RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION

NANIK DWI NURHAYATI,S.SI,M.SINANIK DWI NURHAYATI,S.SI,M.SI

Radioisotope production there are 2 ways,

a.Production without neutrons

b.Production with neutrons.

The resulting neutron reactor consists of two groups :a. slow neutrons with energies <0.025 eVb. fast neutrons with energies> 0.025 eV

Reactions are written as:

(bombarding particle, emitted particle)e.g. (n,γ) (neutron, gamma)

(p,n) (proton, neutron)

In neutron induced fission: (neutron, fission product) (n,f)

Nuclear Reactions

Neutron Reactions - Summary

Nuclear reactors produce radionuclides from:

fission products (n,γ) reactions (I131) (n,p) reactions (P32)

Neutron Energy

Reaction Type

Examples

Thermal (n,γ 59Co (n,γ) 60Co

Thermal (n,f) 235U (n,f) 99Mo

Thermal (n,p) 35Cl (n,p) 35S

Fast (n,p) 32S (n,p) 32P

Neutron Reactions

1. REACTION (n,)

ConCo 6027

10

5927

PPnS 3215

10

3216

HeHnLi 412

31

10

63

nXeSrnU 10

14354

9038

10

23592 3

nPu 10

239

130Te (n,) 131Te ---------131I T1/2 25 menit

Product Target nuclide

Target Reaction

Co-60 Co-59 Cobalt metal n,γ Na-24 Na-23 Sodium

carbonate n,γ

Cu-64 Cu-63 Copper Pthalocyanine

n,γ

I-131 Te-130 Tellurium dioxide

n,γ followed bydecay

Tc-99m Mo-98 Molybdenum oxide

n,γfollowed bydecay

Radionuclides Produced by (n,γ)

neutron

uran ium -235

fiss ion fragm ent

neutron

neutron

heat+ gam m a rad ia tion

fiss ion fragm ent

Nuclear Fission

Material to be irradiated called TARGET.To get a good target, some requirements:1. What the target is easily obtained2. What these objectives requires a special treatment?

3. How far the target of physical and chemical changes?4. whether the target consists of generating the kind of life that only the desired radioisotope5. the chemical purity of the target

Cause of contamination in the target is the reaction (n, p) and(n,α), the combination of the target and the abundance of the target.For example: Na-24 production, use target Na2CO3 than NaCl

whereas when used NaCl contamination can occur Cl-38, P-32, S-35 making it difficult for the separation.

TARGET

IRRADIATION FACILITY

1. Irradiation tube

2. Prossesing plant

3. Irradiation facility, reactor kind dependent

Target preparation

Irradiation

Radionuclide extraction

Preparation of radioisotope

Packaging

Transport

Waste disposal/recycling

Steps in Radioisotope Production

Radioisotope purification includes:

Dissolution Ion exchange HPLC GC Solvent extraction Sublimation Electrochemical deposition

Radioisotope Purification

Separation Of Technical Radioisotopes1. Precipitation

Radionuclide purity is dependent on the Precipitation rate, concentration, pH, type of reagent, temperature.

Usually the problem because the sediment obtained a little, because it is often added to the carrier.

The disadvantage is the cause of low specific activity.

2. Destillation

Based on differences in physical properties and chemical properties of radionuclides to the target can be separated by distillation.

3. ChromatographicChromatographic separation column with a stationary phase such as

alumina, silica gel, etc.

This way the more developed especially for isotope generator systems

130Te (n,) 131Te ---------131I T1/2 25 menit

QUALITY CONTROL

1.Physical Investigation

a. Determination of the concentration of radioactive,

b. Determination of the radioactive purity determination.

2. Chemical Investigation

Radiochemical purity, pH determination, determination of substances.

3. Biological Investigation

a. Sterilization,

b. Toxicity.

c. Pyrogenitas

COMPOUND LABELED

Compounds in which one or more atoms replaced atom without radioisotopes or stable isotopes or by changing the structure of the compound, known as compounds labeled.

This compound is used for agriculture or medicine.

In medicine, these compounds are known as the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals

Some radioisotopes in medecine of use:a. Radionuclide must have a short half-life.b. Low-energy gamma emitting radionuclides.c. Marking procedures should be simple.

Requirements Compound Labeled

1.High concentrations of radioactive

2.Radioisotope Has a high energy

3.Radioisotope Has a long half life

4.Cheap and easy to obtain

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