¤BÂÔ´ \[™ÏÔ·V_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶ g”ÂÏÔ”D,>twÔ zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ”D, √VıΩB \uÆD ]ÚkV∫ÌÏ∂´ƒÏÔπ[ c>s ÿ√uÆ >∫Ô^ g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈWÆ›>xB[≈ º√Vÿ>_ÈVD s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´ƒÏ >twÔ›]uz›ÿ>V¶ÏÕm √Á¶ÿB|¬Ô ºkıΩlÚÕ>m. ÷mºk s¤BÂÔ´©º√´´E[ TµflE¬z kakz›>m.

]Ú\ÁÈ ÂVB¬ÔÚ¬z ∂|›m ∂k´m J›> \Ô[˛Úi©√ ÂVB¬ÔÚD, ∂|›m º√´[ T´©√ÂVB¬ÔÚD√>sºBu≈VÏÔ^.

75.√ıÁ¶B >twÔD

1. ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ› >twÔD ÷Õm ƒ\B›]uz kw∫˛B÷Á≈ka√V| á xÚÔka√V|.

2. ºƒ´ÏÔπ[ \VÁÈ á √™D Ø\VÁÈ.3. ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ›]_ ºkπÏÔ^ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏÔ^ á

zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ^.

160


4. >tµ¬Ì¶_ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂÔ´D á \mÁ´.5. ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ ˛º´¬ÔÏÔ^ ÷ÀkVÆ

∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï á Bk™ÏÔ^.6. \lK¬z º√VÏÁk ∂π›> k^·_ á º√Ô[.7. ØDAÔVˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ kËÔD z§›m z§©∏|D ±_ á

√‚Ω™©√VÁÈ.8. ºƒ´ \´Á√© √u§ ÌÆD ±_ á √]uÆ©√›m.9. ºƒVwÏÔπ[ ˛´V\ WÏkVÔD √u§ z§©∏|D Ô_ÿk‚| á

c›]´º\‘Ï Ô_ÿk‚|.10. ÿÔV_o\ÁÈ©√z]ÁB gı¶ \[™[ á ˆ.

76.>twÔ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^

1. ÿ>[MÕ]BVs[ ÔVE á ÷´Vº\¸k´D.2. ˛w¬˛[ Ω´VF ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D >twÔ ÂÔ´D á

ÿƒfiE¬ºÔV‚Á¶.3. ÷BuÁÔ ´©√Ï cu√›] ÿƒF•D Œº´ \Vk‚¶D á

Ô[MBVz\ˆ.4. ÔVÕ]BΩÔ·V_ Ô>Ï >ÁÈÂÔ´D ®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶

ÂÔ´D á ]Ú©ØÏ.5. ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷´ı¶Vkm ÿ√ˆB c©A cu√›] Á\BD á

#›m¬zΩ.6. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BV°¶[ ÷ÁÕ> x>_ ƒ\¸>V™D

Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶.7. ÿ>[MÕ]B g¬¸º√VÏ| ®™fl E≈©∏¬Ô©√|km á

]ÚÿÂ_ºko \Vk‚¶D.8. >twÔ ∂´E[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk x›]Á´ á ps_o©A›#Ï

gı¶V^ ºÔVs_ ºÔVA´D.9. ÿk§ ÂVF¬ÔΩ¬ÔV™ \ÚÕm >BVˆ¬zD √V¸¶Ï

÷[¸ΩR‚ g© ÷Õ]BV ∂Á\Õm^· ÷¶D á ¿È˛ˆ.10. ÷Õ]B WR‚ˆº™V gF° Á\BD ∂Á\Õm^· ÷¶D á

º>M \Vk‚¶D º\Ô \ÁÈ.


161

xÁ™kÏ.A.∂x>Vc>s º√´VEˆBÏÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈

∂ıV g>Ïi Ô_Ÿˆ, ∂ıVÂÔÏ, ÿƒ[Á™-40

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D

1. ÿ√VÚπB_ ®[√m \M> sÚ©√∫ÔÁ· √u§•D, ∂Ák WÁ≈°ÿƒFB©√|D √u§•D g´V•D ŒÚ ƒJÔ ∂§sB_ gzD.

2. ∂´∑ ŒÚ ƒx>VB›]uz ∂]Ô ÂÈD ˛Á¶¬Ôfl ÿƒFB ºkı|D.∂Ák ∂´EB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™©√|D.

3. ÿ√VÚπB_ ŒÚ sÁÈ› yÏ\V™D √u§B ∂§sB_, ÂT™ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ŒÚ √sB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D. sÁÈÔ^ √\VÔflÿƒK›>©√|˛[≈™.

4. ÿ√VÚπBo[ ÷È¬Ô›Á> kÁ´BÆ›>kÏ / ÿ√VÚπB_ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ·•D xÁ≈BVÔ ŒÚ∫˛Á›>kÏ / ∂´EB_ÿ√VÚπBo[ >ÕÁ> ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ á g¶D ¸t›.

5. ÿƒ_k›Á> ∂Á¶k]KD, ∂>Á™ √B[√|›mk]KD ∞u√|D∏´flƒÁÔ^ √u§ ∂§kº> ÿ√VÚπB_ ®[≈kÏ á g¶D ¸t›.

6. ÂV|Ôπ[ ÿƒ_kD (An Enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth ofNations) ®[≈ A›>Ô›Á> g>D ¸t› ®ø]•^·VÏ.

7. g_‡∏´| \VÏ≠_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ºÔV‚√V|Ô^ ®[≈ ±o_ ∂kÏ\M>–Á¶B kVµ¬ÁÔl[ ∂[≈V¶ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§ÿ√VÚπB_ g´VFÕm ÌÆ˛≈m ®[√Á> kÁ´BÆ›>VÏ.

8. g_‡∏´| \VÏ≠o[ ÂÈ ÷È¬ÔD (Weltare Economics)E≈Õ>>VÔ s·∫˛Bm.

9. g_‡∏´| ÿƒ_k›Á>© √u§ \‚|º\ g´VF˛≈m ®[√Á>∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ. ÿƒ_k›Á>© √u§ g´VFkÁ>s¶\M>Á™© √u§ g´VFkº> ÷[§BÁ\BV>m ®[≈ ÔÚ›Á>x>[Á\©√|›]™VÏ.

10. ÂT™ ÿ√VÚπB_ ÷È¬ÔD / ˛Á¶©√ÚÁ\ / √u≈V¬zÁ≈÷È¬ÔD ®[√m ÷ÈB™¸ ÷´V∏[ƒ[.

11. ÷ÈB[¸ ÷´V∏[ƒ[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂§sBo[ ÷B_AD ∂>[E≈©AD √u§B ŒÚ Ô‚|Á´ÁB >\m ±o_ ÷È¬Ô\VÔ>Õm^·VÏ.

162


12. ÷ÈB[¸ ÷´V∏[ƒM[ ÿ√VÚπB_ EÕ>Á™BV™m

sÚ©√∫Ôº·V|D, ˛Á¶©√ÚÁ\•^·, \Vu≈ kaÔπ_

√B[√¶›>¬Ô ƒV>™∫Ôº·V|D ÿ>V¶ÏA^· \M> Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ

ÔÁ·© √u§

13.ƒVxºk_ƒM[ ÷È¬ÔD ®[√m ÂT™ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÷È¬ÔD

gzD.

14. \VuÆ© √B[√V|Á¶B √u≈V¬zÁ≈BV™ k·∫ÔÁ·©

√B[√|›] ƒx>VBD ®ÀkVÆ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬˛≈m ®[√m √u§•D,

√ı¶∫ÔÁ·•D √ËÔÁ·•D >uÔVÈ, ®]ÏÔVÈ OÔÏ°¬ÔVÔ

®ÀkVÆ cu√›] ÿƒF˛[≈m ®[√m √u§•D √lKD ŒÚ ƒJÔ

∂§sBºÈ ÿ√VÚπBÈVzD.

15. ÿ√VÚπBo_ 4 ∏ˆ°Ô^ cı|. ∂Ák 1.OÔÏ°, 2.cu√›],

3. √ˆ\Vu≈D 4. √˛Ï°.

16. ÂT™ ÔVÈ›]_ ÿ√VÚπB_ ∂§QÏÔ^ ÿ√VmW] ®[≈ A]B

∏ˆÁk•D ºƒÏ›m^·™Ï. ÷ÁkÔ^ Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ

ƒVÏÕm^·™.

17. \M> sÚ©√∫ÔÁ· WÁ≈° ÿƒFkm OÔÏ° (Comsumptiion)®™©√|D.

18. ÿƒ_k›Á> cÚkV¬z>_ ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^√|D ÷m √B[√V‚Ω[

g¬ÔD ®[ÆD ÿ√VÚ^√|D. √B[√V| ®[m sÚ©√›Á> WÁ≈°

ÿƒF•D √ı¶›][ gu≈_ gzD. ÷ÁkºB cu√›]

(Production)19. √B[√V| J[Æ kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák kΩk √B[√V| (Form utility)

÷¶©√B[√V| (Place Utility) ÔVÈ©√B[√V| (Time Utility).20.√ˆ\Vu≈D (Exchange) √ı¶∫Ô^ \u≈ √ı¶∫Ô”¬ÔVÔºkV

∂_Èm √›]uÔVºkV \Vu§¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈™. √ı¶\VuÆ

xÁ≈l_ √ı¶∫Ô^ √ı¶∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ √ˆ\Vu§¬

ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈™.

21.√˛Ï° (Distribution) ®[√m WÈD, cÁw©A, JÈ>™D,

ÿ>Va_xÁ™° g˛B cu√›] ÔV´ËÔÁ·© √B[√|›]

ÿƒ_kD cu√›] ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m. ÂV[z cu√›] ÔV´ËÔ”D

ÿkÀºkÆ √ËÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^k>V_ ∂ku§uz ÔV´Ë ª]BD

kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.

22.ÿƒ_k\V™m ÔV´ËÔ”¬zˆB ª]B\V™ kV´D, Ìo, k‚Ω,

÷ÈV√D g˛Bku§uz© √˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√|˛≈m.


16323.ÿ√VmW] ®[√m ∂É[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© √ËÔÁ·© √u§Bm

(∂É[ k´°áÿƒÈ° gzD) kˆs]©A, ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ°,

ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ c^·¶¬˛Bm.

24.√T¬ÔD (Inflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm

cBÏÕm ÿÔVıº¶ º√Vkm>V[ √T¬ÔD ®[Æ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ( ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ cu√›]ÁB s¶ √

∂·° ºkÔ\VÔ cBÚº\BV™V_ ∂∫z √T¬ÔD ∞u√|D)

25. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ (Reserve Bank of India )

√›Á> ∂flE‚| ÿkπl|kÁ>ºBV ∂_Èm k∫˛Ô^

ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD Ô¶[ ∂·Ák¬ Ô‚|©√|›>V\_ ÷ÚÕ>VºÈV.

√©Aw¬ÔD ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›]ÁB s¶ ºkÔ\VÔ cBÏÕm

√T¬ÔD ∞u√|D.

26.ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›] ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ºkÔ\VÔ cBÚD

ƒ\B›]_, \¬Ôπ¶xD kV∫zD ƒ¬] ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬zDº√VmD

√T¬ÔD ∞u√|D.

27.√kV‚¶D (Deflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm

zÁ≈Õm ÿÔVıº¶ º√VkÁ>›>V[ √kV‚¶D ®[Æ

∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.

28.ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›] zÁ≈•Dº√Vm \¬Ô^

ºkÁÈkVFÁ√ ÷w©√Ï. ÷>™V_ ∂kÏÔπ[ kV∫zD ƒ¬]

zÁ≈Õm ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ º>Ák•D zÁ≈•D. \¬Ôπ[ º>Ák

zÁ≈•D º√Vm ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈÔ”D zÁ≈•D ÷Ák

√kV‚¶D ∞u√¶ ÔV´\VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.

29.º>¬ÔWÁÈ (Stagflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ TµflE•D,

√T¬ÔxD ºƒÏÕº> kÕ>V_ ∂>uz

30.k·ÚD ÂV|Ôπ_ cu√›]ÁB cBÏ›mD ºÂV¬Ô›]_ √

∂π©Á√ cBÏ›] g™V_ ∂>uºÔu√ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›]

cB´s_ÁÈ ®[≈V_ ∂>uz

31. kÚkVF Ô¬z (Revenue account) ®[√m ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚

÷´ı| ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ∂ku§_ 1. kÚkVF

Ô¬z, 2. x>_ Ô¬z (Capital Account) kÚkVF Ô¬˛_

∂É[ kÚkVFÔ”D ÿƒÈ°Ô”D ÷Ú¬˛≈m.

32. ∂É[ kÚkVF Ô¬˛_ J[Æ ∏ˆ°Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák

1.kˆkÚkVF 2.kˆl_ÈV> kÚkVF 3. ∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^

(Grants).

164


33.kˆkÚkVF ®[√m kÚ\V™kˆ, cu√›]kˆ, ∑∫Ôkˆ,

c^π‚¶Ák gzD.

34. kˆl_ÈV> kÚkVF ®[√m ∂´∑ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÈV√D ∂´∑

√ËÔ”¬z ÿ√≈©√|D sÁÈ, ∂´∑ mÁ≈Ô^ s]¬Ô©√|D

∂√´V>D.

35.∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^ ®[√m ÷›>ÁÔB kÚkVFÔ^ ®_ÈVD

∂´∑¬z ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ˛Á¶›m¬ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD. ÷Ák

∂Á™›mD ∂É[ ÿƒVÕ> kÚkVFÔ^ gzD.

36.∂É[ ÿƒÈ°Ô^ ®[√m ÂV[z kÁÔBVÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD ∂Ák.

1.∂´∑ ªaBÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D, F∆]BD 2. \VMBD

3. Ô¶–¬z ÿƒK›mD k‚Ω 3. √VmÔV©A ÿƒÈ°Ô^ c^π‚¶

÷[–D √È

37. ∂´∑ >[–Á¶B ÿƒVÕ> kÚkVÁB¬ ÿÔVı| ∂´∑ >[

ÿƒÈ°ÔÁ· ÿƒFmÿÔVı¶V_ √u≈V¬zÁ≈ ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈

∂Ï›>›Á> ÿÔVı¶m.

38. kÚkVÁB s¶ ÿƒÈ° ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD √‚ƒ›]_ ÷Õ> kÚkVF

Ô¬z √u≈V¬zÁ≈ (Revenue ideficit) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.

39. x>_ Ô¬z (Capital Account) ®[√m ∂É[

√‚ÿ¤‚Ω_ ŒÚ √z] x>_ Ô¬ÔVzD. x>_Ô¬˛_ ÷´ı|

∏ˆ°Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák, 1.kÚkVF, 2.ÿƒÈ° gzD.

40.\VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬z ∂´∑ WÆk™∫Ô”¬z ∂_Èm ∂´∑

ªaBÏÔ”¬z¬ ÿÔV|›> Ô¶[ÿ>VÁÔ ]ÚD√© ÿ√ÆkÁ> x>_

Ô¬˛_ kÚkVBVÔ Ák¬Ô©√|D.

41.∂´∑ ÿ√ÆD ∂Á™›m¬ Ô¶[Ô”D (c^ÂV‚| \uÆD ÿkπÂV‚|

Ô¶[Ô^) x>_ Ô¬˛_ kÚkVBVÔ ÷Ú¬zD.

42. x>_ Ô¬˛_ c^· ÿƒÈ° ∂´∑¬z ∞>Vkm kÚ\V™›Á>ºBV

∂_Èm ÿƒV›Á>ºBV ~‚Ω›>´ºkı|D.

43. ÿ√Vm W]l_ (Public Finance) ®[√m >M\M>–¬zD ∂´∑¬zD

c^· ∂ÉB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÿ>V¶ÏA √u§B skV>D gzD.

44.ÿ√Vm›mÁ≈ ÿ√VÚπB_ (Public Sector Economics) ∂_Èm

ÿ√Vm© ÿ√VÚπB_ (Public Economics) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.

45.ÿ√Vm W]l_ ∂É[ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· ÂV[z kÁÔ

ºÂV¬Ô∫Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD. 1.k·∫ÔÁ·

]≈Á\BVÔ √B[√|›> >MBVÏ á ÿ√Vm› mÁ≈Ô”¬z Œm¬ˇ|


165ÿƒFkm (Allocation of Resources) 2. k·ÏflEl[ √È[

∂Á™kÚ¬zD ˛Á¶›>_ (Distribution of benefits).3. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∞u≈ ÷≈¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ƒ\Vπ›m ŒÚ

WÁÈ>[Á\lÁ™ ∂Á¶>_ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kz©√m (Stablility ofthe Economic) 4.>MBVÏ mÁ≈ ÿ√Vm ÂÈ–¬z √V]©∏_ÈV>

Ûw_ÔÁ·•D WÆk™ ∂Á\©AÔÁ· cÚkV¬z>_ (RegulatoryFunction).

46.W]¬ÿÔV^ÁÔ (Fiscal Policy) ®[√m ∏[kÚ\VÆ c^·™ ∂Ák.

1.ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ° 2. ÿ√VmkÚkVF 3.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ 4. W]

WÚkVÔD \uÆD 5. Ì‚¶V‚E xÁ≈ (\›]Bá\VWÈ W] c≈°Ô^).

47. ÿ√Vm W]l[ c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ ÷Ú©√Ák nÕmkÁÔBVÔ

c^·™. ∂Ák, 1.ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ° 2.ÿ√VmkÚkVF 3.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[

4.W] WÚkVÔD \uÆD 5. Ì‚¶VflE xÁ≈ (\›]Bá\VWÈ W]

c≈°Ô^).

48. ÿ√Vmfl ÿƒÈ° ®[√m ÂT™ ∂´∑ ŒÚ ÂÈ ∂´∑ ∂É[

∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔBV™m ∂É[ W] g>V´∫ÔÁ· √_ºkÆ

k·ÏflE √ËÔ”¬ÔVÔfl ÿƒÈ° ÿƒFkº>BVzD.

49.ÿ√VmkÚkVF ®[√m ∂´∑ ÿ√Æ˛[≈ kÚkVF gzD. ∂É[

kÚkVF kÚ\V™›Á> ÿ√ÚÔfl ÿƒFkmD, kˆs]©∏[

ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§•D ∂>º™V| ƒD\Õ>©√‚

∏´flƒÁ™ÔÁ·•D ƒVÏÕ>>VÔ ÿÔVı¶m. ÿ√VmkÚkVBV™m

kˆkÚkVF, kˆ ∂_ÈV> kÚkVBVÔ ÿÔVı¶m.

50.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ ®[√m ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ¶tÚÕm ∂´∑ ÿ√ÆD

Ô¶[Ô”¬z© ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ ®[Æ ÌÆkÏ.

51. ∂É[ kÚkVBV™m ∂É[ ÿƒÈÁk¬ ÔV‚ΩÈD zÁ≈kVÔºk

c^·m. ÷>™V_ ∂´∑ c^ÂV‚| \uÆD ÿkπÂV‚| Ô¶[Ô^

kV∫zk>uz cÕ>©√|˛≈m.

52. c^ÂV‚| Ô¶[ ®[√m ∂´∑ ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ¶tÚÕmD, kËÔ

k∫˛Ôπ¶tÚÕmD, Á\B k∫˛Ôπ¶tÚÕmD Ô¶[ ÿ√Æk>VzD.

53. ÿkπÂV‚|¬ Ô¶[ ®[√m cÈÔ k∫˛, √[™V‚| W] WÆk™D

\uÆD ∂B_ ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÿ√Æ˛[≈ Ô¶™VzD.

54. W] WÏkVÔD ®[√m k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· kΩkÁ\›>_,

cÚkV¬z>_, Œ©√π›>_ \uÆD √V´V”\[≈D,

ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒF>_, >Ë¬ÁÔ ÿƒF>_ ∏[™Ï

ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›m>_ gzD.

166


56.Ì‚¶V‚E W] ®[√m ÿ√VmW]l[ ŒÚ c‚∏ˆºk Ì‚¶V‚E

W]BVÔ c^·m.

57. Ì‚¶V‚E ∂Á\©∏_ c^· \›]B, \VWÈ \uÆD c^”Ï ∂´∑Ô^

ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕm ÿƒB_√|˛[≈ W] c≈° xÁ≈Ô^ √u§

ÌÆ˛≈m.

58.kˆ (Tax) ®[√m kˆÔ^ JÈD ÿ√≈©√|˛[≈ kÚ\V™º\

ÿ√Vm kÚkVl[ x¬˛B kÚ\V™\VzD.

59.ŒÚ zΩ\Ô[ (∂_Èm) ŒÚ WÆk™D ∂´∑¬z¬ Ô‚¶VB\VÔfl

ÿƒK›>¬ ÌΩB ŒÚ ÿƒK›mÁÔºB kˆ ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.

60. kˆÔ^ ÂV[z kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák, 1. ºÂÏxÔ \uÆD \Á≈xÔ

kˆÔ^, 2.s˛> kˆs]©A xÁ≈, k·ÏT>xÁ≈, º>FT>xÁ≈,

*>k·ÏT> xÁ≈, 3. \]©A¬Ì‚| kˆ (VAT) 4. Œ[Æ ∂_Èm

√È>´©√‚¶ kˆÔ^ ºÂÏxÔ \uÆD \Á≈xÔ kˆÔ^ ®[√m ºÂÏxÔ

kˆ ®[√m BVÏ *m kˆ s]¬Ô©√‚¶º>V ∂kº´ kˆ

ÿƒK›mk>VzD.

61.ºÂÏxÔ kˆ¬ÔV™ ÂV[z kˆÔ^ c^·™. ∂Ák 1. kÚ\V™kˆ,

2. ÿƒV›mkˆ 3.ÿkz\]kˆ 4. yÏÁk kˆ

62. \Á≈xÔ kˆ ®[√m ŒÚkÏ *m kˆs]¬Ô©√‚| \uÿ≈VÚkÏ

√z]BVÔºkV (∂_Èm) ºkÆkˆfl ∑Á\ÁBfl ∑\©√k´VÔ c^·™Ï

63. \Á≈xÔkˆ¬ÔV™ kˆÔ^ ®[√m 1. su√Á™kˆ 2.∑∫Ôkˆ.

64. \›]B \uÆD \VWÈ ∂´∑Ôπ[ kˆÔ^ ®[√m ÷Õ]B ∂´EB_

∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][√Ω \›]B \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬z kˆÔ^ s]›m

kÛo¬zD cˆÁ\Ô^ kw∫Ô©√‚|^·™.

65.\›]B ∂´∑¬z¬ ÷ÚxÁ≈Ôπ_ kÚ\V™D ˛Á¶¬˛≈m. ∂Ák

1.kˆ ƒVÏÕ> kÚ\V™D 2.kˆ ƒV´V> kÚ\V™D gzD.

66.kˆƒVÏÕ> kÚ\V™D ®[√m ºk·VıÁ\ kÚ\V™D >sÏ›m ∏≈

kÚ\V™∫Ôπ[ *>V™ kˆÔ^, WÆk™∫Ôπ[ *>V™ kˆÔ^,

ÿƒÈT™∫Ô^ *>V™ kˆÔ^, ÿƒV›m¬Ô^ *>V™ kˆÔ^,

∂[√π©A kˆÔ^, ÿƒ_k kˆÔ^, JÈ>™›][ *>V™ kˆÔ^,

gB›yÏÁk kˆÔ^, ∑∫Ô›yÏ°Ô^ (∞uÆ\], ÷≈¬z\] kˆÔ^).

66. \›]B kˆƒV´V kÚkVFÔ^ ®[√Ák W]ƒVÏ √ËÔ^, k‚Ω

kÚkVFÔ^, ÷ÈV√ √∫zÔ^, ÿ√Vm©√B[, √ËÔ^, ƒJÔ

ƒx>VB© √ËÔ^ \uÆD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ √B[ √ËÔ^.


16768. \VWÈ ∂É[ JÈD s]¬Ô©√|D kˆÔ^ 1.WÈkÚkVF,

2.x›]Á´›>V^ kˆÔ^, ¿]\[≈ Ô‚¶D \uÆD √]°¬

Ô‚¶∫Ô^, 3. gB›yÏÁkÔ^ º√V[≈ √_ºkÆ kˆÔ^ c^·™.

69. s˛> kˆs]©A ÂV[z xÁ≈Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák, 1. s˛> kˆ

s]©A xÁ≈ (Proportional Tax) 2. k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈

(Progressive Tax) 3. º>F° T> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Degressive Tax)4. t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Regressive Tax).

70. s˛> kˆ s]©A (Proportional Tax) xÁ≈ ®[√m kÚ\V™D

∂]Ô\V™VKD zÁ≈Õ>VKD kˆs]©∏_ \Vu≈D ∞u√¶Vm.

(∂Á™kÚ¬zD Œº´ \V]ˆBV™ kˆs˛>D s]¬Ô©√|D)

71. k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Progressive Tax) ®[√m kˆl[

∂Ω©√Á¶ >·D ∂]Ôˆ¬zDº√Vm, kˆ s˛>xD ∂]Ôˆ¬˛[≈m.

kÚ\V™D cBÏk>V_ kˆs˛>xD ∂]Ôˆ¬zD.

72. º>F° T> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Regressive Tax) ®[√m kÚ\V™D

cBÚDº√Vm ÿƒK›>ºkıΩB kˆ s˛>D zÁ≈Õ>V_ ∂m º>F°

T> kˆ ®™©√|D.

73.t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©AxÁ≈ (Degressive Tax) ®[√m s˛>xÁ≈

kˆ s]©A k·ÏT> kˆs]©A g˛B ÷´ı|D ºƒÏÕ> ÔÈÁkºB

t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©√VzD.

74.k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D ÷´ı| kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák. 1. ƒ\WÁÈ

k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D 2. ƒ\™u≈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D g˛B™.

75.ƒ\WÁÈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D (Balanced Budget) ®™©√|D. ∂É[

]‚¶t¶©√‚¶ ÿƒÈ°Ô”D kÚkV•D ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú©∏[ ∂m

ƒ\WÁÈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D ®™©√|D.

76.ƒ\™u≈ k´° ÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D (un-Balanced Budget) ∂É[

kÚkVF ÿƒÈÁks¶¬ ÌΩ™VKD (∂_Èm) ∂É[ ÿƒÈ°

kÚkVÁB s¶ ∂]Ô\V™VºÈV ÷´ı|º\ ƒ\™u≈ k´° ÿƒÈ°›

]‚¶D ®™©√|D (√u≈V¬zÁ≈ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶D)

77. ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income) ÷Õ]BVs_ \›]B A^πlB_

∂Á\©A Ô¬˛|˛≈m.

78. ÂV‚Ω_ ´VıΩ_ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√|D ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \uÆD

√ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D gzD.

79. ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚπB_ ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ ÂV‚Ω[ kÚ\V™›Á>

∂·°ºÔVÈVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

168


80.ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] (Gross National Product, GNP) ®[√m ŒÚ

ÂV‚| \¬Ô·V_ c^ÂV‚ΩKD ÿkπÂV‚ΩKD cu√›]

ÿƒFB©√|D ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A.

81. ∂ÕÂV‚| \¬Ô·V_ ŒÚ kÚ¶›]_ (~‚ΩB kÚ\V™D) cu√›]

ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÿkπX|Ôπ[ (√ı¶∫Ô^ + √ËÔ^) \]©Á√¬

z§©√m ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›]BVzD.

82. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m c^ÂV‚Ω[ cu√›]

ÿƒFB©√|D (´VıΩ_ ) ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A

gzD.

83. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> cu√›] áÿkπÂV‚ΩoÚÕm

~‚¶©√‚¶ WÔ´ kÚ\V™D gzD.

84. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] loÚÕm º>F\V™D

º√V[≈ EÈkuÁ≈ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬zD √ \]©A WÔ´ ÂV‚|

cu√›]BVzD.

85. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] á º>F\V™D.

86. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›]loÚÕm

º>F\V™D º√V[≈ EÈkuÁ≈ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬zD √ \]©A

c^ÂV‚| cu√›]BVzD.

87. WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] = ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] á º>F\V™D.

88. >ÈV kÚ\V™D ∂_Èm >M Â√ˆ[ ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›]

®[√Á> \¬Ôπ[ kVµ¬ÁÔ >´›Á> cÏ›mD ŒÚ ÔÚsBVzD (>ÈV

kÚ\V™D ®[√m ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚¶ cu√›]ÁB ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ

ÁB¬kz›m ˛Á©√>VzD).

89. ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚ ƒˆBVÔ WÏk˛¬Ô©√|Ô˛≈>V ®[√Á> >Ë¬ÁÔ

∂]ÔVˆ (E ∞. ˜)

90. ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚ √V´V”\[≈D Œ©A ÿÔV^”D º√Vm ∂´∑ kˆ

kÚkVF ~‚|D ∂]ÔV´›Á> W] ƒ‚¶D ®[ÆD ÿƒÈ° ÿƒF•D

∂]ÔV´›Á> >™>V¬˛¬ÿÔV^ ƒ‚¶D ®[≈ ƒ‚¶\VÔ \Vu§¬zΩB´∑

>ÁÈkÏ Œ©A>K¬z ∏≈z ∂´∑¬Ôz ∂–©√©√|D.

91. W] ƒ‚¶D. ÿƒÈ° ÿƒF•D ∂]ÔV´V>›Á> ƒˆBVÔ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈

√|›>©√|˛≈>V ®[√Á> ÔıÔVË©√m >V[ >ÁÈÁ\ Ô¬z

>Ë¬ÁÔ ∂]ÔVˆ ( ∞ E ∞ ˜)

92. ∂É[ W] WÏkVÔD ÿ√Vm Ô¬z zøs[ √ˆÊÈÁ™¬z ∏[

xΩkÁ¶•D.


16993. ÿ√VmÔ¬z zøsuz \¬Ô·ÁkloÚÕm 15cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”¬zD \VWÈ∫Ô·ÁkloÚÕm 7 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”Dº>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô√|kVÏÔ^.94. ÿ√VmkVÔ ®]Ï¬ Ô‚EloÚÕm ŒÚkÏ ÿ√VmÔ¬z¬ zøsuz›>ÁÈk´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√|kÏ.95. ÿ√Vm¬ Ô¬z zøs[ √>s ÔVÈDÏ gı¶VzD.96. \›]B ∂É¶D c^· ∂]Ô W] kÚkVloÚÕm ÷ÚÕ> \VWÈ∂´∑¬z º>ÁkBV™ W]ÔÁ· kw∫Ô √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒFkm>V[W]¬zøkVzD.97 \›]B ∂É[ W]ÁB \VWÈ∫Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB ∏ˆ›m¬ ÿÔV|¬zD W]zøkVzD.98. \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ W] 29 \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ®ÀkVÆ ∏ˆ›mÿÔV|¬Ô √‚¶ ºkı|D ®[≈ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ kw∫zkm W] zøs[x¬˛B Ô¶Á\BVzD.99. W]zø nÕm gı|Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V_Wt¬Ô©√|D. (÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A Ì‚¶›>Ω[ s] 280)

100 W]¬zø› >ÁÈkÏÔ^

W]¬zø gı| >ÁÈkÏ ÿƒB_√V‚| ÔVÈD

x>_ 1951 ºÔ.E.WºBV˛ 1952á1957

÷´ı¶Vkm 1956 ºÔ.ƒÕ>V™D 1957á1962

J[≈Vkm 1960 ∂ºƒV¬ z\VÏ 1962á1966

ÂV[ÔVkm 1964 ∏.s. ´VÎ\[™VÏ 1966á1969

nÕ>Vkm 1968 \ÔVTÏ ]BV˛ 1969á1974

g≈Vkm 1972 ºÔ.∏´D\V™Õ>ÿ´‚Ω 1974á1979

∞wVkm 1977 º¤.®D ÿƒÈ‚ 1979á1984

®‚¶Vkm 1983 ŒF.∏.ƒkV[ 1984á1989

Œ[√>Vkm 1987 ®[.ºÔ,∏ƒV_ºk 1989á1995

√›>Vkm 1992 ºÔ.E.√Õ› 1995á2000

√]º™V´Vkm 1998 ∞.®D.z¸‘ 2000á2005

√[M´ı¶Vkm 2003 E.´∫Ô´V¤[ 2005á2010

√]J[≈Vkm 2007 s¤F ®È ºÔ[vÏ 2010á2013

√]™V[ÔVkm 2012 ºkbºÔV√V_ 2015á2020

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


170


101. k∫˛Ô^ ÔV©¨| WÆk™∫Ô^ k·ÏflE W] WÆk™∫Ô^x>‹‚| WÆk™∫Ô^ >´ ƒV[Æ WÆk™∫Ô^ √´¸√´ W]Ô^ √Èk∫˛l_ÈV> WÆk™∫Ô^ ®™ √È WÆk™∫Ô^ c^·™.102. W] ƒÕÁ>l_ √fl ƒÕÁ> ®[ÆD ƒÕÁ>Ô^ c^·™.ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ ƒÕÁ>Ô^ º√V_ ÷Ák ŒÚ ÷¶›>oÚÕm ÷B∫z√ÁkgzD.103. W] WÆk™∫Ô^ √›]´∫Ô^ W] ƒÕÁ>Ô^ Œø∫z xÁ≈∂Á\©AÔ^ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ ®™ ÷ÁkBV°D W] ∂Á\©AÔ^ gzD.104. ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> º>EB kÚ\V™D ∂ÕÂV‚| \¬Ôπ¶D ®©√Ω√˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈m ®[√Á> ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›][ kÚkVF√˛Ï° ®[˛º≈VD.105. kÚkVF ∞u≈›>Vµ°ÔÁ· ÂV‚ΩK^· kÆÁ\l[ ∂·°√_ºkÆ ∏ˆ° \¬Ô”¬˛Á¶l_ c^· kÚ\V™ ∞u≈›>VµsÁ™∂·° √È xÁ≈l_ Ô¬˛ÈVD.106. ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ √ \]©Á√ \uÿ≈VÚ ÂV‚Ω[ √›][ ∂·s_ÌÆkm ∂[MBfl ÿƒÈkVË \VuÆ s˛>D107. kVµ¬ÁÔl[ tÔ zÁ≈Õ>√‚ƒ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ· ¬Ì¶kV∫Ô ÌΩB º√V]B kÚ\V™D ÷_ÈV> WÁÈ kÆÁ\BVzD108. ∂´∑¬ÔVÔ ÷Õ]BVs[ kÆÁ\lÁ™ \]©∏|D109. ŒÚ ÂVÁ·¬z 2250 ÔºÈVˆ c° ÿ√≈› º>ÁkBV™ ÿƒÈ°›ÿ>VÁÔlÁ™ kÆÁ\¬ºÔV| ®™ x>o[ kÁ´BÆ›]ÚÕ>™Ï.110. kÆÁ\¬ºÔV| ®[√Á> ]‚¶¬zø ÂÔÏA≈›m¬z 2400 ÔºÈVˆ˛´V\ A≈›m¬z 2100 ÔºÈVˆ ®™ 1973á74 \Vu§BÁ\›>m.111. ]‚¶¬zø >[–Á¶B k_KÂÏ zø¬Ô§[ √ˆÕmÁ´l[∂Ω©√Á¶l[ nÕ>Vı|¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ [ OÔÏºkVÏ ÿƒÈs™©A^πsk´›Á> ÿÔVı| kÆÁ\l_ c^º·VÁ´ ®ıË¬ÁÔlKD >ÁÈ®ıË¬ÁÔ s˛>›]KD Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.112. ]‚¶¬zø \VÏfl 15. 1950 cÚkV¬Ô©√|˛≈m.113. ]‚¶¬zø ÂV‚Ω[ nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· ÷BuÆD ŒÚÿ√VÚ·V>V´ WÆk™ ∂Á\©A.114. ÂV‚Ω[ Œ‚| ÿ\V›> ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ º\D√V‚ΩÁ™ ∂Á¶kmº√V[≈Ák ]‚¶¬zøs[ ºÂV¬Ô∫Ô·VzD,115. ∏´>\Ï ]‚¶¬zøs[ >ÁÈk´VÔ°D ºÔ∏™‚ ∂Á\flƒÏ∂Õ>¸][ ŒÚ mÁ›>ÁÈkÚD E≈Õ> ÿ√VÚπB_ ∂§QÏÔ^ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE¬z ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B \Vu≈ mÁ≈Ôπ[∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ°D ÷Ú©√Ï.


171116. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE (Economic Growth)

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_

cu√›]BVzD √ı¶∫Ô^, √ËÔπ[ cBÏÁk•D ∂>[ sÁ·kVÔ

ÂV‚| kÚ\V™›]KD, >ÈV kÚ\V™›]KD ∞u√|D cBÏÁkfl ∑‚Ω¬

ÔV‚|D.

117. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈D (Economic Development)

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈D ®[√m cu√›] ∂Á\©∏KD

√_ºkÆ mÁ≈Ô”¬z c^C|ÔÁ· Œm¬ˇ| ÿƒFk]KD ∞u√|D

\Vu≈∫ÔÁ· cÏ›mk>VzD. (˛ıΩ_ ÿ√ÏÔÏ)

ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÿ\FkÚ\V™›]_ Â_È ∞u≈›Á> ∞u√|›>¬ÌΩB

ŒÚ ÿƒB_ WÔµflEºB ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈\VzD.

118. kÆÁ\ á kÆÁ\ºÔV| (Poverty-line)

ŒÚ \M>[ clÏ kVµk>uz ∂k–¬z ŒÚ ÂVÁ·¬z

ƒ´VƒˆBVÔ 2400 ÔºÈVˆ c°D, ÂÔÏA´∫Ôπ_ 2100 ÔºÈVˆ

∂·°^· c°D, º>Ák©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> ∂·° c°

˛Á¶¬ÔV>kÁ™ kÆÁ\l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[ÆD, kÆÁ\¬ ºÔV‚Ωuz¬

ˇµ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[ÆD ÌÆ˛º≈VD.

119. ƒÕÁ>© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D (Market Economy)

ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ®[™ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB ºkı|D.

®ÀkVÆ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[√Á> ƒÕÁ>l[ º>Ák,

∂π©A g˛BkuÁ≈ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| yÏ\VM¬zD

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Á\©Á√ ƒÕÁ>© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™ ∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.

120. √© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D (Money Economy)

ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Á\©∏_ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ·

\]©∏|k>uzD, kV∫zk>uzD, su√>uzD, Ô¶[ kV∫zk>uzD,

Ô¶[ ∂π©√>uzD, √D x¬˛B √∫z k˛¬zº\BV™V_

∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D √© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™©√|D.

121. ∏≈©A T>D (Birth Rate)

´Vı| ÔVÈ›]_ gl´D Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®›>Á™ zwÕÁ>Ô^

∏≈¬˛[≈™ ®[√Á>¬ z§©√m ∏≈©A T>D gzD.

172


122. ÷≈©A T>D (Death Rate or Mortality)

´Vı| ÔVÈ›]_ gl´D Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®›>Á™º√Ï

÷≈¬˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á>¬ z§©√m ÷≈©A T>D.

123. \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂¶Ï›] (Density of Population)

ŒÚ ƒm´ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï WÈ©√´©∏_ kE¬zD \¬Ôπ[

®ıË¬ÁÔÁB \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂¶Ï›] ®[˛º≈VD.

124. √V_ s˛>D (Sex Ratio)

ŒÚ √z]l_ 1000 gıÔ”¬z ®›>Á™ ÿ√ıÔ^

÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[–D s˛>D √V_ s˛>\VzD.

125. kBm √Vz√V| (Age Compostiion)

ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl_ √È>´©√‚¶ kBmÁ¶ºBVˆ[

∏ˆ°ÔÁ·›>V[ kBm √Vz√V| ®™¬ z§©∏|˛º≈VD.

126. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] (GDP-Gross Domestic Product)

ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ®_ÁÈ© √´©A¬z^ ŒÚ Ô¬ˇ‚| gıΩ_

cu√›] ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ √\]©º√

∂ÕÂV‚| ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®™©√|D.

127. WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] (NDP)

WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ®_ÁÈ¬z^ Ï

gı| ÔVÈ›]_ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD

√ËÔπ[ \]©∏oÚÕm º>F\V™ \]©Á√ ¿¬˛B∏[ Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD

√ \]©√VzD.

128. ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›]

ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] ∂_Èm ÿ\V›> ∂·s¶©√|D ÿ\V›>

\]©A gzD. ÷]_ ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´¬ ÔV´Ë

kÚ\V™xD ∂¶∫zD.

129. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] (N.N.P)

WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ Ï

gı|ÔVÈ›]_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD

√ËÔπ[ \]©∏oÚÕm º>F\V™ \]©Á√ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬Ô©

ÿ√ÆD √\]©√VzD.


173130. ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D

ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ kÚ¶ ÔVÈ›]_

cu√›]BVzD ®_ÈV© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›>

\]©√VzD. ∂>Vkm ÔV´ËÔπ[ \]©∏_ Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶ WÔ´ ÂV‚|

cu√›]ºB (N.N.P. at factor cost) ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™ ÿ√VmkVÔ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

131. ÷ÚmÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>´D

ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ OÔÏ°›mÁ≈, cu√›]› mÁ≈ g˛B

÷´ı| mÁ≈Ô^ \‚|º\ ÷B∫z\Vl[ ∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›Á>

÷ÚmÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®[˛º≈VD.

132. ÂV[z mÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D

ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ OÔÏ°, cu√›], ∂´∑ \uÆD

∂B_ÂV‚| kVËÔD g˛B ÂV[z mÁ≈Ô”º\ ÷B∫z\Vl[

∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›Á> ÂV[z mÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®[˛º≈VD.

133. WÔ´ ∂B_ ÂV‚| ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D

ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÂVD ÿ√ÆD ÔV´Ë kÚkVF¬zD, ÂVD

ÿkπ ÂV|Ô”¬z ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkıΩB ÔV´Ë kÚkVF¬zD c^·

ºkÆ√Vº¶ ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´ ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D

∂_Èm WÔ´ ∂B_ÂV‚| ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D gzD.

134. >M \M> kÚ\V™D (Personal Income)

>MBVÏ kÚ\V™D á ÿ>Va_ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ kÚ\V™kˆ á

>MBVÏ mÁ≈ ºƒt©A á ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm WÆ›] Ák¬Ô©√‚¶ WÔ´

kÚ\V™D.

135. >MBVÏ kÚ\V™D (Private Income)

>MBVÏ mÁ≈ kÚ\V™›m¶[ 1. ÂV‚| Ô¶[ k‚Ω, 2.ÿkπ

ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´ ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D 3.∂´∑

WÚkVÔ›]¶tÚÕm ÿ√ÆD Â¶©A \VuÆ kÚ\V™D \uÆD

4.ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÿ√ÆD Â¶©A \uÆD kÚ\V™D g˛BkuÁ≈fl

ºƒÏ›>V_ ˛Á¶©√m >MBVÏ kÚ\V™D gzD.

136. WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ kˆ

ŒÚ √ı¶›][ *m s]¬Ô©√‚¶ kˆloÚÕm ∂>uz ∂´∑

∂π›> √ c>sÁB Ôa›>V_ ∂©√ı¶›][ sÁÈl[ WÔ´

174


cBÏÁk¬ Ôı¶§BÈVD. ÷ÀsÁÈl[ WÔ´ ∂]Ôˆ©º√ WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ

kˆ ®™©√|˛≈m.

ŒÚ WÆk™D ÿƒK›m˛[≈ \Á≈xÔkˆ¬zD WÆk™D ÿ√u≈

√ c>s¬zD c^· ºkÆ√Vº¶ WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ kˆBVzD.

137. WÁÈBV™ sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income atconstant price)

Ï gı| ÔVÈ›]_ ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶

√ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ \]©Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶ gıΩ_ WÈsB

sÁÈÁB¬ ÿÔVı| Ô¬ˇ| ÿƒF>V_ ˛Á¶¬Ô© ÿ√ÆD \]©A

WÁÈBV™ sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™©√|D.

138. Â¶©A sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income atcurrent price)

Ï gı| ÔVÈ›]_ ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶

√ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ \]©Á√ ∂∫ÔVΩl_ ∂ÀkVıΩ_

WÈ°D sÁÈl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Ô¬ˇ| ÿƒFm ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD

\]©A Â¶©A sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™©√|˛≈m.

139. >ÈV kÚ\V™D (Per Capital Income)

ŒÚ ÂV‚ΩK^· ƒ´Vƒˆ \M>M[ ƒ´Vƒˆ gı| kÚ\V™D

∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ >ÈV kÚ\V™D ®™©√|D.

ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ z§©∏‚¶ gıΩ[ ÿ\V›> kÚ\V™›Á>

∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ ∂ÀkVıΩ[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl[

®ıË¬ÁÔBV_ kz¬Ô¬ ˛Á¶¬zD ÿ>VÁÔºB >ÈV kÚ\V™D ®™

∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.

ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> gı| kÚ\V™D

>ÈV kÚ\V™D =

ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô‚ÿ>VÁÔ

140. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ]‚¶t|>_ (Economic Planning)

Ï ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\V™ ∂Á\©A, ∂Á¶B ºkıΩB

z§¬ºÔV^Ô^ BVÁk ®[√Á> ∂Æ]l‚| kÁ´BÆ›m ÿ>π°√|›],

∂¬z§¬ ºÔV^ÔÁ· ®Fmk>uÔV™ ka xÁ≈ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›]¬

ÌÆkm ÿ√VÚ·V>V´› ]‚¶t|>_ gzD.


175141. ºƒt©A (Savings)

kÚ∫ÔVÈ ÿƒÈsuÔVÔ°D kÚ∫ÔVÈ º>ÁkÁB WÁ≈°

ÿƒFk>uzD kÚ\V™›]_ ŒÚ √z]ÁB ®|›m Ák©√º> ºƒt©A

gzD.

142. x>‹| (Investmet)

ºƒt©A ÿƒFB©√‚¶ kÚ\V™© √z]ÁB ŒÚ ÿ>VaÁÈ

g´D∏¬ÔºkV, ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ÿ>VaÁÈ sˆkÁ¶Bfl ÿƒFBºkV ∂_Èm

cu√›] Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^·ºkV √B[√|›]™V_

∂flºƒt©A x>‹| gzD.

143. x>uÔÚs© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ (∂_Èm) cu√›]© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ (Capi-tal goods or Investment goods)

\u≈ ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ cu√›]¬z¬ ÔV´\VÔ s·∫zD ∂_Èm

c>sBVÔ ÷Ú¬zD ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ x>u ÔÚs© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ ∂_Èm

cu√›]© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ ®™©√|D. (c>V´D ÷BÕ]´∫Ô^, ÔÚsÔ^)

÷BÕ]´∫Ô”D ÔÚsÔ”D \u≈ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ· cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©

√B[√|˛[≈™.

144.º>F\V™D (Depreciation)

cu√›] Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ”¬ÔVÔ WÁÈBV™ JÈ>™›]_ ŒÚ

√z] ÿƒÈs¶©√|˛≈m. EÈ WÁÈBV™ cu√›]¬ ÔÚsÔ^ º>FÕm

√B™u≈>V˛ s|D. ÿ>Va_ O‚√ xÁ≈ \VÆ>_Ôπ™V_ EÈ ÔÚsÔ^

√ÁwB™kV˛ √B™u≈>V˛ s|D ÷kuÁ≈ºB º>F\V™D ®[˛º≈VD.

145. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE T>D (Rate of Economic Growth)

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE T>D ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ º>EB kÚ\V™›]_

∞u√|D \VÆ>_ T>\VÔ ÿ√VmkVÔ ƒ>T>›]_ z§¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

º>EB kÚ\V™›]_ \VÆ>_ ∂·°

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE = $100 T>D

º>EB kÚ\V™D

146. √∑Á\© A´‚E (Green Revolution)

ƒ*√ ÔVÈ›]_ (1960 Ôπ_) ÷Õ]B ºk·VıÁ\ cu√›]l_

∞u√‚¶ ÿ√ÚD \Vu≈∫Ô^ √∑Á\© A´‚E ®™©√|˛≈m.

176


147. A^πlB_ (Statistics)

A^πlB_ ®[√m sk´∫ÔÁ· ºƒÔˆ›>_, kÁÔ©√|›m>_,

s·¬ÔD >Ú>_, √z›>VF° ÿƒF>_ g˛B™ √u§B ∂§sBÈVzD.

(˛´V¬¸¶[ & ÿÔ·¶[).

148. ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median)

ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆK^· cÆ©AÔ^ ∂>[ >[Á\¬ºÔu√

kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚¶V_ ∂>[ Á\B √z]l_, ∂>[ ÿ√BÚ¬ºÔu√

∂Á\Õ]Ú©√m ÷Á¶WÁÈ ®™©√|˛≈m. (R K[ ÿƒ·).

149. √z] \]©AÔ^

÷Á¶WÁÈºBV| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÔV_\∫Ô^ √][\∫Ô^,

±uÆ\∫Ô^ g˛BÁk √z] \]©AÔ^ ®™©√|˛[≈™.

150. √][\∫Ô^


kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚| √›m √VÔ∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ

√VÔ›][ \]©AD ÷Á¶WÁÈ º√V[º≈ \]©∏¶©√|>_ √][\∫Ô^

gzD.

151. ±uÆ\∫Ô^


kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚| ±Æ √VÔ∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ

√VÔ›][ \]©AD ÷Á¶WÁÈ º√V[º≈ \]©∏¶©√|D ±uÆ\∫Ô^

gzD.

152.nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^

]‚¶¬ Ôt≠[ (Planning Commission) z§›m ÷Õ]B

∂´EB_ ƒ‚¶›]_ z§©AÔ^ ®m°D ÷_ÁÈ. \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák

yÏ\V™›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ‚¶xÁ≈ ƒV´V ŒÚ

∂Á\©º√ (Exta Constitutional and Non-Statutory Body) ]‚¶¬Ôt≠[.

1.1950á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ]‚¶¬Ôt≠M[ >ÁÈkÏ ∏´>\º´.

]‚¶¬ Ôt≠M[ mÁ› >ÁÈk´VÔ°D, ∏≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·•D

\›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák WBt¬˛≈m.

2.÷Õ]BVs_ nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^, x[™V^ ºƒVsB›

RMBM[ \V]ˆlºÈºB (Model) cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.


1773.‘÷Õ]B ]‚¶t¶o[ >ÕÁ>’ (Father of Indian Planning)

®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√|√kÏ ®D.s¸ºk¸k´FBV. Planned Economyfor India ÷k´m AÔµÿ√u≈ ±_.

1. x>ÈVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1951 á 56)1. x>ÈVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1951 á 56)1. x>ÈVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1951 á 56)1. x>ÈVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1951 á 56)1. x>ÈVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1951 á 56)

1. ¿Ï©√Vƒ™ kƒ], ¿Ït[ ]‚¶∫Ô^ º√V[≈ skƒVBD ƒVÏÕ>

]‚¶∫Ô”¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2. √¬´V, N´Vz‚, º\‚˘Ï ∂Á¬Ô‚|Ôπ[ Ô‚|\V™D

÷›]‚¶ ÔVÈ›]ºÈºB mk∫Ô©√‚¶™.

2.÷´ı¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1956 á 61)2.÷´ı¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1956 á 61)2.÷´ı¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1956 á 61)2.÷´ı¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1956 á 61)2.÷´ı¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1956 á 61)

º>EB kÚkVÁB 25 ƒ>s˛>D cBÏ›mkº> ÷›]‚¶›][

x¬˛B ÷È¬z. ∂Ω©√Á¶ \uÆD Ô™´Ô› ÿ>Va_Ô^ k·ÏflE¬z

x¬˛B›mkD kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

∏ÈVF, mÏÔVØÏ, ‘ÏºÔÈV ÷ÚDA ®‡z ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^

\uÆD ÿ√´DØÏ ÷´l_ ÿ√‚Ω› ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ g˛BÁk

÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.

3.J[≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1961 á 66)3.J[≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1961 á 66)3.J[≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1961 á 66)3.J[≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1961 á 66)3.J[≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1961 á 66)

‘∑B º>Ák ØÏ›]’ ®[√>uz x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫˛Bm. c°

>VMB cu√›]l_ >[MÁ≈° ∂Á¶>_ ÷]_ x¬˛B ÷¶D ÿ√u≈m.

1. 1962á÷_ Ê™V°¶[ ∞u√‚¶ º√V´V_ ]‚¶D º>V_s

∂Á¶Õ>m.

2. ‘>VMB∫ÔÁ· √VmÔV©º√VD’ ]‚¶D ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m (1965).

3. ‘√∑Á\© A´‚E’ ∂§xÔ\V™m (1965).

4.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1966 á 69)4.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1966 á 69)4.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1966 á 69)4.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1966 á 69)4.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1966 á 69)

1965á÷_ √V˛¸>V–¶[ ∞u√‚¶ º\V>_ \uÆD √Úk¬ ÔVuÆ

ÿ√VF›>>V_ ∞u√‚¶ k≈‚E, ‘√Vl[ \]©A TµflE, sÁÈkVE cBÏ°

º√V[≈ ÔV´∫Ô·V_ z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ ®_ÁÈ¬z^ ÂV[ÔVD ]‚¶›Á>

mk∫Ô ÷BÈV\_ º√V™m. ÷Á>B|›m 1966 x>_ 1969 kÁ´lÈV™

ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ J[Æ kÚ¶› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (Three Annual Plans)cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.

sÁÈkVE zÁ≈Õ>m. ´Vı|› ]‚¶ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ √∑Á\©

A´‚El[ sÁ·kVÔ ºk·Vı A´‚E ∞u√‚| c°© ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[

cu√›] ∂]Ôˆ›>m.

178


5.ÂV[ÔVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1969 á 74)5.ÂV[ÔVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1969 á 74)5.ÂV[ÔVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1969 á 74)5.ÂV[ÔVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1969 á 74)5.ÂV[ÔVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1969 á 74)

kVµ¬ÁÔ >´›Á> cBÏ›m>_, ƒJÔ ¿]•¶[ ÌΩB k·ÏflE

º√V[≈kuÆ¬z x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫Ô©√‚¶m. kÚ¶ k·ÏflE ÷È¬z 5.7

ƒ>s˛>\VÔ WÏl¬Ô©√‚¶m.

1. s¤B ÂÔ´D, ºƒÈD, sƒVÔ©√‚Ω™D ÷ÚDA ®‡z

ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^ WÆk©√‚¶™.

2. ÷Õ]Bá√V˛¸>V[ º√VÏ (1971), k∫˛Ô^ º>EB\B\V¬ÔD

(1969), x>_ ∂bzı| ºƒV>Á™ º√V™≈Ák

÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB WÔµÕ>™.

6.nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1974 á 79)6.nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1974 á 79)6.nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1974 á 79)6.nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1974 á 79)6.nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1974 á 79)

kÆÁ\ Œa©A, ÿ>Va_ k·ÏflE º√V[≈kuÆ¬z

x¬˛B›mkD ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m. º>EB kÚkVF k·ÏflE 5.5 ƒ>s˛>D

®[Æ ÷È¬z WÏl¬Ô©√‚¶m.

1. ÷Ú√m ∂Dƒ› ]‚¶D (1975) ∂§xÔ©√|›>© √‚¶m.

2. 1978á÷_ ÿ\V´VÏ˜ º>ƒVF >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ¤™>V ∂´ƒV_

]‚¶D WÆ›>©√‚¶m.

3. cÚ·_ ]‚¶D (1978á80) (Rolling Plan) ¤™>V ∂´ƒV_

ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m. º>EB¬ ˛´V\©A≈ ÷Á·QÏÔ”¬ÔV™

ºkÁÈkVF©A √luE› ]‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m. (1979).

7.g≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1980 á 85)7.g≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1980 á 85)7.g≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1980 á 85)7.g≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1980 á 85)7.g≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1980 á 85)

kÆÁ\ Œa©A¬ÔVÔ ∂]´Ω Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^”>_

÷>[ x¬˛B ÷È¬z.

1. º>EB ª´Ô ºkÁÈkVF©A› ]‚¶D, ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> ª´Ô

k·ÏflE› ]‚¶D (1980), ºkÁÈ kVF©A cÆ]› ]‚¶D g˛BÁk

ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶™.

8.∞wVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1985 á 90)8.∞wVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1985 á 90)8.∞wVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1985 á 90)8.∞wVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1985 á 90)8.∞wVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1985 á 90)

tÔ ºkÔ\V™ c° >VMB cu√›] k·ÏflE, ºkÁÈkVFÁ√

∂]Ô©√|›m>_ º√V[≈Ák ∞wVD ]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ÷È¬zÔ^.

1. ‘¤k«Ï º´VÎÔVÏ ºBVÎ™V’ (1989) ÿƒB_ √|›>©√‚¶m.

2. ‘ºkÁÈ¬z c°› ]‚¶D’ ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m.

9.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1990 á 92)9.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1990 á 92)9.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1990 á 92)9.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1990 á 92)9.´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1990 á 92)

\›]l_ ∞u√‚¶ WÁÈBu≈ ∂´EB_ ÛµWÁÈBV_ z§©∏‚¶


179ÔVÈ¬ ÿÔ|°¬z^ ®‚¶VD ]‚¶›Á> mk∫Ô ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ®™ºk1990á91, 1991á92 ÔVÈ Ô‚¶∫Ôπ_ ÷´ı| ´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶™. ÷Ákl´ı|º\ ®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][

kÁ´BÁ≈¬z‚√‚º¶ ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>™. A]B ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬ÿÔV^ÁÔ ÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ >V[ ∂§xÔD ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.

10.®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1992 á 97)10.®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1992 á 97)10.®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1992 á 97)10.®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1992 á 97)10.®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1992 á 97)

ÿ>Va_mÁ≈ÁB ÂT™©√|›m>_ ÷›]‚¶›][ x¬˛B

÷È¬z. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ∂]ºkÔ ÂÁ¶º√V‚¶m.

11.Œ[√>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1997 á 2002)11.Œ[√>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1997 á 2002)11.Œ[√>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1997 á 2002)11.Œ[√>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1997 á 2002)11.Œ[√>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1997 á 2002)

÷Õ]B ∑>Õ]´›][ 50ágD kÚ¶›]_ Œ[√>VD ]‚¶Dÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m. ∑›>\V™ zΩ¿Ï kw∫Ô_, ∂Ω©√Á¶ ∑ÔV>V´ kƒ]ÁBº\D√|›m>_, mk¬ÔWÁÈ¬ Ô_sÁB sˆ°√|›m>_, ∞ÁwÔ”¬z

T‚|kƒ] c>s, zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ƒ›m° kw∫Ô_, ˛´V\∫ÔÁ·x¬˛B WÁÈÔ”¶[ ÷Á›>_, ÿ√Vmkw∫Ô_ ∂Á\©Á√∞ÁwÔ”¬z º\KD √B[√|D s>›]_ \Vu§BÁ\›>_ ®[Æ ‘∞ø

∂Ω©√Á¶ s≠B∫Ô”¬z’ (Seven Basic Minimum Services)]‚¶D x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫˛Bm.

12.√›>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2002 á 07)12.√›>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2002 á 07)12.√›>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2002 á 07)12.√›>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2002 á 07)12.√›>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2002 á 07)

kÚ¶ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ®‚| ƒ>s˛>›Á> ®‚|>_ ®[√mx¬˛B ÷È¬z. ÷Õ> ÷È¬z ®‚¶©√¶s_ÁÈ ®[≈VKD 7.8 ƒ>s˛>D

kÁ´ k·ÏflE s˛>D ∂Á\Õ>m. ÷mkÁ´lÈV™ ∂Á™›m]‚¶∫Ô”¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬zDº√Vm tÔ ∂]Ô ˜Ω∏ k·ÏflE÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB ®‚¶©√‚¶m.

Am©∏¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Ú√m ∂Dƒ› ]‚¶D ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m.

13. 11ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2007 á 12)13. 11ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2007 á 12)13. 11ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2007 á 12)13. 11ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2007 á 12)13. 11ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2007 á 12)

∂Á™›m mÁ≈ÔÁ·•D c^·¶¬˛B k·ÏflEºB x¬˛B÷È¬z.1. c^ÂV‚| cu√›] k·ÏflE s˛>D 9 ƒ>s˛>\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›>_.

2. >M Â√Ï kÚ\V™›Á> 2016á17¬z^ ÷´‚Ω©√V¬z>_.3. ºk·VıÁ\ k·ÏflE s˛>›Á> ÂV[z ƒ>s˛>\VÔ

cBÏ›m>_.

4. 7 ºÔVΩ ºkÁÈkVF©AÔÁ· cÚkV¬z>_.5. zwÕÁ> ÷≈©A s˛>›Á> gl´›m¬z Œ[Æ ®[≈

s˛>›]_ zÁ≈›>_.


1816. 5ágkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ E≈©A z§©∏‚¶

ÔVÈ›]uz ´Vı|¬z x[º√ xΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m.

7. ®‚¶Vkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ÔVÈD 1992 á 1997.

8. ÷´ı¶Vkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ∏[√u≈©√‚¶

∂bzxÁ≈ á ‘\ÔÈ ºÂV∏¸ ∂bz xÁ≈’.9. ÷Õ]BVs_, ]‚¶t|>_ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD á ƒJÔ ¿]•¶[

ÌΩB k·ÏflE.

10. kÆÁ\ Œa©A¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π›> nÕ>Vı|›

]‚¶D á nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D.

154.\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ

÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ á 121,05,69,573

º√Ï. ÷]_ gıÔ^ á 62,31,21,843 º√Ï;

ÿ√ıÔ^á58,74,47,730 º√Ï.

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]ÔD \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD:

c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD á 19,98,12,341.

2. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD : E¬˛D á

6,10,577.

3. tÔ ∂]ÔD \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \›]B g‚E© √z] :

]_o á 1,67,87,947.

4. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \›]B g‚E©

√z] : ÷È‚ƒ› y° á 64,473 º√Ï.

155.\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ √´k_

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ© √´kÁÈ© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´l_ ÿ\V›> \¬Ôπ_

∑\VÏ 68.8 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD, 31.2 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï

ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.

1. gıÔπ_ ∑\VÏ 68.6 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD,

31.4 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.

2. ÿ√ıÔπ_ 69.1 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD, 30.9

ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.

156.gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D

÷Õ]BVs[ gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D gl´D gıÔ”¬z

943 ÿ√ıÔ^.

182


1. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D.

÷∫ºÔ 1000 gıÔ”¬z 1,084 ÿ√ıÔ^ c^·™Ï.

2. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \VWÈD :

«ˆBV™V (879/1000).

3. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \›]B g‚E© √z] :

Amflºƒˆ (1037/1000).

4. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \›]B g‚E©√z]

: ¶V\[ á Á¶R (618/1000).

157.\¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD

÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD ƒ.˛.*.¬z 382 º√Ï.

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈD :

¨ÔVÏ. ÷∫ºÔ ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.¬z 1,106 º√Ï kE¬˛[≈™Ï.

2. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \VWÈD : ∂ÚVflƒÈ©

∏´º>ƒD (17/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)

3. ÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \›]B

g‚E© √z] : Am]_o (11,320/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)

4. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \›]B g‚E© √z] :

∂Õ>\V[ WºÔV√Ï (461/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)

158.®ø›>§°

÷Õ]BVs_ ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ \¬Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ :

76,34,98,517 (73 ƒ>s˛>D). ÷]_ gıÔ^ : 48,26,53,540 (80

ƒ>s˛>D); ÿ√ıÔ^ : 28,08,44,977 (64.6 ƒ>s˛>D).

1. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ c^· \VWÈD ;

ºÔ´·D. 94 ƒ>s˛>D.

2. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔ c^· \VWÈD :

¨ÔVÏ. (61.8 ƒ>s˛>D).

3. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ c^· \›]B g‚E©

√z] : ¶V\[áÁ¶R (87.1 ƒ>s˛>D).

4. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔ c^· \›]B g‚E©

√z] : Amflºƒˆ. (85.8 ƒ>s˛>D).

159.gıÔ^

tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D.

(96.01 ƒ>s˛>D).


1831. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD:

¨ÔVÏ (71.2 ƒ>s˛>D).

2. tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \›]B g‚E©

√z] : ¶V\[ Á¶• (91.5 ƒ>s˛>D).

160.ÿ√ıÔ^

tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D

(92.01 ƒ>s˛>D).

1. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD:

¨ÔVÏ. (51.5 ƒ>s˛>D).

2. tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \›]B g‚E©

√z] : ∂Õ>\V[ á WºÔV√Ï y°Ô^ (82.4 ƒ>s˛>D).

161.2011 ÿƒ[ƒ¸ >´kˆÁƒl_ \VWÈ∫Ô^

>´kˆÁƒ>´kˆÁƒ>´kˆÁƒ>´kˆÁƒ>´kˆÁƒ \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ √´©A\¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ √´©A\¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ √´©A\¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ √´©A\¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ √´©A \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD\¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD\¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD\¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD\¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD ®ø›>§°®ø›>§°®ø›>§°®ø›>§°®ø›>§°

1. c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD 1.´V¤¸>V[ 1.¨ÔVÏ 1.ºÔ´·D

2. \ÔV´ViΩ´D 2.\›]B© ∏´º>ƒD 2.º\.k∫ÔV·D 2.tºƒV´D

3. ¨ÔVÏ 3.\ÔV´ViΩ´D 3.ºÔ´·D 3.]ˆA´V

4. º\.k∫ÔV·D 4.gÕ]´D 4.c.∏. 4.ºÔVkV

5. gÕ]´D 5.c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD 5.«ˆBV™V 5.N\Vflƒ_

6. \›]B© ∏´º>ƒD 6.¤Dx & ÔVi*Ï 6.>tµÂV| 6.\ÔV´ViΩ´D

7. >tµÂV|7.z¤´V› 7.E¬˛D

11. >tµÂV| 8. >tµÂV|

162.ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ÷Õ]BV

1. 2011 ÿƒ[ƒL[ x›]Á´fl ÿƒV_ Â\m ÿƒ[ƒ¸. Â\m

®]ÏÔVÈD (Our Census, Our Future) ®[√>VzD.

2. ∏©´kˆ 9ágD º>] ÷Õ]BVs_ ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ]™D.

163.ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ÷Õ]BV á 2011

1. ÷Õ]BVs[ ®ø›>§° á 73%.

2. ÷Õ]BVs[ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD á ƒ.˛.*.¬z 382 Â√ÏÔ^.

3. ÷Õ]BVs[ gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D á 943%.

4. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD zÁ≈Õ> \VWÈD ∂ÚVƒÈ©∏´º>ƒD

(17 º√Ï).

5. ÷Õ]BVs[ √›>Vı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE á 17.7%

(2001 á 2011).

184


6. tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD á

ÂVÔÈVÕm á 0.6%.

7. ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD á

º\ÔVÈBV á 27.9%.

8. ®ø›>§° ∂]Ôx^· \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y° á

91.8%.

9. 2011 ÿƒ[ƒL[ x›]Á´fl ÿƒV_ á ‘Â\m ÿƒ[ƒ¸, Â\m

®]ÏÔVÈD’.10. 2011 ÷_ Â¶›>©√‚¶ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A á

15ágkm \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A.

164.k∫˛Ô^

÷Õ]BÏ ŒÚk´V_ WÏk˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛,

‘∂°› kVË√ k∫˛’. ÷m 1881á÷_ ÿƒB_√¶ g´D∏›>m. 1894á÷_

√fiƒV© ºÂ≠™_ √V∫¬ cÚk™m. 1906á÷_ mk∫˛B ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD

∞´V·\V™ kVË√ k∫˛Ô^ cÚkVÔ ª¬Ô\π›>m.

1. 1920á÷_ k∫ÔV·D, √D√VF, ÿ\‚´V¸ ®–D J[Æ \VÔV

k∫˛Ô”D Œ[§Á¬Ô©√‚| 1921 ÷_ ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2. ÷Õ> ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛ºB 1955 ÷_ ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬ g‡©

÷Â]BVkVÔ \V§Bm.

1.÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛

1934 ÷[ ƒÏÀ √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õ]BV ƒ‚¶©√Ω (1920 ÷D¨ˆB_

k∫˛fl ƒ‚¶›]_ ]Ú›>∫Ô^ ÿƒFB©√‚| 1934 ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛fl

ƒ‚¶D cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m) 1935 ∞©´_ Œ[≈VD º>] ˆƒÏÀ √V∫¬ g‡©

÷Õ]BV ∂]ÔV´›]_ kÕ>m. ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô´[E ºÂV‚|Ô^ ∂flƒΩ¬zD

∂]ÔV´›Á>© ÿ√uÆ^· Œº´ k∫˛ ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ºB.

1. 1949 ¤™kˆ Œ[≈VD º>] ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛

º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l[ x>_ ÔkÏ™Ï Œ.®.¸t›. ÷Õ]B´V™ x>_

ÔkÏ™Ï L.Ω.º>ix¬.

3. 1959 ÷_ ∞ø ƒ©EΩ k∫˛Ô^ º>EB \B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™. 1969


185…ÁÈ 19 ÷_ º\KD √]™V[z k∫˛Ô^ º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™. ∏[™Ï 1980á÷_ º\KD ∞ø k∫˛Ô^º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™.

4. k∫˛Ô^, ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l_ x>‹| ÿƒFm^· W]¬z(Cash Reserve) kw∫Ô©√|D k‚ΩºB ‘ˆkÏ¸

ˆ©º√Vº´‚’.5. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ∂´∑¬z kw∫zD Ô¶–>sl[ ÿ√BÏ Ways and

Means Advance.2.>MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^

÷Õ]BVs_ 1920á¬z© ∏≈z>V[ √È >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^

∏´√È\Vl™. ∂©º√Vm √V∫¬ g‡© ÿ√∫ÔV_, √V∫¬¸ g‡© √VDº√,√V∫¬ g‡© ÿ\‚´V¸ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^ ÿƒB_√‚|kÕ>™. ∏[™Ï ÷ÁkBÁ™›mD ŒÚ∫˛Á¬Ô©√‚| ÷D¨ˆB_

k∫˛BVÔ ÿƒB_√¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛™.

ÂV‚Ω_ ÷©º√Vm ÿƒB_√‚| kÚD EÈ >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^,

º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶ k∫˛Ô”¬z WÔ´VÔ kVΩ¬ÁÔBV·ÏÔÁ·¬ÿÔVı|^·™.3.k∫˛Ô^

1. 1921á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛l[ >uº√VÁ>Bÿ√BÏ á ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õ]BV.

2. k∫˛Ô^ º>EB \B\V¬Ô_ : 1969 …ÁÈ 19á÷_ 14k∫˛Ô”D, 1980á÷_ ∞ø k∫˛Ô”D º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™.

3. k∫˛Ô^, ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l_ x>‹| ÿƒFm^· W]¬zkw∫Ô©√|D k‚Ω á ˆkÏ¸ ÿ´©º√V º´‚ (ReverseReporate).

4. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ á 1935 ∞©´_ 1.5. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ á 1949

¤™kˆ 1.

6. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l[ x>_ ÷Õ]B ÔkÏ™Ï á L.Ω.º>ix¬.7. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>o_ ∞Ω®D kƒ]ÁB

∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm k∫˛ á®fl.®¸.∏.E. k∫˛ (1987).

8. ÷Õ]B Ú√VFÔπ[ ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶ cÚkV¬˛BkÏ ác>Bz\VÏ.

186


9. √›]uÔV™ >M ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶¬ ÿÔVı¶

ÂV|Ôπ[ kˆÁƒl_ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷¶D á nÕm.

10. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛ á 1770á÷_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_

mk∫Ô©√‚¶ ] √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õm¸>V[ k∫˛.

1. 1770 ÷_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ mk∫Ô©√‚¶ ‘> √V∫¬ g‡©

NÕm¸>V[’ ®[√º> ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛.

2. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ∞.Ω.®D. kƒ]ÁB ∂§xÔD

ÿƒF>m ®fl.®¸.∏.L. k∫˛ºB (xDÁ√, 1987).

11. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ÚD kVË√ k∫˛ ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬

g‡© ÷Õ]BV.

12. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB >MBVÏ k∫˛ ICICI k∫˛.

165.÷Õ]B ‘√VF

÷Õ]BVs_ ŒÚ ‘√VF Ô´[E >s´ ∞Á™B ∂Á™›m¬

Ô´[EÔ”D, ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛BV_ ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. 1996 ÷oÚÕm

ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ÿkπl¶

g´D∏›>m. ÷©º√Vm 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ‘√VF

ºÂV‚|Ô^ ÷Õ>› ÿ>V¶ÏkˆÁƒl_ ÿkπl¶©√‚| kÚ˛≈m.

nÕm ‘√VF x>_ ∞Á™B ∂Á™›m¬ Ô´[EÔπKD ∂´EB_

ƒ‚¶›][ ®‚¶Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈ 17 º>EB ÿ\VaÔπ_

∂>[ \]©A ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√‚|^·m. Ô´[El[ ÷¶m √¬Ô √V™o_

∂ƒVt, k∫ÔVπ, z¤´V›], Ô[™¶D, ÔVi*ˆ, ÿÔV∫ÔM, \ÁÈBV·D,

\´V›], ºÂ√Vπ, ŒˆBV, √fiƒV∏, ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, >tµ, ÿ>K∫z, cÚm

®[–D kˆÁƒl_ 15 ÿ\VaÔ”D, Ô´[El[ ∏≈ √z]Ôπ_ g∫˛ÈD

\uÆD ÷Õ] ÿ\VaÔπKD \]©A z§©∏¶©√|˛≈m.

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ ‘√VF ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ∂flƒΩ›> mk¬ÔÔVÈ

√V∫zÔ^ : √V∫¬ g‡© NÕm¸>V[ (1770 á 1832),

ÿ¤™´_ √V∫¬ ÷[ ÿ√∫ÔV_ ∂[‚ ¨ÔVÏ (1773 á 1775),

ÿ√∫ÔV_ √V∫¬ (1784 á 1791).

2. 1861 ÔV˛> ÂVBfl ƒ‚¶›][ JÈD Ô´[E ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ·

∂flƒΩ›m ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D ÿ√Æ˛≈m ÷Õ]B ∂´∑.

3. ŒÚ ‘√VF ºÂV‚| >sÏÕ> ∞Á™B ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ∂flE|km

÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ºB. ºÂV‚|¬Ôπ_ ÁÔÿBV©√D ÷|kmD

ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ÔkÏ™º´.


1874. ŒÚ ‘√VF ºÂV‚| ÷Õ]B ∂´ƒV_ ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√|km. ÷]_

W]fl ÿƒBÈÏ ÁÔÿBø›]|˛≈VÏ.

5. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂV[z ÂVB kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈÔ^ (Mint),÷´ı| k∫˛ ºÂV‚| ∂flƒÔ∫Ô^, ÷´ı| ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω ÔV˛>

gÁÈÔ^ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛[≈™.

6. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ ÂVB kVÏ√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, xDÁ√ : ÷Õ]BVs[

tÔ© √wÁ\BV™ ÂVB kVÏ©√Ô∫ÔπÿÈV[Æ, 1829á÷_

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷∫ºÔ ÂVB∫Ô”¶[ √>¬Ô∫Ô”D

kVÏ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.

7. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, ÿÔV_Ô›>V: 18ágD

±u≈VıΩ_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶∫Ô^ √È

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷ku§_ Œ[Á≈ ÂT™©√|›] ∂o©ØÏ

t[‚ ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ 1952 ÷_ ŒÚ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶D

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| ÷m ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ t[‚ ÿÔV_Ô›>V

®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.

8. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, Á«]´V√V› : 1903 ÷_

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂] ÂT™ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶D

÷m.

9. ‘√VF ºÂV‚| ∂flƒÔD ÂVE¬, \ÔV´ViΩ´D : 1928 ÷_

ÿƒB_√¶ g´D∏›>m. √_ºkÆ \]©AÁ¶B ‘√VF

ºÂV‚|¬Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ ∂flE¶©√|˛[≈™.

10. ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω ÔV˛> gÁÈ, º«Vƒ∫ÔV√V›, \›]B© ∏´º>ƒD:

√È kÁÔ©√‚¶ ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω gk∫ÔÁ· ∂flƒΩ¬zD

÷ÕWÆk™D 1968á÷_ ÿƒB_√¶› mk∫˛Bm.

11. ºÂV‚ x›>´ı o‚ : ∂]Ôˆ›m kÚD k∫˛ ºÂV‚|Ôπ[

√B[√V‚|¬z c>°D kÁÔl_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷´ı| A]B

∂flƒÔ∫Ô^. ÔÏÂV¶Ô \VWÈD Á\ÛÏ, º\uz k∫ÔV· \VWÈD

ƒ_º√VM g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ∂Á\Õm^· ÷Às´ı|

∂flƒÔ∫Ô”D, ‘√V´yB ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ºÂV‚ x›>´ı otÿ¶‚’®–D ∂Á\©∏[ Ô‚|©√V‚Ω[ ˇµ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛≈m.

‘√VF

1. ‘Ú∏BV’ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ

ÂVB›Á> ∂§xÔD ÿƒF>kÏ á ÿ≠Ï≠V.

2. ‘Ú∏BV’ ŒÚ ÿk^π ÂVBD.

188


3. ÿ≠Ï≠V ÔVÈ›]_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ >∫Ô ÂVBD á ‘ÿ\V«Ï’.4. Ô´[E ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´›Á> ∂´∑¬z

kw∫˛B ∏ˆ‚œi ƒ‚¶D á ÔV˛> ÂVBfl ƒ‚¶D (1861).

5. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs_ A]B ÂVB ∂Á\©A ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_

kÕ> ÂV^ á 1950, gÔ¸‚ 15.

6. k∫˛ ºÂV‚Ω_ ÁÔÿBV©√t‚¶ x>_ ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ÔkÏ™Ï á

º¤D¸ ÿ¶FÈÏ.

7. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂVB∫ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D √Á¶›>m

á \›]B ∂´∑.

8. ÷Õ]BVs_ k∫˛ ºÂV‚|ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D

√Á¶›>m á ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛.

‘√VF¬z A]B ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X|

9.∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV (¶VÈÏ), ∏ˆ‚¶[ (√°ı‚), nº´V©∏B RMB[

ÂV|Ô^ (Rº´V), ¤©√V[ (ÿB[) º√V[≈ ÂV‚| ÂVB∫Ô”¬ÿÔ_ÈVD

(Currency) >M›>M ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X|Ô^ cı|. ∂Õ>

kˆÁƒl_ ÷©º√Vm ÷Õ]B ‘√VF¬zD A]B ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶

\›]B ∂´∑ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•^·m. ÷›m¶[ ÂVB›]uÔVÔ >M

∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X| ÿÔVı|^· cÈ˛[ nÕ>Vkm ÂVBD ®[≈

E≈©Á√ ÷Õ]B ‘√VF ÿ√uÆ^·m.

10.xDÁ√ n.n.Ω. ÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> c>Bz\VÏ (÷kÏ >twÔ›Á>¬

ºƒÏÕ>kÏ) ®[√k´V_ kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶,

2010, …ÁÈ 15ágD º>] \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák ∂∫ˇÔˆ›>m.

166.√∫zfl ƒÕÁ>

÷Õ]BVs_ ÷Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√MÔ^ ƒ‚¶D 1850á÷_

∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m. ÷Á>B|›m ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ √∫zfl

ƒÕÁ>BV™ √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> 1875á÷_ cÚkV™m (gEBVs[

x>_ √∫zflƒÕÁ> ®[≈ E≈©AD ÷>uzı|). ÷Á>B|›m 1894á÷_

∂Ô\>V√V› √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>•D, 1908 ÷_ ÿÔV_Ô›>V √∫Ôfl ƒÕÁ>•D

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™. º>EB© √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> (National Stock Ex-change - NSE) 1992 ÂkD√ˆ_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.

1. 1875 ÷_ The Native Share and Stock Brokers Asso-ciation ®[–D ÿ√BˆºÈºB ÷m ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1956á÷_ >V[

÷>uz WÁÈBV™ ∂∫ˇÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.


189Ω.®¸. ∏´A>V¸ ∂[‚ ÔDÿ√MºB (DSP) √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l_

√‚ΩBo¶©√‚¶ x>_ ÔDÿ√M.

2. √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l[ x¬˛B √∫z z§X‚ÿ¶ı ∏®¸÷

(BSE) ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬¸. ∂>Vkm Bombay Stock Exchange SensitiveIndex ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD. >uº√Vm 30 ÔDÿ√MÔ^ ∏®¸÷

ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬L_ √‚ΩBo¶©√‚|^·™.

3. √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> WAÏ y√¬ ÿ\Vº«VMºB ‘ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬¸’ ®[≈

ÿƒV_ÁÈ x>[x>ÈVÔ √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒF>kÏ. cÈ˛[ √›>Vkm ÿ√ˆB

√∫zflƒÕÁ> √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>.

1.ÿƒ∏

÷Õ]B© √∫z ƒÕÁ>ÔÁ·¬ Ô‚|©√|›mD ∂Á\©A.

Securities and Exchange Board of India ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬Ôº\ ÿƒ∏

(SEBI).÷m 1992 ∞©´_ 12á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. >ÁÈÁ\BÔD :

xDÁ√.

2.W‡©Ω

º>EB© √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l[ x¬˛B √∫z z§X|>V™ W‡©Ω

(SEPCNX Nifty).nD√m ÔDÿ√MÔ^ W‡©Ωl_ √‚ΩBo¶©√‚|^·™.

167.∂[MB x>‹|

A]B ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ ÷Õ]BVs_

∂ÕWB x>‹| ºkÔ\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›m kÚ˛≈m. ∂[MB x>‹|

÷Õ]BVsuz^ kÚD ÷´ı| x¬˛B WÁÈÔ^: 1.ºÂ´Ω ∂[MB x>‹|

(Foreign Direct Investment) 2.W] WÆk™∫Ô^ kaBV™ x>‹|

(Investment through Financial Institution).

1. ∂[MB x>‹‚Á¶ ~Ï©√>uÔVÔ 2003 ∏©´kˆ 18á÷_

∂[MB x>‹‚| ª¬zs©A ∂Á\©A (Foreign Investment Pro-motion Board) cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2. ÷Õ]BVsuz kÚD ºÂ´Ω ∂[MB x>‹‚Ω[ ÿ√ÚD √z]•D

ÔD©R‚¶Ï ƒV‡©‚ºkÏ, t[™b© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ c‚√‚¶ ®È¬‚ˆÔ_

ÿ√VÚ^ >BVˆ©A› mÁ≈ÔÁ· Á\Bt‚º¶ kÚ˛≈m. ÷>uÔ|›m

kÚkm ÿ>VÁÈ› ÿ>V¶ÏA› mÁ≈.

190


1.x>‹‚| gÁBD

x>‹‚| WÆk™∫Ô”¬z gº´V¬˛B\V™ ÛµWÁÈÁB∞u√|›mD ºÂV¬Ô›m¶[ 2004 ΩƒD√ˆ_ x>‹‚| gÁBDcÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> J[Æ cÆ©∏™Ï gÁBDW]BÁ\flƒÔ›][ ˇµ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛≈m.2.∑>Õ]´ kVË√© √z]

kVË√fl ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ ƒV>V´\VÔ ƒÕ]¬zD >Á¶ÔÁ·sÈ¬˛ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ kVË√© √z]. ÷Ák Export ProcessingZone ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ EPZ √z]z¤´V›][ Ôı‚ÈVs_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1965 ÷_ mk∫Ô©√‚¶Ôı‚ÈV ∑>Õ]´ kVË√ Á\BD gEBVsºÈºB x>_ Á\BD.3.E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶ÈD

∞uÆ\] ª¬zs©A, c^ÂV‚|, ∂B_ÂV‚| x>‹|ÔÁ·ª¬zs›>_, ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô‚¶Á\©A º\D√V|, ºkÁÈ kVF©AÔÁ·∂]Ôˆ©√m º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ºÂV¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m>V[ Special Economic Zone.

1.÷Õ]BVs_ 2000 gı| ∞©´o_ E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´\ı¶È¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m. 2005 …M_ E≈©A©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶Èfl ƒ‚¶D >Mfl ƒ‚¶\V™m.

2.E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶È∫Ô^ ∂Á\©√>uÔV™sı©√∫Ô^ ƒD√Õ>©√‚¶ \VWÈ ∂´E¶D ƒ\Ï©∏¬Ô©√‚¶ºkı|D.

3.÷Õ]BVs_ gÕ]´© ∏´º>ƒ›]_ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ E≈©A©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶È∫Ô^ c^·™.


191

G. >tµkV[c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, Ô_sB_ mÁ≈ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD, k_ÈD >fiƒV∆Ï

5. AslB_1.ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD

ÛˆB–D ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u§kÚD ®‚| ºÔV^Ô”D (A>[,

ÿk^π, Øt, ÿƒÀkVF, sBVw[, ƒM, •º´™¸, ÿÂ©ΩR[,)

∂kuÁ≈fl ∑u§kÚD mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô”D ∂¶∫˛Bº> ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD.

÷kuÆ¶[ ±uÆ¬Ô¬ÔV™ kV_ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô”D, gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™

Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô”D ÔV©√|˛[≈™. √V_ kπ \ı¶È›]oÚÕm 3000

x>_ 33,000 Œπ kÚ¶ ÿ>VÁÈs_ ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD ∂Á\Õm^·m.

1.(2006á÷_ Aj‚º¶V ºÔV^ >z]ÁB ÷w©√>uz x[AkÁ´

ÛˆB \ı¶È›]_ Œ[√m ºÔV^Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™.)

2.s‚¶D : 13,84,000 ˛.*. Øtl[ s‚¶›Á>© º√V_ 109 \¶∫z

3.kBm : 450 ºÔVΩ gı|Ô^ ÿ\V›> g•‚ ÔVÈD : 1000 ºÔVΩ

gı|Ô^.

4.®ˆBVu≈_ ÿkπ©√V| : ÿ\V›>D : 4$10KW. Øt¬z kÚkm :

kV•\ı¶ÈD ÷_ÁÈÿBM_ : 1,400 W/m2 kV• \ı¶È›Á>¬ Ô¶Õ>

∏[ : 240 W/m2

5.ÿk©√WÁÈ : c^Á\B›]_ 1.5 ºÔVΩ 0K. AÈ™VzD √´©∏_ (Œπ¬

ºÔVƒD) : 5770 0K Ô]´k Œπk‚¶D : 15 ÷È‚ƒD 0K

6.ÛˆB–¬z ∂Ú˛_ c^· ºÔV^Ô·V™ A>[, ÿk^π, As \uÆD

ÿƒÀkVF g˛B™ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ ÿk©√ WÁÈloÚÕm zπÏÕm

cÚkV™Ák. ÷>™V_ ÷Ák ]¶¬ ºÔV·∫Ô·VÔ¬ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.

÷ku§_ Eo¬ÔV[, ÷ÚDA º√V[≈ >Vm¬Ô^ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.

192


ÛˆBMoÚÕm ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^· ºÔV^Ô^cBÏÿk©√WÁÈÁB ∂Á¶BVm zπÏÕ> kV• WÁÈlºÈºB ∑w[ÆkÚ˛[≈™. ÷Ák ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÍoBD, Á«Ω´¤[ g˛B kV•›

>M\∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ÁkBVÔ¬ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.

2.A>[ (Mercury)1.ÛˆB–¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· ºÔV^.

2.s‚¶D : 4,880 ˛.*.

3.®Á¶ : 3,302,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^

4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷_ÁÈ

5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 58,6462 ÂV‚Ô^

6.ÛˆBÁ™ ŒÚ xÁ≈fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 87,469 ÂV‚Ô^

7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 57,909,175 ˛.*.

8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +166.850 C9.\Ë¬z 1,76,000 ˛.*. ºkÔ›]_ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u§kÚk>V_ 10.÷mºkÔD tzÕ> ºÔV^ ®™ ∂§B©√|˛≈m.

3.ÿk^π (Venus)1.Øt¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛_ c^· ºÔV^.

2.s‚¶D : 12,103.6 ˛.*.

3.®Á¶ : 48,690,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^

4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷_ÁÈ

5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 246.16 ÂV‚Ô^

6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 243.0187 ÂV‚Ô^

7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 10,82,08,930 ˛.*.

8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +456.850 C9.∂·sKD, ®Á¶lKD ØtÁB© º√V[§Ú©√>V_ ÷m Øtl[10.÷´‚Á¶ ˛´ÔD ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

4.Øt (Earth)1.kˆÁƒxÁ≈l_ ÛˆBMoÚÕm J[≈Vk>VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m.

2.s‚¶D : 6,794 ˛.*.

3.®Á¶ : 59,720,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^

4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : Œ[Æ


1935.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 23 \Ë, 56 6.Wt¶D4.091 sÂVΩÔ^

7.ÛˆBÁ™ ŒÚ xÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 365 ÂV‚Ô^, 8 \Ë, 8.48Wt¶D, 45.51 sÂVΩ.

9.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 14,96,00,000 ˛.*.

10.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : 150 C11.Øt >[Á™›>Vº™ ∑uÆk>V_ √ÔKD, ÷´°D, ÛˆBÁ™fl 12.∑uÆD∑wuEBV_ √Úk ÔVÈ∫Ô”D ∞u√|˛[≈™.

13.Øtl[ ∂fl∑>ı| 231/30 ƒˆÕm^·m.

14.Øt º\u˛oÚÕm ˛w¬z xÔ\VÔ ∂>[ ∂fl∑› >ıΩ_ ∑w_˛≈m.

5.ÿƒÀkVF (Mars)1.EÔ©A¬ ºÔV^ ®™©√|˛≈m.

2.s‚¶D : 6,794 ˛.*.

3.®Á¶ : 6,421,900,000,000 ¶[Ô^

4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷´ı|

5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ƒ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 1.025957 ÂV^, 25.1sÂVΩ.

6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 686,98 ÂV‚Ô^

7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 22,79,40,000 ˛.*.

8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á166.8500 C9.ØtÁB© º√VÈºk ÿƒÀkVl[ √Ô_ á ÷´°Ô”¬zD Œº´ ÔVÈ∂·°>V[.

6.sBVw[ (Jupiter)1.®Á¶ tzÕ> ºÔV^

2.s‚¶D : 1,42,984 ˛.*.

3.®Á¶ : 18,986,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^

4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 63

5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ƒ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : Œ[√m \Ë, nD√mWt¶D, x©√m sÂVΩ

6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 11 kÚ¶D, 314 ÂV‚Ô^

7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 77,28,00,000 ˛.*.

8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +19.860 C

194


9.tÔ© ÿ√ˆB EÔ©A ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô^ (Great Red Spot) ÿÔVı¶˛´ÔD.10.÷m º¤VsB[ ˛´ÔD ®[ÆD (Jovian) ∂§B©√|˛≈m.

7.ƒM (Saturn)1.tÔ°D ∂¶Ï›] zÁ≈Õ> ˛´ÔD2.s‚¶D : 1,20,536 ˛.*.3.®Á¶ : 5,684,600,000,000 ¶[Ô^4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 345.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 10 \Ë 34 Wt¶D6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 29 kÚ¶D 168 ÂV^7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 26,725,400 ˛.*.8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á139.50 C9.tÔ©ÿ√ˆB mÁ¬ºÔV^ Á¶‚¶V[10.ÛˆB \ı¶È›][ kπ\ı¶ÈD ÿÔVı¶ Œº´ mÁ¬ºÔV^ƒMl[ Á¶‚¶V[.11.÷>Á™fl ∑u§ kÁ·B∫Ô^ c^·™ ®[Æ Ôı|∏Ω›>kÏ12.ÔooºBV. ‡©º´t¸‘¸, Á¶‚¶V[, ΩºBVı, º>Õ]¸,13.÷BV¨‚¶¸, Í©, W\V¸, √Vıº¶V´V, ÔV_©ºvV, √V[, ∂‚È¸,ˆBV, ÿ«È[ º√V[≈ ˛º´¬Ô A´V¬ Ô>V√V›]´∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÔº·ƒMl[ mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô”¬z ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

8.•º´™¸ (Uranus)1.÷>Á™ kπ\ı¶È›][ *Á>[ kV• c^·m.2.s‚¶D : 51.118 ˛.*.3.®Á¶ : 868,320,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 275.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 17 \Ë 17 Wt¶D6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 84 kÚ¶D 4 ÂV‚Ô^7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 2,87,09,72,200 ˛.*.8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á197.150 C9.1781 ÷_ ƒÏ s_oBD «VÏ≠_ ÷Á> Ôı| ∏Ω›>VÏ.10•º´™L_ 98 ƒ>T>xD Á«‚´¤–D, ÍoBxD >V[.11.÷>[ ∂fl∑ >ı| 980 ƒˆÕ]Ú©√>V_ ÷m ∑w_˛[≈ (Rolling)∂_Èm ƒVFÕ]Ú¬zD (Lying) ºÔV^ ®™°D ∂§B©√|˛≈m.÷]_ *Á>M[ ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ÷m √flÁƒ•D, ¿ÈxD ÔÈÕ>W≈›]_ c^·m.


1959.ÿÂ©ΩR[ (Neptune)

1.¿È W≈¬ ºÔV^.2.s‚¶D : 49,522 ˛.*.3.®Á¶ : 1,024,700,000,000 ¶[Ô^4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 135.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 16 \Ë 7 Wt¶DŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 164 kÚ¶D 298 ÂV‚Ô^ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 4,49,82,52,900 t.o. ˛.*.6.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : 200.50 C7.1846 ÷_ ¤V[ ÔVo ®[√kº´ ÷Á>¬ Ôı|∏Ω›>kÏ8.÷Á> ÿkÆ∫ÔıV_ ÔV ÷BÈVm.

10.ºÔV^Ô^

1.ÛˆBM[ ÔVÕ>©AÈ›]oÚÕm sÈ˛ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u§¬ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD kV[ cÚıÁ¶Ôº· ºÔV^Ô^. ÷Ák ®‚|. ÷ÁkWÈÿkπ ºÔV^Ô^ (Terrestrial Planets) \uÆD kV• ºÔV^Ô^(Gaseous Planets) ®™ ÷´ı¶VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.WÈÿkπ ºÔV^Ô^ : A>[, ÿk^π, Øt, ÿƒÀkVF.kV• ºÔV^Ô^ : sBVw[, ƒM, ÿÂ©ΩR[, •º´™¸.2.mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô^ : A>[ \uÆD ÿk^π¬z \‚|D mÁ¬ºÔV^Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ. Øt á 1, ÿƒÀkVF á 2, sBVw[ á 60, •º´™¸á27,ÿÂ©ΩR[ á 13 ®[Æ mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô^ ∂Á\Õm^·™.

11.ÛˆB¬ z|D√D

1. ÛˆB¬ z|D√›][ ÿ\V›> ºÔV^Ô^ 8 (2006á÷_Aj‚º¶V ÷Õ> √‚ΩBo_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈©√‚¶m).

2. Ek©A ºÔV^ ®™©√|km á ÿƒÀkVF.3. Øt¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· Â‚ƒ›]´D á ÛˆB[4. ƒÕ]´MoÚÕm Œπ ØtÁB kÕ>Á¶B gzD ÔVÈD á

1.3 s™VΩÔ^5. ÛˆB Œπ ØtÁB kÕ>Á¶B gzD ÔVÈD á 8.2 Wt¶D6. ÛˆB \ı¶È›][ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ºÔV^ á sBVw[7. tÔ¬ zπ´V™ ºÔV^ á •º´™¸8. tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ mÁ¬ºÔV^ÔÁ· ÿ√uÆ^· ºÔV^ á

sBVw[

196


9. ÛˆB Œπl_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ ∏´]√o¬zD ºÔV^ á∑¬˛´[

10. ÔΩÔV´ ]Áƒl_ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑uÆD ºÔV^ á T™¸.

12.∏´√fiƒD

1. ∏´√fiƒ c≈√›] z§›> x¬˛B E›>VÕ>D á ÿ√ÚÿkΩ©AÿÔV^ÁÔ

2. ∏´√fiƒ›]_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ ∂¶∫˛•^· JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ áÁ«‚´¤[

3. ÛˆB¬z|D√>Á> c‚√|›]B Â‚ƒ›]´ \ı¶ÈD á √V_ÿkπT]

4. √V_ÿkπ T]¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· Â‚ƒ›]´ \ı¶ÈD ág[‚º´V*¶V

5. Øt•D, ∞Á™B ºÔV^Ô”D ÛˆBÁ™ ∑u§ kÚ˛[≈™®[Æ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÔÚ›m ÿkπl‚¶kÏ á ºÔV©√Ï W¬Ô¸

6. √V_ÿkπl_ ÛˆB[ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √z] á ŒˆB[ ÁÔ7. ∏´√fiƒ›]_ ÷mkÁ´ Ôı| ∏Ω¬Ô©√‚¶kuÆ^ tÔ

ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^· ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ á zkVƒÏÔ^8. kVMB_ ∂§QÏ ¸œ√[ «V¬˛[L[ ∏´√È A›>ÔD á ∞

©Z© N¸¶ˆ g© Á¶D9. ÛˆBÁ™© º√V[≈ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ôπ[ ®ˆÿ√VÚ^ ®ˆÕ> ∏[

~Ï©A sÁƒBV_ ∑Ú∫zkº> á Ek©A¬ ºÔV·D10. ÂT™ ∏´√fiƒ ∂§sBo[ >ÕÁ> ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ á

ÔooºBV Ôoo.

13.As© √Vz√V|Ô^

1.Asl[ º\u√´©A ÂV[z ºÔV·∫Ô·VÔ √z¬Ô©√|˛≈m.∂Ák :2.√VÁ≈¬ºÔV·D (Litho sphere) : Øtl[ º\u√´©∏_ ÔV©√|DWÈ©√z]Ô^ \‚|\_ÈVm Ô¶o[ ∂Ω©√|ÁÔÔ”D ∂¶∫˛Bm.3.¿Ï¬ºÔV·D (Hydrosphere) : Ô¶_Ô^, Â]Ô^, ∞ˆÔ^ x>ÈV™¿Ï©√´©AÔ^ ∂¶∫˛B √z].4.kπ\ı¶ÈD (Atmosphere) : WÈ ¿Ï√´©AÔÁ·© º√VÏ›] AsÛµÕm WuzD ÔVuÆ \ı¶ÈD.5.clÏ¬ºÔV·D (Bioshere) : º\u ÿƒV[™ x>_ J[Æ ºÔV·©√z]Ôπ_ clˆ™∫Ô^ kVøD √z]ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛Bm.


19714.√VÁ≈¬ ºÔV·D

√VÁ≈Ô^ #·VÔ© ÿ√VΩÕ]¶ kVMÁÈ (Weather), ÔVÈWÁÈ

(Climate), ~´©√>D (Humidity), ÷|¬zÔπ_ ºkÏ OÁw›m© √´°D

>Vk´∫Ôπ[ k·ÏflE º√V[≈ √È ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ cıÿ¶[≈VKD

kVMÁÈ© √Úk \Vu≈∫Ôπ[ √∫z \Ô›>V™m. ºÔVÁ¶ ÿklo_

Û¶V™ √VÁ≈Ô^ ]œÏ \Áwl_, ]œÿ´™¬ zπÏs¬Ô©√|D º√Vm

ÿkΩ©A søÕm ˇ§s|˛[≈™. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ gı|Ô^

÷ÕWÁÈ ¿Ω›>V_ ∂Ák ÿÂVÆ∫˛fl EÆ mÔ^Ô·VzD. ∂ÀkVº≈

√VÁ≈Ô”¬z Â|s_, ÷|¬zÔπ_ º>∫˛ WuzD >ıßÏ zπÏ

ÔVÈ›]_ cÁ≈Õm √M¬Ô‚ΩÔ·V˛ sˆkÁ¶•D º√VmD √VÁ≈Ôπ_

ˇ≈_ ÿkΩ©A søD. ÷©√Ω Œ[Æ¬ÿÔV[Æ ÿ\flƒ\V™ EÁ>°Ô·V_

\ı WÁ≈Õ> WÈ©√´©A cÚkV™m.

√VÁ≈¬ºÔV·›][ c^·Á\©Á√ J[≈VÔ kÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.

1.Ô™u √VÁ≈Ô^ (Igneous Rocks) - Asl[ c^

√z]loÚÕm cÚ˛B “\V¬\V” √VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ^ ÿkπBV˛

cÁ≈k>V_ Ô™u √VÁ≈Ô^ º>V[§™. Asl[ A≈Ël_ ∑\VÏ 95

sø¬ÔV|D ÷ÀkÁÔ© √VÁ≈Ô^ >VD. ÷ku§KD J[Æ ∏ˆ°ÔÁ·¬

ÔVÈVD. ˛´VÁ™‚ (Granite) ®–D ÔÚ∫Ô_; “ÿ√ƒV_‚” (Besalt)®–D tÚm©√VÁ≈, ®ˆ\ÁÈ© √VÁ≈ ®[√™ ∂Ák. ®_ÈV¬

Ôı¶∫ÔπKD ∏´>V™\VÔ› ÿ>[√|km ÔÚ∫Ô_ √VÁ≈Ôº·. Ô¶_

∂Ω›>·›]_ c^·Ák ÿ√ÚD√VKD “√ƒV_‚” kÁÔ. ®ˆ\ÁÈ©

√VÁ≈Ô^, zxÆD ®ˆ\ÁÈ ¨flE ÿkπ›>^π© √VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ·V_

cÚkVl™.

2.√Ωk© √VÁ≈Ô^ (Sedimentary Rocks) - Ô¶_

∂Ω›>·∫Ôπ_ ÔV©√|D ∂|¬Ô|¬ÔV™ √Ωk∫Ô·V_ g™Ák

√Ωk© √VÁ≈Ô^. ÷Ák Øt º\_ÿ√VÚ¬˛_ ∑\VÏ 5 sø¬ÔVº¶

∂¶∫˛lÚ©∏–D, WÈ©√´©∏[ x¬ÔV_ √VÔxD √´Õm ˛¶¬˛≈m.

ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂]Ô x¬˛BD kVFÕ>Ák ÷Õ>©

√Ωk©√VÁ≈Ô^. WÈ¬Ôˆ, ®ıÿF \uÆD sÁÈºB§B

ÔM\∫Ôπ[ sÁ· WÈD.

3.cÚ\Vu≈© √VÁ≈Ô^ (Metamorphic Rocks) -√VÁ≈Ô^ º>V[ÆD Ô›]ºÈºB ÿkDÁ\, cBÏ ∂ø›>D ∂_Èm

198


ºk]B_ sÁ™›]≈[ ÷ku≈V_ cÚ›]ˆÕm cı¶V™ √VÁ≈ÔÁ·cÚ\Vu≈© √VÁ≈Ô^ ®[˛º≈VD. ƒV[Æ ∑ıVDA¬Ô_ (LimeStone).

15.\ÁÈÔ^

º>Vu≈›Á> ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| \ÁÈÔÁ· ÂV[zkÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ©√mı|. ∂Ák ;

1.\Ω©A \ÁÈÔ^ (Fold Mountains) - ∂ø›>›]™V_kÁ·Õm \ΩÕm cÚkV™Ák. cÈ˛[ cB´\V™ \ÁÈÔ^∂Á™›mº\ ÷›>ÁÔB sÁ·kV_ WtÏÕ>ÁkºB.

2.>|©A \ÁÈÔ^ (Block Mountains) - As© √´©∏_søÕ> sˆƒ_ ∂_Èm ˇ≈_ÔÁ· Œ‚ΩB √z]Ô^ ÿƒ∫z›>VÔcBÏÂÿ>øk>[ sÁ·kVÔ º>V[§BÁk. ÷Ú √¬ÔxD >VµÕ>∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ ÿÔVı|. \›]l_ ÿÂΩBm cBÚD ÂÈ© √z]ºB >|©A\ÁÈBV˛≈m. √VÏ©√>uzfl ƒˆs[§fl ÿƒ∫z›>VÔfl ÿƒm¬˛B ∑kÏ\V]ˆ ÷Ú¬zD.

3.®ˆ\ÁÈÔ^ (Volcanic Mountains) - zx§ ÿkΩ¬zDc‚√VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ^ kaÕm ∑uÆ©A≈∫Ôπ_ √ΩÂmBÏÕmÿÔ‚ΩBVk>V_ ®ˆ\ÁÈ¬ z[ÆÔ^ ®ø˛[≈™. ∂ku§[ ÌD∏BcflEl_ kVFº√V_ k‚¶¬za° Œ[ÆD ÔV©√|D.

4.EÁ>Õ> \ÁÈÔ^ (Residual Mountains) - EÈ \ÁÈÔ^√Úk \Vu≈∫Ôπ™V_ EÁ>Õm, gÆÔπ™V_ ∂ˆ¬Ô©√‚| º>FÕmÿkÆD º\‚| WÈ\VÔ \‚|D ÔV©√|D. ÷kuÁ≈ºB EÁ>° \ÁÈÔ^®[˛º≈VD.

16.y°Ô^

cÈÔ› y°Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D J[Æ ÿ√ÚD ∏ˆ°Ô”^∂¶¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák:

Ôı¶›y°Ô^ (Continental Islands) - ®[√™ ∏ˆ‚Ωiy°¬ Ì‚¶∫Ô^ ∂_Èm W• ‡ÿ√·ı‚ÈVÕm º√VÈ Ôı¶∫Ôπ[∂Úzfl ∑uÆk‚¶V´›]uz^ ∂Á\Õ>Ák. ÷›y°Ô^∂ıÁ¶lK^· Ôı¶∫Ôπ[ WÈsB_ Ô‚¶Á\©∏Á™©ÿ√u§Ú¬zD.

Ô¶uy°Ô^ (Oceanic Islands) - Ô¶_Ôπ[ \VÏ∏_xÁ·›>Ák. ÷kuÆ¬z© √¬Ô›m¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´l[ WÈ© √ıAÔ^∂≈ºk ˛Á¶BVm. ÿ√ÚD√VKD Ô¶o[ ∂Ω\ÁÈÔ^ ∂_Èm Ô¶o[

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text



199∂Ω ®ˆ\ÁÈÔπ[ cflƒ WÈ©√´©AÔº· cBÏÕm ¿Ï \‚¶›]uz º\_

÷ÀkÁÔ› y°Ô·V·Ô› ÿ>ˆ˛[≈™.

√k·› y°Ô^ (Coral Islands) √k·©ØflEÔ^ (Coral Pol-yps) ®–D ŒÚ kÁÔ¬ Ô¶_ OıblˆÔ·V_ cÚkV™Ák.

÷À°lˆÔ^ Ì‚¶∫ Ì‚¶\VÔºk zΩlÚ¬zD. ÷Õ> OıblˆÔ^

÷≈Õ>mD ÷ku§[ ƒ¶È∫Ô^ AuÆÔ^ º√V_ ÿ√Ú∫ ÿÔV›mÔ·VÔ©

√¶ÚD. ÷Ák Ô¶_ \‚¶›]uz º\ÿÈøÕm cBÚD º√Vm y°Ô·VÔ

cÚ\VÆ˛[≈™.

17.√VÁÈk™∫Ô^

√VÁÈk™∫Ô^ J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák :

ÿk©√© √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Hot deserts) : ÷Ák ÿk©√ \ı¶È›]_

ÔV©√|D √VÁÈk™∫Ô^. g©∏ˆ¬ÔVs_ ∂º´∏B[, Â*©,

ÔVÈ«Vˆ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ ÷>uz c>V´∫Ô·VzD.

zπÏ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Cold deserts) : ÷Ák ÿk©√

\ı¶È›]_ Ô¶_ \‚¶›]oÚÕm ∂]Ô cB´›]_ ÷Ú©√Ák. \ÁÈ›

ÿ>V¶ÏÔπ[ ∂ΩkV´∫Ôπ_ ÷mº√V[≈ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^

cÚkVkmı|. √Ôo_ ∂]Ô ÿk©√D ÔV©√‚¶VKD ÷´s_ Â_È

zπÏ kV‚|D. gıΩ_ 25 ÿƒ.*.¬zD zÁ≈kV™ \Áw ÿ√F•D. ÷Õ>

s> ÔVÈWÁÈ ÔV´\VÔ ∞´V·\V™ ÿƒΩ ÿÔVΩÔ^ ÷∫ºÔ

k·Ï˛[≈™. \›]B gEBVs_ ºÔV∏, ÿ>[ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs_

√‚¶ºÔVMB[ º√V[≈Ák EÈ zπÏ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^.

mÚk √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Polar deserts) : ∂ı¶VÏΩÔV,

Rº´iBV, k¶ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[ k¶√z], Z[ÈVÕm º√V[≈ ÷¶∫Ôπ_

c^· √M WÁ≈Õ> √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ ÷Õ> ÷™›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>Ák.

÷∫ºÔ kÚ¶›]uz 38 ÿƒ.*. ¬zD zÁ≈kVÔºk \Áw ÿ√F˛≈m. ∞º>V

√M ÿ√Fkm º√VoÚ¬zD. ÿk©√© √VÁÈk™∫ÔÁ·© º√VÈ \_

∂]Ô ∂·s_ ÔV©√¶Vs‚¶VKD √VÁ≈Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ>

∂·s_ clˆ™∫Ô”D ÔV©√|D. cÈ˛_ ƒÔV´V √VÁÈk™›Á>

s¶°D k≈ı¶ √z]ºB ∂ı¶VÏΩÔV.

18.√VÁÈk™∫Ôπ_ ÔVÈWÁÈ

cBÏÕ> √‚ƒ ÿk©√WÁÈ 58 Ω˛ˆ ÿƒ_¥B¸ kÁ´fl ÿƒ_KD.

zπÏ Á\™¸ 88 Ω˛ˆ ∂_Èm ∂>uzD ˇºw ÿƒ[Æs|D.

√VÁÈk™∫Ôπ_ 259 t.*.¬z º\_ \Áw ÿ√Fk]_ÁÈ.

200


19.Ô¶_Ô^

Øt©√´©∏[ 70.8 sø¬ÔV| Ô¶_Ô^. ÷ku§_ 144.5 ºÔVΩ

Ô™ ˛.*. ¿Ï WÁ≈Õm^·m. ÷]_ 97.3% ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÔπKD,

kÁ·z¶V¬ÔπKD, *] 2.7% √M©∏´º>ƒ∫ÔπKD, ∞ˆÔπKD,

Â]ÔπKD, Øt¬ ÔΩlK\VÔ W´D∏•^·™.

Øt k´ÈVu§[ g´D√›]oÚÕº> ¿ˆ[ ∂·° ÿ>V¶ÏÕm

\Vu≈D ®m°D ÷_ÈV\_ ÷ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m. g™V_ ÔVÈWÁÈÔπ_

∞u√|D \Vu≈∫Ô”¬z ∞u√ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÔπKD ∞ˆÔπKD ¿ˆ[

∂·° Ì¶ºkV zÁ≈BºkV ÿƒF•D. zπÏ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ Ô¶_ ¿Ï √M©

∏´º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zfl ÿƒ_˛≈m. ∂©º√Vm √M©√z]Ô^ ∞ˆÔ^

º√V[≈ku§_ ¿ˆ[ ∂·° ∂]Ôˆ¬˛≈m. WÈD ÿk©√\Á¶•Dº√Vm

√M© ∏´º>ƒ∫ÔπoÚÕm cÚzD ¿Ï Ô¶ÁÈ ∂Á¶˛≈m.

Ô¶_ ¿ˆ_ 3.5% c©A ÔÈÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂›m¶[ zº·Vˆ[,

ºƒVΩBD, ÿ\¬Ã¥BD, ÔÕ>ÔD, ÔV_EBD, ÿ√V‚¶VEBD, Aº´Vt[,

¸º¶VMBD, ÿ√V´V[ ®[√Ák•D ÔÈÕ]Ú¬˛[≈™. E§B ∂·s_

ÔVÏ√[, Eo¬ÔV[, ∂KtMBD, Ajˆ[, ∂ºBVΩ[ º√V[≈Ák•D

ÔÈÕm^·™.

√E∏¬, ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬, ÷Õ]BV, gÏΩ¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_Ô·VÔ©

∏ˆ›m^·™Ï. ÷Õ>© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_Ôπ_ Ô¶_Ô^ (Seas), sˆz¶V¬Ô^

(Bays) , kÁ·z¶V¬Ô^ (Gulfs) \uÆD ÷>´ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ c‚Az

xÔ∫Ô^ (Inlets) g˛B™ ∂¶∫zD.

√E∏¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶ºÈ cÈ˛_ tÔ©ÿ√ˆBmD ÿ>V[Á\

kVFÕ>m\VzD. cÈ˛ºÈºB gwD ÌΩB (11,516 *‚¶Ï) (MindanaoDeep) tı¶Vº™V gw©√z] ÷∫z^·m. cÈ˛ºÈºB ∂]Ô

®ıË¬ÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ y°¬Ì‚¶∫Ô^ ÿƒ§Õm ÔV©√|kmD

÷∫z>V[.

÷´ı¶Vk>VÔ ∂·su ÿ√ˆBm 20.9 sø¬ÔV|

As©√´©√·Ák¬ ÿÔVı¶ ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_.

J[≈Vkm tÔ© ÿ√ˆB Ô¶_ ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_. ÷m

Ô[MBVz\ˆ x>_ ÿ>[mÚk›]_ ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ Ô¶_ kÁ´

sˆÕm^·m.

gÏΩ¬ ®[√m ∂ÁÈT∑D ƒx›]´º\ ÷_ÁÈ ®™ÈVD. k¶

mÚk›Á>fl ∑u§© √¶ÏÕ> ÷©√z]l_ zπÏÔVÈ›]_ >ıßÏ

cÁ≈Õm √M¬Ô‚ΩBV˛s|D.


20120.gÆÔ^

cÈ˛[ tÔ ¿·\V™ ÷´ı| gÆÔ^ ÿ>[ ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶o_ ºƒÚD ∂º\ƒV[ \uÆD \›]B >Á´¬Ô¶o_ ÔÈ¬zDÁÂ_ gzD.

21.kπ\ı¶ÈDAsÁB© √VmÔV¬zD Ôkƒ© º√VÏÁk kπ\ı¶Èº\. ÛˆB

ÿkDÁ\ÁB•D ŒπÁB•D t>©√|›] As¬z^ ∂–©∏ Ák©√]_kπ\ı¶È›][ √∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ÷]K^· ºƒV[ (Ozone)√¶ÈD ÛˆBMoÚÕm kÚD ∂√VBÔ´\V™ A≈ª>V¬ Ô]Ï© √z]ÔÁ·c§fiE cÈ˛[ clˆ™∫Ô^ ∂aBV\_ √VmÔV¬˛≈m.

ÔVu≈ø›>D ®[√m Asl[ ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ A^πl[ º\_ÔVu§[ xø ®Á¶•D ª‚|D ∂ø›>º\.

kπ\ı¶ÈD ÿkÀºkÆ kπ\∫Ô·VKD (Gases)¿´Vsl™VKD WÁ≈Õm^·m.

As¬z º\_ 50 ˛.*. cB´D kÁ´lÈV™ kπ\ı¶È›]_∑\VÏ 78% ÁÂ‚´¤–D, 21% g¬E¤–D, tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ∂·°Ôπ_gÏÔV[, ÔVÏ√[áÁ¶ág¬Áƒ| WBV[, ÍoBD, *›º>[ º√V[≈kπ\∫Ô”D ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_ ∂¶∫˛lÚ¬˛[≈™.

22.º\Ô∫Ô^

º\Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ º>Vu≈ kΩsuºÔu√© √ÈkV≈VÔ©∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.

“E´¸” (Cirrus) º\Ô∫Ô^ kÁ·B_ ØflEÔ^ º√V[Æ∑Úı¶Ák. ∑\VÏ 12 ˛.*‚¶Ï cB´D kÁ´ √´s WuzD.

“zxÈ¸” (Cumulus) ÷™D k‚¶kΩk¬ zsB_Ô·VFcÚı| ]´ı¶Ák.

“¸¶´V¶¸” (Stratus) º\Ô∫Ô^ gÔVB›]_ E>§¬˛¶¬zD√fi∑ x˛o™∫Ô^.

WD√¸ (Nimbus) ÔVÏº\Ô∫Ô^ >V[ √B∫Ô´ ÷Ω\Áwl[JÈ¬ÔÚ¬Ô^.

23.kπ\ı¶ÈD‚º´Vº√V¸‡∏BÏ (Troposphere) ®–D ÿk©√D >Ë°ÆD

]Ú©√ \ı¶ÈxD ∂>[ º\_ ‚º´Vº√V√V¸ (Tropopause) ®–D]Ú©√ ÷Á¶© √z]•D ∂¶∫˛Bm.

202


¸‚º´Vº¶V¸‡∏BÏ (Stratosphere) ®–D ÿk©√flÊ´|¬z

\ı¶ÈxD ∂>[ º\_ ¸‚´Vº¶V√V¸ (Stratopause) ®–D ∂|¬z

÷Á¶©√z]•D ÿÔVı¶m.

ÿ\ºƒV ¸‡∏BÏ (Meso phere) ®–D ÷Á¶ \ı¶ÈxD

∂>[ º\_ ÿ\ºƒV√V¸ (Mesopause) ®–D ÷Á¶© √z]•D

∂¶∫˛Bm.

∂B™ \ı¶ÈD (Ionosphere) ∂_Èm ÿk©√ \ı¶ÈD

(Thermosphere).

A≈\ı¶È›]uz (Exosphere) ∂©√V_ s·∫zkm

ÔVÕ>\ı¶ÈD (Magnestosphere) ÷>[ ®_ÁÈBVÔ› ]Ôµkm

ÔVÕ> ÷Á¶©√z] (Magnetopause). kπ \ı¶È›]uz ÿkπºB

c^· ÔVÕ> \ı¶Èº\ Asl[ ºkoBVzD.

24.>tµÂV| ÔVÈWÁÈ (Climate)

1. kVMÁÈ (Weather) : ŒÚ ÷¶›]_ ŒÚ ÂV^ WÈ°D

>‚√ÿk©√ WÁÈ √u§ sk´∫Ô^ (ÿk©√WÁÈ, ∂ø›>D, ~´©√>D,

\Áw ∂·°) g˛BÁk √u§B sk´∫Ô·VzD.

2. ÔVÈWÁÈ (Climate) : ∞≈¬zÁ≈B 30 kÚ¶D x>_ 150

kÚ¶D kÁ´lÈV™ ŒÚ ÷¶›][ ƒ´Vƒˆ kVMÁÈ ∂Õ> ÷¶›][

ÔVÈWÁÈ ®[˛º≈VD.

3. >tµÂV‚Ω[ Â‚ÔV‚Ω©√Ω ŒÚ kÚ¶›][ ÂV[z √Úk∫Ô^.

1. ƒ™kˆ á \VÏfl á k≈ı¶ kVMÁÈ / ÔVÈWÁÈ

2. ∞©´_ á º\ á ÿk©√ kVMÁÈ / ÔVÈWÁÈ

3. h[ á ÿƒ©¶D√Ï á ÿ>[º\uz© √ÚkÔVÈD.

4. ∂¬º¶V√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï á k¶˛w¬z© √ÚkÔVÈD.

25.\Áw ƒVÏÕ> \ÁÈ© ∏ˆ°Ô^

1. 1948áKD, 1953áKD >tµ \VWÈD \ÁwÁB Ák›m

k‚¶V´∫Ô·VÔ© √Vz√|›>©√‚¶m. ∂>uz© ∏≈z

√Vz√|›>©√¶s_ÁÈ.

2. k¶˛w¬z √Úk∫Ôπ_ (North East mansoon) ÿ√F•D

\Áw Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ kÚ¶VÕ]´ \ÁwB·s_ 60%

c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ 40% ÔË›m^·™Ï.

3. ÿ√ÚkVˆBV™ \Áw ∂¬º¶V√Ï á ÂkD√ˆ_ ÿ√F˛[≈m.


2034. c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ ∂¬º¶V√ˆ_ Â_È \Áw ÿ√Va˛[≈m.5. Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫ÔπºÈV ÂkD√ˆ_ >V[ Â_È \Áw

ÿ√Va˛[≈m.

26.>twÔ›]_ \Áw©∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ 5 √z]ÔÁ·© ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD

1. k¶¬z¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ÿƒ[Á™, ºkŸÏ, ÔVfiEA´D, sø©A´D, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ,

Ô¶ŸÏ, >fiƒV∆Ï, ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™D, ]ÚkV‘Ï, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶, ƒ´Vƒˆ\ÁwB·° á 635 t.*.

2. ÿ>uz Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^

EkÔ∫ÁÔ, ´V\ÂV>A´D, #›m¬zΩ, ]ÚÿÂ_ºko,Ô[MBVz\ˆ á ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 457 t.*.

3. c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^\mÁ´, º>Ã, sÚmÂÔÏ, ]ı|¬Ô_, ]ÚflE´V©√^π, Ô‘Ï,

ÿ√´D√ŸÏ á ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 381 t.*.

4. A≈\ÁÈ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ÂV\¬Ô_, ºƒÈD, >Ú\Aˆ, ~º´V|, ºÔVBDA›#Ï ƒ´Vƒˆ

\ÁwB·° á 280 t.*.

5. ¿È˛ˆ \ÁÈ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^1.ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 507 t.*.2.tÔ ∂]Ô ÿk©√WÁÈ ÿÔVı¶ ºkMuÔVÈxD tÔ¬

zÁ≈Õ> ÿk©√WÁÈ ÿÔVı¶ zπÏÔVÈxD Øtl_ WÈk¬ÔV´D(Reason for hot summer & cold winter).

As >™m ∂flE_ 231/2 ƒVFÕ> kıD ∑w_˛[≈m.º\KD Ï gıΩ_ \VÏfl, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï \V>∫Ôπ_ AslÁ¶¬

ºÔV‚Ω[ *mD …[ \V>D k¶ ∂‚ƒ\V™ (Tropic of cancer) (231/2k¶¬z) *mD ΩƒD√Ï \V>xD, ÿ>[ ∂‚ƒ\V™ \Ô´ ºÔV‚Ω[ (Tropicof capricorn) (231/2 ÿ>uz) *mD ÛˆBM[ Ô]ÏÔ^ ÿƒ∫z›>VÔsø˛[≈™.

®™ºk \VÏfl x>_ ÿƒ©¶D√Ï kÁ´ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B Ï gıΩ_ 7\V>∫Ô^.1. ÿk©√ kVMÁÈ¬ ÔVÈD á \VE á ÁkÔVE

204


2. ÿ>[º\uz© √ÚkÔVÈDá gË á A´‚¶VE

3. ]Ú©A© √ÚkÔVÈD á n©√E á ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ

4. zπÏ kVMÁÈ¬ ÔVÈD á \VÏÔa á Á>

27.>twˆ[ gÆ √Úk∫Ô^

>twÏÔ^ ∂Ô©ÿ√VÚ^ WÔµflE¬zˆB ÿ√Vø]Á™

÷ÚkÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ›>™Ï. ∂Ák ÿ√ÚD ÿ√Vøm (®) EÆ ÿ√Vøm.

ÿ√ÚDÿ√Vøm ®[√m Ï gıΩ[ 6 √Úk∫Ô^.

EÆÿ√Vøm ®[√m Ï ÂVπ[ 6 ÌÆ√V|Ô^.

1. ÔVÏ¬ÔVÈD á gkË, A´‚¶VE

(gÔ¸| á ∂¬º¶V√Ï)

2. zπÏ ÔVÈD á n©√E, ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ

(Ì]Ï) (∂¬º¶V√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï)

3. x[√M¬ÔVÈD á \VÏÔa, Á>

(ΩƒD√Ï á∏©´kˆ)

4. ∏[ √M¬ÔVÈD á \VE, √∫zM

(∏©´kˆ á ∞©´_)

5. ÷·ºkMuÔVÈD á E›]Á´, ÁkÔVE

(∞©´_ á …[)

6. xm ºkMuÔVÈD á gM, gΩ

(…[ á gÔ¸|)

28.>tµÂV‚Ω[ \ık·D

1. kı¶_ \ı (Alluvial soil)2. Ôˆƒ_ \ı (Black soil)3. ÿƒD\ı (Red soil)4. mÚ¬Ô_ \ı (Laterite soil)5. ckÏ\ı (Saline soil)

29. kı¶È \ı

1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D >fiƒV∆Ï, ]ÚkV‘Ï, ÂVÔ©√‚ΩD,

sø©A´D, Ô¶ŸÏ, ]ÚÿÂ_ºko \uÆD Ô[MBVz\ˆ

\Vk‚¶∫Ô^. (\uÆD Ô¶ºÈV´© √z]Ôπ_ ÿ¶_¶V √z]Ô”D


205ÔV©√|˛≈m) Write it from

2. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∑ıVDA, ÿ√V‚¶VEBD,

ÿ\¬ÃEBD zÁ≈kV™ ÁÂ‚´¤[, √V¸√´ ∂tÈD

3. √lˆ¶©√|D √lÏÔ^ : √lÏÔ^ ÿÂ_, ÔÚDA, kVÁw, \fiƒ^.

30. Ôˆƒ_ \ı

1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : ºÔVBDA›#Ï, ÷´V\ÂV>A´D, ]ÚflE,

Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \uÆD >fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶∫Ô^.

2. ‡˜©ƒD ÔÈÕ> ÔÚ©A \ı ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : √^·¶D,

ÿ√V^·VflE, c|\ÁÈ©º√‚Á¶ k‚¶∫Ôπ_

3. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∂KtMBD, ∑ıVDA, \¬ÃEBD,

ÿ√V‚¶VEBD

4. zÁ≈kV™ ƒ›m : ÁÂ‚´¤[

5. √lÏÔ^ : √Ú›], ºƒV·D, ÔV_ÂÁ¶ c°, (Fodder) ÔDA

31.ÿƒD\ı

1. ÔV©√|D \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ : \›]B \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ cBÏflƒ›mD,

ª‚¶flƒ›mD zÁ≈kV™ c^·™.

2. ÷D\ı ¿Á´ ºkÔ\VÔ c§fi∑D >[Á\ cÁ¶Bm. g™V_

~´©√>›Á>› >¬Ô Ák›m¬ÿÔV^”D >[Á\ zÁ≈°.

3. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∑ıVDA ƒ›m E§>·°

4. zÁ≈kV™ ƒ›m : \¬ÃEBD, √V¸√´¸.

32. mÚ¬Ô_ \ı

1. ÔV©√|D \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ : ]Úk^jÏ, ÔVfiEA´D, >fiƒV∆Ï.

2. ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ÷ÚDA g¬Áƒ| ÔÈÕm ÔV©√|˛≈m.

3. cÚkVzD ÷¶D : ∂]Ô \Áw ÿ√Va•D k≈ı¶

ÿk©√ÔVÈxD c^· cBÏÕ> √z]Ôπ_ cÚkV˛[≈m.

- Leaching ¬z c^·V¬z˛≈m. (ƒ›m zÁ≈>_)

33.ckÏ\ı

1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : kΩÔV_ kƒ]zÁ≈kVÔ°D, gsBV>_

∂]Ô\VÔ°D ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD √z]Ôπ_ ÔV©√|˛≈m.


2076. ]ÚÿÂ_ºko, sÚmÂÔÏ \uÆD º\uz› ÿ>V¶ÏflE

\ÁÈl[ ˇµflƒˆ°Ô^ á y¬zflE ÿƒFB c>°D \´∫Ô^.

7. ∂]Ô ¿Á´ ºƒt¬zD \´∫Ô^ : ∂´ƒ\´D, ÂVk_\´D,

√ÈV\´D, ÿÂ_o\´D.

37.Ôı¶∫Ô^

1. cÈ˛[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB Ôı¶D á gEBV

2. cÈ˛[ tÔfl E§B Ôı¶D á g¸]ºóBV

3. ÷Úı¶ Ôı¶D ®™©√|km á g©∏ˆ¬ÔV

4. √VÁÈk™∫Ôº· ÷_ÈV> Ôı¶D á nº´V©√V

5. ÂV|Ôº· ÷_ÈV> Ôı¶D á ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ÔV

6. tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ Ôı¶D á gEBV

7. tÔ¬zπ´V™ Ôı¶D á ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ÔV

8. Øtl[ OÁ´X´_ ®™©√|D ∂º\ƒV[ gÆ ∂Á\Õm^·

Ôı¶D á ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔV

9. nº´V©√V, gEBV g˛B ÷ÚÔı¶∫ÔπÈVÔ √´s•^· ÂV|

á íBV

10. cÈ˛[ ∏´√È\V™ ƒ\B∫Ô^ √Èku§[ >VBÔD á gEBV.

38.¤ÈƒÕ]Ô^

1. ÷Õ]BVÁk•D, ÷È∫ÁÔÁB•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á √V¬

¤ÈƒÕ]

2. ÿ\‚´V¸ \VÔV ∏ˆ‚œi ÔkÏ™Ï ƒÏ.´V√Ï‚ √V¬˛[ ÿ√Bº´

√V¬ ¤ÈƒÕ]¬z Û‚¶©√‚|^·m.

3. ´V\Ï √VÈD (g¶D¸ ∏ˆ‚Î) >tµ ÂV‚Ω[ >–iºÔVΩ¬zD á

÷È∫ÁÔl[ >ÁÈ\[™VÚ¬zD ÷Á¶l_ ∂Á\Õm^·m.

4. ÿ>[ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D, ∂ı¶VÏΩÔVÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD tÔ©

ÿ√ˆB ¤ÈƒÕ] á ‚º´¬ √VºvÎ

5. Ô™¶VÁk•D, ˛Z[ÈVÕÁ>•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á º¶s‚

¤ÈƒÕ]

6. Ôıßˆ[ OÁwkVl_ ®™©√|D ¤ÈƒÕ] á

√V©.®_.\V[ÿ¶©

7. íBVÁk•D ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á ÿ√ˆ∫

¤ÈƒÕ]

208


8. ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶ÁÈ•D, ∂´∏¬Ô¶ÁÈ•D ÷Á¬zD

¤ÈƒÕ] á \ÈV ¤ÈƒÕ]

9. ∏ˆ‚¶Á™•D, ∏´V[Áv•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á º¶VkÏ

¤ÈƒÕ]

10. g©∏ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D, nº´V©√VÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á

˜©´V_¶Ï ¤ÈƒÕ].

39.√VÁÈk™∫Ô^

1. cÈ˛[ tÔ k≈ı¶ Øt á ∂‚¶ÔV\V √VÁÈk™D

2. kÚ¶›m¬z 250 t.*¬zD zÁ≈kVÔ \Áw ÿ√Va•D

√z]Ô^ á √VÁÈk™∫Ô^

3. Øtl[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB √VÁÈk™\VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D Ôı¶D á

∂ı¶VÏΩÔV

4. cÈ˛[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÿk©√ √VÁÈk™D á ƒ«V´V

5. √VÁÈk™∫ÔÁ·© √u§B √Ω©A á Eremology6. cÈ˛[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÛˆB t[ƒV´›]‚¶D á ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[

ÿ\V¤VÀ √VÁÈk™›]_ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m

7. gEB¬ Ôı¶›][ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB √VÁÈk™D á ∂º´∏B

√VÁÈk™D

8. tÔ ∂]Ô ÂV|ÔπÈVÔ √´Õm ˛¶¬zD √VÁÈk™D á ƒ«V´V

9. >VÏ √VÁÈk™D ÷¶Dÿ√u≈ ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^ á ´V¤¸>V[,

√fiƒV©, «ˆBV™V, z¤´V›

10. ∏´√È\V™ ¿ÈD √VÁÈk™D ∂Á\Õm^· ÂV| á ®˛©m

40.c°© A´‚EÔ^

1. √∑Á\© A´‚E á ºk·VıÁ\

2. ÿkıÁ\© A´‚E á √V_ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^

3. ƒVD√_ A´‚E á x‚Á¶

4. ÿ√V[ A´‚E á √w∫Ô^

5. \fiƒ^ A´‚E á ®ıÿF s›m¬Ô^

6. ¿È©A´‚E á Ô¶_ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

7. ∏∫¬ A´‚E á \VtƒD

8. ∏ÿ´·[ A´‚E á \´AƒV´V ®ˆƒ¬]


2099. ‘√∑Á\© A´‚E’ ®[≈ √>›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á s_oBD

ÔVıº¶

10. √∑Á\© √´‚EÁB x>[ x>ÈVÔ ∂§xÔ© √|›]B ÂV| á

ÿ\¬EºÔV.

41.÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô¶uÔÁ´ºBV´\VÔ ∂Á\Õm^· \VWÈ∫Ôπ[

®ıË¬ÁÔ á Œ[√m.

2. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ º>lÁÈ cu√›] ÿƒF•D \VWÈD

á ∂ƒVD.

3. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]Ô ÔVÈD ÔVÈM g]¬Ô›]uz

g‚√‚ΩÚÕ> \VWÈD á ºÔVkV.

4. g∫˛È›Á> \‚|º\ ∂KkÈÔ ÿ\VaBVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ Œº´

÷Õ]B \VWÈD á ÂVÔVÈVÕm.

5. cÚkV™ ÂVπoÚÕm ÷[ÆkÁ´ \msÈ¬z ∂\o_

÷Ú¬zD \VWÈD á z¤´V›.

6. ¤Dx á ÔVi*Ï \VWÈ›][ ∂Kk_ ÿ\Va á cÚm.

7. ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫ÔπºÈºB c^jÏ kw¬z ÿ\VaÔ^ tÔ

∂]Ô ∂·s_ º√ƒ©√|D \VWÈD á ∂ÚVflƒÈ© ∏´º>ƒD.

8. ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈ∫Ô”¶[ ®_ÁÈ© √˛ÏÕm ÿÔV^”D

\VWÈD á c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD.

9. ÷Ú>ÁÈ ÂÔ´x^· Œº´ ÷Õ]B \VWÈD á ¤Dx á ÔVi*Ï.

10. J[Æ √z]Ô”¬z (÷´ı| \VWÈD + ŒÚ \›]B

g‚E©√z]) ÿ√VmkV™ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á ƒıΩÔÏ.

42.\›]B g‚E© √z]Ô^

1. √VıΩflºƒˆ RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ›][ √z]Ô^ √´s•^·

\VWÈ∫Ô^ á >tµÂV|, gÕ]´V, ºÔ´·D.

2. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ kV¬ÔV·ÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶

ºÈV¬ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.

3. ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ>[ºÔVΩBV™ ÷Õ]´V xÁ™ ∂Á\Õm^·

y° á ∂Õ>\V[ W¬ºÔV√Ï.

4. ƒıΩÔÏ ÂÔ´›Á> ]‚¶t‚| kΩkÁ\›>kÏ á ∏ÿ´fi∑ Ô‚Ω¶

kΩkÁ\©√V·Ï á ‹ ÔVÏØEBÏ.

210


5. ]_o¬z º>EB >ÁÈÂÔ´©√z] ∂Õ>¸m kw∫˛B ∂ÉB_

ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D á 69ágD ]Ú›>D.

6. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB \›]B g‚E© √z] á ∂Õ>\V[

W¬ºÔV√Ï.

7. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔfl E§B \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.

8. ®ø›>§° ∂]Ôx^· \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.

9. ÷Õ]BVs[ \´Ô>›y° á ∂Õ>\V[ W¬ºÔV√Ï y°Ô^.

10. ƒ‚¶© º√´Ák ÿÔVı¶ Œº´ \›]B g‚E©√z] á Amflºƒˆ.

43.Ô_s

g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÷Õ]BVs_ >D g‚EÁB sˆ°√|›]B ÔVÈ

Ô‚¶›]_, ÷Õ]B¬ Ô_s ®[√m ÿƒDÿ\VaÔÁ·© √l_km

®[√>VÔºk ÷ÚÕ>m.

1. 1781 ÷_ kV´[º«¸Ω∫Ô_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ ŒÚ \>´«V

∂Á\›>VÏ. ÷∫z ÿ√ÏEB[ \uÆD ∂´∏ ÿ\VaÔ^

Ôu∏¬Ô©√‚¶™.

2. √™VÉ_ 1791 ÷_ ŒÚ ƒ\¸˛Ú> Ô_Ÿˆ mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.

3. ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z º>ÁkBV™ Es_

√ËBV·ÏÔ”¬z© √luEBπ¬zD ‡º√VÏ‚ s_oBD

√luE¬ Ô_Ÿˆ 1800 ÷_ ÿk_ÿÈ¸o ∏ÁkV_

mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.

4. ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ ∏Ás[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ 1835

\VÏfl ∞wVD º>] g∫˛ÈD ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂KkÈÔ ÿ\VaBVÔ

∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m.

1.ƒVÏ‚¶Ï ƒ‚¶D (1813)

÷Õ]BVs_ ÂT™ Ô_sxÁ≈¬z ŒÚ kΩkD ÿÔV|›>m.

2.«ı¶Ï Ôt≠[ (1882)

ˆ©√[ ∏Á ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ Ô_s Ôt≠[

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. Ôt≠[ >ÁÈkÏ ƒÏ s_oBD «ı¶Ï. ÿƒÔı¶ˆ

√Ω©AÔÁ·¬ z§›>º> Ôt≠M[ x¬˛B E√Vˆ∑Ô^. ∂Ω©√Á¶¬

Ô_sl[ ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∂´ºƒ ∞uÿ≈|¬Ô ºkı|D, ˛´V\©A≈¬


211Ô_sÁB x¬˛B Ô_s ¿º´V‚¶›m¬z ÿÔVı| kÚ>_, ÿ√ı Ô_s¬z

x¬˛B›mkD kw∫z>_ º√V[≈Ák•D ÷]_ ko•Æ›>©√‚¶™.

3.÷Õ]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D (1904)

1. ÂV‚| WÏkVÔ›Á> \‚|t[§, Ô_s ∂Á\©Á√•D ∂É[

Ô‚|©√V‚Ω_ ÿÔVı| k´ºkı|D ®™ sÚD∏B ÔÏv[ ∏Á 1901 ÷_

EDÈV \ÔVÂV‚Á¶¬ Ì‚Ω™VÏ. ÷]_ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶

\ºƒV>V¬Ôπ_ √È°D (150) √È›> ®]Ï©Á√ ƒÕ]›>Á>B|›m 1902

÷_ ƒÏ >V\¸ ´Vo (Raleigh) >ÁÈÁ\l_ ŒÚ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[

∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2. ÷]_ ÁƒBm ⁄Áv[ ∏_˛´L, zÚ>V¸ √V™Ï˜ ®–D

÷´ı| ÷Õ]B cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈™Ï.

3. ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl[ √ˆÕmÁ´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ 1904 ÷_ ÷Õ]B©

√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂§s›>VÏ ÔÏv[ ∏Á.

4. √Ω©A \uÆD gF°Ô”¬z x¬˛B›mkD ÿÔV|›>_;

√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ôπ[ k´Dÿ√_ÁÈÁB WÏl©√]_ ∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD

√∫z k˛›>_; >MBVÏ Ô_ŸˆÔ”D ∂É[ Ô|Á\BV™

Ô‚|©√V‚Ωuz^ kÚ>_ º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ôπ_ EÈ.

4.∏©´kˆ \ºƒV>V (1913)

÷Õ]BVs_ ®ø›>§s[Á\ÁB ∂ÔuÆD ÿÔV^ÁÔ

kz¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D ®[√Á> ÿÔV^ÁÔ ∂·s_ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑

∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶m.

5.vV‚ÈÏ Ôt≠[

cBÏÔ_s¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π›> ÷¬Ôt≠[ 1917á19

ÔVÈÔ‚¶∫Ôπ_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶m.

1. ƒÏ ∂∑º>Vi xÔÏ˜, ¶V¬¶Ï EBV°y[ ∂«\m ®–D ÷´ı|

÷Õ]B© ∏´]W]Ô^.

2. 12 kÚ¶∫Ô^ ÿ>V¶ÚD ÿ\‚ˆzºÈ≠[ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm

÷[¶Ï*ΩB‚, ∏[A √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s ®[–D ∂Á\©A; √_ÔÁÈ¬

Ô_s¬ÔV™ √Ω©AÔÁ· J[Æ kÚ¶∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›>_; √V¸ ºÔVÏ¸,

«V™Ï¸ ºÔVÏ¸ ®[≈ √Vz√V|; ÿ√ıÔ^ Ô_s¬ÔVÔ >M ∂Á\©Á√

cÚkV¬z>_ º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´ gzD.

212


6.«VÏº¶V¬ Ôt‚Ω 1929

1919 ƒ‚¶©√Ω Ô_s›mÁ≈ *>V™ >™m Ô‚|©√V‚Á¶ ÁÔ

ÔøsB \›]B ∂´∑, ∂Á> \VÔV ∂´E[ ÿ√VÆ©A¬z ÁÔ\Vu§Bm.

\VÔV ∂´∑Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô Ô_s xBuEÔ^ ®Á>•D ÿƒFBV>

º√V]KD, >MBVÏ gÏk›>V_ √^πÔ^, Ô_ŸˆÔ^ ®Ë¬ÁÔ

ÿ√Ú˛™.

1. ÷m z§›m g´VFk>uÔVÔ 1929 ÷_ ƒÏ ∏o© «VÏº¶V¬

>ÁÈÁ\l_ ŒÚ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.

2. mk¬Ô Ô_s¬z ∂]Ô x¬˛B›mkD, E≈Õ> \VkÏÔÁ·

\‚|D cBÏWÁÈ© √^π¬z ∂–©√ ºkı|D º√V[≈Ák Ôt‚Ωl[

x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ gzD.í

7.º>EB¬ Ô_s

1937 ÷_ ¶V¬¶Ï vVˇÏ⁄Áƒ[ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ÷¬Ôt‚Ω.

‘ÁÂ >VoD’ ®™© √´kÈVÔ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s z§›>

√V¶›]‚¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´BÁ≈ ÿƒFB ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.

(÷Õ]B ∑>Õ]´›]uz© ∏[ (1947) ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s z§›>

÷Õ>› ]‚¶D \›]B, \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô·V_ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.

8.ƒVÏÿ¤[‚ ∂§¬ÁÔ 1944

ƒÏ ¤V[ ƒVÏÿ¤[‚ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷›]‚¶D

÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ∂Á¶B©√‚¶ Ô_s x[º™u≈∫Ô^ ÂVu√m

kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z^ ÷Õ]BVsKD ∂Á¶B©√¶ ºkı|D ®[√Á>

ko•Æ›m˛≈m.

1. g´D√ mk¬Ô Ô_s 3 á 6 kBm zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z :

2. gÆ x>_ á 14 kBm kÁ´lÈV™ ∂Á™›m¬

zwÕÁ>Ô”¬zD ÷Èkƒ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s.

3. 11 á 17 kB]uz‚√‚¶, º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶ \VkÏÔ”¬z gÆ

kÚ¶ cBÏWÁÈ© √^π¬ Ô_s.

4. º\MÁÈ© √Ω©A xΩÕm, º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶

\VkÏÔ”¬z J[Æ kÚ¶ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ¬ Ô_s á

º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´Ôπ_ EÈ.


2139.√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[Ô^

¶V¬¶Ï.®¸.´V>V˛Úi[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ 1948á÷_√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ√Ω©AÔπ[ √_ºkÆ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·•D ∂ÈE g´VFÕm, º>Ák©√|D\Vu≈∫ÔÁ· √ˆÕmÁ´©√º> ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl[ ºÂV¬ÔD.

10.Ôt≠[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ ƒJÔ, ∂´EB_ k´ÈVu§[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_Ô_sl[ ÷È¬zÔ^ WÏl¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.2. gEˆBÏÔπ[ >´›Á> º\D√|›> >M kz©AÔ^ Â¶›>©√¶ºkı|D; ºkÁÈ ƒD√·D ÔVÈ›]uºÔu√ \Vu≈©√¶ ºkı|D;g´VFflEÔÁ· ª¬zs¬Ô ŒÀÿkVÚ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]KDg´VFflE¬ÿÔ™ >M ‡ÿ√ºÈV¥©AÔ^ ∞u√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D.ÿ>VauÔ_s¬z ∂]Ô x¬˛B›mkD ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂Á™›m©√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫ÔÁ·•D º\u√VÏÁkl¶°D, º>Ák©√|D W] c>skw∫Ô°D √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ \VMB¬ zø cÚkV¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.

11.x>oBVÏ Ôt≠[ (1952)

ÿƒÔı¶ˆ Ô_s xÁ≈√u§ g´VFÕm ∂§¬ÁÔ >´,WBt¬Ô©√‚¶ Ôt≠[. ÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔmÁºkÕ>´VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ¶V¬¶Ï.∞.ÿÈ’\∑kVt x>oBVÏ. 1953÷_ Ôt≠[ >™m ∂§¬ÁÔÁB ƒ\Ï©∏›>m.

12.ºÔV›>Vˆ Ôt≠[ (1964)

÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ L.®¸.ºÔV›>Vˆ, ŒÚ º>EB Ô_s¬ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kz›>π›>_, √_ºkÆ √Ω©AÔπ[ √Ω©√ΩBV™º\D√V‚Ωuz º>ÁkBV™ √ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ· ∂´∑¬z kw∫zkmº√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD. 1966÷_ Ôt≠[ ∂§¬ÁÔ >V¬Ô_ÿƒF>m.

13.º>EB¬ Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ

1985 ÷_ \›]B ∂´E[ EÕ>Á™l_ cÚ©ÿ√u≈÷¬ÔÚ›>V¬Ô›m¬z 1986 ÷_ √V´V”\[≈D Œ©A>Èπ›>m.]≈Õ>WÁÈ, ÿ>VÁÈWÁÈ¬ Ô_s; 10+2+3 √Ω©A xÁ≈ÁB ÂV|xøÁ\•D ∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm.

214


14.ºÂ≠™_ Ô°[E_ g‡© ‘´_ ÷[¸‚ΩR‚

ÔVÕ]˜l[ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s (ÁÂ>VoD) ®–D ÔÚ›>V¬Ôº\

÷¬Ôt≠[ cÚkV¬Ô›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶. xÁ≈ƒV´V Ô_s kaBVÔ

>[MÁ≈° ÿ√u≈ ŒÚ ƒJÔº\ ÷>[ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ºÂV¬ÔD.

√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï.®¸.´V>V˛ÚiM[

√ˆÕmÁ´›>√Ω 1949 ÷_ x>_ ∏ˆ° mk∫˛Bm. NCRT ÷[

>ÁÈÁ\BÔD Á«]´V√V›..

15.√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ \VMB¬ zø

÷Õ]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ¬ Ô_sÁB º\D√|›mD ºÂV¬Ô›]_

cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.

1953 ΩƒD√Ï 25 ÷_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ Ô_s ∂Á\flƒ´VÔ

÷ÚÕ> ÿ\·ÈV™V ∂A_ ÔÈVD gvV› ÷Á>› mk¬˛ Ák›>VÏ. 1956

÷_ ∂]ÔV´ ØÏk\VÔ WÈs_ kÕ>m.

•˜L (UGC) ŒÚ >[™V‚E ∂Á\©A. ŒÚ >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ›

>ÁÈkÏ, √›m cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶ WÏkVÔ ∂Á\©Á√ WBt©√m

\›]B ∂´ºƒ. ∂´∑ √>sl_ ÷_ÈV> ŒÚkº´ ÷>[ >ÁÈk´VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô

ºkı|D ®[√m WB]. >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^;

mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ \uÆD cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”¬z J[Æ kÚ¶∫Ô^.

•˜Lál[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ WÆk©√‚¶ ]_o ‘WR¬πBÏ

ƒl[¸ Á\BD’ (1984) ÂV‚Ω[ x>_ ÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω Á\BD.

÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω ÿƒ[¶Ï ‡√VÏ ∂¸¶´Vt ∂[‚

∂¸‚º´V∏E¬¸, Ø™V; ÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω ÿƒ[¶Ï ‡√VÏ

÷[¶ÏºÂ≠™_ ¸¶œ¸, Á«]´V√V› º√V[≈Ák ∏≈ ÷[¶Ï

RMkÏE‚Ω Á\B∫Ô^.

1. •.˜.L.¬z Á«]´V√V›, Ø™V, º√V√V_, ÿÔV_Ô›>V,

ÿÔ·ÔV›], ÿ√∫ÔjÚ ®–D gÆ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ k‚¶V´¬

˛Á·Ô”ı|.

2. ÷Õ]BVs_ 20 \›]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô”D, 215 \VWÈ

√_ÔÁÈ¬Ôw∫Ô”D, 100 >[™V‚E

√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô”D c^·™.

3. 17,000 Ô_ŸˆÔ^ \uÆD 1,800 ÿ√ıÔ^ Ô_ŸˆÔ^

÷ku§[ ˇµ ÷B∫˛ kÚ˛[≈™.


2154. •˜Ll[ x>_ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ƒVÕ] ¸k‘© √‚ÂVÔÏ

(1953 á 55).

5. xø √>s¬ÔVÈ›Á>•D ØÏ›]BV¬˛B x>_ >ÁÈkÏ

E.Ω.º>ix¬

¶V¬¶Ï.\[º\VÔ[ E∫ºÔ •.˜.L. >ÁÈk´VÔ ÷ÚÕm ÂV‚Ω[

∏´>\´V™ x>_ Â√Ï gkVÏ.

16.÷Õ]B[ ÷[Û‚R‚ g© ÿ¶¬™VÈ˜ (n.n.Ω.¬Ô^)

∂§sB_ ÿ>Va_O‚√ gF°›>·›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ

c[™> Ô_s WÆk™∫Ôº· ÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸‚R‚ g‡© ÿ¶¬™VÈ˜

®™©√|D n.n.Ω. WÆk©√‚¶m.

1. ®[.gÏ. ƒÏ¬ÔVÏ Ôt‚Ω √ˆÕmÁ´Ôº· n.n.Ω. cÚkV¬Ô›][

∂Ω©√Á¶. 1950 ÷_ º\uz k∫ÔV·›][ Ô´¬Øˆ_ ÂV‚Ω[

x>_ n.n.Ω. WÆk©√‚¶m.

2. n.n.Ω. ®[–D ÿ√BÁ´ √ˆÕmÁ´›>kÏ ÿ\·ÈV™V ∂A_

ÔÈVD gvV›.

17.÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸ΩR‚ g© º\º™VÎÿ\[‚ n.n.®D.

WÏkVÔsB_ √Ω©AÔ”¬ÔV™ ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ c[™> Ô_s

WÁÈB∫Ô^. ÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸ΩR‚ g‡© º\º™Îÿ\[‚ ®™©√|D

n.n.®D. Ô^.

1. ∂«\>V√V› (1961), Ô_Ô›>V (1961), ÿ√∫ÔjÏ (1973),

È¬º™V, ÷Õ#Ï (1998), ºÔVa¬ºÔV| (1998) ®–t¶›]_

n.n.®D.Ô^ c^·™.

2. ÷Ák \›]B \M>k· º\D√V| ∂Á\flƒÔ›][ ÿƒÔı¶ˆ

∂[‚ «BÏ ®…ºÔ≠[ mÁ≈l[ ºÂ´Ω¬

Ô‚|©√V‚Ωuz‚√‚¶Ák.

18.¤k«Ï ÂºkV>BV s›BVÈBD

1986á_ A]B Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ mk∫Ô©√‚¶

Ô_s› ]‚¶D.

1. ÂV‚Ω[ ∂Á™›m \Vk‚¶∫ÔπKx^· ]≈[ tzÕ>

\VkÏÔÁ· ÷™D Ôı| ∂kÏÔ”¬z cBÏÕ> Ô_s

kw∫zkº> ÷>[ ºÂV¬ÔD.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


216


19.]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD

1970 Ôπ_ ]_o ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔmÁºkÕ>Ï ˜. √VÏ›>ƒV´]l[ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[>BV´V¬˛B ∂§¬ÁÔºB ]≈Õ>WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]uz kaºÔVoBm.1. 1982 ÷_ gÕ]´V \VWÈ›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ ]≈Õ> WÁÈ©√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD WÈs_ kÕ>m.

20.÷Õ]´V ÔVÕ] º>EB ]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD (IGNOU)

1985 ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 20 gD º>] ]_oÁB >ÁÈÁ\l¶\VÔ¬ÿÔVı| mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.

ÿ>VÁÈ#´ √Ω©AÔ”¬z x¬˛B›mkD >ÚD ‘÷¬º™V’cÈ˛[ ÷´ı¶Vkm tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD.

º>EB ®ø›>§°¬ ÔwÔD

1986á÷_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ º>EB Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ√z]BVÔ ‘º>EB ®ø›>§°¬ÔwÔD’ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. √]Á™Õm x>_x©√›Á>Õm kB]uz‚√‚¶ ®ø›>§kuº≈VÚ¬z ®ø›>§∆‚|kº>÷>[ ºÂV¬ÔD.


217

R. gÆxÔD

c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÔË>› mÁ≈

ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD,

k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.

A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©AA^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©AA^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©AA^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©AA^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A

(Collection of data)®|›m¬ ÿÔVı¶ sƒV´Á¬z ∞u≈ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·

ºƒÔˆ›>_ A^πlB_ gFs[ x>u√ΩBVzD. ÿ√VmkVÔ A^π

sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ©√>uz Â¶›>©√|D gFsuz tzÕ>© √fl

ÿƒÈ°D, ¿ı¶ ÔVÈxD, √Èˆ[ cÁw©AD º>Ák©√|˛≈m. ®™ºk

A^π sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ¬zD º√Vm W>V™\VÔ°D ÿ>πkV™

ÿÔV^ÁÔ•¶[ ÿƒB_√¶ ºkı|D.

A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈ÔÂ^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈ÔÂ^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈ÔÂ^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈ÔÂ^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈Ô^

(Methods of Collection of data)

A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈Ô^ x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(Primary Data), ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´D (Secondary Data)®™ ÷Ú kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. gFkV·´V_ ∂_Èm

∂kÚÁ¶B ∏´]W]Ô·V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D A^π

sk´∫Ô^ x>_ WÁÈ© A^πsk´∫Ô^ ®™©√|˛[≈™.

∂ÀkV§[§, ∞uÔ™ºk ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√¶ c^· A^π

sk´∫ÔπoÚÕm ®|¬Ô©√|D sk´∫Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π

sk´∫Ô^ gzD.

218


c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ¬z Ô¬ÿÔ|©A zøs™´V_

ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈ sk´∫Ô^ ∂¬zøsuz x>_ WÁÈ©A^π

sk´∫Ô^ gzD. ∂Àsk´∫ÔÁ· \u≈kÏÔ^ √B[√|›]™V_

∂Ák ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô·V˛[≈™.

x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^:x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^:x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^:x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^:x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^: (Primary data)

ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ gFsuÔVÔ gFkV·´V_ ∂_Èm ∂k´m

√ËBV·ÏÔ·V_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈ A^π

sk´∫Ô^ x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^ gzD.

c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :c>V´\VÔ :

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A zøkV_ (Population CensusCommittee) \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|km x>_ >´© A^π

sk´∫Ô^ gzD.

÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^ : (Secondary data)

x[º√ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ ∂_Èm

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π

sk´∫Ô^ gzD. ÷©A^π sk´∫Ô^ Ï gFs[ JÈD

ÿkπkÚk>V_ ÷´ı¶VD >´\VÔ (Second hand) ∂Á\˛[≈m.

÷ÁkÔÁ·© √B[√|›mDº√Vm tzÕ> Ôk™D º>Ák©√|˛[≈m.

÷´ı¶VD >´ A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ :÷´ı¶VD >´ A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ :÷´ı¶VD >´ A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ :÷´ı¶VD >´ A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ :÷´ı¶VD >´ A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ :

(Sources of Secondary data)

÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫ÔÁ·

÷ÚkÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.


219∂Ák ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ (Published Sources) g>V´∫Ô^

ÿkπl©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ (Unpublished Sources)®™©√|˛[≈™.

ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ g>V´∫Ô^ : ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ g>V´∫Ô^ : ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ g>V´∫Ô^ : ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ g>V´∫Ô^ : ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ g>V´∫Ô^ : (Published Sources)ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^:ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^:ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^:ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^:ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^:

1. ∂´ƒV_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶Ák (Official Publication)

2. ∂´∑D >M Â√ÚD ºƒÏÕ> WÆk™∫Ô^ (Semi- Official)

3. >M Â√´V_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶Ák ®[Æ J[Æ kÁÔl_

∂Á\˛[≈™.

∂´E[ ÿkπX|Ô^ (Official Publications)

∂´∑ ÔÈ©AÁ¶B WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÿkπX|Ô^:∂´∑ ÔÈ©AÁ¶B WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÿkπX|Ô^:∂´∑ ÔÈ©AÁ¶B WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÿkπX|Ô^:∂´∑ ÔÈ©AÁ¶B WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÿkπX|Ô^:∂´∑ ÔÈ©AÁ¶B WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÿkπX|Ô^:

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ ÿkπl¶©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ ÿkπl¶©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ ÿkπl¶©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ ÿkπl¶©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ : (Unpublished Sources)

®_ÈV© A^π sk´∫Ô”D ÿkπl¶©√|k]_ÁÈ.

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ c^·™. ∂´∑ \uÆD >M

∂]ÔVˆÔ^ Ák›]Ú¬zD √]ºk|Ô^ g´VFflE ∂Á\©AÔπ[

gF°Ô^, ÿ>Vauƒ∫Ô∫Ôπ[ z§©AÔ^ º√V[≈Ák ÷]_

∂¶∫z˛[≈™.

kÁÔ©√|›m>KD ∂‚¶kÁl|>KkÁÔ©√|›m>KD ∂‚¶kÁl|>KkÁÔ©√|›m>KD ∂‚¶kÁl|>KkÁÔ©√|›m>KD ∂‚¶kÁl|>KkÁÔ©√|›m>KD ∂‚¶kÁl|>KDDDDD : : : : : (Classification andTabulation)A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_ : A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_ : A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_ : A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_ : A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_ : (Classification of data)

ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ √_ºkÆ ÷™∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ›m

kÁÔ©√|›>©√|˛[≈™. kÁÔ©√√|›mD xÁ≈Ô^ A^π

sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D x[™º´ WÏl¬Ô©√¶ ºkıΩB

Œ[≈VzD.

220


ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ÁkÔπ[, √_ºkÆ

kÁÔBV™ >[Á\Ô”¬ºÔu√ √_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ (Classes)√Vz√V| ÿƒF•D xÁ≈¬z kÁÔ©√|›m>_ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.

c>V´\VÔ : c>V´\VÔ : c>V´\VÔ : c>V´\VÔ : c>V´\VÔ : ŒÚ kz©∏_ √Ω¬zD \VkÏÔÁ· kB][

∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂_Èm \]©ÿ√ı ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ©√Á>¬

Ì≈ÈVD.

kÁÔ©√|›m>o[ kÁÔÔ^ : kÁÔ©√|›m>o[ kÁÔÔ^ : kÁÔ©√|›m>o[ kÁÔÔ^ : kÁÔ©√|›m>o[ kÁÔÔ^ : kÁÔ©√|›m>o[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Classification)

kÁÔ©√|›m>_ ∏[kÚD kÁÔÔπ_ ∂Á\˛[≈m,

1. ÷¶D ∂_Èm AslB_ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_

(Spatial or Geographical Classification)

2. ÔVÈkVˆBVÔ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ (ChronologicalClassification)

3. √ıAÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ (QualitativeClassification)

∂‚¶kÁl|>_∂‚¶kÁl|>_∂‚¶kÁl|>_∂‚¶kÁl|>_∂‚¶kÁl|>_ : : : : : (Tabulation)

ºƒˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ ∞º>–D ŒÚ kÁÔl_

kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚¶V_>V[ ∂Á> ÂVD AˆÕm ÿÔV^· xΩ•D.

®™ºk, ®›>ÁÔB gFsKD kÁÔ©√|›m>_ x>o¶D ÿ√Æ˛[≈m.

A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ÿkπl|k]_ ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ ŒÚ

xÁ≈BVzD ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ x¬˛B© √ıÁ√ ÿkπ©√|›mD

xÁ≈l_ ∂§sB_ ka ƒVÏÕ> xÁ≈ºB ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_

gzD.

A^π sk´ ∂‚¶kÁ (Statistical Tables) ®[√m A^π

sk´∫ÔÁ· ºÂÏ kˆÁƒBVÔ°D (Rows) WÁ´ kˆÁƒBVÔ°D

(Colums) Œø∫ÔVÔ ∂Á\¬zD ∂Á\©√VzD.


221

A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ √ıAÔ”¬zD,

∂·°Ô”¬zD ∞u≈kVÆ √_ºkÆ kz©AÔ·VÔ √Vz√V|

ÿƒF>∏[, ŒÀÿkVÚ kz©∏uzD ŒÀÿkVÚ W´_ (Colums)÷Ú¬z\VÆ √‚ΩB_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈m, √_ºkÆ kz©AÔÁ·

ƒVÏÕ> ®ıË¬ÁÔÔ^ ∂>uzˆB E§B Ô‚¶∫Ôπ_

®ø>©√|˛[≈™.

∂‚¶kÁl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ∂‚¶kÁl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ∂‚¶kÁl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ∂‚¶kÁl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ∂‚¶kÁl[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of tables)

∂‚¶kÁ ∂ku§[ >[Á\Ô”¬zD, √B[√V| Ô”¬zD

∞u≈ kÁÔl_ ÷Ús>\VÔ kÁÔ©√|›>©√|˛[≈™.

ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ (General Purpose Table)

ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ®[√m tÔ°D sˆkV™√‚ΩBÈVzD.

gF°¬ÔVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚|^· sk´∫Ô^ BV°D xøÁ\BVÔ

÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m. ÷m ®ı sk´∫ÔÁ·¬

ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ √‚ΩBÈVÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m. ÷]oÚÕm gFsuÔV™

s·¬Ô›Á> ®π]_ ÿ√≈ xΩBVm.

2. >M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ∂_Èm ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ 2. >M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ∂_Èm ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ 2. >M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ∂_Èm ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ 2. >M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ∂_Èm ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ 2. >M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ∂_Èm ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ (SpecialPurpose Table or Summary Table)

ŒÚ >M©√‚¶ ºÂV¬Ô›]uÔVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈ √‚ΩB_

>M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩBÈVzD. ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩBooÚÕm ŒÚ

z§©∏‚¶ ºÂV¬Ô›]uz º>ÁkBV™ sk´∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı| >M

ºÂV¬z √‚ΩB_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ÷©√‚ΩB_ º>ÁkBV™

sk´∫ÔÁ· \‚|D √B[√|›> ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|k>V_

∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ (Summary Table) ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

222


÷©√‚ΩBo_ Œ©∏¶ √¶ ºkıΩB √ıAÔ^ ∂|›>|›m

z§©∏¶©√|k>V_ ∂kuÁ≈ ®π]_ Œ©∏‚| ∂§B xΩ˛[≈m.

∂‚¶kÁl[ cÚk kÁÔÔ^: ∂‚¶kÁl[ cÚk kÁÔÔ^: ∂‚¶kÁl[ cÚk kÁÔÔ^: ∂‚¶kÁl[ cÚk kÁÔÔ^: ∂‚¶kÁl[ cÚk kÁÔÔ^: (Forms of Table)

∂‚¶kÁÔ^ ∂>[ cÚk›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_

∏[kÚ\VÆ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.

®πB ∂‚¶kÁ:®πB ∂‚¶kÁ:®πB ∂‚¶kÁ:®πB ∂‚¶kÁ:®πB ∂‚¶kÁ: (SimplehTable) A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ŒÚ

√ı∏[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›] ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›mkm ®πB

∂‚¶kÁ gzD. ÷m sk´ √ıA WÁÈ ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_

gzD (Descriptive Table).

c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:

ŒÚ ªˆK^· \¬ÔÁ· gı, ÿ√ı ®[≈ ÷Ú

kÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ ®πB ∂‚¶kÁ

gzD.

2. ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ :2. ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ :2. ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ :2. ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ :2. ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ : (Complex Table)

÷´ıΩuz º\u√‚¶ √ıAÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂‚¶kÁ

∂Á\©√m ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁBVzD. ÔÈÁk ∂‚¶kÁ ÷Ú ka

∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Two Way Table), xÀka

∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Three Way Table), √_ka

∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Main Fold Table) ∂Á\˛[≈m.

ÿ√VmkVÔ kÁÔ©√|›mk]_ ∂¶∫˛•^· √ıAÔπ[

®ıË¬Á¬z ∞u≈kVÆ ∂‚¶kÁ ∂Á\˛[≈m.


223ŒÚ √_ka ∂‚¶kÁ ∏[kÚD kÁÔl_ ÷Ú¬zD.

÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ ys√›m √u§B sk´∫Ô^ ÔV‚¶©√‚|^·™.

√_ka ∂‚¶kÁ √_ka ∂‚¶kÁ √_ka ∂‚¶kÁ √_ka ∂‚¶kÁ √_ka ∂‚¶kÁ (Manifold table)

y s√›m sk´∫ÔÁ· ÔV‚|D ÿkuÆ ∂‚¶kÁ:

∂‚¶kÁl[ √z]Ô^ ∂‚¶kÁl[ √z]Ô^ ∂‚¶kÁl[ √z]Ô^ ∂‚¶kÁl[ √z]Ô^ ∂‚¶kÁl[ √z]Ô^ : (Parts of table)

ÿ√VmkVÔ ®_ÈV ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD ®ıË¬ÁÔ ∂·sÈV™

sk´∫ÔÁ· ºÂÏkˆÁƒ \uÆD WÁ´kˆÁƒ xÁ≈l_

kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚¶>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. A^π sk´ ∂‚¶kÁ

∏[kÚD x¬˛B\V™ √z]ÔÁ· ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈m.

1. ∂‚¶kÁ kˆÁƒ ®ı1. ∂‚¶kÁ kˆÁƒ ®ı1. ∂‚¶kÁ kˆÁƒ ®ı1. ∂‚¶kÁ kˆÁƒ ®ı1. ∂‚¶kÁ kˆÁƒ ®ı. (Table number)

ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD kˆÁƒ ®ıÔ^ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√¶

ºkı|D. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ®ı kˆÁÔBVÔ ∂Á\Õ>>VF ÷Ú¬Ô

ºkı|D.

224


2. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ÿ√BÏ: 2. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ÿ√BÏ: 2. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ÿ√BÏ: 2. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ÿ√BÏ: 2. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ÿ√BÏ: (Title of the Table)

ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD ŒÚ >ÁÈ©A ÷Ú¬Ô

ºkı|D. ∂‚¶kÁl[ >ÁÈ©A ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔ°D ∂º> ƒ\B›]_

s·¬Ô\VÔ°D ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ®π]_ ∂Á¶BV·D Ôı|

ÿÔV^k>uÔVÔ ∂‚¶kÁ¬z› >ÁÈ©A >´©√|˛[≈m.

3. >ÁÈ©A : >ÁÈ©A : >ÁÈ©A : >ÁÈ©A : >ÁÈ©A : (Caption)

>ÁÈ©A ®[√m WÁ´kˆÁƒl[ ÿ√BÁ´¬ z§¬˛[≈m.

WÁ´ kˆÁƒ¬z› mÁ >ÁÈ©AÔ”D >´ ºkı|D.

4. ºÂÏkˆÁƒl[ >ÁÈ©AD ∂Á\©AD: ºÂÏkˆÁƒl[ >ÁÈ©AD ∂Á\©AD: ºÂÏkˆÁƒl[ >ÁÈ©AD ∂Á\©AD: ºÂÏkˆÁƒl[ >ÁÈ©AD ∂Á\©AD: ºÂÏkˆÁƒl[ >ÁÈ©AD ∂Á\©AD: (Stub)

A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ >[Á\ÔÁ·© ÿ√VÆ›m ∂Ák

ºÂÏkˆÁƒlKD, ∂Ô´ kˆÁƒlKD ∂_Èm ∂·° kˆÁƒlKD

∂Á\›m¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD. ºÂÏkˆÁƒ¬zˆB >ÁÈ©AÔ”D ºkı|D.

5. c¶_√z] 5. c¶_√z] 5. c¶_√z] 5. c¶_√z] 5. c¶_√z] (Body)

∂‚¶kÁl[ c¶_ √z]l_ ®ıÔ^ z§¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD.

÷m ∂‚¶kÁl[ x¬˛B© √z]BVzD.

6. ∂Ω¬z§©A: 6. ∂Ω¬z§©A: 6. ∂Ω¬z§©A: 6. ∂Ω¬z§©A: 6. ∂Ω¬z§©A: (Footnote)

A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ JÈ g>V´D ∂Ω¬z§©∏_

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D (Diagrams and Graphs)

A^πlBo[ x¬˛B© √Ë E¬ÔÈV™ A^π sk´›Á> ®πB

kÁÔl_ ∂π©√>VzD. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_


225\uÆD ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ g˛BkÁk ÷ku§uÔVÔ

ÁÔBV·©√|˛[≈m.

A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ®π]_ Œ©∏¶°D s·¬Ô°D

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D (Diagrams), kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D (Graphs)c>°˛[≈™.

A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂π›>_: A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂π›>_: A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂π›>_: A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂π›>_: A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂π›>_: (Presentation ofData)ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd

ÿ√VmkVÔ, s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ √V\´ \¬ÔÁ·•D √Ω›>kÏÔÁ·•D

®π]_ ÔkÚD >[Á\•Á¶B™. tÔ E¬ÔÈV™ A^π

sk´∫ÔÁ·•D s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ®π>V¬˛ ƒV>V´ \M>[Ì¶

∂kuÁ≈ AˆÕm ÿÔV^·fl ÿƒF˛[≈m. ÷¬ÔV´›>V_

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ \uÆD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·

∂π©√m (Presentation of data) E≈©∏¶D ÿ√Æ˛[≈m.

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^: s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^: s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^: s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^: s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^: (Types of diagrams)

A^π sk´ gF°Ô”¬z ∞u√ √È kÁÔBV™

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.

∂ÁkÔπ_ x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ^,

1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Bar diagrams)

2. ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Rectangular diagrams)

3. ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Square diagrams)

4. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pie diagrams)

5. cÚkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pictograms or cartograms)

226


1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Bar Diagrams)

A^π sk´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

ÿ√ÚD ∂·s_ √B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™.

÷Ák kÁ´k>uz ®π>V™Ák. ®›>ÁÔB sk´›Á>•D √‚Á¶

s·¬Ô©√¶›][ JÈD z§©∏¶xΩ•D.

®M–D, A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ >[Á\¬z ∞u√ ÷ÀkÁ´√¶∫Ô^

kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.

√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

( ∂ ) >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

( g) Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

( ÷ ) ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

( ~ ) ƒ>T>©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

®[≈ ÂV[z kÁÔÔπ_ c^·™.

√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^:√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^:√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^:√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^:√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^:

(Types of Bar diagrams)

∂. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ∂. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ∂. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ∂. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ∂. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Simple Bar Diagram)

A^πlB_ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

tÔ°D ®π>V™>VzD. ŒÚ \V§lÁ™ ÔV‚¶ (Variable) ÷m

√B[√|˛≈m. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ Á¶©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(Horizontal Diagram) ®[≈ kÁÔlKD ÿƒ∫z›m© √‚Á¶

s·¬Ô©√¶D (Vertical Bar diagram) ®[≈ kÁÔlKD

∂Á\BÈVD.


227÷Às·¬Ô© √¶›]_ ƒ\ ∂ÔÈ›m¶[ ÌΩB √È √‚Á¶Ô^

ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ÷©√‚Á¶Ôπ[ ¿·∫Ô^ ∂Ák z§¬˛[≈\V§Ôπ[ \]©A¬z ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ®_ÈV© √‚Á¶Ô”D ƒ\÷Á¶ÿkπl_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD.

>M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: s·¬ÔD>M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: s·¬ÔD>M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: s·¬ÔD>M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: s·¬ÔD>M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: s·¬ÔD (Illustration of Simple bardiagram)

∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁl_ EÈ ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÷≈¬z\]ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ >´©√‚|^·™. ÷©A^πsk´∫ÔÁ· >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ kÁ´Ô.

g. Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: g. Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: g. Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: g. Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: g. Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: (Multiple Bar Diagram)

Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ sk´∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏¶ ºkıΩB ÷¶∫Ôπ_

®_ÈVD ÷›>ÁÔB s·¬Ô© √¶∫ÔÁ· √B[√|›>ÈVD. Œ©AºÂV¬Ô

ºkıΩB ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ¬z ∞u≈√Ω Ì‚|©√‚Á¶

√¶∫ÔÁ· ∂|›>|›m kÁ´Õm Œ©∏¶ ºkı|D. ÷Ú √‚Á¶Ô^

JÈD z§¬Ô©√|˛[≈ s·¬Ô©√¶›]uz ÷Ú √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(Double Bar Diagram) ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. J[Æ

228


√‚Á¶Ô^ JÈD z§¬˛[≈ s·¬Ô©√¶›]uz x©√‚Á¶s·¬Ô©√¶D ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷>uz Ì‚|©√‚Á¶s·¬Ô©√¶D (Compound Diagram or MultipleBarhDiagram)h®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷ÀkÁÔ s·¬Ô©√¶›][ JÈDtÔ ∂]Ô\V™ sk´∫ÔÁ· z§©∏¶ xΩ˛[≈m.

Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·¬ÔD :Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·¬ÔD :Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·¬ÔD :Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·¬ÔD :Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·¬ÔD : (Illustration of Multiplebar diagram)

∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁl_ ÔV‚¶©√‚¶ sk´∫Ô”¬zÌ‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´Ô.


229÷. ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÷. ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÷. ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÷. ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÷. ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Component Bar Diagram (or)Subdivided Bar Diagram)

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ √È ÌÆÔ·VÔ ∂_Èm√z]Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©∏[ ∂>uz kÁ´B©√|D s·¬Ô©√¶DÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶\VzD. ÷Às·¬Ô© √¶›][ √‚Á¶Ô^√_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. c>V´\VÔ, ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl_ gı, ÿ√ı ®[≈ ÷ÚÌÆÔ^c^·™. ÷kuÁ≈ s·¬Ô ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´BÈVD.

c>V´Dc>V´Dc>V´Dc>V´Dc>V´D: ∏[kÚD sk´∫ÔÁ· ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›][JÈD ÔV‚|>_

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


230


(~~~~~) ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D : ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D : ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D : ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D : ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D : (Percentage)

ŒÀÿkVÚ \V§l[ √_ºkÆ ÌÆÔπ[ \]©AÔ^ ƒ>T>∂·kVÔ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>V_ ƒ>T>© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶DkÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. ®_ÈV \V§Ô”¬zD cˆB √‚Á¶Ô^ ƒ\¿·x^·ÁkBVÔ kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ \V§lKDc^· ÌÆÔ”¬ºÔu√ ∂>uzˆB© √‚Á¶Ô”D √È ÌÆÔ·VÔ©∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB© √¶∫ÔπoKÚÕm √_ºkÆÌÆÔπ[ Œ©AÁ\ \]©Á√ (Relative Value) ∂§Õm ÿÔV^·xΩ˛≈m.

ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD: ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD: ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD: ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD: ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD: (Illustration ofPercentage Bar Diagram)

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· s·¬Ô© √¶›]_ kÁ´Ô.


231÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^: ÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^: ÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^: ÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^: ÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^: (Two Dimensional Diagram)

√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ ¿·D (Length) \‚|D

ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈m. ∂ÔÈD (Width) Œº´ ∂·kVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

÷>uz \V≈VÔ ¿·xD ∂ÔÈxD s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈™.

÷m ÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Two-Dimensional) ∂_Èm

√´©√·° s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Area Diagrams) ®™©√|˛[≈™. ÷Ú

√ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·VÔ,

1. ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

2. ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

3. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ c^·™.

ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D: (Rectangular Diagram)

ŒÚ ÿƒÀkÔD ¿·D, ∂ÔÈD ®[≈ ÷Ú √¬Ô∫ÔÁ·¬

ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ÔV‚|˛[≈ º√Vm ÷Ák

÷´ı|D Ô¬˛_ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛≈m, ÷ÚkÁÔBV™

A^π sk´∫Ô^ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈º√Vm ∂Ák ÿƒÀkÔ

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ z|D√ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶∫Ô^, ÷Ú ]‚¶¬

ÔVÈ∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏|>_ g˛BkuÁ≈ z§©∏¶© √B[√|˛[≈™.

ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô© √¶›][ s·¬ÔD: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô© √¶›][ s·¬ÔD: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô© √¶›][ s·¬ÔD: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô© √¶›][ s·¬ÔD: ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô© √¶›][ s·¬ÔD: (Illustration OfRectangular Diagram)

ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´k>uz ÷Ú kÁÔBV™ A^π

sk´∫Ôπ[ ÿ\V›>›]oÚÕm ÷Às´ıΩuz\V™ s˛>D (Ratio)Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m, ÷Às˛>›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÷Ú

ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ôπ[ ∂ÔÈD ∂Á\›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈m. ÷Ú

ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ôπ[ ¿·D (length)100%\VÔ Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚|

√_ºkÆ ÿƒÈs™∫Ô”D ∂]_ c‚∏ˆkVÔ¬ ÔV‚¶©√‚|^·m.

232


÷Ú z|D√∫Ôπ[ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶ \]©AÔÁ·¬ ÔV‚|D ÿƒÀkÔs·¬Ô©√¶D.

ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Square Diagram)

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ Œ[Æ¬ÿÔV[Æ ∂]Ôs›]BVƒ›]_ ÷ÚÕ>V_ ƒm´∫Ôπ[ JÈD \V§Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºBc^· Œ©AÁ\ÁB ÔV‚¶ xΩ˛≈m. ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂Ákz§©∏|˛[≈ \V§Ôπ[ \]©∏[ kÏ¬Ô JÈ∫Ô”¬z(SquaregRoot) ƒ\\VÔ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^· ºkı|D. ®_ÈVƒm´∫Ô”D Œº´ ∂Ω¬ºÔV‚Ω[ º\_ ÷Ú¬z\VÆ kÁ´B ºkı|D.


233ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔDƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔDƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔDƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔDƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD (Illustration of Square Diagram ) ) ) ) )

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´Ô.

Ô_KVˆ Á\BDÔ_KVˆ Á\BDÔ_KVˆ Á\BDÔ_KVˆ Á\BDÔ_KVˆ Á\BD º>Ï° ®ø]BkÏÔ^º>Ï° ®ø]BkÏÔ^º>Ï° ®ø]BkÏÔ^º>Ï° ®ø]BkÏÔ^º>Ï° ®ø]BkÏÔ^

]ÚflE, >fiÁƒ, AmÁÔ 400, 625, 900

÷>uÔV™ kÏ¬ÔJÈ∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 20, 25, 30 gzD.

÷Ák ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √¬Ô ∂·kVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ƒm´∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√¶

ºkı|D. ƒm´∫ÔÁ· kÁ´km tÔ°D ÔΩ™\V™>VÁÔBVKD

÷´ı| ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √´©√·°ÔÁ· ƒˆBVÔ Œ©∏¶ xΩBV>>VKD

ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D √B[√|›mk]_ÁÈ.

k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pie Diagram or Circular Diagram)

\V§ÔÁ· (Variables) √‚Á¶Ô·VÔ kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|kÁ> s¶

\V§Ôπ[ ∂·°¬z› >zÕ> √´©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ k‚¶∫ÔÁ·

kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|km ®π>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. k‚¶∫Ô·VÔ kÁ´B©√|D

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”¬z k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷Ú

√ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ (TwofDimensionsfDiagrams) ∂]Ô

x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ>m k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ gzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©

√‚|^· \V§Ô^ ŒÀÿkV[ÆD ŒÚ k‚¶›][ JÈD z§©∏¶©

√|˛[≈m. k‚¶∫Ôπ[ √´©√·°Ô^ \V§Ôπ[ ÿ\V›>

\]©AÔπ[ s˛>∫Ôπ_ ÷Ú¬Ôºkı|D. \V§Ôπ[

c‚ÌÆÔÁ· (Subdivision) k‚¶©√z]¬z^ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D.

√È \V§ÔÁ· z§©∏|˛[≈ k‚¶∫Ô^ ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_

kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. k‚¶›]_ k‚¶ ºÔV©√z]l_ ŒÀÿkV[ÆD

ŒÚ \V§ÁB¬ z§¬˛[≈m.

k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔ™ >Mfl E≈©A ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. √È

√z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ \V§l_ ŒÚ √z]ÁB \uÿ≈VÚ

234


√z]ºBV| Œ©∏‚| √VÏ©√>uz k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôº·

tÔ°D ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ÁkBVzD. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·D

√´∫ÔπKD, ÔıÔV‚ElKD ÿ√ˆmD √B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™.

∂Ák ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ[ √VÏÁkÁB ÔkÏÕm ÷ø©√º>V|, ∂kÏÔ·m

ÔÚ›Á>•D ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈m.

z§©√VÔ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ JÈD z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈ W]

√u§B sk´∫Ô^ \¬Ô^ \™]_ gw\VÔ √]Õms|˛[≈™.

®M–D k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´kmD k‚¶ √z]l[

√´©AÔÁ· Œ©∏|kmD ƒuÆ ÔΩ™\V™ ÿƒBÈVzD.

k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´>_: k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´>_: k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´>_: k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´>_: k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´>_: (Pie Digram)

ŒÚ k‚¶D ∂>–Á¶B Á\B›]_ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈

ºÔV›][ ∂·° 360 Ω˛ˆ gzD. √_ºkÆ ÌÆÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶

\V§l[ ÿ\V›> \]©Á√ 360 Ω˛ˆ ƒ\\V¬˛ ÿÔV^· ºkı|D.

∏≈z ŒÀÿkVÚ Ì§[ \]©∏[ ∂·Ák √VÁÔ (Degree) ∂·s_

\Vu§¬ÿÔV^· ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÌÆ¬zD c^· √VÁÔ¬ ºÔu√

k‚¶›Á> √_ºkÆ √z]Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m¬ ÔV‚¶ ºkı|D. k‚¶›][

ŒÀÿkVÚ √z]ÁB•D ºkÆ√|›mD kÁÔl_ √È kı∫Ô^

∂_Èm kΩk∫Ô^ (Design) ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ

kıxD ®Á>¬ z§¬˛[≈ÿ>[√Á> k‚¶ s·¬Ô© √¶›][

∂Ú˛_ z§©∏‚|¬ ÔV‚¶ ºkı|D.

\V]ˆ:\V]ˆ:\V]ˆ:\V]ˆ:\V]ˆ:

∏[kÚD A^π sk´›]uzˆB ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶D

kÁ´Ô.

c° 63%, ºƒV©A -19% , kV¶ÁÔ -12% ,ÿ√Vømº√V¬z 6%


235ÿƒFxÁ≈:ÿƒFxÁ≈:ÿƒFxÁ≈:ÿƒFxÁ≈:ÿƒFxÁ≈:

c° 63% , 63/100 360 = 227 Ω˛ˆ

ºƒV©A -19%, 19/100 360 = 68 Ω˛ˆ

kV¶ÁÔ - 12%, 12/100 360 = 43 Ω˛ˆ

ÿ√Vømº√V¬z -6%, 6/100 360 = 22 Ω˛ˆ

cccccÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ ÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ ÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ ÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ ÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ : (Pictograms)

EÈkÁÔ© A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· EÈ E§B √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD

kÁ´Õm s·¬zkm cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ô^ gzD.

c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:c>V´\VÔ:

t]kıΩÔ^, ¸Ì‚¶Ï º√V[≈ku§[ cu√›] ∂·Ák

t]kıΩÔ^, ¸Ì‚¶Ï g˛B √¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´Õm s·¬ÔÈVD.

cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈ √¶ s·¬Ô›]uz cÚkÔ

s·¬Ô©√¶D ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. \V§Ôπ[ \]©A¬z› >¬ÔkVÆ

∂ku§[ cÚkD kÁ´Õm ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈m. cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ôπ[

JÈD º>V´VB \]©AÔÁ·ºB ÿ√≈ xΩ˛≈m.

236


ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶›Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_ ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶›Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_ ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶›Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_ ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶›Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_ ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶›Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_ (Choice Of ASuitable Diagram)

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ √ÈkÁÔBV™ÁkÔ^ c^·™. ÷ku§_

®Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|©√m ®[Æ A^π sk´›][ >[Á\ÁB•D,BVÚ¬ÔVÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´B©√|˛[≈ ÿ>[√Á>•D ÿ√VÆ›m∂Á\˛[≈m.

1. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D1. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D1. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D1. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D1. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: ÿ\V›>›]_ c^· \VÆ>_ÔÁ· ÔV‚¶√B[√|›>©√¶ÈVD.

c>V´\VÔ,

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ √È \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ ºÔVmÁ\ cu√›]ÁBÔV‚¶ ÷ÀkÁÔBV™ √¶D kÁ´B©√¶ÈVD.

2. ÿ\V›>›Á>•D ÌÆÔπ[ ∂·°ÔÁ·•D, (Component)ÔV‚¶ ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D √B[√|›>ÈVD.

3. ÌÆÔπ[ \]©∏_ c^· ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ ÔV‚¶ ∂º>ƒ\B›]_ ÿ\V›>D x¬˛B›mkD ÿ√≈V> WÁÈl_ Ì‚|©√‚Á¶s·¬Ô©√¶D (Multiple Bar) √B[√|›>©√¶ÈVD.

4. ÌÆÔπ[ Œ©AÁ\ \]©∏_ (RelativeValue) c^·ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ s·¬Ô ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÿ√VÚ›>

\V™>VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.

5. ÌÆÔ^ ∂]Ô ®ıË¬ÁÔloÚ¬˛[≈ º√Vm k‚¶

s·¬Ô©√¶D tÔ°D ÿ√VÚ›>\V™m.

ÿ\V›>›Á>•D Œ©AÁ\ s˛>›Á>•D ÔV‚¶ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

∂]ÔD √B™π¬ÔÌΩB>VzD.

\u≈ kÁÔBV™ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ

√B[√|›>©√¶Vs‚¶VKD EÈ z§©∏‚¶ >[Á\ÔÁ·s·¬zk>uÔVÔ cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ô^, A^π sk´©√¶∫Ô^,


237(Cartogram) ƒm´∫Ô^, ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ º√V[≈

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D ´·suz √B[√|˛[≈™.

kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ (Graphs)

A^πlB_ gFs_ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´km º√VÈ

kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™. kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ A^πlB_

sk´∫ÔÁ· ƒˆBVÔ, \uÆD ÿ>πkVÔ ÔV‚|˛[≈™. kÁ´√¶∫Ô^

kÁ´km ®πm. gF°¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ

√B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ (Time Series)\uÆD ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ (Frequency distribution)g˛BÁkÔπ[ ÷B_AÔÁ·© √u§ ∂§k>uz kÁ´√¶∫Ô^

tÔ°D c>sBVÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.

kÁ´√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^ :kÁ´√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^ :kÁ´√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^ :kÁ´√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^ :kÁ´√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Graphs)

kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ÔVÈDƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒl[ (Timefseries)÷B_AÔÁ· s·¬zk>uzD WÔµÿkı √´k_ÔÁ·

s·¬zk>uzD kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.

1. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶D : 1. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶D : 1. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶D : 1. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶D : 1. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶D : (Time Series Graph)

ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶ÏkˆÁƒl[ ÷B_AÔÁ· s·¬zk>uz

kÁ´B©√|D kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ÔVÈDƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶∫Ô^

®™©√|˛[≈™. ÷ÀkÁ´√¶›]_ Xk∂flE_ ÔVÈxD, Yj∂flE_

\V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔ”D z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔVÈ›]uzD

cˆB \]©AÔ^ A^πBVÔ kÁ´√¶›]_ z§¬Ô©√‚| ∂©A^πÔ^

ºÂÏ ºÔV|Ô·V_ ÷Á¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ kÁ´√¶D Œ[Æ

kÁ´√¶›>Vπ_ (Graph Paper) kÁ´Ô.

238


kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔÁ·z§©∏‚| kÁ´Õm Œ©∏‚|© √VÏ¬ÔÈVD. c>V´\VÔ, ÷Úgı|Ôπ_ ºÔVmÁ\ cu√›]lÁ™ z§›m kÁ´√¶DkÁ´Õm ÷´ıÁ¶•D Œ©∏‚| ∂§BÈVD.

2. ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ s·¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^: 2. ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ s·¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^: 2. ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ s·¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^: 2. ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ s·¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^: 2. ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ s·¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^: (FrequencyGraph)

Ï ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ (FrequencygDistribution)s·¬Ô© √¶\VÔ z§©∏|D xÁ≈¬z ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ´√¶D®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷ku§_ ÂV[z kÁÔÔ^ c^·™. ∂Ák,

1. ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D (Line Graph)

2. √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ (Histograms)

3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD (Frequency Polygon)

4. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV| (Frequency Curve)

240


g™ √¶D ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D gzD. ÷]_, ∂ÁÈÿkı√´ko[ ∏ˆ° ®_ÁÈÔ^ (ClassgBoundries) BV°D kˆÁƒBVÔ˛Á¶BflE[º\_ (Xpaxis) z§¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∏ˆ° ÷Á¶ÿkπÔπ[º\_ (Classkintervals) ŒÀÿkVÚ ∏ˆ°Ôπ[ ∂ÁÈÿkıÔ”¬zƒ\\V™ √´©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.÷ÀkVÆ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ ∂¶∫˛B kÁ´√¶›]uz√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.

√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D s·¬ÔD: √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D s·¬ÔD: √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D s·¬ÔD: √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D s·¬ÔD: √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D s·¬ÔD: (Illustration of Histogram)

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kK¬ÔV™ √´k_ÿƒÀkÔD kÁ´Ô. (ºÂÏ ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶›]uÔV™ A^π sk´›Á>ÿÔVı| √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ©√¶D kÁ´B©√‚|^·m.

3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD : 3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD : 3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD : 3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD : 3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD : (Frequency Polygon):

√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© (FrequencyhPolygon) √¶›][ ŒÀÿkVÚÿƒÀkÔ›][ º\_A≈›][ Â|©A^πÔÁ· ºÂÏºÔV|Ô·V_÷Á›>V_ ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m. ÷>[

242


Á\B© √z]ÁB ÷Á¬˛[≈º√Vm ∂ÁÈÿkı

√_ºÔV›][ √´©Á√•D ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Ω[ √´©√·°D

ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Á¶ ÿƒÀkÔ©√¶D

kÁ´Õm ∂>[ *m kÁ´BÈVD ∂_Èm ºÂ´ΩBVÔ°D kÁ´BÈVD.

∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Ω[ JÈD ∂ÁÈÿkı √´ko[

xÔ‚¶·Ák \]©∏¶ÈVD. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ´√¶D ÔË>©

A^πlBo_ E≈Õ>ÿ>VÚ √∫z k˛¬˛[≈m. ∂ÁÈÿkı

kÁ·¬ºÔV|Ô^ ƒ\flÊ´VÔ ∂Á\•D º√Vm ∂m ƒ\flÊÏ

kÁ·ºÔV|Ô^ (Normal Curve) ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

x[ >´©√‚|^· A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ kÁ·ºÔV|

∏[kÚ\VÆ ∂Á\˛≈m.

\V]ˆs™VsÁ¶:\V]ˆs™VsÁ¶:\V]ˆs™VsÁ¶:\V]ˆs™VsÁ¶:\V]ˆs™VsÁ¶:

1. gFkV·´V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D A^π sk´∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m?

(A) x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D.

(B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D


243(C) J[≈VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: (A)x>_ WÁÈ©A^π sk´Dx>_ WÁÈ©A^π sk´Dx>_ WÁÈ©A^π sk´Dx>_ WÁÈ©A^π sk´Dx>_ WÁÈ©A^π sk´D

2. x[º√ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m?

(A) x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(C) \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A

(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: (B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

3. ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ √_ºkÆ kÁÔBV™

>[Á\ºÔu√ √È ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ √Vz√V| ÿƒF•D xÁ≈¬z ®[™

ÿ√BÏ?

(A) ∂‚¶kÁl|>_ (B) kÁÔ©√|›m>_

(C) s·¬Ô©√¶D (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: (B) kÁÔ©√|›m>_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_

4. gF°¬ÔVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚|^· sk´∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mD

xøÁ\BVÔ z§©∏¶©√|km ®m?

(A) >MºÂV¬z©√‚ΩB_ (B) ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ

(C) ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ

sÁ¶: (sÁ¶: (sÁ¶: (sÁ¶: (sÁ¶: ( C) ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_

244


5. Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ sk´∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏¶ √B[√|D s·¬Ô©√¶D

®m?

(A) >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(B) Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(C) ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ

sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: (B) Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

6. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· E§B √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD s·¬zk>uz ®[™

ÿ√BÏ?

(A)k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (B) ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(C) cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶:sÁ¶:sÁ¶:sÁ¶:sÁ¶: (C) cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^

7. Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ÔÁ· ÿ>πkVÔ Œ©∏¶

c>°km ®m?

(A) ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD (B) √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD

(C) ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D (D)∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV|.

sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: (D) ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD

8. ÷Ú z|D√∫Ôπ[ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶ \]©AÔÁ· ÔV‚¶ c>°km

®m?

(A) ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D (B) k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(C) ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: sÁ¶: (C) ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D


245Á\B WÁÈ© º√V¬z ∂·ÁkÔ^:Á\B WÁÈ© º√V¬z ∂·ÁkÔ^:Á\B WÁÈ© º√V¬z ∂·ÁkÔ^:Á\B WÁÈ© º√V¬z ∂·ÁkÔ^:Á\B WÁÈ© º√V¬z ∂·ÁkÔ^:

(Measures of Central Tendency or Averages):

tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ∂·s_ ºƒÔˆ›> A^π sk´∫Ô^

kÁÔ©√|›m>_ JÈxD ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ JÈxD

∑Ú¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

\uÆD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|km A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·

Œ©∏‚| √VÏ©√>uz kƒ]BVÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m.

A^πlB_ gFs[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD ÿ√ÚD ÿ>Vz]BV™

A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ c‚ÔÚ›Á> ∂·Õm ÌÆ›>¬Ô ŒÚ >M

\]©Á√ Ôı|∏Ω©√m gzD. ÷ÀkVÆ ŒÚ ÿ>Vz]l[

Á\B¬ÔÚ›Á> ∂_Èm Á\B WÁÈ©º√V¬˛Á™ ∂·Õm Ì≈›>¬Ô

Ï ∂·Ák Á\B WÁÈ©º√V¬z ∂·Ák ∂_Èm ƒ´Vƒˆ (Average)®™ÈVD.

ƒ´Vƒˆl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ƒ´Vƒˆl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ƒ´Vƒˆl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ƒ´Vƒˆl[ kÁÔÔ^ : ƒ´Vƒˆl[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Average)

ƒ´Vƒˆ √_ºkÆ xÁ≈Ôπ_ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.

∂©√_ºkÆ xÁ≈Ô”¬zºÔu√ √_ºkÆ kÁÔBV™ ƒ´VƒˆÔ^

c^·™. ÷kuÆ^ A^π sk´ gF°¬z ÿ√ˆmD √B[√¶¬

ÌΩB>VÔ ∏[kÚD kÁÔÔ^ ∂Á\˛[≈™.

1. Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ (Arithmetic Mean)

2. ÷Á¶WÁÈB·° (Median)

3. xÔ‚¶·° (Mode)

4. ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Geometric Mean)

5. ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ (Harmonic Mean)

6. WÁ≈l‚¶ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Weighted Average)


247

N= ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

∑x = ÿ\V›> \]©AÔ^

ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ (Direct Method)

1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z:1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z:1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z:1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z:1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z:

ŒÚ kz©∏K^· nÕm \VkÏÔπ[ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^

xÁ≈ºB 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 ÷ku§uÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ıÔÁ·

Ô¬˛|Ô.

yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :

kz©∏[ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı =

= = 80

Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ = 80

∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ka xÁ≈ : ∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ka xÁ≈ : ∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ka xÁ≈ : ∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ka xÁ≈ : ∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ka xÁ≈ : (Short - cut Method)

Û›]´D : Û›]´D : Û›]´D : Û›]´D : Û›]´D : (Formula) :

Nd

Ax ∑+= x = Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ

A = ªÔfl ƒ´Vƒˆ (Assumed mean)

∑ =d

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· \]©∏uzD ªÔfl ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ÷Á¶ºB

c^· sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ (Deviations).

248


\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z :

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ Ì‚|flƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|Ô.

yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:

250



\]©ÿ√ı (x) \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ (f)

fx

20 05 100

25 10 250

30 12 360

35 08 280

40 05 200

N = 40 ∑ fx = 1190

Ì¶|flƒ´Vƒˆ =

75.2940

1190 === ∑Nfx

x

÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°: ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°: ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°: ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°: ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°: (Median)

A^πlBo_ ƒ´Vƒˆ¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°

x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ> Œ[≈VzD. ŒÚ ÿ>Vz]l_ c^·

cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞ÆkˆÁƒBVÔºkV ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒBVÔºkV

®ø]™V_, ∂]_ \›]l_ c^· cÆ©A ÷Á¶WÁÈ gzD.

÷Á¶WÁÈÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÷Á¶WÁÈÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÷Á¶WÁÈÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÷Á¶WÁÈÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÷Á¶WÁÈÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of Median)

ƒ´VƒˆÁB© º√V[Æ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°D ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π

sk´∫Ô”D (Rawhdata), ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD

(Discrete series), ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD

Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.


2511. >M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∂_Èm ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z1. >M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∂_Èm ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z1. >M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∂_Èm ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z1. >M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∂_Èm ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z1. >M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∂_Èm ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z÷Á¶WÁÈ Ô¬˛|>_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ Ô¬˛|>_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ Ô¬˛|>_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ Ô¬˛|>_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ Ô¬˛|>_ (Computation of Median forindividual series or Raw data)

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

÷Á¶WÁÈ =

+

21N

km cÆ©∏[ \]©A

N = ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

>M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©A Ô¬˛|Dº√Vm ∏[kÚDÂÁ¶xÁ≈ÁB© ∏[√u≈ ºkı|D.

1. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∞ÆkˆÁƒ ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_kˆÁƒ©√|›> ºkı|D.

2. Û›]´›Á>© √B[√|›] ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛¶ºkı|D.

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 1. ∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Á¶WÁÈ\]©Á√ ÔVıÔ.

®Á¶ (˛.˛´VD) 150 130 125 160 100 120 140


cÆ©AÔ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

®Á¶ 150 130 125 160 100 120 140

∞ÆkˆÁƒ 100 120 125 130 140 150 160

252


÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = Md =

+

21N km

cÆ©∏[ \]©A

Md =

+

217 km

cÆ©∏[ \]©A

÷Á¶WÁÈ = 4 km \]©A = 130

2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median for Discreteseries)

Û›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´D Md =

+

21N

km

cÆ©∏[ \]©A

N = ∂ÁÈÿkıË[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ


∏[kÚD 46 Â√ÏÔ”Á¶B ®Á¶l[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·ÁkÔ¬˛|Ô.


253

÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° : Md =

+

21N km

cÆ©∏[ \]©A

Md =

+

2146 km

cÆ©∏[ \]©A

= 23.5 km cÆ©∏[ \]©A

÷Á¶WÁÈ = 23.5 km cÆ©∏[ \]©A = 130

3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median forContinuous series)

Ô¬˛|D xÁ≈:Ô¬˛|D xÁ≈:Ô¬˛|D xÁ≈:Ô¬˛|D xÁ≈:Ô¬˛|D xÁ≈:

1) zs° ∂ÁÈÿkı Ô¬˛¶ ºkı|D (c.f)

2) ®Õ> z§©∏‚¶ √´ko_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ÷Ú¬zD ®[√Á>

2N

®[≈ Û›]´›][ JÈD Ô¬˛¶ ºkı|D.

3) Û›]´›Á>© √B[√|›] ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛¶ºkı|D.

Û›]´D: Û›]´D: Û›]´D: Û›]´D: Û›]´D: (Formula)

÷Á¶WÁÈ cxf

fcNl

.2 −+=

= ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[ ˇµ ®_ÁÈ

N = ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

254


c.f = ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆ°¬z xÕÁ>B ∏ˆs[ zs°∂ÁÈÿkı

= = = = = ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[∂ÁÈÿkı

c = ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[ ÷Á¶ÿkπ

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Ô.

\]©ÿ√ı 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

\VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 4 6 10 15 8 7


÷Á¶WÁÈ cxf

fcNl

.2 −+=

25 km cÆ©A

÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 40á50 ∏ˆs_ c^·m.


255

gÔºk,

÷Á¶WÁÈ =

= 43.33

xÔ| xÔ| xÔ| xÔ| xÔ| (Mode)

xÔ| A^πsk´ gF°Ôπ_ √B[√|˛[≈ ŒÚ Á\B©º√V¬z ∂·kVzD. ∂Ω¬ÔΩ º>V[≈¬ÌΩB ∂·°(Freqently)b®[Æ ÷Á>¬ Ì≈ÈVD. xÔ| tÔ ∂]Ô ∂·°∂ÁÈÿkı (Frequency) ÿÔVı¶ ∂·Ák¬ z§©√>VzD.

xÔ‚Á¶ Ô¬˛¶_: xÔ‚Á¶ Ô¬˛¶_: xÔ‚Á¶ Ô¬˛¶_: xÔ‚Á¶ Ô¬˛¶_: xÔ‚Á¶ Ô¬˛¶_: (Calculation of Mode)

\u≈ ƒ´VƒˆÔÁ·© º√VÈ √z¬Ô©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô”D(Ungroupedfdata) ∂_Èm >M› ÿ>Vz]¬zD (IndividualSeries) ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ÿ>Vz]¬zD ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÿ>Vz]¬zD xÔ|Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ xÔ‚¶·Ák Ô¬˛|Ô.

Ìo (‘√Vl_): 100, 150, 120, 100, 120, 130, 120, 110, 120.


÷]_ 120 ∂]Ô >¶ÁkÔ^ kÕ]Ú©√>V_ xÔ‚¶·° 120gÔ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m. ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ \]©AÔ^Œº´ ®ıË¬ÁÔl_ ]ÚD√› ]ÚD√ kÕ>V_ ÷´ı| ∂_Èm∂>uz º\u√‚¶ xÔ|Ô^ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈™.


257


∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ xÔ| ÔVıÔ.


xÔ|© ∏ˆ° : 20-30

xÔ| = =

=

= 25.714

ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Geometric Mean)

‘n’ cÆ©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[√m∂›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ®_ÈV cÆ©AÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ n kmkÏ¬Ô JÈ\VzD (Root).

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

G.M = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

258


(i.e) G.M = Antilog of

ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of GeometricMean)

>M›ÿ>Vz] >M›ÿ>Vz] >M›ÿ>Vz] >M›ÿ>Vz] >M›ÿ>Vz] (Individual Series)


∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.

nÕm Â√ÏÔπ[ ®Á¶: 100, 120, 140, 85, 110 (˛.˛)


GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ


259

= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ ( 2.0392 )

GM = 109.4

2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>Vz]l[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_:2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>Vz]l[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_:2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>Vz]l[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_:2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>Vz]l[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_:2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>Vz]l[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_:(Calculation of Geometric mean for discrete series) ; ; ; ; ;

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ


∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.

yÏ°:

260


ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ = 23.93

ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ : ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ : ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ : ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ : ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ : (Geometric mean for

continuous series)

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ


∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:


261

ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ =

∑

Nxf

Antilog

log

GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ =

ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = 23.9247

÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ (Harmonic Mean)

÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ ®[√m ŒÚ √´ko_ c^· \]©AÔπ[ >ÁÈˇµ\]©AÔπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆl[ >ÁÈˇµ \]©√VzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^·\]©AÔ^ (a, b, c, d,…….n) ®[≈V_, ÷>[

÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ =

nba

N1.....11 +++

1. >M›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_1. >M›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_1. >M›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_1. >M›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_1. >M›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_(Computation of Harmonic Mean for Individual Series)

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

nba

NMH1.....11

.+++

=

(∂_Èm)

262


\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z 1 :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z 1 :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z 1 :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z 1 :\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z 1 :

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Áƒflƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.

20, 25, 40, 30, 35.


÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ (H.M)

÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ 28.25


263

2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶_2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶_2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶_2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶_2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶_(Calculation of H.M. for Discrete Series)

Û›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´D:::::




264


÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ

÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ = 20.33

3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ 3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ (Calculation of

Harmonic Mean for Continuous Series)

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ =




265


H.M =

=

H.M = 20.33

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1

1. x›m ®[√kÏ >[–Á¶B J[Æ zwÕÁ>Ô”¬zDxÁ≈ºB ‘.500, ‘.400, ‘.600 ÿÔV|¬˛[≈VÏ. gÔºk ƒ´Vƒˆÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿ>VÁÔl[ Ì|>_

ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ zwÕÁ>Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔyÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:

500 + 400 + 600

ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ááááááááááááááááá = 500 3 ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ‘. 500

266


®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2ŒÚ \Vk[ nÕm √V¶∫Ôπ_ ÿ√u≈ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^

xÁ≈ºB 50, 40, 60, 80 \u≈D 55. ®™ºk, ∂Õ> \VkM[ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı ®[™?

\]©ÿ√ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 50 + 40 + 60 + 80 + 55

ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı = ááááááááááááááááááá = --ááááááááááááááááááááá √V¶∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 5

= 57

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : ®|›m¬ÔV‚| : ®|›m¬ÔV‚| : ®|›m¬ÔV‚| : ®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 3

ŒÚ kz©∏_ c^· \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 65.∂kÏÔ^ ÔË>©√V¶›]_ \‚|D ÿ√u≈ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı 50 ®M_,∂kÏÔ^ ÔË>© √V¶›]_ ÿ√u≈ ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ı ®[™?


ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ıÔ^

ƒ´Vƒˆ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááá \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ = ƒ´Vƒˆ $ \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ = 50 $ 65 = 3250

®|›m¬ÔV‚| :®|›m¬ÔV‚| :®|›m¬ÔV‚| :®|›m¬ÔV‚| :®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 4

ŒÚ \Vk[ ÂV[z √V¶∫Ôπ_ ÿ√u≈ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^xÁ≈ºB 50,ï60, 62 \uÆD 48. ®™ºk, ∂kM[ ƒ´Vƒˆ\]©ÿ√ı 55 gzD. gEˆBÏ ∂Õ> \VkM[ ÂV[z √V¶›]KDxÁ≈ºB 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ ∂]ÔD º√V‚¶V_ ∂Õ> \VkM[ A]Bƒ´Vƒˆ ®[™?


267

yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°: Ì‚¶©√‚¶ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ xÁ≈ºB 60, 70, 72, \uÆD 58.

Ì‚¶©√‚¶ \]©ÿ√ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 60 + 70 + 72 + 58

ƒ´Vƒˆ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá = ááááááááááááááááá √V¶∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 4

= 65

®™ºk, ŒÀÿkVÚ \]©ÿ√ıb¶[ 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ Ì‚Ω™V_ƒ´VƒˆlKD 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ Ì|D.


ŒÚ kz©∏_ c^· 40 \VkÏÔπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ kBm 20.∂Õ> kz©∏_ c^· gEˆBˆ[ kBÁ>¬ Ì‚|D º√Vm ƒ´Vƒˆ 21gÔ \VÆ˛[≈m ®M_, ∂Õ> gEˆBˆ[ kBm ®[™?


40 \VkÏÔπ[ ÿ\V›> kBm = 40 $ 20 = 800 gı|Ô^.

gEˆBˆ[ kBÁ>¬ Ì‚Ω™V_ ÿ\V›> kBm = 41 $ 21 = 861gı|Ô^

gEˆBˆ[ kBm = 861 - 800 = 61 gı|Ô^.

z§©A:z§©A:z§©A:z§©A:z§©A:

40 \VkÏÔ”¶[ gEˆBÁ´¬ Ì‚Ω™V_ ®ıË¬ÁÔ = 41.


ŒÚkÏ >fiÁƒloÚÕm ]ÚflE¬z \Ë¬z 50 ˛.*ºkÔ›]_ ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. ∂kÏ ]ÚD√°D \Ë¬z 30 ˛. * ºkÔ›]_>fiÁƒÁB ∂Á¶˛[≈VÏ ®M_, ∂kˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD (AverageSpeed) ®[™?

268


yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°:

ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD =

ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD = = 37.5 km/hr

∂kˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD = 37.5 km/hr

÷Á¶WÁÈ:÷Á¶WÁÈ:÷Á¶WÁÈ:÷Á¶WÁÈ:÷Á¶WÁÈ:


ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ÔVıÔ.58, 62, 66, 60, 61, 65, 69.


ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔÁ· ∞Æ ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_ ®ø]™V_,Â| ®ıV™m ÷Á¶WÁÈ gzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[∞ÆkˆÁƒ : 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69.

gÔºk, ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 62


ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ÔVıÔ.

14, 8, 22, 25, 15, 10, 12, 16

yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°: ∞Æ kˆÁƒ = 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 25

÷Á¶WÁÈ = = 14.5

gÔºk, ÷Á¶WÁÈ = 14.5.

270



ÛÛÛÛÛ›]´D:›]´D:›]´D:›]´D:›]´D:

G.M = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ =

= 7.999 ≅ 8.0

÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ:÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ:÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ:÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ:÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ:


ˇºw c^· ®ıÔ”¬z ÷Áflƒ´Vƒˆ ÔVıÔ.

8, 3, 4, 5 \uÆD 2.


271


Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

H.M =

H.M = = 3.551

z§©A : z§©A : z§©A : z§©A : z§©A : (x¬˛B Û›]´∫Ô^ x¬˛B Û›]´∫Ô^ x¬˛B Û›]´∫Ô^ x¬˛B Û›]´∫Ô^ x¬˛B Û›]´∫Ô^ Important Formula)

1. ƒ´Vƒˆ =

21

(3 ÷Á¶WÁÈ á xÔ|).

2. ƒ´Vƒˆ á xÔ| = 3 (ƒ´Vƒˆ á ÷Á¶WÁÈ).

3. ÷Á¶WÁÈ = xÔ| + 32

(ƒ´Vƒˆ á xÔ|).


273

60 = 100

x = 100

= 25


100 º√Ï ÿÔVı¶ zøs[ ƒ´Vƒˆ cB´D 165 ÿƒ.* \uÆD\VÆ√V‚|¬ÿÔø 3.5%. ∂kÏÔ^ cB´›][ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?

yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°

®™ºk, ∂kÏÔ^ cB´›][ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD = 5.775.

E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ (Measures of Dispersion)

E>≈_ ∂·Ák á s·¬ÔD:E>≈_ ∂·Ák á s·¬ÔD:E>≈_ ∂·Ák á s·¬ÔD:E>≈_ ∂·Ák á s·¬ÔD:E>≈_ ∂·Ák á s·¬ÔD:

ƒ´VƒˆÁB ∑u§ cÆ©AÔπ[ E>≈_ >[Á\ÁB© √u§B∂·Ák E>≈_ ∂·ÁkBVzD. ∂>Vkm Ï √´ko[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB

274


∑u§ ∂©√´ko[ cÆ©AÔ^ E>§¬ ¶¬zD >[Á\ E>≈_ ∂_Èm√´°ÁÔ (Dispersion) ®™©√|˛[≈m. ÷Á> E>≈_ >[Á\ (Degreeof Scatter) ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.

E>≈_ ∂·Ákl[ kÁÔÔ^: E>≈_ ∂·Ákl[ kÁÔÔ^: E>≈_ ∂·Ákl[ kÁÔÔ^: E>≈_ ∂·Ákl[ kÁÔÔ^: E>≈_ ∂·Ákl[ kÁÔÔ^: (Different Measures ofDispersion)

E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ √È c^·™. ∂ku§_x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·Vk™,

1. Tfl∑ (Range)

2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD (Quartile Deviation)

3. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ( Mean Deviation)

4. >´sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD g˛B™x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·VzD.

1. Tfl∑: 1. Tfl∑: 1. Tfl∑: 1. Tfl∑: 1. Tfl∑: (Range)

E>≈_ ∂·°Ôπ_ ÔË©√>uz tÔ ®πÁ\BV™m.tÔ©ÿ√ˆB cÆ©A¬zD (Largestgitems) tÔfl E§B cÆ©A¬zD(Smallest items) ÷Á¶ºB c^· ºkÆ√V‚Ωuz Tfl∑ ®_ÁÈ ®[Æÿ√BÏ.

tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ®ı á tÔfl E§B ®ı

Tfl∑¬ÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ®ı + tÔfl E§B ®ı

Tfl∑¬ÿÔø: Tfl∑¬ÿÔø: Tfl∑¬ÿÔø: Tfl∑¬ÿÔø: Tfl∑¬ÿÔø: (Co-efficient of Range)

Co-efficient of Range =


275


ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔ”¬z Tfl∑ \uÆD Tfl∑¬ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.

2, 8, 4, 3, 12yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :

Tfl∑ =Tfl∑ =Tfl∑ =Tfl∑ =Tfl∑ =

Tfl∑ = 12 - 2 = 10

Tfl∑¬ÿÔø Tfl∑¬ÿÔø Tfl∑¬ÿÔø Tfl∑¬ÿÔø Tfl∑¬ÿÔø =

=====

Tfl∑¬ÿÔø =Tfl∑¬ÿÔø =Tfl∑¬ÿÔø =Tfl∑¬ÿÔø =Tfl∑¬ÿÔø = 0.7143.

2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD: 2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD: 2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD: 2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD: 2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD: (Quartile Deviation)

“ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD ®[√m ÷´ı| ÔV_\V™∫Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºBc^· ºkÆ√V‚Ω_ √V] ” ®[Æ kÁ´BÆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ÷m Q.D®[≈ ®ø›>V_ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m.

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD =

ÔV_\V™∫Ô”¬˛Á¶ºBBV™ ºkÆ√V| ÔV_\V™ ÷Á¶ÿkπ(InterjQuartilegRange) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ®™ºkÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô›Á> ÔV_\V™ ÷Á¶ÿkπl_ √V] (Semi–Inter\Quartile Range) ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø

276



∏[kÚD ®ıÔ”¬z ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD ÔV_\V™sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.

2 ,7, 3, 8, 5.


ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD2

13 QQ −=

=

+

41N km

\]©A =

46 km

\]©A

= ( )5.1 \]©A

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔ^ ∞ÆkˆÁƒl_ 2, 3, 4, 7, 8

= = 2.5

= ( )

+

413 N

km \]©A = ( )

+

4153

km

= ( )5.4 km \]©A

= = 7.5

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD = = 2.5

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø = = 0.5.


277\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 3\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 3

∏[kÚDA^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD \uÆDÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.


278


= 37.333

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD 2

13 QQ −= 4165.7

25.22333.37 =−=

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø 2479.05.22333.375.22333.37

13

13 =+−=

+−

=QQQQ

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD (Mean Deviation)

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ®[√m ŒÚ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm Ô¬˛¶©√|DsÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ gzD. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔDÔ¬˛|Dº√Vm cÆ©AÔπ[ sÈ¬ÔD ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕº>V,÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕº>V ∂_Èm xÔ‚ΩoÚÕº>V®|¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm®|¬Ô©√‚¶V_ E≈Õ> xΩ°ÔÁ· >Ú˛[≈m. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›][\]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Dº√Vm ºÂÏÔËB (Positive), ®]ÏÔËB(Negative) z§Ô^ >sÏ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ®_ÈV \]©AÔ”DºÂÏÔËB\VÔ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛≈m.

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation of MeanDeviation)

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D: M.D

ND∑ ; ∑D = ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂_Èm xÔ|

∂·s[ sÈÔ›][ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ.

N = ÷™∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ.


∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á>

(∂) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·soÚÕmD,(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕmD Ô¬˛|Ô.®Á¶Ô^: 90, 100, 125, 115, 110.


279

yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: (∂) ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_ ;(Calculation Of Mean Deviation from Median)

®Á¶

(∞Æ kˆÁƒl_)

÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm

sÈ¬ÔD (D = 110) 90

100

20

10

110 0

115 5

125 15

∑x = 540 ∑ D = 50

Mean Deviation = ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = M.D = ND∑

∑D

= ÷Á¶WÁÈ sÈ¬Ô›][ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ ± z§ >sÏ¬Ô

ºkı|D

N = cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

÷Á¶WÁÈ =

+

21N

km cÆ©∏[ \]©A

÷Á¶WÁÈ =

+

21N

km

cÆ©A = 3 km cÆ©A

gÔºk, 3ákm cÆ©∏[ ∂·° 110.

÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = 550

= 10

280


(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:(Calculation of Mean deviation from Mean)

ƒ´Vƒˆ =

Nx

x ∑= ; ∑ == 5,540 Nx

1085

540 ==x

gÔºk, ƒ´Vƒˆ = 108.

®Á¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬ÔD (A=108)

D

90

100

125

115

110

18

8

17

7

2

∑ D = 52

ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = ND∑

= = 10.4


281

ÿ>V¶ÏEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD: ÿ>V¶ÏEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD: ÿ>V¶ÏEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD: ÿ>V¶ÏEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD: ÿ>V¶ÏEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD: (Calculation of MeanDeviation for Discrete series)

Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = NDf∑

=∑ Df

÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD

∂ÁÈÿkıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬z› ÿ>VÁÔ,

=∑ f ÿ\V›> ∂ÁÈÿkı.


∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫¬ÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á>÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕmD, ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕmD Ô¬˛|Ô.

X 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

F 2 4 9 18 27 25 14 1

yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°: ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:

. D Df

20 02 02 06 12

18 04 06 04 16

16 09 15 02 18

14 18 33 0 0

12 27 60 02 54

10 25 85 04 100

08 14 99 06 84

06 01 100 08 8

N=100 ∑ Df = 292

282


÷Á¶WÁÈ =

+

21N

km

cÆ©A =

+

21100 km

cÆ©A

= 50.5 km cÆ©A = 12

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD =

92.2100292 ==∑

NDf

ƒ´Vƒˆ = Nfx

x ∑= = 1001200

= 12

ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation ofMean Deviation from Mean)

)12(; xDD −= Df

20 02 40 8 16

18 04 72 6 24

16 09 144 4 36

14 18 252 2 36

12 27 324 0 0

10 25 250 2 50

08 14 112 4 56

06 01 006 06 06

N=100 ∑ =1200fx ∑ Df = 224

ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD :

(Mean Deviation from Mean) = 24.2100224 =


283

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔøƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔøƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔøƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔøƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔø (Coefficient of Mean Deviation)ŒÚ √´ko[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á> ∂m ®Õ> ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm

ÿ√≈©√‚¶º>V ∂Õ> ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÿÔVıº¶ kz›m ∂flƒ´VƒˆsÈ¬Ô›]uzˆB ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔø Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔøsuÔV™ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔøsuÔV™ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔøsuÔV™ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔøsuÔV™ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔøsuÔV™ Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:Û›]´D:

÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·soÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶V_,

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD (Mean Deviation) ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° (Median)Ì‚|fl ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶V_,

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD (Mean Deviation) ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá Ì‚|fl ƒ´Vƒˆ (Mean)

]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm >´sÈ¬ÔD: ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm >´sÈ¬ÔD: ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm >´sÈ¬ÔD: ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm >´sÈ¬ÔD: ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm >´sÈ¬ÔD: (Standard Deviation)˛º´¬Ô ÿ\Val_ ®[≈ ®ø›>V_ z§¬Ô©√|D ]‚¶

sÈ¬ÔD E>≈_ ∂·Ák¬ z§¬zD tÔfl E≈Õ> ∂·ÁkBVzD.

]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_:]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_:]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_:]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_:]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation of StandardDeviation)

>M›ÿ>Vz]>M›ÿ>Vz]>M›ÿ>Vz]>M›ÿ>Vz]>M›ÿ>Vz] (Individual Series): >M› ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|k]_ ÷Ú xÁ≈Ô^ c^·™.

1. sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ®|©√m.(Deviation taken from Actual Mean)

2. ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|©√m.(Deviation taken from Assumed Mean)

284


cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_.sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_.sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_.sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_.sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_.

Û›]´D : Û›]´D : Û›]´D : Û›]´D : Û›]´D : = = = = = Nd∑ 2

; = ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ;

∑ 2d = sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ kÏ¬Ô› ÿ>VÁÔ

N = cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ.


∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVıÔ.

kÚ\V™D : 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100


kÚ\V™D

X = 70

xxd −= ( )22 XXd −=

40 -30 900

50 -20 400

60 -10 100

70 0 0

80 10 100

90 20 400

100 30 900

∑X =490 ( )∑ − XX = 0 ( )2∑ − XX = 2800

286


yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :yÏ° :

60; −=−= xdAxd 2d

50 -10 100

40 -20 400

60 0 0

90 30 900

95 35 1225

70 10 100

80 20 400

∑d = 65 2∑ d = 3125

=

979.18765

73125 222

=

−=

− ∑∑

Nd

Nd

S.D = 18.97

ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVb>_:ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVb>_:ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVb>_:ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVb>_:ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVb>_:(Calculation of Standard Deviation for Discrete Series)

Û›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´DÛ›]´D

22

−= ∑∑

Nd

Nd

σ


287

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 8 \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 8 \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 8 \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 8 \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 8 ∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô\]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Ô.

kÚ\V™D : x 10 12 17 21 26

f 2 4 8 5 1


ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:

2

10 2 -7 -14 098

12 4 -5 -20 100

17 8 0 0 000

21 5 4 +20 080

26 1 +9 +9 081

N = 20 ∑ fd = 5 ∑ 2fd = 359

16.420

520

359 222

=

−−=

−= ∑∑

Nd

Nd

σ

16.4=σ

288


√luE¬ Ô¬z:√luE¬ Ô¬z:√luE¬ Ô¬z:√luE¬ Ô¬z:√luE¬ Ô¬z:

11111 ) 15, 18, 15, 16, 14, 12, 15, 10, 18, 15 ®[≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xÔ| ®[™?

a) 15 b) 18 c) 0 d) 62) 3, 7, 5, 10, 8, 12 ÷ku§[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ®[™?

a) 7 b) 8 c)7. 5 d) 13) 8, 5, 4, 9, 11, 17 ®[≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xÔ| ®[™?

a) 1 b) 0 c) 9 d) xÔ|÷_ÁÈ.

4) 10, 12, 25, 14, 52, 8 ®[˛≈ A^πÔπ[ Tfl∑ (Range) ®[™?

a) 44 b) 60 c) 13 d) 12.14

5) nÕm ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 4, ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıb¶–D 5 g_ÿ√Ú¬Ô¬ ˛Á¶¬zD A]B ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?

a) 20 b) 4 c) 25 d) 9

6) Tfl∑ ®™©√|km?

a) cBÏÕ> \]©A $ zÁ≈Õ> \]©A

b) cBÏÕ> \]©A + zÁ≈Õ> \]©A

c) cBÏÕ> \]©A ÷ zÁ≈Õ> \]©A

d) cBÏÕ> \]©A - zÁ≈Õ> \]©A

7) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞Æ kˆÁƒ ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_®ø>,k∂ku§[ Â| cÆ©∏[ \]©A ®™©√|km BVm?

a) Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ b) xÔ| c) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° d) Tfl∑


289

8) ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ®[™?15 , 18, 9 , 12 , 10 , 25, 13.

a)15 b) 12 c) 13 d) 109) Â¶¬Ô ÷BÈV> WÔµflEl[ WÔµ>Ô° ®[™?

a) 1 b) 0 c)2 d) 1/2

10) 50 A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ 25, ∂ku§[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 5®M_, kÏ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|› ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?

a)1250 b) 6250 c)32500 d) 250

11) ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ \VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø 70% \uÆD ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 12.6®M_, ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÔVıÔ.

a) 18 b) 88.2 c) 30%d) ÷ku§_ ®m°t_ÁÈ.

12) nÕm ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 3.12 ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıb¶–D3n¬ Ì‚¶ A]B ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?

a) 6.12 b) 3.12 c) 18.12 d) 9.3613) √›m ®ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 550 ∂ku§[ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD 9 ®M_,∂ku§[ sÈ¬Ô kÏ¬Ô ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[™?

a) 3 b) 81 c) 500 d) 55

sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:

1. (A) xÔ| ®[√m ∂]Ô xÁ≈ ÔV©√|D cÆ©A gzD. 15 ®[≈®ı 4 xÁ≈, 18 ®[≈ ®ı 2 xÁ≈•D kÕm^·m. gÔºk xÔ|15.

2. (C) ∞Æ kˆÁƒ 3, 5, 7, 8,10,12 ; ÷ÁWÁÈB·° = 7.5.

290


3. (D) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂Á™›m ®ıÔ”D ŒÚ xÁ≈>V[kÕm^·m. ®™ºk xÔ| ÷_ÁÈ.

4. (A) Tfl∑ = tÔ©ÿ√ˆB \]©A á tÔflE§B \]©A = 52 - 8 = 44.

5. (A) ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıÁ•D ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ®ıV_ ÿ√Ú¬Ô]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á>•D ∂º> ®ıV_ ÿ√Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.

®™ºk ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = .

6. (D) Tfl∑ ®[√m cBÏÕ> \uÆD zÁ≈Õ> \]©AÔπ[s›]BVƒD.

7. (C) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°

8. (C) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ∞ÆkˆÁƒ : 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 25

÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 13

9 (B) ŒÚ ÂVB›Á> ∑ı|Dº√Vm ®ı 5 ˛Á¶¬z\V?˛Á¶¬ÔVm. ®™ºk Â¶¬Ô ÷BÈV> WÔµflEl[

WÔµ>Ô° = 0.

10 (C)

( )22

2 xnx

−= ∑σ

25 = ( )22

2550

−∑ x


291

5062525

2∑=+x

32500650502 =×=∑x

11. (A) \VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø (C.V) = 1810070

6.12100 =×=×xσ

®™ºk, ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ

X

= 18

12. (B) ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ı–¶–D, ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ®ıÁ¬

Ì‚Ω™V_ ∂>[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›]_ \Vu≈D ∞u√¶Vm.

]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = 3.12

13. (B) ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = iancevar

sÈ¬Ô kÏ¬Ô ƒ´Vƒˆ = ( ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD )2 = 92 = 81

ƒ>T>D ƒ>T>D ƒ>T>D ƒ>T>D ƒ>T>D (Percentage)

ƒ>T>D ®[√m ±uÆ¬z ®Àk·° ®[√º> gzD.

c>V´\VÔc>V´\VÔc>V´\VÔc>V´\VÔc>V´\VÔ, 50% ®[√Á> 10050

®™ ®ø>ÈVD.

0.6% ®[√Á> 1006.0

®™°D 10006

®™°D ®ø>ÈVD.


20á_ 5 ®[√m ®›>Á™ ƒ>T>D?

292



ƒ>T>D =

×100

205

% = 25%


‘.4000- _, 15% ®Àk·° ‘√VF?

‘√VF = 600400010015 =×

®™ºk, ‘.4000 á _ 15% ®[√m ‘.600/-n¬ z§¬zD.


ŒÚ mË¬ÔÁ¶l_ ‘.20,000/-¬z mË ®|›>V_ 5% >^”√Ω

®™ ÿƒV[™V_, ®Àk·° ‘√VF >^”√Ω ÿƒFkVÏÔ^?


>^”√Ω = 100020000100

5 =×

®™ºk, ‘.1000 n >^”√Ω ÿƒFkVÏÔ^.

÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^:÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^:÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^:÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^:÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^:

Aál[ kÚ\V™D B-l[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ R% ∂]ÔD

®M_, B-l[ kÚ\V™D Aál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶


293

00100

100

×

+ RR

zÁ≈°.

A ál[ kÚ\V™D B ál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ R %

zÁ≈° ®M_, Bál[ kÚ\V™D Aál[

kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ 00100

100

×

− RR

∂]ÔD.

®|›m¬ÔV‚|:4®|›m¬ÔV‚|:4®|›m¬ÔV‚|:4®|›m¬ÔV‚|:4®|›m¬ÔV‚|:4

Ajl[ kÚ\V™D B -l[ kÚ\V™›Á> s¶ 20 ƒ>T>D ∂]ÔD

®M_, B ál[ kÚ\V™D A l[ kÚ\V™›Á> s¶ ®Àk·°

ƒ>T>D zÁ≈°?


00100

100

×

+ RR

= 00100

2010020

×

+ )20( 00=R

00

00 17667.16 ≅=

®™ºk, B-l[ kÚ\V™D Aál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶

0017

zÁ≈°.

®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 5®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 5®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 5®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 5®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 5

ŒÚ Áƒ¬˛π[ sÁÈ 15% cBÏ˛≈m. ÷m ÿ>ˆBV\_ ŒÚkÏ

Áƒ¬˛π[ √ÁwB sÁÈÁB Ô¬˛_ Ák›m √D ÿÔVı|

ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. ®™ºk, ∂kÏ ÿÔV^x>ÁÈ (Áƒ¬˛π[

®ıË¬ÁÔÁB) ®›>Á™ ƒ>T>D zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D?

294


yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: Áƒ¬˛π[ sÁÈ 15% cBÏ˛[≈m.

R=15%

00

00

00

23113

1151500100

1510015100

100==

×

+=

×

+ RR

®™ºk, ∂kÏ Áƒ¬˛π[ ®ıË¬ÁÔÁB 00

23113 zÁ≈¬Ô

ºkı|D.

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬z\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬z\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬z\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬z\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬z:

ŒÚ ´V\›]_ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ >uƒ\BD P ®[Ô. ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D

R% \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬zD ®[≈V_,

l‘n’\kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z© ∏≈z \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ=nRP

+

1001

‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = ( )nRP

1001+


ŒÚ ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 7000 º√Ï. ∂Õ> ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^

ÿ>VÁÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D 4% ∂]Ôˆ¬˛[≈m ®[≈V_, 2

gı|Ô”¬z© ∏≈z ∂Õ>¬ ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?

yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°:yÏ°: ‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z© ∏≈z \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = ( )nR

P

1001+


295

÷∫z, n = 2 gı|Ô^, R = 4% P = 7000

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 75712.7571100

4170002

≅=

+

®™ºk, 2 gı|Ô”¬z© ∏≈z, ∂Õ> ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ

7571.


Ï ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 44,100 º√Ï. ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^

ÿ>VÁÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D 4% cBÏ˛≈m ®[≈V_, 2

gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®Àk·° º√Ï?

yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ° :

‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = ( )nRP

1001+

÷]_ , P = 44100, n = 2, R = 4%

/ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = ( ) 4077392.40772

10041

441002 ≅=

+

®™ºk, 2 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =

40773 º√Ï.

296


º>F\V™¬ Ô¬ˇ|Ô^ º>F\V™¬ Ô¬ˇ|Ô^ º>F\V™¬ Ô¬ˇ|Ô^ º>F\V™¬ Ô¬ˇ|Ô^ º>F\V™¬ Ô¬ˇ|Ô^ (Depreciation)

ŒÚ ÷BÕ]´›][ >uº√VÁ>B sÁÈ P ®[Ô. ∂m ºkÁÈ

ÿƒFk>V_ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D ∂>[ sÁÈ zÁ≈•D ®[≈V_,

‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z ∏≈z, ÷BÕ]´›][ sÁÈ =

nRP

−

1001

‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A, ÷BÕ]´›][ sÁÈ = ( )nR

P

1001−


ŒÚ kı› ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚E ÿ√‚ΩÁB ŒÚkÏ ‘.8100¬z

kV∫z˛[≈VÏ. ∂>[ º>F\V™ ƒ>T>D gı|¬z 10% ®[≈V_,

∂Õ> kı›ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚Eÿ√‚Ωl[ sÁÈBV™m

(i) 3 gı|Ô”¬z© ∏[A ®[™?

(ii) 3 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ®[™?

yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°yÏ°

kı›ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚Eÿ√‚Ωl[ >uº√VÁ>B sÁÈ = 8100

º>F\V™ ƒ>T>D = 10%

(i) 3 gı|Ô”¬z ∏[ ∂>[ sÁÈ

= 59059.59041001018100

1001

3

≅=

−=

−

nRP


297

(ii) 3 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂>[ sÁÈ

= ( ) ( ) 1111111.11111100

101

8100

10013 ≅=

−=

−nR

P

®™ºk, sÁÈ 3 gı|Ô”¬z ∏[A ‘.5905, sÁÈ 3

gı|Ô”¬z x[A ‘. 11111.

√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:

1) 8002550 00=× x ®M_, x \]©A ®[™?

a) 4 b) 5 c) 3 d) 6

2) 50% of 0

030+x of 210 ®M_, x -[ \]©A ®[™?

a) 18 b) 72 c) 50 d) 36

3) 75án ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ®ıË[ 75% c¶[ Ì‚|Dº√Vm ∂Õ>

z§©∏‚¶ ®ı ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m ®M_, ∂Õ> ®ı ®m?

a) 75 b) 150 c) 200 d) 300

4) A -[ \]©A B [ \]©∏_ 80% ®[≈V_, A [ \]©∏[ ƒ>T>D

®[™?

a) 100% b) 110% c) 125% d) 150%

298


5) ŒÚ ±ÈÔ›]_ 20% A›>Ô∫Ô^ g∫˛ÈD ƒVÏÕ>Ák.

*>x^·ÁkÔπ_ 50% A›>Ô∫Ô^ >tµ ƒVÏÕ>Ák. \u≈ ÿ\Va

A›>Ô∫Ô^ 800 c^·™. ®™ºk, ®›>Á™ >tµÿ\Va A›>Ô∫Ô^

±ÈÔ›]_ c^·™?

a) 1000 b) 500 c) 300 d) 800

6) ŒÚkˆ[ ƒD√·D 50% zÁ≈¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∏[A ∂kˆ[ ƒD√·D

50% cBÏ›>©√|˛[≈m ®[≈V_, ∂kÏ ∂Á¶km ÷ÈV√\V?

∂_Èm Âi¶\V?

a) 25% ÷ÈV√D b) 25% Âi¶D c) ÷ÈV√xD ÷_ÁÈ

Âi¶xD ÷_ÁÈ d) 2.5% Âi¶D.

7) ŒÚ ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ gıΩuz 15% cBÏ˛≈m. 1998-D

kÚ¶D ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 10000 gzD. ®™ºk, 2000

á D kÚ¶›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®Àk·°?

a) 13000 b) 14000 c) 13225 d) 14225

8) ŒÚ ÿƒÀkÔ›][ ¿·D 20% cBÏ›>©√|˛[≈m. ∂>[ ∂ÔÈD

20% zÁ≈¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ÷Õ> \Vu≈∫Ô·V_ √´©A ®›>Á™

ƒ>T>D zÁ≈•D?

a) 16% b) 40% c) 0% d) 4%


299

9) ŒÚ ƒm´›][ ŒÀÿkVÚ √¬ÔxD 25% cBÏ›>©√|˛[≈m

®[≈V_, ∂>[ √´©A ®Àk·° ƒ>T>D ∂]Ôˆ¬zD?

a) 100% b) 50% c) 56.25% d) 2%

10) 30% of 90 = 27 ®M_, x-[ \]©A ®[™? xa) 0 b) 1 c) 27 d) 25%


1. (a)

825508002550 00 ×===× xx / 4

50825 =×=x

2. (b) 9010030

10050 ×+× x

72362 =×=x

3.(b) ∂Õ> ®ı = x ®[Ô.

xx =+× 7510075

30025

10075 =×=x

/ ∂Õ> ®ı = 300.

300


4.(c) BA10080= ; 100A = 80 B

45=

AB

/ ƒ>T>D = 00125100

45 =×

5) (b) g∫˛È A›>Ô∫Ô^ 20%

*>x^·Ák = 100-20 = 80%

>tµ A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 50% ; *>x^·Ák = 50% of 80

= 004080

10050 =×

\u≈ ÿ\Va A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 100- (20+40) = 100 - 60 = 40%

40% A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 800

®™ºk, >tµ A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 40% = 800

6) ŒÚkˆ[ ƒD√·D = ‘. 100 ®[Ô. 100 - [ 50% =

=×10010050

‘. 50

®™ºk, ∂kˆ[ zÁ≈¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒD√·D = ‘. 100 - 50 = ‘. 50

50 [ 50% = =×5010050

‘. 25


301

®™ºk, ∂kˆ[ cBÏ›>©√‚¶ ƒD√·D ‘. 50 + 25 = ‘. 75.

∂kÏ ∂Á¶Õ> Âi¶D = ‘. 100 - 75 = 25.

Âi¶ ƒ>T>D = 2510010025 =× %

7) 1998-D gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 10000

gı|¬z cBÏ° ƒ>T>D = 15%

2000áD gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ

= 1322510011510000

10015110000

22

=

=

+

®™ºk, 2000 á D gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 13225.

8). (D) 100yxyx ×=+

,20,20 −== yx

√´©A = 4%

9) (C) 100yxyx ×=+

0025== yx

25.56

10025252525 =×++=x

302


10) (B) x279010030 =×

2727 =x

1=x

*.ÿ√V.\. \uÆD *.ÿ√V.k*.ÿ√V.\. \uÆD *.ÿ√V.k*.ÿ√V.\. \uÆD *.ÿ√V.k*.ÿ√V.\. \uÆD *.ÿ√V.k*.ÿ√V.\. \uÆD *.ÿ√V.k.

*.ÿ√V.\. ®[√m *flEÆ ÿ√Vm \¶∫z ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD gzD.

÷Á> g∫˛È›]_ LCM (Least Common Mutliple) ®[√Ï.

∂>Vkm ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ √_KÆ©A¬ ºÔVÁkl[

*flEÆ ÿ√Vm \¶∫z ®[√m ∂ÀsÚ (∂) ∂>uz º\u√‚¶

√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔ·VKD xøkm\VÔ kz√¶¬ÌΩB tÔ¬

zÁ≈Õ> ÿ√VmkV™©√ΩÁB¬ ÿÔVı¶ √_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkBVzD.

÷>–Á¶B cBÏ√Ω cÆ©∏[ ÿÔøs[ z§BV™m ∂ÀsÚ

√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ √ÈM[ cBÏ√Ω cÆ©∏[

ÿÔøs[ z§ÁB cÁ¶B>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD.


5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?


1211

24112

64313

30201555


303

LCM = 602235 =×××

®™ºk 5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM 60 gzD.


( ) ( )( )23 2115,112 +−− xxx

[ LCM ÔVıÔ.


( ) ( )323 132112 −×=− xx ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.

( )( ) ( )( )22 21352115 +−×=+− xxxx ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.

®™ºk, LCM = ( ) ( )232 21532 +×−××× xx

= ( ) ( )23 2160 +− xx


zyxyzxyx 2222 12,9,6

g˛Bku§[ LCM ÔVıÔ.


yxyx 22 326 ××=

yzxyzx 222 39 =

zyxzyx 22222 3212 ××=

304


®™ºk, LCM zyx 2222 32 ××=

zyx 2294 ××=

LCM = zyx 2236


96, 108, 280 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?


3594

3527123

7027242

14054482

280108962

/ LCM 3024035943222 =××××××=

( ∂_Èm )

32 32108 ×=

752280 3 ××=

/ LCM ( ) 302407532 35 =×××=


305

*.ÿ√V.k.*.ÿ√V.k.*.ÿ√V.k.*.ÿ√V.k.*.ÿ√V.k.(*©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]*©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]*©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]*©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]*©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]):

*.ÿ√V.k. . . . . ®[√m *©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›] ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD

gzD. ÷Á> g∫˛È›]_ HCF (HighestdCommonmFactor)®[√Ï. ∂>Vkm ÷´ı| (∂) ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ (∂)√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔπ[ ®_ÈV ÿ√Vm kz›]ÔÁ·•D tÔ©ÿ√ˆB

∂|¬ÁÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶mD ∂Õ> ∂|¬˛[ ÿÔøkV™m tÁÔ

®ıVÔ°D ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ÿ√Vm kz›]>V[.


5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF ®[™?


5431

30201555

HCF = 5

/ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 5


25, 35, 45 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF ®[™?

975

4535255

HCF = 5 (*]ÁB ®|¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm)

306


(∂_Èm)2525 =

7535 ×=

®™ºk, HCF = 5 (∂Á™›m ®ıÔπKD ÿ√VmkV™ ®ı).


12164,15239 223 +−−+− xxxxx g˛Bku§[ HCF ÔVıÔ.


( ) 15239 23 −+−= xxxxf ®[Ô.

( ) 12164 2 +−= xxxg ®[Ô.

( )344 2 +−= xx ®™°D ®ø>ÈVD.

5−x

342 +− xx 15239 23 −+− xxx

xxx 34 23 +−

15205 2 −+− xx

15205 2 −+− xx

0

HCF = 342 +− xx


307

÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^ :÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^ :÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^ :÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^ :÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^ :

1. ÷´ı| ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ = (∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM) $(∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ HCF).

2. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ HCF g™m ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM- I ®©º√VmD *]l[§ kz¬zD.


÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 12. ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM = 180. ŒÚ

®ı 36 ®M_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®m?


\uÿ≈VÚ ®ı = áááááááááááááá

ŒÚ ®ı

6036

18012 =×=

®™ºk, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı = 60.


÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 99. ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 198, 1386 gzD.

®M_, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?


÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[

= ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááóóóóó

308


LCM 277299

1386198 =×=

®™ºk, LCM = 2772 gzD.

∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF \uÆD \uÆD \uÆD \uÆD \uÆD LCM Ô¬˛|>_:Ô¬˛|>_:Ô¬˛|>_:Ô¬˛|>_:Ô¬˛|>_:

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ HCF

= ------------------------ √z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ LCM

ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ LCM= ------------------------

√z] ®ıÔπ[ HCF


ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCFá n¬ ÔVıÔ.

2710,

8122,

188

.

yÏ° : yÏ° : yÏ° : yÏ° : yÏ° : ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ HCF

5114

102282

/ HCF = 2


309

√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

132

3923

92763

2781183

/ LCM 16232333 =××××=

ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[

®™ºk, ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF = ááááááááááááááááááááááááá

√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

=

1622 ®™ºk, ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF =162

2


ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ LCM n¬ ÔVıÔ.

7560,

9015,

10520

yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: yÏ°: ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ LCM

111

2122

6323

12342

6015205

602325 =×××=LCM

310


√z]Ôπ[ √z]Ôπ[ √z]Ôπ[ √z]Ôπ[ √z]Ôπ[ HCF :

567

1518213

75901055

H C F 1535 =×=

®™ºk, ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ LCM

√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:√luE Ô¬zÔ^:

1) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ÁkÔπ[ LCM ®[™?

,5323 ×× 7524 ××a) 75324 ××× b) 7523 ××

c) 7532 27 ××× d) 7532 212 ×××

2) 54,

43,

32,

21

÷ÁkÔπ[ HCF ®[™?

60

1)a b) 60 c) 1 d) 40

3) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 28 ∂ku§[ LCM = 84 ŒÚ ®ı = 28 ®[≈V_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®[™?

a) 84 b) 28 c) 56 d) 1


3114) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ HCFán¬ ÔVıÔ.

12, 18, 24, 54

a) 6 b) 2 c) 3 d) 216

5) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ LCM g™m ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF º√V_nÕm \¶∫z ∂]ÔD. º\KD LCM n•D HCF n•D Ì‚Ω™V_

300 ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m. ŒÚ ®ı 125 ®[≈V_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®[™?

a) 175 b) 150 c) 625 d) 100

6 ) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ 1600, ∂ku§[ HCF = 5 ®M_,LCM ®[™?

a) 8000 b) 1600 c) 5 d) 320

7) ÂV[z ÔΩÔV´∫Ô^ \Ë Œo¬zD ºÂ´∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 5

s™VΩÔ^, 10 s™VΩÔ^, 15 s™VΩÔ^, 20 s™VΩÔ^. ÷Õ> ÂV[z

ÔΩÔV´∫Ô”D ºƒÏÕm Œº´ ºÂ´›]_ ŒÚ \Ë ºÂ´›]_ ®›>Á™

xÁ≈ Œo¬zD?

a) 60 xÁ≈ b) 1 xÁ≈ c) 2 xÁ≈ d) 30 xÁ≈

8) 24 ]´V‚Áƒ Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D, 18 kVÁw Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D, 12 ÔÚDA

Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D ŒÚ skƒVl kV∫z˛[≈VÏ. ∂Õ> Ô[ÆÔÁ· ∂Õ>

skƒVl >[ º>V‚¶›]_ kˆÁƒ (Row) xÁ≈l_ Â|˛[≈VÏ.

ŒÀÿkVÚ kˆÁƒlKD Œº´ \V]ˆBV™ Ô[ÆÔÁ· \‚|D

Â|˛[≈VÏ ®M_, ∂kÏ zÁ≈Õ>m ®›>Á™ kˆÁƒÔπ_ Â|kVÏ?

a) 5 kˆÁƒÔ^ b) 6 kˆÁƒÔ^ c) 9 kˆÁƒÔ^ d) 10

kˆÁƒÔ^.

312



1. (A) 5323 ×× , 7524 ××

/ 75324 ×××=LCM

2. (A) ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ HCF

4321

43211

/ HCF = 1

√z]Ôπ[ LCM

5231

54322

/ 605232 =×××=LCM

®™ºk, 601=HCF

3. (A)

HCF x LCM\uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ----------------

ŒÚ ®ı

8428

8428 =×=


313

4. (A)

/

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[

5. (C) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıÔπ[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB

∂|¬zÔÁ· ®ø>ºkı|D.

6. (D)

L C M = 3205

1600 =

7. (A)

LCM =

314


ÂV[z ÔΩÔV´∫Ô”D Œº´ ºÂ´›]_ Œo¬Ô 60s™VΩÔ^ º>Ák.

60 s™VΩÔπ_ 1 xÁ≈ Œo¬zD.

/1 \Ë ºÂ´›]_ 6060( × s™VΩÔ^) xÁ≈Ô^

8.(C)

234

1218246

24, 18,12 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 6.

kˆÁƒ xÁ≈Ô^ 612

618

624 ++= 9234 =++= kˆÁƒÔ^.

Ratio and Proportion

s˛>D \uÆD s˛>©√|›m>_:s˛>D \uÆD s˛>©√|›m>_:s˛>D \uÆD s˛>©√|›m>_:s˛>D \uÆD s˛>©√|›m>_:s˛>D \uÆD s˛>©√|›m>_:


÷Ú ®ıÔ”¬˛Á¶ºB c^· s˛>∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 3 : 7.

∂ku§[ *.ÿ√V.k 210. gÔºk, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔÁ·¬ ÔVıÔ.


÷Ú ®ıÔ^ \uÆD x7 ®[Ô.

x3 \uÆD x7 [ *.ÿ√V.k.

xx 2173 =××

316


gÔºk, A : C = 5: 3.


®M_, [ \]©Á√¬ ÔVıÔ.


gÔºk,

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5.®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5.®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5.®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5.®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5.

÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ s˛>∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 2 : 3. ŒÀÿkVÚ®ıÔ”¶–D 10 Ì‚¶©√|˛≈m. gÔºk, ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[

s˛>∫Ô^ 4 : 5. ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔÁ·¬ ÔVıÔ.


÷Ú ®ıÔ^ \uÆD ®[Ô.

ƒ\[√V| (1) \uÆD (2) n yÏ¬Ô,

gÔºk, ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 10 \uÆD 15.

Meena Samy

Typewritten Text


TNPSC - · PDF file6. TNPSC. s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|...

Documents

Transcript of TNPSC - · PDF file6. TNPSC. s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|...