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Transcript of Smart Grid CD
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Smart Grid
.
: . ..
, 2012
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Smart Grid
2
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Smart Grid
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: . ..
19 2012.
................................ ........................... ........................... . ... ... ...
, 2012
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Smart Grid
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Copyright , 2012. . All rights reserved.
, , , . , , , . .
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. . . . , ..., . . , ..., , . .
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, 18 2012
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. , , . , . , , , . , , , , . , . , , . , ElecPrivacy. , , . , , , . , OMNET++. , (DoS) , (Http, VideoStream) (VideoStream).
, , , , , , , .
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ABSTRACT
The smart grid is attempting to modernize the existing antiquated electricity grid
system. The beneficial features of the smart grid, whose main representative is the
smart meter, contribute to the optimal use of electricity in both the production side
and consumption side. Introducing the new communications and information
technologies at key points in the network achieved the integration of renewable
energy and the energy consumer in the scenario of operation of the smart grid.
However, integration of new technologies, especially those related to the Internet,
may introduce new security threats to the smart grid. Some malicious attackers can
exploit the vulnerabilities of network communications and seize electronic devices,
steal confidential personal information or to prohibit the availability of essential
services, causing a widespread power outage, resulting in adverse economic costs.
For this reason, addressing safety issues in smart grid plays a key role. The
confidentiality, integrity and availability of mobile information need to be protected
so as to increase system reliability. Data encryption is an effective measurement
solution, and the protection of personal consumer information with the innovative
load management system "ElecPrivacy".
In addition, cooperative wireless communications in smart grid has the potential to
contribute to more efficient utilization of the available energy of cooperating nodes,
increasing thereby the quality of transmission services. By leveraging the advantages
of cooperation, the smart metering network, which consists of spatially dispersed
smart meters, encrypts personal data measurement and effectively transmit them to
the control center to avoid conflicts and routing problems.
Finally, the operation of the smart grid is simulated using the simulation
environment OMNET++. The baseline operation involves the use of a common
communications network for exchanging information between smart meters and
responsive control center, launching denial of service attack (DoS) from attackers to
unsuspecting smart meters, serving mobile users by remote Internet servers (Http,
VideoStream) and other collaborative users (VideoStream).
Key Words
Smart grid, smart meters, risks, attacks, security, privacy, cryptography, wireless
cooperative communications.
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1. (smart grid) (services).........................23
1.1. (electric power grid) .........................................................................................23
1.2. ..................23
1.3. SCAD .........................................................................................24
1.4. (smart grid).....................................25
1.4.1. (self-healing)............................................26
1.4.2. (distributed power generation)..................................................................................27
1.4.3. (centralized to distributed communications)...........................................28
1.4.4. Plug-in .......................................................28
1.4.5. (smart meters).............................................................28
1.5. ............................................29
1.5.1. (wireless technology standards).........29
1.5.2. (network architecture)........................................29
1.5.3. (standards) ...............30
1.6. 2.......................................................................31
1.7. WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks)..................31
2. .............................................................35
2.1. ...........................................................................35
2.2. (attacks)...........................................................36
2.2.1. ..........................................................................36
2.2.1.1. Replay attack: Eavesdropping DoS...................................37
2.2.2. , ........................38
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2.2.3. ..............................39
2.2.4. ....................................................................................39
2.2.5. ..............................................................................................40
2.2.6. .........................................40
2.3. ..............................................................................41
2.4. (state estimation), (load redistribution attack) ..........................................42
2.4.1. ........................................42
2.5. (cyber-attacks) ..........................................................................44
2.6. ............................................................................45
2.7. ..................................................46
2.8. MAC (medium access control) WSN....................47
2.9. (vulnerabilities)....................................54
3. (security).....................................................................55
3.1. ...........................................................................................55
3.2. .....................................................................................55
3.3. .................................................................56
3.4. ..........................................................................................57
3.4.1. ............................................................58
3.5. ....................................................................58
3.6. (emergency demand response program)..............................................................................59
3.7. (intrusion detection system).........................59
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3.8. (anomaly detection mechanism)............60
3.9. (identity), (key management) (encryption)...........................................................................61
3.10. (privacy protection)........................................................................................62
3.11. (traffic analysis)..................62
4. (privacy) ..........65
4.1. ........................................................................65
4.2. ........................................65
4.3. ...................66
4.4. ElecPrivacy.........................67
4.5. ............................................68
5. (Cryptography)............................................................................71
5.1. ...................................................................71
5.1.1. (identification)....................................................................71
5.1.2. (authentication)...........................................................71
5.1.2.1. ...................................................................71
5.2. ...................................................................................72
5.2.1. ( ).............72
5.2.2. ( )..............73
5.2.2.1. .......................................74
5.3. (Digital Signatures).......................................................75
5.4. (Digital Certificates).................................................76
5.5. ...........................................................76
6. (Wireless Cooperative Communications)..................................................................................................79
6.1. ...........................................................................................................79
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6.2. .......................................................81
6.3. - (cognitive radio networks).......................................82
6.3.1. .........................................83
6.3.2. .....................................................84
6.4. - ....................................................86
6.4.1. .........................................................87
6.4.2. .........................................................88
6.4.3. W.........................................................88
6.5. ...............................................................................89
6.6. ......................................................................92
7. (advanced metering infrastructure of smart grid).........................................................................................................95
7.1. ...............................................................................................95
7.2. ......................................96
7.3. .........................................................................97
7.3.1. (initialization process).................................97
7.3.1.1. (smart meter) (firewall) ..........................99
7.3.1.2. ...........................................................................100
7.3.1.3. ....................................................101
7.3.2. - (meter-reading collection process).................................................................................102
7.3.3. (management message distribution process)...............................................................103
7.3.4. ..................104
7.3.5. ............................................105
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8. Smart Grid (Simulation of Smart Grid Network)..........................................................................................107
8.1. .......................................................................107
8.2. omnetpp.ini.....................................................................................133
8.3. ......................................................................145
8.4. SmartGrid.......................................147
8.4.1. / ................147
8.4.2. (utilization) .............158
8.4.3. / ................................................................................164
8.4.4. / HTTP ............................................................................176
8.4.5. / VideoStream ............................................................................187
8.4.6. VideoStream ...........................................................................198
9. ......................................................................................................205
......................................................................................................207
..........................................................................................................211
SCADA-Sim .....................................................................211
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1-1 ..........................................................................24
1-2 SCADA.......................................................................................25
1-3 ..............................................................................................26
1-4 ................................................................29
1-5 WSN........................................................................................32
1-6 .......................................................32
2-1 ................................................................................36
2-2 ....................................................36
2-3 replay ............37
2-4 replay - ............38
2-5 ....................................................................................39
2-6 ............................................................40
2-7 ...................................................41
2-8 2 ..............................................................................43
2-9 2 .............................43
2-10 ...................................................................45
2-11 OSI...........................................................47
2-12 .............................48
2-13 ...................49
2-14 -...........................................................................50
2-15 ...................51
2-16 ................................52
2-17 .....................53
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3-1 , WAN.............................................60
3-2 ...............................................................61
3-3 .................63
4-1 ..............................................66
4-2 ElecPrivacy.................67
4-3 ........................................................68
4-4 .....................................69
5-1 .............................................................72
5-2 ......................................................73
5-3 ....................................................73
5-4 ............................................74
5-5 ............................................75
5-6 ....................................................................77
6-1 , B C, D................................80
6-2 : a) , b)ad-hoc , c) -........................................................................82
6-3 .....................84
6-4 ................................................................................85
6-5 : a) , b)- , c)- , d) ........................................................85
6-6 - ...................87
6-7 WAN (Wide Area Network)...............................................88
6-8 : a) , b) ......................................90
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6-9 WLAN.........................................................................................91
6-10 .........................................91
7-1 ..................................................................95
7-2 - ...........................................................98
7-3 - ................................99
7-4 -..........................................103
7-5 .........................................104
8-1 ChannelControl......................................................................................107
8-2 FlatNetworkConfigurator.......................................................................108
8-3 NotificationBoard...................................................................................108
8-4 InterfaceTable.........................................................................................108
8-5 Routingtable........................................................................................109
8-6 NullMobility............................................................................................109
8-7 BasicMobility..........................................................................................109
8-8 802.11.............................110
8-9 Ethernet.........................111
8-10 NetworkLayer.......................................................................................111
8-11 PingApp................................................................................................112
8-12 TCP.......................................................................................................112
8-13 TCP_hack.............................................................................................113
8-14 TCPBasicClientApp..............................................................................113
8-15 TCPGenericSrvApp..............................................................................116
8-16 TCPSinkApp..........................................................................................116
8-17 UDP..................................................................................................116
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8-18 UDPVideoStreamCli............................................................................116
8-19 UDPVideoStreamSvr............................................................................119
8-20 ..................................................................................119
8-21 1 () .........................................121
8-22 2 .........................................................121
8-23 3 ......................................................122
8-24 ...................................................................123
8-25 .........................................................124
8-26 ..........................................................126
8-27 ..........................................................................................127
8-28 .................................128
8-29 - ...............................................129
8-30 .......................................................................................130
8-31 - .....................................................131
8-32 .............................132
8-33 4 -..............................................132
-1 Ubuntu..............................................................211
-2 ....................................................212
-3 OMNeT++........................................................................214
-4 OMNeT++................................................................................214
-5 OMNeT++.........................................................................215
-6 INET Framework...............................................................................216
-7 scadasim inet.......................................................217
-8 Run Configurations............................................................................218
-9 Simulation: TwoNodesSim.................................................................218
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8-1 / ( 1)..............147
8-2 / ( 1)....148
8-3 / ( 2)..............149
8-4 / ( 2).......150
8-5 / ( 3)..............151
8-6 / ( 3).......152
8-7 / ( 4)..............153
8-8 / ( 4 .......154
8-9 / ().......................156
8-10 / ()..............157
8-11 / ( 1)............158
8-12 / ( 2)............159
8-13 / ( 3)............160
8-14 / ( 4)............161
8-15 / ().....................163
8-16 / ( 1)......................165
8-17 / ( 1).......................165
8-18 / ( 2)......................168
8-19 / ( 2).......................168
8-20 / ( 3)......................171
8-21 / ( 3).......................171
8-22 / ( 4)......................174
8-23 / ( 4).......................174
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8-24 / ( 1)........................177
8-25 / ( 1)..........................178
8-26 / ( 2)........................179
8-27 / ( 2)..........................180
8-28 / ( 3)........................182
8-29 / ( 3)..........................183
8-30 / ( 4)........................184
8-31 / ( 4)..........................185
8-32 VideoStream / ( 1)..............187
8-33 VideoStream / ( 1)...............188
8-34 VideoStream / ( 2)..............190
8-35 VideoStream / ( 2)...............191
8-36 VideoStream / ( 3)..............192
8-37 VideoStream / ( 3)...............193
8-38 VideoStream / ( 4)..............195
8-39 VideoStream / ( 4)...............196
8-40 VideoStream / ..................197
8-41 VideoStream / ( 1)..............198
8-42 VideoStream / ( 2)..............200
8-43 VideoStream / ( 3)..............201
8-44 VideoStream / ( 4)..............203
8-45 VideoStream ()...........................204
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8-1 / ( 1).............148
8-2 / ( 1)..149
8-3 / ( 2).............150
8-4 / ( 2)......151
8-5 / ( 3).............152
8-6 / ( 3)......153
8-7 / ( 4).............154
8-8 / ( 4)......155
8-9 / ()......................156
8-10 / ().............157
8-11 / ( 1)...........159
8-12 / ( 2)...........160
8-13 / ( 3)...........161
8-14 / ( 4)...........162
8-15 / ()....................163
8-16 / ( 1).....................166
8-17 / ( 1)......................167
8-18 / ( 2).....................169
8-19 / ( 2)......................170
8-20 / ( 3).....................172
8-21 / ( 3)......................173
8-22 / ( 4).....................175
8-23 / ( 4)......................176
8-24 / ( 1).......................177
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8-25 / ( 1).........................178
8-26 / ( 2).......................180
8-27 / ( 2).........................181
8-28 / ( 3).......................182
8-29 / ( 3).........................183
8-30 / ( 4).......................185
8-31 / ( 4).........................186
8-32 VideoStream / ( 1).............188
8-33 VideoStream / ( 1)..............189
8-34 VideoStream / ( 2).............190
8-35 VideoStream / ( 2)..............191
8-36 VideoStream / ( 3).............193
8-37 VideoStream / ( 3)..............194
8-38 VideoStream / ( 4).............195
8-39 VideoStream / ( 4)..............196
8-40 VideoStream / .................197
8-41 VideoStream / ( 1)............199
8-42 VideoStream / ( 2)............200
8-43 VideoStream / ( 3)............202
8-44 VideoStream / ( 4)............203
8-45 VideoStream ()..........................204
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1. (smart grid) (services) 1.1. (electric power grid)
, , . . - . , (100 kV ) . , , , ( 100 kV).
1.2.
. . . , . . SCADA , , . , . , . . , . , Microsoft Windows, TCP/IP/Ethernet, , , , , ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, . , ,
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, , (PLCPower Line Communications).
, . , .
1-1
1.3. SCADA
(SCADA) , , , , , . . , bits , . SCADA. , SCADA . , , , . . , SCADA. . ,
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, . Ethernet TCP/IP. , . . (PMU), 1990, . GPS . 30 120 . , 30 , SCADA. WAMS.
1-2 SCADA
1.4. (smart grid)
. , , .
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26
. . , , , , . , . . , . :
plug-in
, .
, .
1-3
1.4.1. (self-healing)
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. . .
1.4.2. (distributed power generation)
. . , , . , . , , , , . , . , . , , , , . , .
1.4.3. (centralized to distributed communications)
(RTUs: Remote Terminal Units). RTU RTUs, . RTUs RTU RTU . . RTUs . RTUs ,
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, (unicasting), (broadcasting), (multicasting) .
1.4.4. Plug-in
. , plug-in CO2 . , . , plug-in , .
1.4.5. (smart meters)
, , . , , . - . , :
s,
.
, , , . , . , .
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1-4
: ( ) , , , . WAN, . , , , . , .
1.5.
1.5.1. (wireless technology standards)
:
802.15.4 ZigBee, , . : 868-868.6 MHz 1 , 902-928 MHz 10 ., 2.4 GHz 16 . 150 m.
802.11n Wi-Fi . 802.15.4 ZigBee . 23. 250 m.
802.16 WiMAX . 3 km.
1.5.2. (network architecture)
3 :
Home Area Network (HAN),
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30
.
Neighborhood Area Network (NAN), HANs . . HANs . , HANs.
Wide Area Network (WAN), AN, . SCADA. . SCADA .
1.5.3. (standards)
, , (interoperability) . , , . , . WAN, .
, 802.15.4 ZigBee, . 2.4 GHz 250 kbps . 16 . 802.15.4 ZigBee 4 Mbps.
, 802.11n Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi, 300 Mbps 2.4 GHz. 23 , 802.11n Wi-Fi 6900 Mbps.
WAN, 802.16 WiMAX. O 3 km. 70 bps.
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1.6. 2
. 2(machine-to-machine), . , . . , . , , , . . , . SIM . , , , . . (retransmissions). broadcast . , . , , .
1.7. WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks)
, ( , (.. , ), ), , , ( ), ( - (tele-health monitoring), / ), , ( ), ( , ), (intelligent transportation), , . / , .
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1-5 WSN
, , . , .
1-6
(battery-powered) :
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, WSN . WSN .
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Smart Grid
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2. 2.1.
. , . . . , . . , (fiber optics), (BPL: Broadband over Power Line) . , . - . , , . , . , malware, spyware, computer viruses, , , , , (vulnerabilities) . , , . , . , , . , hacking, , . . , . .
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2-1
2.2. (attacks)
2.2.1.
4 : 1) Denial-of-Service (DoS) (Bob)
(Alice) (Mary)( ).
2) Man-in-the-middle Bob Mary, , Alice Mary. Bob Mary.
3) Spoofing Bob Alice, Mary.
4) Eavesdropping Bob Alice Mary, Alice Mary ( ).
2-2
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2.2.1.1. Replay attack: Eavesdropping DoS
(real-time clocks) (.. ZigBee wireless sensors) (drift) ( 1.7 s ), (authentication protocol). , (bandwidth) , . replay . 2-3, replay (adversary) (stale) (collector) . , S , , C . , (end-to-end delay) S C 50 s. , S 0 s 0 s. C 50 s. 0 s 50 s (current time) C, C S (fresh). 25 s, replay (eavesdropped message) S, 0 s. C 50 s S . , replay C 75 s. 0 s 50 s C, C S (stale). , replay .
2-3 replay
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2-4, replay , S C 50 s. , S 50 s ( S) 50 s. C 50 s ( C). 50 s 50 s C, C S (fresh). 75 s ( S), replay S, 50 s. , replay C 75 s ( C). 50 s 50 s C, C S . , replay .
2-4 replay -
2.2.2. ,
1) (physical) . . . , .
2) (cyber) . . ,
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, , DoS, .
3) (cyber-physical) . , , .
2.2.3.
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
2-5
2.2.4.
: 1) (single or individual attacks)
. blackout.
2) (coordinated attacks) , . . . , ,
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.
2.2.5.
:
1) (generation) .
2) (distribution and control) . , hackers routers .
3) (consumption) .
2-6
2.2.6.
: 1)
computer servers, . 50 MW, computer servers . , computer servers , , .
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. 41
2) , , , , , . -, , . - . , , . , , .
3) , - . , . , -, .
2-7
2.3.
. . , . ,
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denial-of-service(DoS),
hackers ( ) .
2.4. (state estimation), (load redistribution attack)
. . . , . , . , , . . , , . . , , , ( ) .
2.4.1.
2 (2-bus system), 2-8. 1 . P1(0 W, 18 MW) 2(0 W, 30 MW). PL 5 MW. cs= 40$/MWh. 1= 18 MW, 2= 22 MW PL= -2 MW. , , 1= 15 MW, 2= 25 MW PL= -5 MW. C= 550$/h.
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. 43
2-8 2
1 D1, 2 D2 PL. , , . 2-9.
2-9 2
1, 570$/h, 20$/h . , , (PL= -4 MW) . 2, 20% . (PL= -6 MW) . , , ,
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610$/h 1W 1. 50% 3 5, . , , :
1) . 2)
. 6, . . , , PL= -10 MW . , . , .
2.5. (cyber-attacks)
-:
: , RTU HMI, interface ( ). , : 1) , 2) , 3) . , o Stuxnet (.. Windows XP) .
: messaging protocol . DNP .. man-in-the-middle spoofing. , : 1) , 2) , 3)
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. 45
.
: denial-of-service (DoS), RTU . CPU, , . , , .
2.6.
2-10
, DNP 3.0 over TCP/IP Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP). , .
, , , :
(1, 2, 3)-1-2
(1, 2, 3)-3-1-2 dial-up VPN (user interface) (IED). , :
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(user interface), C1 . , . , .
(IED), C2 password , , , . , .
, C3.
2.7.
. hacker SCADA hacker . , : , . , . 1) : SCADA. (.. ), , . , . VPN SCADA. VPN . . 2) : SCADA, . . , , , . ( ). , , FTP,
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Telnet HTTP. . 3) : SCADA, . . . o EWS, SCADA . , application server, SCADA .
2.8. MAC (medium access control) WSN
WSN . WSN , .
2-11 OSI
MAC WSN. , , - . .
1) (collision attack) -. , MAC (noise packet). , . , - (broadband) . .
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48
2-12
3. , . , . 1 RTS(request to send) 2. , 3 2. 2 . , 1 RTS CTS (clear to send) 2. 1 CTS 2, 1 2. , , 3 2, . 3 . , , . , .
2) (unintelligent replay attack) MAC . (sleep mode) . , , . WSN. .
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. 49
2-13
4. 4 1 -(hop-by-hop). , 4 . . , . (listen mode), . , , .
3) - (unauthenticated broadcast attack) MAC, . MAC. . , . servers MAC . .
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50
2-14 -
- 3. 3 . , , , . , 3 . , . 4 3. , 3 , 3 4.
4) (full domination attack) MAC . WSN, (denial of sleep) . . MAC . .
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. 51
2-15
2 4. 4 . , , MAC . 2 . 2 . , . 3 2, 2.
5) (exhaustion attack) MAC . MAC RTS(request to send) CTS(clear to send). , RTS CTS, RTS , . . .
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2-16
4. 1 RTS CTS 2 2. 4 RTS 2. 2 CTS. , RTS 2 2.
6) (intelligent jamming attack)( - ). , . -(unicast) -(broadcast). , ( ). .
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. 53
2-17
4. 4 - 3. 4 - . 3 1. 4. 4 MAC . , 4 - 2. 4 .
7) Sybil attack . , . , . , , .
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54
2.9. (vulnerabilities)
1997, , .
1999, , .
11 2001 .
2007, .
hackers , , .
.
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. 55
3. (security) 3.1.
, , . , . , , , . (QoS: Quality of Service). , . -, .
, . , . , .
. , , . , .
3.2.
, . .
1) , RTU, - , .
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Smart Grid
56
2) , .
3) , RTU, . 30 .
4) , , PMU SM, , , .
3.3.
:
(.. ) . , . .
(hooks) . , , .
- . , , , .
- . , , , .
.
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. 57
/ . , .
3.4.
:
1) (confidentiality) (unauthorized) . . , . , , . , . , .
2) (integrity) . . . , .
3) (availability) . , () . , , . , (.. ) denial-of-service (DoS).
, . , 4 msec. . , , .
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Smart Grid
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, . , . . . , , .
:
(privacy), . , .
(secrecy), .
3.4.1.
, :
(authorized use) .
(message authentication) ( ) .
(reliability) (safety) (security) , .. .
3.5.
, , .
, , , CIA . , ( ),
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. 59
(message digest) .
. , .
.
, , .
3.6. (emergency demand response program)
. . , , . , . . , . , , , . SCADA, . , .
3.7. (intrusion detection system)
. , WAN, . . , W N.
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, , . , . . , W, . , -, .
3-1 , WAN
3.8. (anomaly detection mechanism)
(.. ) (user interface) (IED), . , , . , . , . :
1) 2) 3) 4)
, .
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3-2
3.9. (identity), (key management) (encryption)
. . . WAN , . , .
(multicast) - (unicast), . , , . , .
Internet. . , , , . :
1) , . ,
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Smart Grid
62
, .
2) .
3) . 4)
, . , .
5) .
3.10. (privacy protection)
, 15 , , . , , , . , . , . , . . , (.. , , ) . , . .
3.11. (traffic analysis)
. , , . ,
-
. 63
. , PMU, PMUs , . , . , , . , , . , . , . , . , , , . , , , .
3-3
-
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64
-
. 65
4. (privacy) 4.1.
. ( 2050). . . , , (.. ) (.. ).
. , , . . , , .
4.2.
( ) . . .
, . ( ) , , .
-
Smart Grid
66
. . , . , , .
, (NIST) . , . , . , (.. ) (.. ). , , .
4.3.
, . , . , .
4-1
-
. 67
. , 4-1. . , . , , , . , ( ) :
, , . / .
4.4. ElecPrivacy
, , , . , , .
4-2 ElecPrivacy
-
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68
4-2, , :
.
.
, ,
(
/ ).
.
( , .. )
.
, . , .
4.5.
pB(t) t p(t). , pi = p pB , 4-3. , .
4-3
pi C p, pi =
-
. 69
Cp. C . . , p(t) pi (t t). / , .
4-4
. , . , .
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-
. 71
5. (Cryptography) 5.1.
. .
5.1.1. (identification)
. , :
.
.
, s (Automatic Teller Machines).
5.1.2. (authentication)
. , .
5.1.2.1.
:
(passwords), (PINs) , .
, , , .
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5.2.
. . :
1) (encryption) (decryption) 2) (tamper detection) 3) (authentication)
, , .
5-1
5.2.1. ( )
. . (confidentiality) . , . / . (shared) . , . , , . (identification) . . ,
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. , .
5-2
5.2.2. ( )
, . :
(public key)
(private key)
5-3
. . . . , . / . , / .
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5.2.2.1.
(key pair), . , () . , , , . :
1) . . , (authentication), . , (confidentiality) , .
5-4
2) , . , .
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. 75
5-5
3) . . , () ().
5.3. (Digital Signatures)
/ (eavesdropping), . (one-way hash) (message digest). , (). / . . , . , , . , , . , . , .
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5.4. (Digital Certificates)
, . , / . (certification) , . , . / / . (Certificate Authority). , :
,
,
,
, ..
5.5.
, :
1) (hash function) (message digest).
2) .
3) , , .
4) , , . , . , 3.
5) :
( ).
-
. 77
( ) ( ).
6) , .
7) , .
8) , . , .
9) .
10) , .
5-6
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78
-
. 79
6. (Wireless Cooperative Communications)
6.1.
, . -, . (wireless cooperative communications) (radio resources) . , , . , . , / . . . , , . , , , .
, , point-to-point. . , . , , . . , ( - ), , , .
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, (physical-layer cooperative communications), , (link-layer cooperative and cognitive medium access), (network-layer cooperative routing and load balancing), (transport-layer collaborative end-to-end congestion control), peer-to-peer (peer-to-peer file sharinge.g., Bittorrent). , , , , .
, . . , 6-1, D. D , D point-to-point . , C , D, D . , .
6-1 , B C, D
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. 81
6.2.
. , , , . , , , :
AF (amplify-and-forward) . , - , . .
DF (decode-and-forward) . , . , - . .
, , - (broadcast nature) , . (TDMA), (FDMA) (CDMA).
, :
(selection cooperation) .
(selection relaying) .
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82
6-2 : a) , b)ad-hoc , c) -
6.3. - (cognitive radio networks)
. FCC (Federal Communication Commission) , , - . - (cognitive radio technology) , , . -, SUs (secondary users) PUs (primary users). . . (spectrum sensing) - . , , . :
(sensing accuracy) . .
(sensing efficiency) .
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. 83
. . . , (trade-off) .
-, :
(PU-SU cooperation) . . , , .
(inter-SU cooperation) .
6.3.1.
, . , :
(Source SU) .
(Destination SU) .
(Cooperative SUs) .
(Fusion Center) .
6-3 . , , (request) , . . . , .
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6-3
6.3.2.
:
, :
(sequential cooperative sensing) . .
(parallel cooperative sensing) . .
, . , . , , . , - .
, :
(Synchronous cooperative sensing)
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. 85
. .
(Asynchronous cooperative sensing) . , . , .
6-4
6-5 : a) , b)- , c)-
, d)
-
Smart Grid
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6.4. -
. , . - . - (reconfiguration) .
- :
-. - 2.4 GHz , (ISMindustrial, scientific, medical), ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi. . , (.. ) . , . , 2.4 GHz ISM . . - . -, - .
. , , . - .
, . , . , - .
-,
-
. 87
. , .
6-6 -
6.4.1.
(cognitive gateway), , , . . , . , . , . , , . , .
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88
6.4.2.
WAN. , . . .
6.4.3. W
WAN WAN, . (.. ). , ( ) . WAN , . , 6-7, 3 10 . , 4 1 6 2. 1 3 , 4 1 3.
6-7 WAN (Wide Area Network)
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. 89
6.5.
. (path loss), (shadowing) (fading). . (cooperative spatial diversity). , (virtual antenna array) . , . , . , . 6-8 , . , .
( ) . (SNIR) . , , 6-8. . , (hidden terminal).
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6-8 : a) , b)
. , . , . , . , . . , , (.. ), , . . 6-9 , WLAN .
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. 91
6-9 WLAN
(call dropping) (call blocking). . , . 6-10, (Ch1), (Ch2, Ch3). , , , .
6-10
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6.6.
(multi-user systems), (selfish) . , , . , (incentive mechanisms) . . , (social optimal), . , .
, . , , , . , .
. , . .
:
(reputation-based mechanism) (.. ) . , , . , , .
(resource-exchange-based mechanism) . , .
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. 93
. .
(pricing-based mechanism) . (.. , , ) . .
-
Smart Grid
94
-
. 95
7. (advanced metering infrastructure of smart grid) 7.1.
(SCADA) . SCADA . feeder . feeder , . , (utility company). (billing information), SCADA . , , , . , . , , .
7-1
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, 802.11 Wi-Fi (HAN), . . feeder , 802.16 WiMax (WAN). feeder (multi-hop wireless network), . , .
7.2.
. (scalability) . , Home Area Network gateway (HAN GW), , Building Area Network gateway (BAN GW), HAN GW . HAN GW BAN GW. , BAN GW Neighboring Area Network gateway (NAN GW) . , . , , . , 500 msec. 500 msec , , (public key infrastructure). , , , - NAN GW . , , online . . , , (public key infrastructure) . , ,
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. 97
, -.
7.3.
(multihop wireless network) (advanced metering infrastructure), (cyber threats):
(mutual authentications) . , (integrity) (privacy) .
(data encryption) . .
(data transmission scheme) (local collector) . (end-to-end delay) (packet loss) .
7.3.1. (initialization process)
- , , (authentication server), , . (authenticator) (supplicant) . , , , , . / .
-
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98
, . , V (initial vector) k. V k , V k. , k , . , k.
k, kn-1,n (four-way handshake) . , kn-1,n .
7-2 -
, . , .
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. 99
7.3.1.1. (smart meter) (firewall)
, - . (electric utility) . , (service providers) . . Home Area Network (HAN) , Wide Area Network (WAN) , . . , . . , , . , . . , (error messages) .
7-3 -
-
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100
. , , , . , . . . , . .
7.3.1.2.
1) (identity and key management) WAN . . , , , . WAN. . , . , . , .
2) (privacy assurance) , / . WAN, . , .
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. 101
3) (integrity assurance) WAN , . . .
7.3.1.3.
- . , , , . , . - (unicast), . , (urgent messages) . , . , -, - (multicast) -(broadcast) .
- , WAN. . , . . . , . , (request message) . , .
-
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102
, .
- . , . . , . , . , .
7.3.2. - (meter-reading collection process)
(route chain topology) 1, 2, , n (collecting node). / . - 1, , XOR IV. 1 1. 1 k1,2 , 1. , - 2, . - 2 k1,2 1. , 1. , 1 XOR - 2. - 2. ( ), n . - n,
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. 103
- - 1 - n .
7-4 -
- . feeder , . , SCADA .
7.3.3. (management message distribution process)
SCADA ,
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104
. . .
7-5
7.3.4.
, -, - (hop-by-hop) . , :
(device authentication) (interconnected) (utility service).
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. 105
(data confidentiality) .
(message integrity) .
(maintaining secrecy) (), ().
(cyber attacks) , , . , .
7.3.5.
, , 10 - . , . - . . , , , . , . , , . . ( 0%), . 20% 9, online , .
-
Smart Grid
106
-
. 107
8. Smart Grid (Simulation of Smart Grid Network)
8.1.
, .
:
(smart meters)
(mobile users)
(data collectors)
(access points)
(LANs and gateways)
(internet)
(remote servers)
(control centers officers)
(attackers)
mtu (master transmission unit)
(buildings and owners)
(smart grid)
:
8-1 ChannelControl
SmartGrid. ChannelControl . . , .
ChannelControl : bool coreDebug = default(false); // debug switch for core framework
double playgroundSizeX = default(600); // x size of the playground (in meters)
double playgroundSizeY = default(400); // y size of the playground (in meters)
double pMax @unit(mW) = default(20mW); // maximum sending power used for this network double sat @unit(dBm) = default(-110dBm); // signal attenuation threshold (in dBm)
-
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double alpha = default(2); // path loss coefficient
double carrierFrequency @unit(Hz) = default(2.4GHz); // carrier frequency of the channel (in Hz) int numChannels = default(1); // number of radio channels (frequencies)
8-2 FlatNetworkConfigurator
SmartGrid. FlatNetworkConfigurator (flat network). host. , , . , Dijstra .
FlatNetworkConfigurator : string networkAddress = default(192.168.0.0); // network part of the address string netmask = default(255.255.0.0); // host part of addresses are autoconfigured
8-3 NotificationBoard
. NotificationBoard, , , (.. , , ), , .. , , .
8-4 InterfaceTable
. InterfaceTable (network interfaces). , (loopback) . RoutingTable.
-
. 109
8-5 Routingtable
. Routingtable ( InterfaceTable.
8-6 NullMobility
User. NullMobility , .
8-7 BasicMobility
User. To BasicMobility , , , , .
, , : bool debug = default(false); // debug switch
double cx = default(100); // x coord of the center of the circle
double cy = default(100); // y coord of the center of the circle
double r = default(100); // radius of the circle
double speed @unit(mps) = default(2mps); // speed of the host (in m/s) double startAngle @unit(deg) = default(0); // starting angle (degrees) double updateInterval @unit(s) = default(100ms); // time interval to update the hosts position
-
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110
8-8 802.11
To . 802.11. 3 : string accessPointAddress; // MAC address of associate AP
int frameCapacity = default(100);
string address = default(auto); // MAC address as hex string (12 hex digits), or auto. auto values will be replaced by a generated MAC address in init stage 0.
String queueModule = default(); // name of optional external queue module int maxQueueSize; // max queue length in frames; only used if queueModule== double bitrate @unit(bps); int rtsThresholdBytes @unit(B) = default(2346B); // longer messages will be sent using RTS/CTS int retryLimit = default(-1); // maximum number of retries per message, -1 means default
int cwMinData = default(-1); // contention window for normal data frames, -1 means default
int cwMinBroadcast = default(-1); // contention window for broadcast messages, -1 means default
int mtu = default(1500);
int channelNumber = default(0); // channel identifier
double transmitterPower @unit(mW) = default(20mW); // power used for transmission of messages (in mW)
double bitrate @unit(bps); // (in bits/s) double thermalNoise @unit(dBm) = default(-110dBm); // base noise level (dBm) double pathLossAlpha = default(2); // used by the path loss calculation
double shadowingDeviation @unit(dB) = default(0dB); // used by the shadowing model calculation double snirThreshold @unit(dB) = default(4dB); // if signal-noise ratio is below this threshold, frame is considered noise (in dB)
double sensitivity @unit(mW); // received signals with power below sensitivity are ignored
-
. 111
8-9 Ethernet
To . Ethernet. , .
8-10 NetworkLayer
-
Smart Grid
112
To . . ( ). TCP, UDP, Ping. : int timeToLive = default(32);
double retryTimeout @unit(s) = default(1s); // number seconds ARP waits between retries to resolve an \IP address
int retryCount = default(3); // number of times ARP will attempt to resolve an \IP address
double cacheTimeout @unit(s) = default(120s); // number seconds unused entries in the cache will time out
bool proxyARP = default(true); // sets proxy \ARP mode (replying to \ARP requests for the addresses
for which a routing table entry exists)
8-11 PingApp
. To PingApp (ping requests). ping request . , : string destAddr = default(); // destination IP or Ipv6 address string srcAddr = default(); // source IP or Ipv6 address (useful with multi-homing) double packetSize @unit(B) = default(56B); // of ping payload, in bytes volatile double interval @unit(s) = default(1s); // time to wait between pings (can be random) double hopLimit = default(32); // TTL or hopLimit for IP packets
double count = default(0); // stop after count ping requests, 0 means continuously
double startTime @unit(s) = default(uniform(0s,this.interval)); // send first ping at startTime double stopTime @unit(s) = default(0s); // send no pings after stopTime, 0 means forever
8-12 TCP
. , TCP . : int advertisedWindow = default(14*this.mss); // in bytes, corresponds with the maximal receiver
buffer capacity (Note: normally, NIC queues should be at least this size)
bool nagleEnabled = default(true); // Nagles algorithm (RFC 896) enabled/disabled int mss = default(536); // Maximum Segment Size (RFC 793) (header option)
string tcpAlgorithmClass = default(TCPReno); // TCPReno/TCPTahoe/TCPNewReno/TCPNoCongestionControl/DumbTCP
-
. 113
string sendQueueClass = default(TCPVirtualDataSendQueue); // TCPVirtualDataSendQueue/TCPMsgBasedSendQueue
string receiveQueueClass = default(TCPVirtualDataRcvQueue); // TCPVirtualDataRcvQueue/TCPMsgBasedRcvQueue
bool recordStats = default(true); // recording of seqNum etc. into output vectors enabled/disabled
8-13 TCP_hack
SmartMeter SCADASim ( INET Framework). , TCP . , . (listening socket). :
nagleEnabled = default(true); // Nagle's algorithm (RFC 896) enabled/disabled
mss = default(1024); // maximum segment size
advertisedWindow = default(14*this.mss); // in bytes (Note: normally, NIC queues should be at least
this size)
tcpAlgorithmClass = default("TCPReno"); //
TCPTahoe/TCPReno/TCPNoCongestionControl/DumbTCP
sendQueueClass = default("TCPMsgBasedSendQueue"); //
TCPVirtualDataSendQueue/TCPMsgBasedSendQueue
receiveQueueClass = default("TCPMsgBasedRcvQueue"); //
TCPVirtualDataRcvQueue/TCPMsgBasedRcvQueue
recordStats = default(true); // recording seqNum etc. into output vectors on/off
int maxThreadCount; // how many concurrent Threads are accepted
8-14 TCPBasicClientApp
To TCP . , , . , sessions. session, TCP , request ( request), . :
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114
string address = default(""); // may be left empty ("")
int port = default(-1); // port number to listen on
string connectAddress = default(""); // server address (may be symbolic)
int connectPort = default(1000); // port number to connect to
double startTime @unit("s") = default(1s); // time first session begins
volatile int numRequestsPerSession = default(1); // number of requests sent per session
volatile int requestLength @unit(B) = default(200B); // length of a request
volatile int replyLength @unit("B") = default(1MiB); // length of a reply
volatile double thinkTime @unit("s"); // time gap between requests
volatile double idleInterval @unit(s); // time gap between sessions
volatile double reconnectInterval @unit("s") = default(30s); // if connection breaks, waits this much
before trying to reconnect
, ( , ). , .
TCPBasicClientApp.h
#ifndef __INET_TCPBASICCLIENTAPP_H
#define __INET_TCPBASICCLIENTAPP_H
#include
#include "TCPGenericCliAppBase.h"
/**
* An example request-reply based client application.
*/
class INET_API TCPBasicClientApp : public TCPGenericCliAppBase
{
protected:
// statistics
cOutVector httpdelay;
cMessage *timeoutMsg;
bool earlySend; // if true, don't wait with sendRequest() until established()
int numRequestsToSend; // requests to send in this session
/** Utility: sends a request to the server */
virtual void sendRequest();
public:
TCPBasicClientApp();
virtual ~TCPBasicClientApp();
protected:
/** Redefined to schedule a connect(). */
virtual void initialize();
/** Redefined. */
virtual void handleTimer(cMessage *msg);
/** Redefined. */
-
. 115
virtual void socketEstablished(int connId, void *yourPtr);
/** Redefined. */
virtual void socketDataArrived(int connId, void *yourPtr, cPacket *msg, bool urgent);
/** Redefined to start another session after a delay. */
virtual void socketClosed(int connId, void *yourPtr);
/** Redefined to reconnect after a delay. */
virtual void socketFailure(int connId, void *yourPtr, int code);
};
#endif
#include "TCPBasicClientApp.h"
TCPBasicClientApp.cc
#define MSGKIND_CONNECT 0
#define MSGKIND_SEND 1
Define_Module(TCPBasicClientApp);
void TCPBasicClientApp::initialize()
{
TCPGenericCliAppBase::initialize();
httpdelay.setName("http delay");
timeoutMsg = new cMessage("timer");
numRequestsToSend = 0;
earlySend = false; // TBD make it parameter
WATCH(numRequestsToSend);
WATCH(earlySend);
timeoutMsg->setKind(MSGKIND_CONNECT);
scheduleAt((simtime_t)par("startTime"), timeoutMsg);
}
void TCPBasicClientApp::socketDataArrived(int connId, void *ptr, cPacket *msg, bool urgent)
{
TCPGenericCliAppBase::socketDataArrived(connId, ptr, msg, urgent);
httpdelay.record(simTime() - msg->getCreationTime());
if (numRequestsToSend>0)
{
EV setKind(MSGKIND_SEND);
scheduleAt(simTime()+(simtime_t)par("thinkTime"), timeoutMsg);
}
else {
EV
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Smart Grid
116
8-15 TCPGenericSrvApp
To TCP . , , , . , , . : string address = default(""); // local address; may be left empty ("")
int port = default(1000); // port number to listen on
double replyDelay @unit("s") = default(0s);
8-16 TCPSinkApp
, MasterTransmissionUnit. TCP . : string address = default(""); // may be left empty ("")
int port = default(1000); // port number to listen on
8-17 UDP
VideoStream. , UDP .
8-18 UDPVideoStreamCli
T VideoStream, . :
-
. 117
int localPort;
string serverAddress;
int serverPort;
double startTime @unit("s") = default(1s);
volatile double nextTime @unit("s") = default(1s);
, ( , ). , , , . , , .
UDPVideoStreamCli.h
#ifndef __INET_UDPVIDEOSTREAM_H
#define __INET_UDPVIDEOSTREAM_H
#include
#include
#include "UDPAppBase.h"
#include "IPvXAddress.h"
/**
* A "Realtime" VideoStream client application.
*
* Basic video stream application. Clients connect to server and get a stream of
* video back.
*/
class INET_API UDPVideoStreamCli : public UDPAppBase
{
protected:
// statistics
cOutVector eed;
protected:
///@name Overridden cSimpleModule functions
//@{
virtual void initialize();
virtual void finish();
virtual void handleMessage(cMessage *msg);
//@}
protected:
virtual void requestStream();
virtual void receiveStream(cPacket *msg);
protected:
std::vector serverAddress;
// chooses random destination address
virtual IPvXAddress chooseDestAddress(); };
#endif
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118
UDPVideoStreamCli.cc
#include "UDPVideoStreamCli.h"
#include "IPAddressResolver.h"
Define_Module(UDPVideoStreamCli);
void UDPVideoStreamCli::initialize()
{
eed.setName("video stream eed");
simtime_t startTime = par("startTime");
simtime_t nextTime = par("nextTime");
simtime_t sum = par("sum");
int i;
if (startTime>=0)
scheduleAt(startTime, new cMessage("UDPVideoStreamStart"));
sum = startTime;
if (nextTime>=0)
for(i=0; i
-
. 119
IPvXAddress UDPVideoStreamCli::chooseDestAddress()
{
int k = intrand(serverAddress.size());
return serverAddress[k];
}
8-19 UDPVideoStreamSvr
T VideoStream, . : int serverPort; // port to listen on
volatile double waitInterval @unit("s"); // interval between sending video stream packets
volatile int packetLen @unit("B");
volatile int videoSize @unit("B");
8-20
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Smart Grid
120
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :
1000000000 .
MAC .
. , 1 4 1 1, 5 8 2 2, ...
pingApp PingApp (.. , , ..). , tcp_hack TCP_hack SCADASim, INET Framework. TCP, tcpServer , 4. , (DoSDenial of Service) tcpServer . , tcpServer TCPGenericSrvApp tcpError TCPBasicClientApp. tcpServer , 1000. (30 sec) 1 KiloBytes. tcpError , 3000. , . , , 3000 Bytes.
omnetpp.ini .
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. 121
8-21 1 ()
8-22 2
-
Smart Grid
122
8-23 3
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :
1000000000 .
MAC .
. , 1 4 1 1, 5 8 2 2, ...
pingApp PingApp (.. , , ..) , tcp TCP, . , httpClient TCPBasicClientApp. httpClient http, 2000.
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. 123
. 5 sec, 5 KiloBytes. , udp UDP, UDP. , VideoStreamClient UDPVideoStreamCli VideoStreamServer UDPVideoStreamSvr. VideoStreamServer , 2. , 200 KiloBytes 50 KiloBytes . VideoStreamClient , 2. 6 sec ( ) . peer-to-peer. , . , 1 4 1, 5 8 2, ...
omnetpp.ini .
, , ,
8-24
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Smart Grid
124
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. :
, .
, .
. MAC . duplex Ethernet 10 100 Mbps.
omnetpp.ini .
8-25
-
. 125
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :
1000000000 .
MAC .
lan .
pingApp PingApp (.. , ..) , tcp TCP udp UDP, . , httpServer TCPGenericSrvApp VideoStreamServer UDPVideoStreamSvr. , http ( 2000) , 8 KiloBytes. , VideoStream ( 2), . 200 KiloBytes 50 KiloBytes.
omnetpp.ini .
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Smart Grid
126
8-26
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :
1000000000 .
MAC .
gateway .
pingApp PingApp (.. , , ..) , tcp TCP, . , tcpServiceProvider TCPGenericSrvApp tcpClient{1..16} TCPBasicClientApp. tcpServiceProvider
-
. 127
, 3000. 1 KiloBytes. tcpClient , 1000. tcpClient . tcpClient 15 KiloBytes, (, , 30 ). 30 sec.
omnetpp.ini .
8-27
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth
-
Smart Grid
128
EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :
1000000000 .
MAC .
. , 1 2 accessPont1 17, 3 4 accessPont2 18, ...
pingApp PingApp (.. , ..) , tcp TCP, . , attackClient{1..4} TCPBasicClientApp. attackClient tcpClient. , 1000. , . attackClient{1..4} 4 . 2 100 Bytes.
omnetpp.ini .
Mtu
-
. 129
8-28
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . pingApp PingApp . , tcp TCP, . , tcpSink TCPSinkApp. .
omnetpp.ini .
8-29 -
-
Smart Grid
130
: . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . pingApp PingApp .
omnetpp.ini .
8-30
-
. 131
, . , , . , , - 4 - .
8-31 -
4 , . .