production and information on Hyaluronic acid.

HYALURONIC ACID

RIDDHI KARNIKM.SC. BIOTECHNOLOGY II11333

RIDDHI KARNIK .MSc I . MES GARWARE PUNE


Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan, a polymer consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit of d-glucuronic acid and d-N-acetylglucosamine Linked by β-1,4 and β-1,3 glycosidic bonds (Fig. 13.39), that in vivo can range in size from 5 to 20 kDa.

Introduction


HISTORY In 1934, Karl Meyer and John Palmer described a new polysaccharide isolated from bovine vitreous humor. They found that the substance contained an uronic acid and an aminosugar, and named the polysaccharide “hyaluronic acid” from hyaloid (vitreous) + uronic acid . The term “hyaluronan” was introduced in 1986 to conform to polysaccharide nomenclature. During the 1930s and 1940s, HA was isolated from many sources such as the vitreous body, umbilical cord, rooster comb, and streptococci


INFO This polymer is a component of the articular cartilage, where it is present as a coat around the cells; it is important in tissue hydrodynamics, movement, and cell proliferationIt is used to treat osteoarthritis and to facilitate wound healing. Hyaluronic acid is also used as a component of some cosmetics and skin moisturizers. In 2005, the worldwide market for hyaluronic acid was a little over $1 billion, with most being supplied from rooster combs or the outer capsule of strains of group C Streptococcus.


PRODUCTION OF HYALURONIC ACID

The rooster comb-based product can cause severe inflammation in individuals allergic to avian antigens, while the Streptococcus-based product is both difficult and expensive to produce. Both sources of hyaluronic acid can be problematic. It would therefore be advantageous to have an alternative source of hyaluronic acid.


NEW APPROACH(BY GENETICALLY MODIFYING THE ORGANISM)

B. subtilis is a well-established industrial bacterium that can secrete large amounts of synthesized products while at the same time being very economical to grow on inexpensive medium on a large scale.

Source –applied and environmental microbiology journal

RIDDHI KARNIK .MSc I . MES GARWARE PUNE Source –applied and environmental microbiology journal


In addition, B. subtilis does not produce any exo- or endotoxins or the enzymehyaluronidase (which degrades hyaluronic acid).The Streptococcus equisimilis gene encoding the last (and key) step in the synthesis of hyaluronic acid was isolated and then overexpressed in B. subtilis (Fig. 13.40), along with two B. subtilis genes that encode enzymes that provide the metabolites needed for the synthesis of hyaluronic acid.


Following the large-scale growth in a bioreactor of this engineered B. subtilis strain, the amount of hyaluronic acid that was produced was comparable to the level produced by streptococcal strains (which grow more slowly), and the hyaluronic acid was secreted into the medium and not cell associated (as is the case with streptococcal strains), making it easier to isolate and purify.While this system may require some additional manipulation of the B. subtilis host strain to increase the yield of hyaluronic acid, this work is an important step toward the development of a commercial system for the bacterial production of hyaluronic acid.

RIDDHI KARNIK .MSc I . MES GARWARE PUNE Source- Glick


REFERENCES Research papers-Hyaluronic Acid Production in Bacillus subtilis by Bill Widner, Behr,et alNovozymesBiotechnological Production and Application of Hyaluronan by Chiara Schiraldi, Annalisa La Gatta and Mario De Rosa Molecular biotechnology by Glick 4th edition


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production and information on Hyaluronic acid.

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