I E Q U I P M E N T

Physics leaching Instruments: U. S. or U.S.S.R.?

Soviet teaching eauiDment, SDort-ing low price and sound design, heads for U. S-

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JtviNSiAN instruments for teach ing phyt i c* stole t h e spotl ight at a New-York show last week of the American Physical Society and d ie American As­sociat ion of Physics Teachers . It looks l ike many wi l l probably find their w a y into American h igh school and co l l ege phys i c s laboratories. Reason; io\v price a n d s o u n d des ign. T h e Soviet -m a d e imports sell for fractions of t h e cos t of comparable U. S. models—so s a y officials of die importers, Ea l ing Corp. (Cambr idge , M a s s . ) . T h e Baird-Atomic affiliate expects its initial order t o arrive in about t w o months .

T h e m o v e may wel l m e a n s o m e major headaches for U . S. manufactur­ers . Last \ e a r , e lementary sc ience equ ipment w a s a S 6 mill ion market served bv more than a dozen major manufacturers. Federal a n d state pro-iT». .».,»-».*- i.*. x 3«« . j j* j-j ^re ex*"*eeted to push this to S 1 5 0 mill ion a year soon.

Products are varied, but in the group o f t w o dozen i tems are such t each ing instruments as projectors; rotators; c e n ­tr i fuge models; demonstrators for w a v e m o t i o n , l iquid flow, a n d Brownian m o v e m e n t : gas diffusion apparatus; Ληά various opt ica l e q u i p m e n t i tems. Eal ing's initial order to the Soviet Unio:s calls for 300 to 3O0 each ors 12 o f the items. Ληά it will p lace fo l low-up

A projector m a d e in the Soviet Union is examined b y Albert E . X a v e z , h e a d o f t h e sc ience department at N e w t o n ( Mass- ) H i g h School . L o o k i n g o n is B r u c e Bi l l ings , v i c e president BXhd

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final orders once officials get t h e initial reaction.

Ealing president Paul D. Cirindle says that he "expects to undersell U. S. manufacturers by about two thirds across the board." His price lists bear him out. A liquid flow demonstrator, for example, will sell for S6.30, com­pared with $20 for a comparable American-made unit. And a spec­trometer will retail for $53, against the U. S. instrument's $150.

^Products We!! Made. Grindle em­phasizes that the U.S.S.R. isn't dump­ing but that its prices are realistic. Reasons:

• The Russians don't have t o carry the burden of advertising and related distribution costs.

• Production batches have been large —5000 to 20,000 units of each i t em- to give unit costs far below those in the U. S. With half a decade of produc­tion behind them, the Russians have pretty well paid out engineering and tooling.

• Having satisfied demands of their own crash educational programs, the Russians are anxious to keep running at a rate higher than their own schools can consume. A bigger export trade is one answer, at least officially.

There are no U. S. Government re­strictions on imports from t h e Soviet Union except that equipment must bear a label saying it is manufactured in U.S.S.R. Ealing is going further—it's promoting the equipment on that basis and will distribute manuals in Russian as well as English. It also will leave switch and dial markings in Russian rather than change to English.

Grindle foresees some severe local opposition to the use of his Russian-made equipment, but he's not con­cerned with being a bit of a gadfly, l ie supports some teachers here who complain that U. S. producers are not developing instruments to teach physics fast enough and that as a result the U. S. is behind much of the rest of the world. Also, U. S. manufacturers have helped get tariffs on instruments aver­aging around 40* '<, bringing bitterness in some quarters. "We expect teachers to demand the -. quipmeiii, iegaidîor> of source," says Grindle.

Ealing's initial order will only give the Soviets about $45,000. And Crindle's market prediction for the next two years only adds up to about $1 million for the Russians. But add in

duty and markups, and it amounts to a tidy business on the U. S. market.

While he will start with equipment for physics teaching, expansion into other fields is planned. But Grindle sees no likelihood of importing chemi­cal instruments. He notes that U. S. prices are pi ^bably the lowest in the world, and the equipment is well-ad­vanced technically. Reason: the close similarity between equipment to teach chemistry and that used industrially.

What do American manufacturers have to say? Most agree that Grindle has caused quite a stir, beginning with a Washington, Ο G spppeh last De­cember in which he disclosed his plans. But, while they're concerned, many are cautiously skeptical and reserving judg­ment. Some are hitter, saying in one

case, "The statements Î3V Ealing are not worthy of coraoment."

On the other hamd. Central Scientific, one of the major suppliers, admits there is some truth to statements that U. S. companies lag i n developing physics instruments. Ce-nco points to some good reasons \\Ίιχ it has not given too much attention to physics teaching equipment. if ^they ajre to stay in business, Genco officials say, they must put emphasis w-liere the money is. They note that wh i l e industry can af­ford high prices for ne-w types of in­struments, schools cannot. Also, schools require îmany different varieties of the same equrjpment. Cenco says it is more than willing to develop and

(Continued on page 106)

February 2 , 1 9 5 9

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EQUIPMENT (Continued jrom pagr 51 )

manufacture any type of instrument for which there is a demand. The trouble is that d e m a n d for instruments for teaching is low.

But today tbere is a br ight side. Federal and other education aid pro­grams should increase school budgets for instruments m a n y fold in the im­mediate future.

Because of tbis, Cenco and others have s tepped u p development efforts in the past two or three years. Such work is slow to bear fruit, but Ct-iveo says that if we do l ag behind the Russians at the moment, we a re catching up.

If quality is u p to Ealing's expecta­tions, the low prices could really hur t U. S. producers" markets. Cenco says then the only long term answer would be for U . S . people to build plants over­seas. It's m a d e no specific plans in this direction, bu t executives are con­

sidering H as a m ο ν forced to make-

• Extruded niobium is now in commer­cial production at Wolverine Tube , Al­len Park, Mich . Rods are available from 1 74 to 1 in. d iameter a n d tubes from V.j to 1 in. o.d. with O.085 to 0.020 in. wall thickness. Both rod and tube come in 2 0 ft. lengths. Ε 1

• Portable l iqu id o x y g e n cylinder, the LC-3, is being marketed by Linde Co.,

New York City. It's desiemed, says Linde, so that gas pressure inside is al­ways above the setting of t he delivery regulator and below that of the rt-liei valve. A built in heat exchanger auto­matically vaporizes and warms as much gas as is needed up to a maximum of 300 cu. ft. per hr. for cont inuous serv­ice, or 1000 cu. ft. per hr. for intermit­tent service. Ε 2

Lab Ware · · . • Bench top chromatography cabinet for paper chromatography, b y Research Specialties, Richmond, Calif., is de ­signed primarily for use with all-glass Mjlvent assemblies. It's insulated with glass fiber, double-pane windows, and plywood in the lid. A neoprene gasket forms a vapor seal when the lid is locked down. T h e lid has four holes, with polyethylene stoppers, for intro­ducing solvent. Ε 3

• Time Autoclave labels , made b y Pro­fessional Tape Co., Riverside, 111., indi­cate sterility. The word "sterile," printed in heal sensitive ink, is invis­ible at room temperature. But follow­ing a complete autoclave sterilization cycle {15 vain, a t 250" F . ) , Cue wuiu becomes visible. Ε 4

• Motor-dr iven m o r t a r a n d pest le comes from Torsion Balance Co., Clif­ton, N. J. Pestle and mortar are avail­able in hard porcelain for grinding ma­terials such as coal, coke, quartzite, and glass. Other sets available, for grinding harder materials, are made of steel, agate, sintered corundum. Ε 5

• Microtitrator, from Manostat Corp. , N e w York City, can titrate quantities as small as a single drop, the company says. A modification of the Cilmotit Ultramicroburet, the unit determines end points elcctrometrically using new Beckman microelectrodes. I t can b e used for both oxidation-reduction and acidinietrv-all<alirnetry titrations, ac­cording to Manostat. Ε 6

• Graduated cylinders molded from polypropylene are now available from American Agile, Maple Heights, Ohio. They come in six sizes from 25 to 1000 nil. Ε 7

• Chromatography streaking pipet for setting tip paper chromatograms comes from Research Specialties, Rich­mond, Calif. It 's especially designed for use in the company's sample appli­cator bu t can also be used for manua l application, the company says. A vol­u m e of 0.3 ml. can be applied by the pipet with one filling. Ε 8

• New tin capsule for combustion analyses lias been developed by Lab­oratory Equipment Corp., St. Joseph. Mich. The capsule will handle both organic HÎKI in^rg/min <;.ιηιη]ρς in either powder or liquid form. It can b e used in analyzing for carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and others. Ε 9

Further useful information on j I keyed Equipment items men- j j tîoned îs readily available . . . I

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1 0 6 C & E N FEB. 2, 1 9 5 9