Results L#-

The HOG pathway in cells s7mulated with pheromone

20

In

Out

t

pheromone

α factor

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

5

15

25

35

Time (min)

HOG

Sys

tem

out

put

(nor

m. a

vera

ge Y

FP in

tens

ity/c

ell)

Hkr1

Pbs2

! factor

Fus3

Ste5MAPKKKMAPKKMAPK

Cdc24Cdc42

Spa2

MAPKKK

MAPKKMAPK

Pheromone Pathway HOG Pathway CWI Pathway

PP

Cytoplasm

Nucleus Ste12

Ste4Ste20Ste50

Ste11

Ste7

Kss1

Fus3

Cdc24Cdc42Ste20Ste50

Sho1

Msb2

Ste11

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1Ypd1Ssk1

Ssk22

Hog1

PRM1 Promoter mRFP STL1 Promoter YFP

Hot1

Ste18

Wsc2 Wsc3 Wsc4 Mid2 Mtl1Wsc1

Pkc1

Bck1

Mkk2Mkk1

Mpk1

BMH2 Promoter CFP TranscriptionalReporters

Rlm1Swi4/6

CWI responsive genes

PPKss1

Gpa1

PP

PPMpk1

Ste2

HOG transcriptional reporter

Hog1 phosphorylation Hog1 localization

?HOG

Pheromone s*mulates the HOG pathway!

Results

Wednesday, June 5, 13

Ste20

Factor α

Fus3

Vía de respuesta a feromona (PR)

Vía de respuesta a shocks hiperosmóticos (HOG)

Citoplasma

NucleoSte12

Ste7

Kss1

Promotor STL1 YFP

Hot1

PPKss1 Hog1 P

P

Pbs2

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1

Ypd1

Ssk22

Hkr1

Opy2Sho1

Msb2

Ste5

PP

Fus3Fus3

Ssk1Ssk1

mCherryPromotor PRM1

Ste18Ste2

Gpa1 Ste4 Cdc24

Ste20

Ste50

Cdc24Cdc42

Ste11

Ste50Cdc42

Ste11

ResultsWhat is the mechanism by which ma7ng pheromone s7mulates HOG?Is it necessary the whole pheromone response pathway?

21

• Dele7on of Fus3Δfus3

Promotor BMH2 CFP

Promotor STL1 YFP


Pheromone response (PR)

High osmolarity response (HOG)

α factor

O1

O2

Estím

ulo

(Osm

olar

idad

)

α1

α2

Estím

ulo

(α fa

ctor

)

Tiempo

Rmax

Re.e1.

Vía

HO

G

Rp.s.

Tiempo

0

R2

R1

Tiempo

Vía

PR

0

Tiempo0

Sorbitol 1M α factor

16 hs.

empo 0 min

Respuestas

Re.e2.

SC

Promotor STL1 YFP


?

?

Responses

Time

Time

Time

Time

Time

HOG

PR


Results

• HOG is ac7vated 4 7mes less in Δfus3 cells• Fus3 is necessary for HOG ac7va7on by pheromone

22

Ste20

Factor α

Fus3



Citoplasma

NucleoSte12

Ste7

Kss1

Promotor STL1 YFP

Hot1

PPKss1 Hog1 P

P

Pbs2

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1

Ypd1

Ssk22

Hkr1

Opy2Sho1

Msb2

Ste5

PP

Fus3Fus3

Ssk1Ssk1


Ste18Ste2

Gpa1 Ste4 Cdc24

Ste20

Ste50

Cdc24Cdc42

Ste11

Ste50Cdc42

Ste11

What is the mechanism by which ma7ng pheromone s7mulates HOG?Is it necessary the whole pheromone response pathway?

Ste20

Factor α

Fus3



Citoplasma

NucleoSte12

Ste7

Kss1

Promotor STL1 YFP

Hot1

PPKss1 Hog1 P

P

Pbs2

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1

Ypd1

Ssk22

Hkr1

Opy2Sho1

Msb2

Ste5

PP

Fus3Fus3

Ssk1Ssk1


Ste18Ste2

Gpa1 Ste4 Cdc24

Ste20

Ste50

Cdc24Cdc42

Ste11

Ste50Cdc42

Ste11



α factor

b

a

c


16 hs.

empo 0 min

SC

Vía de Respuesta a Feromona (PR)

Tiempo (min. luego de es mulación)

Respue

sta de

la vía PR

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

PRM1-‐mCh

erry p

or c

élula,

A.U.)

0 50 100 150 200 2500

5

10

15

20

25

WTΔfus3

α factor


Respue

sta de

la v

ía H

OG

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

STL1-‐YFP p

or c

élula,

A.U.)


Vía de Respuesta HOG

0 50 100 150 200 2500

5

10

15

WTΔfus3

α factor

Promotor STL1 YFP

HOG pathwayPheromone response7me 0 min

Time post s7mula7on with pheromone (min)

Respon

se (n

ormalize

d FP

density

/cell)

Respon

se (n

ormalize

d FP

density

/cell)


Ste20

Factor α

Fus3



Citoplasma

NucleoSte12

Ste7

Kss1

Promotor STL1 YFP

Hot1

PPKss1 Hog1 P

P

Pbs2

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1

Ypd1

Ssk22

Hkr1

Opy2Sho1

Msb2

Ste5

PP

Fus3Fus3

Ssk1Ssk1


Ste18Ste2

Gpa1 Ste4 Cdc24

Ste20

Ste50

Cdc24Cdc42

Ste11

Ste50Cdc42

Ste11

ResultsWhich of the 2 branches of HOG is ac7vated by pheromone?

23

• Dele7on of Sho1, SSK1 or SSK2Pheromone response (PR)


α factor

O1

O2

Estím

ulo

(Osm

olar

idad

)

α1

α2

Estím

ulo

(α fa

ctor

)

Tiempo

Rmax

Re.e1.

Vía

HO

G

Rp.s.

Tiempo

0

R2

R1

Tiempo

Vía

PR

0

Tiempo0


16 hs.

empo 0 min

Respuestas

Re.e2.

SC

Promotor STL1 YFP


?

?

Responses

Time

Time

Time

Time

Time

HOG

PR


24

Ac7va7on depends exclusively on the Sln1 branch

ResultsWhich of the 2 branches of HOG is ac7vated by pheromone?

Ste20

Factor α

Fus3



Citoplasma

NucleoSte12

Ste7

Kss1

Promotor STL1 YFP

Hot1

PPKss1 Hog1 P

P

Pbs2

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1

Ypd1

Ssk22

Hkr1

Opy2Sho1

Msb2

Ste5

PP

Fus3Fus3

Ssk1Ssk1


Ste18Ste2

Gpa1 Ste4 Cdc24

Ste20

Ste50

Cdc24Cdc42

Ste11

Ste50Cdc42

Ste11



α factor

Ste20

Factor α

Fus3



Citoplasma

NucleoSte12

Ste7

Kss1

Promotor STL1 YFP

Hot1

PPKss1 Hog1 P

P

Pbs2

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1

Ypd1

Ssk22

Hkr1

Opy2Sho1

Msb2

Ste5

PP

Fus3Fus3

Ssk1Ssk1


Ste18Ste2

Gpa1 Ste4 Cdc24

Ste20

Ste50

Cdc24Cdc42

Ste11

Ste50Cdc42

Ste11



α factor


ResultsHOG ac7va7on by pheromone at the single cell level

25


HOG reporter expression in single cells

Ac7va7on of HOG occurs in pulses.

HOG System Output

Time(min)

HOG

Sys

tem

Out

put

(nor

m Y

FP d

ensit

y/ce

ll)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 100 200 300 400

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Time(min) 0 100 200 300 400

PR S

yste

m O

utpu

t (n

orm

mCh

erry

den

sity/

cell)

PR System Output

HOG System Output

Time(min)

HOG

Sys

tem

Out

put

(nor

m Y

FP d

ensit

y/ce

ll)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 100 200 300 400

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Time(min) 0 100 200 300 400

PR S

yste

m O

utpu

t (n

orm

mCh

erry

den

sity/

cell)

PR System Output

Use of hierarchical clustering techniques to single cell data

Results

b

a

c


16 hs.

empo 0 min

SC



Respue

sta de

la vía PR

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

PRM1-‐mCh

erry p

or c

élula,

A.U.)

0 50 100 150 200 2500

5

10

15

20

25

WTΔfus3

α factor


Respue

sta de

la v

ía H

OG

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

STL1-‐YFP p

or c

élula,

A.U.)



0 50 100 150 200 2500

5

10

15

WTΔfus3

α factor

Promotor STL1 YFP



Ac7va7on of HOG occurs in pulses.

Results

b

a

c


16 hs.

empo 0 min

SC



Respue

sta de

la vía PR

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

PRM1-‐mCh

erry p

or c

élula,

A.U.)

0 50 100 150 200 2500

5

10

15

20

25

WTΔfus3

α factor


Respue

sta de

la v

ía H

OG

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

STL1-‐YFP p

or c

élula,

A.U.)



0 50 100 150 200 2500

5

10

15

WTΔfus3

α factor

Promotor STL1 YFP

ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƟŵƵůĂƟŽŶ;ŵŝŶͿ

ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƟŵƵůĂƟŽŶ;ŵŝŶͿභ භ

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භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

Sing

le c

ells

in e

ach

row

(ind

ex)

0

50

100

150

200

оϮϬϬоϭϬϬ

0100200

YFP(t)-YFP(t-1)

0 25 50 70 90 110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

390

410

(min

)dŝŵĞĂŌĞƌFĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƟŵƵůĂƟŽŶ

භ භ

භභ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භභ

භ භ

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භ

භ භභ භ

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භභ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භභභ

භ භ

භ භ

0

50

100

150

200

оϰϬϬ оϮϬϬ 0 200 ϰϬϬTime

;ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽĮƌƐƚƚƌĂŶƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶĂůďƵƌƐƚͿ

оϮϬϬоϭϬϬ0100200

YFP;ƚͿ-YFP;ƚͲϭͿ,K'^ǇƐƚĞŵKƵƚƉƵƚ;ѐz&WѐƚͿ

^ŝŶŐ

ůĞĐĞůůƐ;ŝŶ

ĚĞǆͿ

ĞŶƚĞƌĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƟŵĞŽĨĮƌƐƚWSTL1Ͳz&WďƵƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŶŽƌĚĞƌĞĚďǇƐĞĐŽŶĚďƵƌƐƚ

BSorted based on burst 7me


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 100 200 300 400

ucid 2000105

1ershmoo

2doshmoo

α factor

Resp

uest

a (D

ensi

dad

de F

P/ce

ll no

rm.)

Tiempo post es mulación α factor (min)

HOGPromotor STL1 YFP

PRmCherryPromotor PRM1

O1

O2

Estím

ulo

(Osm

olar

idad

)

α1

α2

Estím

ulo

(α fa

ctor

)

Tiempo

Rmax

Re.e1.

Vía

HO

G

Rp.s.

Tiempo

0

R2

R1Tiempo

Vía

PR

0

Tiempo0

Respuestas

Sorbitol 1M α factor 16 hs.

0 100 SC

200 300 min

(1)

(2)

Tiempo post es mulación α factor (min)

0 25 50 70 90 110 130 150

170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310

Results


Respon

se (n

ormalize

d FP den

sity/cell)


Responses


PR ac7va7on of HOG is well 7med with shmoosWednesday, June 5, 13

CWI is activated when cells remodel the cell wallStresses known to activate CWI:

• hypo-osmotic shock (eg, washing cells in water)• enzymes and drugs (SDS, congo red) that digest (weaken)

the cell wall• mutants with defects in making cell wall• during cell cycle• shmooing

Results

0 50 100 150 200 250 3002

4

6

8

10

Δspa2WT

α factor

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

1

2

3

4

5

WTΔpea2

α factor

Resp

uest

a de

la v

ía H

OG

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

STL1

-CFP

por

cél

ula,

A.U

.)

Tiempo (minutos luego de α factor)

Resp

uest

a de

la v

ía H

OG

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

STL1

-YFP

por

cél

ula,

A.U

.)



16 hs.

empo 0 min

SC

Promotor STL1 YFPPromotor STL1 CFP

Vía HOGVía HOG

Δslt2/mpk1

Time 0 min


0 50 100 150 200 250 3002

4

6

8

10

Δspa2WT

α factor

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

1

2

3

4

5

WTΔpea2

α factor

Resp

uest

a de

la v

ía H

OG

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

STL1

-CFP

por

cél

ula,

A.U

.)


Resp

uest

a de

la v

ía H

OG

(Promed

io de flu

orescencia to

tal d

e P

STL1

-YFP

por

cél

ula,

A.U

.)



16 hs.

empo 0 min

SC

Promotor STL1 YFPPromotor STL1 CFP

Vía HOGVía HOG

Δslt2/mpk1

What is the mechanism of HOG ac7va7on?

• Disrup7on of the polarisome reduces HOG ac7va7on by pheromone

30

•Is the morphological change (shmooing) accompanied by the ac7va7on of Slt2 necessary?

Pea2Spa2 Slt2

Polarisoma

Results

Time 0 minPolarisome


Gly

Gly

CWI response

Hyperosmotic shock

before

during

after

H20

H20

Gly

Gly

Gly

HOG response

Hypo-osmotic shock

before

during

after

H20

H20

Gly

Gly

Gly

increased internal glycerol reduced internal glycerol

Results


PR ac7va7on of HOG is well-‐7med with shmoos

time(min)

Syst

em O

utpu

t(n

orm

FP

dens

ity/c

ell)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 100 200 300 400

ucid 2000105shmoo

(1)(2)

(3)

1st & 2nd shmoos

Syst

em O

utpu

t

Group 2: 2nd shmoo only

time(min)0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 100 200 300 400

ucid 2000042shmoo

(1)

(2)

(3)

Syst

em O

utpu

t(n

orm

FP

dens

ity/c

ell)

Results


Our model for pheromone dependent activation of HOG

high osmolarity + pheromone

GlyGly

Glu

high osmolarity no pheromone

Gly

Glu

Gly

Shmoo

Pheromone Pathway

F factor

CWIPathway

HOGPathway

Osmoticimbalance

Glycerol loss

glycerol synthesis

Glycerol

Glycerol

Pheromone

Synthesis >ŽƐƐнƵƟůŝǌĂƟŽŶ[Glyi]slow turnover

ĨĂƐƚturnover

0 20 40 60 80 1000.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1

Time (A.U.)

ĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟ

ŽŶŽĨy

;ĨƌĂĐƟŽ

ŶŽĨƐƚĞĂĚǇ

ƐƚĂƚĞͿ 0.1

0.05

0.025

,ŝŐŚŽƐŵŽůĂƌŝƚǇ

Hog1

Glyi

Morphogenesis

Mpk1

Pheromone

Fus3

Glyo


A

DC

FĨĂĐƚŽƌ

Fus3

Slt2

MorphogĞŶĞƐŝƐ;ƐŚŵŽŽŝŶŐͿ

PY ǆƚĞƌŶĂůOsmolarity

Hog1Polarisome

/ŶƚĞƌŶĂůOsmolarity'ůǇĐĞƌŽů

E!

S!

Stl1 Hog1pp

/ŶĚƵĐƟŽŶ

Model:

• Morphogenesis induced by pheromone creates an osmo7c imbalance due to loss of glycerol through the Fps1 (the glycerol channel)

34

Hipothesis

ResultsWhat is the mechanism of HOG ac7va7on?


Model predictions:

2) if we use glycerol as osmolyte instead of sorbitol (or NaCl), pheromone should not activate HOG

1) Cells loose glycerol when treated with pheromone

0 50 100 150 200 250 3000

500

1000

1500

Time (min)

Gly

ce

rol p

rod

uctio

n (

pm

ole

s/c

ell)

stimulated with α factor

control (no stimulation)

Overnight in Sorbitol 1M:

α factor

**

0 50 100 150 200 2500

2

4

6

Time (min)

HO

G S

yste

m o

utp

ut

(avera

ge Y

FP

inte

nsity*1

05/c

ell) Overnight in 1M Sorbitol

Overnight in 1M Glycerol

α factor

Results

α factor

PτOsmolaridad

externa

Hog1

OsmolaridadinternaGlicerol

E!

?GlicerolGlycerol

Glycerol Internalosmolarity

Externalosmolarity


Model predictions:

4) Activation of HOG is stronger at higher osmolarities

3) cells with no active glycerol channel cannot activate HOG in response to pheromone

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

5

10

15

Time (min)

HOG

Syst

em o

utpu

t (a

vera

ge Y

FP in

tens

ity*1

05 /

cell)

WTrgc1ask10rgc1 ask10fps1

_ factor

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 2400

5

10

15

Time (min)

1.6M 1.2M 0.8M 0.4M SC

HOG

Sys

tem

out

put

(ave

rage

YFP

inte

nsity

*105

/cel

l)

_ factor

Sorbitol

α factor

PτOsmolaridad

externa

Hog1

OsmolaridadinternaGlicerol

E!

?GlicerolGlycerol

Glycerol Internalosmolarity

Fps1

Results

Externalosmolarity


37

Results Osmoadaptación kine7cs

Síntesis [Glicerol]i Pérdida +u lización

ShmooingAlta tasa de recambio

Glicerol

Glicerol Baja tasa de recambio

+/- α factorSorbitol 1M 16 hs.

SC4 hs

–15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

0.6

0.8

1.0

Volu

men

nor

mal

izad

o (V

t / V

i)

Tiempo post shock con NaCl (min)

α factor 1 μM

Control (sin α factor)

Pretratamiento:

Cepa Salvaje

NaCl 1M

NaCl 1M NaCl 1M

Glycerol

Glycerol

Pheromone


ĨĂƐƚturnover

ĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟ

ŽŶŽĨy

Model predictions:

Glicerol

Glicerol

Shockhiperosmótico

H2O

H2OH2O

H2O

H2OH2O

Giicerol

H2O

H2OH2O

H2O

H2O

H2O

GlicerolGlycerol

Glycerol

Glycerol

Glycerol

Hyperosmo7cshock

1.WT cells treated with pheromone should recover their ini7al volume faster

•Cell adapted to high osmolarity, and responding to ma7ng pheromone, exhibit faster osmoadapta7on

2. In cells unable to release glycerol, treatment with pheromone should not change the speed of volume recovery

D

–15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

0.6

0.8

1.0

EŽƌŵĂůŝǌĞ

ĚV

olu

me

(V

t / V

i)

TŝŵĞĂŌĞƌEĂůƐŚŽĐŬ;ŵŝŶͿ

ϭDEĂů

–15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

)rgc1 + FĨĂĐƚŽƌ)rgc1

ϭDEĂů

WT + FĨĂĐƚŽƌWT



38

ConclusionsThere is no “perfect adapta7on” in the HOG pathway

The pheromone response pathway (PR) ac7vates the high osmolarity response (HOG)

Ac7va7on is not through an intracellular mechanism. Instead, PR “creates”a natural s7mulus to trigger the HOG.

This ac7va7on occurs periodically due to the associated morphological changes associated with ma7ng response.

PR ac7va7on of HOG improves osmoadapta7on.

A large part of what we learned depended on studying behaviors at the single cell level.

O1

O2

Estím

ulo

(Osm

olar

idad

)

α1

α2

Estím

ulo

(α fa

ctor

)

Tiempo

Rmax

Re.e1.

Vía

HO

G

Rp.s.

Tiempo

0

R2

R1Tiempo

Vía

PR

0

Tiempo0

Respuestas

Sorbitol 1M α factor 16 hs.

0 100 SC

200 300 min

Ste20

Factor α

Fus3



Citoplasma

NucleoSte12

Ste7

Kss1

Promotor STL1 YFP

Hot1

PPKss1 Hog1 P

P

Pbs2

Hog1

Ssk2

Sln1Sln1

Ypd1

Ssk22

Hkr1

Opy2Sho1

Msb2

Ste5

PP

Fus3Fus3

Ssk1Ssk1


Ste18Ste2

Gpa1 Ste4 Cdc24

Ste20

Ste50

Cdc24Cdc42

Ste11

Ste50Cdc42

Ste11

Pheromone High

α factor

A

DC

FĨĂĐƚŽƌ

Fus3

Slt2

MorphogĞŶĞƐŝƐ;ƐŚŵŽŽŝŶŐͿ

PY ǆƚĞƌŶĂůOsmolarity

Hog1Polarisome

/ŶƚĞƌŶĂůOsmolarity'ůǇĐĞƌŽů

E!

S!

Stl1 Hog1pp

/ŶĚƵĐƟŽŶ

D

–15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

0.6

0.8

1.0

EŽƌŵĂůŝǌĞ

ĚV

olu

me

(V

t / V

i)


ϭDEĂů

–15

ϭDEĂů

WT + FĨĂĐƚŽƌWT

ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƟŵƵůĂƟŽŶ;ŵŝŶͿ

ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƟŵƵůĂƟŽŶ;ŵŝŶͿභ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භභ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ

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භ භ

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භ

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භ

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භ භ

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භ

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භ

භ

භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

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භ භ

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භ භ

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භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භභ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ භභ භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

භ භ

භභ

භ භ

භ

භ භ

භ

භ

භ

භ භ

භ භ

Sing

le c

ells

in e

ach

row

(ind

ex)

0

50

100

150

200

оϮϬϬоϭϬϬ

0100200

YFP(t)-YFP(t-1)

0 25 50 70 90 110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

390

410

(min

)dŝŵĞĂŌĞƌFĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƟŵƵůĂƟŽŶ


Glycerol

Glycerol

Pheromone


ĨĂƐƚturnover

0 20 40 60 80 1000.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1

Time (A.U.)

ĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟ

ŽŶŽĨy

;ĨƌĂĐƟŽ

ŶŽĨƐƚĞĂĚǇ

ƐƚĂƚĞͿ 0.1

0.05

0.025

,ŝŐŚŽƐŵŽůĂƌŝƚǇ

Hog1

Glyi

Morphogenesis

Mpk1

Pheromone

Fus3

Glyo

Is there an advantage to mating response?

During pheromone response cells are fragile. A fast adaptation mechanism prevents lysis in changing environmentsGlycerol might be useful outside cells (help diffusion of a factor?)Glycerol synthesis uses up NADH. So, this might be a means of reoxidizing the NADH accumulated during mating response

Conclusions


Results L#-

Documents

Transcript of Results L#-