Results

Low Flow RateLaminar Flow (Armfield Experimental Rig), Pipe Length = 500mm, Pipe Diameter 3mm

NoFlow RateWater TemperatureWater ManometerWater Density

Air

DensityDynamic

Viscosity

Volume (ml)Time (s)((C)h1(mm)h2(mm)water (kg/m3)air (kg/m3)water (kg/ms)

15860.1931.0280300995.411.14810.000781

212460.1231.0270310995.411.14810.000781

318060.3433.5260320994.61.13970.000742

428060.4433.5240335994.61.13970.000742

533060.3134.0225350994.431.13810.000734

634060.2534.0205370994.431.13810.000734

732060.1234.5215360994.261.13640.000727

836060.0634.5190380994.261.13640.000727

939060.1835.0180390994.081.13480.00072

1039060.1235.0170400994.081.1348

Table 1. Raw experimental data.NoVolumetric Flowrate, Q ( 10-6 m3/s)Velocity, v (m/s)Reynolds NumberPressure drop, P (Pa)Head loss, hloss (m)Friction factor, fEstimated friction factor, f =16/Re Percentage Error, %

10.960.136521195.070.0200.1270.03175.74

22.060.2921116390.150.0390.0550.01474.04

32.980.4221697584.750.0590.0400.00976.20

44.630.6552636925.860.0950.0260.00676.66

55.470.77431461218.020.1250.0250.00579.27

65.640.79832451607.800.1650.0300.00583.80

75.320.75330891412.670.1450.0300.00582.78

85.990.84834791851.080.1890.0310.00585.20

96.480.91737972045.570.2100.0290.00485.66

106.490.91838012240.380.2300.0320.00486.89

Table 2. Calculated Data

Graph 1. Graph of Friction Factor against Reynolds Number for Low Flow Rate.High Flow RateTurbulent Flow (Lotus Scientific), Pipe Length = 425 mm, Pipe Diameter = 7.74 mmNoFlow RateWater TemperatureMercury ManometerWater Density

Mercury DensityDynamic

Viscosity

Volume (ml)Time (s)((C)h1(mm)h2(mm)water (kg/m3)mercury (kg/m3)water (kg/ms)

11803.5830.53055995.5613553.450.000789

21802.6931.32065995.3113551.500.000776

31802.2232.01075995.0913549.800.000765

41802.0232.0085995.0913549.800.000765

52001.9932.2-1095995.0213549.310.000762

62001.7332.3-20105994.9913549.070.000760

72001.6332.3-30115994.9913549.070.000760

82001.5033.0-40125994.7613547.370.000749

Table 3. Raw Experimental Data.NoVolumetric Flowrate, Q ( 10-5 m3/s)Velocity, v (m/s)Reynolds NumberPressure drop, P (Pa)Head loss, hloss (m)Friction factor, f

15.031.069104363079.820.3150.099

26.691.422141185542.930.5680.100

38.111.723173498005.510.8200.099

48.911.8941906710468.741.0720.107

510.052.1362158812931.551.3250.104

611.562.4572489715394.441.5770.093

712.272.6082642517857.551.8300.096

813.332.8342913020318.282.0820.093

Table 4. Calculated Experimental DataGraph 2. Graph of Friction Factor against Reynolds Number for High Flow Rate.

From Moody Chart,

Therefore = 0.08 0.00774 = 0.0006192mmDynamic viscosity of water, water estimationReynolds NumberPressure change, P (Pa)Volumetric Flow Rate, Q ( 10-6 m3/s)

521195.070.96

1116390.152.06

1697584.752.98

2636925.864.63

Table 5. Data used to plot , P against Q graph.From Graph 1 above, Reynolds Number from 521 to 2636 fall within the laminar region and the rest are within the transition region. Therefore, pressure change, P and volumetric flow rate, Q data from Re 521 to 2636 was taken to plot P against Q graph.

Graph 3. Graph of Pressure Change, P against Volumetric Flow Rate, Q in laminar region

From equation displayed on graph above, the gradient is 200.54, therefore

= 7.97 10-10 kg/ms

= 7.62 10-4 kg/ms The average dynamic viscosity of water, water from property table is 7.62 10-4 kg/msThe percentage error of the value obtained experimentally is:

Appendix

Figure : Experimental Setup for Low Flow Rate.

Sample Calculations for Low Flow Rates ExperimentVolumetric Flow Rate, Q :

Velocity of water at the inlet and out of the pipe :

Reynolds Number :

Pressure drop, P (Pa) :P = (water - air) g (h2 h1)

= (995.41 - 1.1481) 9.81 (0.3 0.28)m

= 195.07 Pa

From First Law of Thermodynamics for a steady state one-dimensional flow with one inlet and outlet, conservation of energy can be applied to a control volume

Eqn (1)

PQ flow energy, where Q is the volumetric flow rate

Dividing Eqn (1) by g, and assume T is very small therefore neglect U, the equation reduces to

Eqn (2)

Eqn (3)

f friction factor

L length of pipe

D diameter of pipe

KL loss coefficient due to pipe fittings or accessories

Since mass flow rate is conserved,

Assuming fluid is incompressible and are at the inlet and outlet are equal

Since no fitting on the pipe,

Friction factor for low flow rate :

= 0.127 EMBED Equation.3

_1443865985.unknown

_1443866002.unknown

_1443634805.unknown