E A A H N I K H Z H H A A I O A O r i K H E T A I P E I A T M H M A K P H T H I

nPAKTIKA 2 ° ' ' r i A r K P H T i O Y Z n H A A i O A o r i K O Y ZYMHOZIOY

A O I E P Q M E N O Y I T H M N H M H T O Y E A E Y O E P I O Y F I A A T A K H

2 9 M a i o u 2 0 0 5

HPAKAEIOKPHTH

PROCEEDINGS OF T H E 2 " * * CRETAN SPELEOLOGICAL SYMPOSIUM

IN M E M O R I A M O F E L E F T H E R I O S P L A T A K I S

M a y 2 9 , 2 0 0 5

IRAKLEION, C R E T E , G R E E C E

HELLENIC SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY DEPARTMENT OF C R E T E

npaKTiKOL 2ov nayKprjxiov Lnrikaio)^.oyiKov Evfinooiov A(piepojpevov err?/ /JVfjpt] rov EX. nXaraKri

O i n A s i a T O K a i v i K o i m n o n o x a i i o i TOD O p o n £ 6 i o u K a 9 a p o u ,

A a a i B i o u K p f j T i i ^ . n p 6 6 p o | i r ] o v a K o i v c o a i ] . *

MixoiiX AEPMITZAKHZi, ndpi.; n A Y A A K H Z 2 , XapiKXeia NTPINIA3

1 , 2 3 Tvripa rEcoXoyiac; Kai r£(flnEpi|3dXXovT09, IlavEnicnTipio A9r|V(iiv, IlavEniOTripioDnoAri, 1 5 7 8 4 A9fiva ivrec-fin@uoa.gr, 2pavlakis@geol.uoa.gr, 'aitrinia@geol.uoa.gr

UEPIAHWH H XtKcivri TOO Ka9apou nepiexEi tuniKci Xipvaia i^para : nXEioroKaiviKEi; apyiXoD^, apyiXiKE^ dppou^ Kai ycovicoSti^ KpOKoXE . H avdXuori yupr]^ anoKoXDijjE Pinus, Quercus, LiguUflorae Kai Gramineae. Mcoa OE oupnayEic ; appcoSci? apyiXoo? PpE6riKav avGpciKiKd aoyKpipaxa Kai anoXiScbpaxa innonoxapcov. AvoXuovrai oi i^poroyEVEi^ q)aa£ii;, npoKEipEvoo va ava5ripioupyr|6o6v r] TlXEioroKaiviKr) loxopia Tr|i; i^paToyEV£or|9 K a i xri^ naXaiopioy£coypa9ia9 -ar\<; nEpioxf)9 Kai r] naXaiooiKoXoyia Tri9 naviSai; T<BV pEydXcov 6r|XaOTiK(i>v Kai xoov pioxoncov. Zxr| VEQ naXaiovroXoyiKf] 6EOII «AvdoKapa>> avaoKdcpr|Kav and TO 1 9 9 8 K p a v i O K d ( 2 3 0 ) Kai p E x o K p a v i a K d xpripaxa ( 2 7 4 ) OKEXEXCDV

innonoxapcov OE EKTOOTI 95m2 K O I pdSo^ ndvco ano Im. YndpxEi pEydXr] noKVOTrira anoXiOcopdrcov npooavoToXiopEvcov npoc, pia KaTE66uvor|. BpE9riKav xpripaxa dKpcov OKEXETIAV EvanoTE9Eip£va OE avaTopuoi 9£ori. XpovoXoyriori 4 5£iypdTcov SOVTICOV p£ TT] pE9o5o E S R ESCOOE r|XiKia 3 6 5 + 5 0 Ka. FivETai npoKaTapKriKT] popq)oXoyiKf] ouyKpiOTi Tou 5EiypaT09 mnonoTapoov ano TO «AvdoKapa» pE TOV Hippopotcunus creutzburgi Kai Hippopotamus creutzburgi parvus. E^ETd^ETOi TO naXaionEpipdXXov Evan69EOr|c;. Zroxot; Eivai va yivEi o anoXi9copaT096po9 opi ovTO^ £va E n i Tonou noXdiovToXoyiKO pouoEJo.

^.

ABSTRACT The basin of Katharo shows typical lacustrine sediments: Pleistocene clays, clay sands and angular shingles. Pollen analysis has revealed Pinus, Quercus, LiguUflorae and Gramineae. Carbonic concretions and Hippopotamus fossils were found in compacted sandy clays. The sedimentary facies are being analyzed in order to reconstruct the Pleistocene sedimentary history, the palaeobiogeography of the area and the palaeoecology of the large mammal fauna. At the new palaeontological site "Anaskama" 2 3 0 cranial and 2 7 4 post-cranial Hippopotamus fossils have been uncovered since 1998 . The site extends over 95m2 and has been exposed to a depth of over I m . There is high density of fossils oriented in one principal direction. Limb fragments h a v e been found in anatomical position. E S R dating on four tooth fragments gave a date of 3 6 5 ± 5 0 Ka. Preliminary morphological comparison is performed of the "Anaskama" hippopotamus sample with Hippopotamus creutzbiu-gi and Hippopotamus creutzburgi parvus. The depositional environment is examined. The aim of the paleontological research project in Katharo is the preservation of the fossiliferous horizon as an in situ paleontological museum.

SYNTOMH ISTOPIKH ANAAPOMH TON nAAAIONTOAOriKQN EPEYNS2N STO OPOnEAIO T O Y K A O A P O Y

Ta noXaiovToXoYiKci eupripaTa crro oponeSio Ka9ap6 Aaoi9ioD Kprixric; tixav unoKivrjoei a n o noXtj naXaid, K Q I axopa D H O K I V O D V , TO b\.zQvz<^ EnttKTjpoviKo £v6iacp£pov. H npdoxr) noXaiovToXoyiKf) <rvaq)opd crrr|v nEpioxii xpovoXoyEixai a n o xa p E o a

"tou 19o" a i Q v a . To 1845 o ydXXo? Y ' ^OYO? V. Raulin ayopaoE coioXiScbpaTa xpripdxcov Kdxo) maymva^ wnonoTapcov a n d TO Ka9ap6, xa onoia orr ) O U V E X E I O

FnecpEpe OTO M O U O E I O (PUOIKT]^ loropiaq xou riapiaiou O^usee d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris). T a onoXiScopaxa auxd nEpiypacpqKov xo 1847 and xov de Blainville, wooxo TOU Couvier crxriv £5pa TTJC; croyKpiTiKfii;

crvaTopiai; OTO M O U O E I O (de Blainville, 1847). EvmpiTEpa, o dyYXoq nXoiapxo(; T . Spratt EIXE

napaScboEi anoXi6(opaTa piKpdoospou i n n o n o T a p o u and Tr)v KpqTri, pdXXov and TO Ka9apd, O T O V dyyXo KaGr|yr|Tr] Richard Owen, o onoiog T a 5r|poaiEUOE 5uo XpdviQ n p i v and Tr| 5ripooi£uor| T O U de Blainville (Owen, 1845). Upoc, xa xzkr\O 19°" a i c b v a , TO 1885, o R. Lydekker 5r)pooiEOO£ TO uXiKd TCOV innondTapcov TOU Ka6apod, noo ppioKdTov pEXpi "rdTE OTO M O O O E I O

OuoiKf)^ Icrropiai; T O O Aov5ivou (Natural History Museum, London, Lydekker, 1885). OXa T O SEiypaTa and TO KaSapd, nou EIXE pExacpEpEi o Spratt oro Aovdivo, K a T a c r r p d 9 r ) K a v K a x d xr] d i d p K E i a xcov PopPapdiopoav TOO 1941. ETrjv a p x r ) T O U 20°" aicbva, TO 1905, r| D. Bate, v E o p d TdT£ E p E U v i i T p i a T O U B p E T a v i K o u

Pleistocene hippopotamids of the Katharo Plateau, Lasithi, Crete. Preliminan' Report by M i c h a e l I I T Z A K I S , Paris P A V L A K I S and X a r i k l e i a N T R I N I A .

MoDodoo Til? OuoiKf)!; loropia?, opYctvcooe T I? npcbxei; EmcJTripoviKE^ noXaiovToXoyiKEi; avaoKacpei; OTO KaOapo, p£Ta|i9i£0]jEvr| pctXiOTa OE ctvSpa. M E T £ 9 E P E OTO MouoEio "DDOiKr)^ lOTopiac; T O U Aov6ivou avEKTipr|T0 OE a^ia K Q I noaoT^Ta U A I K O anoXiOQpdTCOv TOU KaSapou. TiKTOTE, poXii; OTI^ cipx£? TI^^ 5£Ka£Tiac; T O U 1960 ouvEXioav dXXoi noXaiovroXoYOi va O U X X E Y O U V onoXiScbpaTa ano TO KaOapo, Kupiccx; OXXavSoi, FEppavoi, AuOTpioKoi K Q I I T O X O I . AuToi 6iE^r)YaYav HiKpiig 5idpK£ia<; avaoKacpEi; oro KaOapd, OUVEXE^QV anoXiOcbpaTa innondTapcov K Q I

5r)pooiEuoav OXETIKE^ PEXETEI ; (Boekschoten, et al, 1966, Kuss, 1975, Cappasso Barbato, et al, 1982, Bachmayer, et al, 1985, Reese, et al, 1996, Spaan, 1996).

rEfiAOriA TOY KA0APOY H YEoXoYiKT) E § E X I ^ Tq<; nEpioxii? T O U Aiyaiou K O I

EidiKd TOO Td^oo TOO voTioo Aiyaioo E i v a i o d v 0 E T r | x a i oooxETi^ETai p£ TO Y^tiLiSovapiKd KOOEOTO)^ TOO

EopuTEpou x<i>poo Ti]c, MEooyEioo. EiSiKdxEpa, r| vr|oo<; KprjTri anoTEXEi Tpf)pa Evd^ vrjcncoTiKod rd^ou, TO onoio 5r]pioupyii6r|K£ E^auiaq xriq onopdeiori^ xrn; A(ppu<:avTKf)(; nXoKO^ KdTOO and xr\O T O O

Aiya iou. Zup9a)va pE TOU<; Sondaar et al. (1996), K O T O

TO MEOo-AvcDTEpo MfiidKaivo r| KprjTri auvdEOTOv nEpiodiKd pE XT] M w p d Aoia , EVCO Kcrud TO ITXEidKaivo r| vqoo^ 6iapEXiOTr|KE OE 5 id90pa piKpoTEpa vr|oid. KaTd TO nXEiOTdKoivo, i] KpriTi] anEKTiioE TTJV

napodoa pop9fi Tqig.

H XEKdvT) TOO KaOapoo anoTEXEi TT) popEioduTucq O K p q n\(; nEpioxiig Trji; lEpdnETpa<; K O I PpioKExai OTT)

voTioavaToXucf) nXEupd TCOV AIKTECOV opEcov. H E ^ E X I ^

T O U oponEdioo 09EiA£Tai K c n r d Eva pEydXo pEpo(; OTO

auvSuaapd K O V O V I K C O V pr|ypdTcov SiEdOovori^ B130A K O I BIOOA, T O o n o i a 6paOTr|pionoir|6riKav ouyxpdvco<; o£ pia opeopopPiKT] cjuppETpia K O T d Tr| didpKEia Tr]<; p£Tdpaori9 and TO M E O O npo^ TO AvcoTEpo MEidKaivo. Ta dprj noo nEpiKOKXcovoov TT) XEKCtvr] T O U KaOapou anoTEXodvrai Kara E v a pEyctXo pEpog and pEoo^coiKodg aopEOTdXi6ou<; x a i pdppapa. Z T O vdrio p£po9 Tri<; X£Kdvr|(5 K O I OE 5id90p£5 CIXXEC; nEpioxEc; £KTi9£Tai Evai; 9X00x1x0"; oxrjpaTiopd^ qXucia(; AvcoTEpo Hcbxaivo anoTEXodpEvoc; and oxiordXiOoui; K O I ipappiTEi;. Kaxd rdnooc; £Kpr]^iyEvr) nExpcbpoTa ( o E p n E V T i v i T E ^ yEpppoi, K.Xn.) EniKdOovrai TOO 9X6oxr).

Ta VECOTEpa nETpopaTO TOO onopdOpoo, noo £p9avi^ovTai OTT) popEioavaxoXiKf) nXEupd Trji; XEKOvrj^ TOO KaOapou, ooviOTavxai and KOXCO";

EVCTxpcopEva adpopEpr) KpoKaXonayq, xcov onoicov xo CJOVSEXIKO oXiKd Eivai aop£OToXi0iKd. Zup9G)va pE xoD^ Ten Veen & Meijer (1998), r) rjXiKia auxcbv TCOV

anoOEOECov Eivai AvcoTEpo ZEppaPciXXio. KaTd rdnooc; XEnTOKOKKO i ^ p a r a nEpu<X£ioov 09ctXpop£<; navi5£<; oopnEpiXapPavopEvcov d9eovcov ardpcov T O O EISOOC;

Terebralia bidentata, KaOttJ K O I K£Xu9cbv and Ostrea. E i 6 i K d T £ p a , OTr| v o T i o d u T i i c r ) nXEupd T O O Xd90o TOO

KaOapod, cnT|v nEpioxr) KapivdKi , E X E I P P E O E I pia

nXouoia naviSo and MaXdKia, Madreporia, Bpod^coa, K .Xn. (Bezes et al., 1983). Ta i ^ p a r a a o T d OECopodvTai r|XiKiac; KoTCOTEpoo TopTdvioo. EninXEOv, oxr)v i5ia nEpioxii KOI o£ ui(;dpETpo rapinou 1200m 01 Knithakis et al. (1986) niOTonoir|oav xr|v napouoia pia^ KOpaXXioyEvoug naviSag anoxEXoupEvriq and xa zi5r\ Tarbellastrea siciliae, Palaeoplesiastrea columnaeformis x a i Tlwgioastraea reasendai. Ta EppaxuniKd aoxd KopctXXia unodEiKVUouv £va nEpipctXXov pd9ou<; n s p i n o u 50 pExpcov, p£ GEppoKpaokg x^pa^'niP'-'^u^^S onoxponiKod KXipaxoq (Marcopoulou-Diakantoni & Knithakis, 1978).

O i nXEiOTOKOiviKE^ anoGsoEi^ xr]5 XEKdvr|(; xou Ka9apou anoxeXodvxai and apyt\oo<; x a i appcbdEi^ apyiXooi; p£ E v o c o p o x c o p E V E i ; ycovicb5Ei<; KpoKciXEq, pEyiOTOo ndxou^ 20m (Pavlakis et al. 1999). AvoXooEig KdKKoov ydpEcoc; anoKdXoipav xr|v napoooia pEpiKcbv KaKcbi; SiaxTjpqpEvcov KdKKCov and Pinus, Quercus, Liguliflorae Kai Gramineae (Pavlakis et al. 1999). ZripEpa OTi^v nEpioxr) xou Ka9apo6 6EV ondpxEi nEOKO (Pinus). O i ano9£0£i5 aoxE"; Eivai xuniKE^ £vd^ Xipvaioo nEpipdiXXovTOi;.

H NEA nAAAIONTOAOriKH 0 E Z H «ANA2KAMA»

O i avaoKa9£5 mr] Qiar\» OTO opon£5io KaBapd AaoiOiou opYavcb9r|Kav and T O V Topra lOTopiKTii; TECoXoyiai; - OaXaiovToXoyiaig T O U Tpripaxoq FECoXoyiac; K O I FEConEpipdXXovrog T O U E 9 v i K o u K O I KonoSiOTpiOKod DavEnicnTipiou A9r|vcbv TO 1998. Ai£u9uvTf)<; TT\C, avaaKa9ri<; fjTdv o Ka9r|yr|Tf)^ K. M . AEppiT^dKT)^, £niOTr|poviKd<; on£u9uvo<5 r|Tav o AvanX. Ka9r|yriTr)i; K . F I . FlauXdxrii;, EVCO

ouv£pydoTr]Kav Kai 01 Ka9riyiiT£<5 K . K . P. Sondaar T O U FEooXoyiKou IvOTiTOUTOu TOU FlavEniOTripiou Tr\c; Ouxp£Xxr|i;, F. Flavayidpri"; T O O Tpfiparoq ZuvTf|pqor|(; ApxaioTf)Tcov KQI 'Epycov TEXvr|5 xou T E I ABriva^ x a i H . Schwarcz xou EpyaOTr|piou FECDXpovoXdyr|ori5 T O U FlavEniOTripiou McMaster T O U Kavadd. ZoppETEixav pETonTuxiaKoi K O I npomoxiaKoi 90iTriT£^ T O O Tpr|paT09 FEcoXoyiai; K a i FEConEpiPctXXovxoq T O O E K T I A

K O I nponxoxiOKoi 90iTr|T£<; TOO Tpi iparog ZuvTf)pr|C5ri<; ApxaioTf)TCDV K a i 'Epycov TEXvr)!; T O U T E I A9r)va9. H Xpr|paTo6dTr|or| EyivE and T O V E I S I K O Aoyopiaopd KovdoXicov 'EpEuvai; T O U navEniOTr]piou A9r|vcbv, and r q NopapxiaKi] AuToSioiKrioq AaoiBioo Kai and xo Aiipo Ay ioo NiKoXdou.

To EpEuvr|TiKd npdypappa pEXpt Tcopa n£pi£ixE xEOOEpi avacjKa9iK£i; n£pid5ou(;: lodXio p£ AdyooOTO 1998, lodXio pE AuyooOTO 1999, lodXio p£ AdyooOTo 2000 Kai ZEnxEpPpio 2002. Kaxd xr) SidpKEia auxcbv xcov nEpiddcov pEXq T:r]c, EpEuvqTiKXjq opdSai; EKavov nEpifjyqor) TOO oponEdioo, Kupico^ Kcrud pf)KO<; TOO pEpaTOi; "HEVucd", y i a avEopEor) Eni9av£iaKcbv onoXiGcopdrcDv K O I VECOV anoXi0copaTO9dpcov OEOECOV.

H VEO QioT] noo avaKaXd99r)KE ovopoOTXjKE «AvdaKapa». Tov ZEinEpPpio TOO 2002 r) O O V O X I K T )

a v a o K o p p E v r ) £ni9dvEia rqi; 0£or)(; EIXE 9Tdo£i xa

54

TlpwctiKa 2ov nayKpt]Tiov Xm\laioloyiKoi> Zupnoaiou Aficpcopt\>ou artj f'^tj/Jij rov El. TDMraKri

%ra- Ano xq Stoq «AvdoKapa» ouXXExSqKQV K Q I KaiaXoYqSqKav O U V O A I K C I n e p i n o u 500 Seiypaxa anoXiOcopevov innonoTapcov. Ano auxd xa 230 eivai K p a v i a K d KOI n e p i n o u 270 e i v a i pexd-Kpavxaxd. TeXog, ooAXexfllKav n e p i n o u 200 eninAeov anoXiOcbpaxa uinondxapociv a n d 11 dXXeg Oeoeig oxo opone5io KaSapd.

rEflXPONOAOraSH H xpovoAdYqoq xqg naviSag innondxapcov a n d xq

Beori "AvdoKapaw eyive oe 4 Yop9iou(; ndvco a n d xo crtpcopa xcov aopeoxoAiOiKcbv Xaxuncbv pe xq pe6o5o xou HXeKxpoviKou napapayvqxiKou Euvxoviopou (Electron Spin Resonance- ESR). H avciXuoq eyive a n d TOY KaOqyriTri Henry Schwarcz oxo EpYaoxqpio FecoxpovoXdYqoqg x o u Tpqpaxog recoXoyiag K O I FefflYP' 'P' Q? "t o" novenioxqpiou McMaster oxo Ovxdpio TOU KovaSd. H qXixia npoo5iopicjxqKe cog 365Ka ± 50 Ka. H qXiKia auxq epninxei c r r o vecbrepo OKpo TCOV Tipcbv TCOV eyKupcov andXuTcov XpovoXoYr|oecov, n o u exouv K a T d Kaipoug npaypaTonoiqSei cn:a anoXiOcbpcrra T O U KaOapou Kai 01 onoieg K u p a i v o v T O i and 375 yikiabzq pexpt 850 XiXiddeg npiv TO napdv (Lax, 1996).

nPOKATAPTIKH MOP(t>OAOriKH ANAAYSH Oi peTpqoeig K a i oi avaXuoeig TCOV eupqpciricov

PpioKovxai oe e ^ e X i ^ . O i n p o K O T a p K r i K e g , dpcog, (leXeTEg exouv 5cboei pia oeipd apxiKcov anoTeXeopdrcov. O i xipeg xcov peTpqoEcov TCOV

n X e i O T O K a i v i K c b v innondTapcov and rq 9eoq «AvdoKapa» cjuyKpiOqKav pe T ig x i p e g and xa SeiYpoxa xcov irmondxapcov and xo oponedio KaOapd {Hippopotamus creutzburgi), nou peXcxqoctv oi Sondaar et aim 1966 K O I oi Petronio et al xo 1971, pe deiYpaxa xcov mnondxapcov and xq Kdxco ZdKpo (Hippopotamus creutzburgi parvus) (Kuss, 1975), pe deiypaxa xou K u n p i o K o u vdvou umondxapoo (Hippopotamus minor) KOI p£ deiypara ouyxpovou uinondxapou {Hippopotamus amphibius) (Pavlakis, 1987, Sondaar et al, 1966, Mazza, 1991).

KPANIAKES METPHSEIS Oi ouyxpixiKEg peXexeg xcov diacjxdoecov xcov

5ovxicbv onodeiKvuouv Kdnoieg loxupeg pop9oXoyiKeg raoeig. Sxoug Kovddovxeg oi xipeg xou deiypoxog and xo «AvdoKapa» eivai napdpoieg pe xig xipeg xou Seiypaxog xcov Sondaar et al (1966), evco oi xipeg Kai

5uo auxd deiypaxa eivai piKpdxepeg and xig xipeg twv 6eiypdxcov xou Hippopotamus amphibius. Oi xdoeig auxeg eivai £p9av£ig oe dXeg xig pexpqoeig xcov

ovTimv. Zqpeicbvexai, enioqg, dxi xa deiypaxa d o v x i c b v "tav mnondxapcov and xqv Kdxco ZdKpo (Hippopotamus '^'•eutzburgi panms), oxig nepioooxepeg pexpqoeig xoug, napoooid^ouv xipeg piKpdxepeg and xig xipeg xcov

' lYUdxtov and xo KaGapd. O i pexpqoEig and xa ^lYUaxa Kdxco o i a y c b v a g edcooctv n a p d p o i a

•^oxeXjopaxa pe x ig p e x p q o e i g xcov dovxicbv, 5qXa5q

ep9avi^exai opoidxqxa xcov xipcov oe dXa xa Seiypaxa mnondxapcov and xo oponedio KaGapd (Secjq «AvdoKapa», Seiypa Sondaar et al, 1966 K a i deiypa Petronio et al, 1971). Oi xipeg xou deiypaxog Hippopotamus amphibius eivai Kaxd noXu peyaXdxepeg and xig xipeg xcov deiypdxcov and xo oponedio KaGapd (ZXHMA 1).

KaTu> ZiayiAjva

350 300 250 200 150 100 50

O

Kaeap6 2000 - e — H . creutzburgi

H.amphibius K C S T U ) Zdnpo^

- X — Kaeap6 1971

Kaeap6 2000 - e — H . creutzburgi

H.amphibius K C S T U ) Zdnpo^

- X — Kaeap6 1971

Kaeap6 2000 - e — H . creutzburgi

H.amphibius K C S T U ) Zdnpo^

- X — Kaeap6 1971

8 9 MCTpnCTCI

ZXHMA 1. AiaypapiJa Kara) Iiayiovai;. Ta SeiyiJaTa TU)V H. creutzburgi, H. c. parvus (KaTto ZaKpo ), Kaeapo 2000 KQI KaBapo 1971 TTapouaia ouv mov£(; o joiOTriTeq. Ta SEiyiJaTa TOU H. amphibius tio\iM TTO\ (jeyaAuTepEq i\\itc,.

METAKPANIAKES METPHZEIZ H KOKT) diaxqpqoq xcov pexaKpaviaxcbv xpqpdrQv

TCOV anoXiGcopctxcov oxq Gecjq «AvdoKapa» 6ev enixpenouv xq XP^oil '^^^ nepioooxepcov 5£iypdxcov, nou xpqoiponoiqGqKcrv oxig ouyxpixiKeg pop9oXoyiKeg avaXuoeig xcov dovxicbv. T a nXqpq ooxd oe KoXq Koxdcnaoq eivai eXdxiora, av K a i exouv SiaxqpqGei noXXeg and xig ano9uoeig pcucpcbv ocnrcov. Me pdoei auxd xa xpqpaxa exouv yivei o i dovaxeg pop9oXoyiKeg ouyKpiocig pe xa dXXa Seiypaxa mnondxapcov and xo KaGapd (5qXa5q xcov Seiypdxcov xcov Sondaar et al, 1966, Petronio et al, 1971), pe deiypaxa mnondxapcov cmd xqv Kunpo (Hippopotamus minor. Bate, 1906) K O I pe odyxpovoug mnondxapoug (Hippopotamus amphibious, Sondaar al, 1966, Mazza, 1991).

H Geoq «AvdoKapa» ane5cooe apxeTd SeiypcTO aoTpayciXcov m n o n d T a p o o v oe KoAq KOTdcrtaoq. Aurd eneTpeijje r q ouyKpiTiKq pop9oXoyiKq avdXuoq Toug. Z T O Z X H M A 2 avonapiOTCovrai oi Tipeg TCOV

perpqoecov oe acnpdyaXoog TCOV deiypdrcov mnondTapcov and Tq Geoq «AvdoKapa» (KaGapd 2000), TCOV deiypcruoov and TO KaGapd TCOV Sondaar et al (1966) ( H . creutzburgi), TCOV Seiypdrcov ouyxpovcov mnondxapcov (H. amphibious) K O I TCDV deiypdrcov mnondrapcov and Tqv Kunpo ( H . minor). HapaTqpeiTOi o n : a) o i Tipeg xcov SeiypdTcov and TO KaGapd eivai napdpoieg, p) o i Tipeg xcov deiypdrcov TOU ouyxpovou innondTopou eivai Kaxd noXu peyaXuxepeg and auxeg TCOV Seiypdrcov and xo KaGapd, evco y) oi xipeg xcov deiypdxcov xou H. minor eivai apKexd piKpdxepeg. Hepa and xig 5ia90peg oxo peyeGog xcov xipcbv, nou 09Ei\exai oxo vav iopd xcov deiypdrcov and xo KaGapd Kai xqv Kunpo, 5 ia9a ivovxa i K O I 6ia9opeg cog npog xq Karavopq TCOV Tipcov. Aurd

55

avTiKOTOircpi^Ei xr] 5 i a 9 0 p d crtig empepoug SiaordoEig TCOV aoTpaYctXcov T Q V 5ia90pETiKcbv Ei5cbv. O i Sondaar et al. (1966) unooTiipi^av O T I O H. creutzburgi r)Tav n i o EDEXIKTOI ; a n o TO or|pepiv6 H. amphibious. ZoyKEKpipeva, Kdnoieg diacpopEg OTig ap9piK£g Eni9dvEiEg TOO aoTpavdAou EnsTpenav O T O V H. creutzburgi v a E X E I p£YaXuTEpr| EA£o6Epia Kivrjorig OTO

niX]ia.

ACTTpdvaAo?

90 - -80

-»-Kaeap6 2000 ; H. creutzburgi

H.amphibius H- minor

1 2 3 4 5 METpqcFEl

ZXHMA 2. AiaypaiJtJa AoTpayaAou. Ta 5£iy)jaTa TWV H. creutzburgi m Ka9ap6 2000 eivai ax£56v opoia. Ta Seiyfjaia TOU

amphibius exouv TI^ ptyaAuTepEc; iiiiiq, zw TO SEiypaTo TOU H. minor m; (jiKpoTtpEi;.

A n O T E A E I M A T A Oi ooyKpiTiKEg pop9oAoYtK£i; avaAdo£i<; exoov

anodcboEi KdnoiEg EvdEi^Eig y i a TT) axiar\O dEiYpaTog TCOV innondTapcov a n d Tr| 6£or| «Avdcn<;apa» p£ T a ctAAa deiypaTa innondrapcov n o u E^ETdoOr|Kav. AioKpivETOi opoidTiiTa Tipcbv OE dXa xa d E i y p a T a a n d TO KaOapd (dEiypa «Avdc3Kapa», d E i y p a Sondaar et al, 1966, d E i y p a Petronio et al., 1971). Aurr] r| Tdcrr] niOavcbg unodriAcbvEi Tr|v n a p o u o i a T O O idioo Eidoog innondrapoo OTO oponEdio {Hippopotamus creutzburgi). To dEiypa xr|<; Kcrrco Z d x p o u (H. creutzburgi. parvus) napouoid^Ei EAa9pcb(; piKpdTEpEg TipEg a n d TO d E i y p a TOU KaOapod. H opOdrrira T O U Siaxcopiopou T O U dEiypoTog Trig Kdrco ZdKpou OE 5 ia9opETiKd unoEidog a n d TOV Kuss (1975) n p m E i va £A£yx0Ei p£ xr\v E£,txaar\ nEpaiTEpcD dEiypdTcov a n d TT) nspioxr). To d E i y p a T O U innondrapou Tqg Kunpou (H. minor) napoooid^Ei piKpdTEpEg TipEg a n d TO dfiiypa T O U KaOapod. TfiAog, oi pETpqoEig aoTpayciAcav T O U dEiyparog mnondTapoov and TT) OEOT) « A v d o K a p a » unodEiKvuouv, EKrdg cmd TO piKpd psyEOog, K O I p i a n i O a v q pEyaAoTEpr) £AEU0Epia Kivr)ar)g cna KOTCO OKpa xcov vdvcflv mnondxapcov OE oxEor| pE xoug crdyxpovoog H. amphibius.

H P E A E X I I XOO anoAi8cDpaxo9dpoo opi^ovxa E X E I

anodcboEi p i a 0£ipd naAaiooiKoAoyiKcbv EvdEi^Ecov. Zxr) 9£or| « A v d o K a p a » n a p a x q p E i x a i oipqAr) nuKvdxqxa onoAiOcopcncov, Kupicog E^apOpcopEvcov pEAcbv, KoGcbg K a i r| Evxovri n a p o u o i a ooyKEKpipEvou npooavaxoAicjpou c n a pciKpd ooxd. T a oxoiXEia a u r d unooxripi^ouv Tr|v undOecn] d r i T O Eupripara £vanoT£9r|Kav OE n o r d p i o nEpipdiAAov. Qoxdoo, cnri Qiar[ « A v d o K a p a » pp£0r|Kav K a i K d n o i a E u p i i p a r a (poKpd ocTid) apOpcopEva OE avaropiKr) OEOT). To

OTOixEio auTd unooxripi^ei Aipvaio nEpipdiAAov Evand0Eor|g. O oovduaopdg auxcbv xcav oxoixEicov niOavdxaxa 09EiAExai oto yEyovdg dxi x a £upr|paxa oxo « A v d o K a p a » PpioKovxai orig EKpoAig £vdg XEipdppou OE AipvT}. •

BIBAIOrPAc&IA B A C H M A Y E R , F., and Z A P F E , H . , 1985. E in absolutes

Altersdatum fur die fossilen Zwergflusspferde der Insel Kreta. Sitzungsberichten der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 8: 165-166.

BATE, D., M., A., 1905. Four and a half months in Crete in search of Pleistocene Mammalian remains. Geol. Mag., 5 (2): 193-202.

BEZES, C , K N I T H A K I S , E., M A K R O P O U L O U -D I A K A N T O N I , A., 1983. Renseignements stratigraphiques et paleoecologiques du Tortonien Superieur de la Colline Catharo (Lassithi, Crete Orientate). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit. 28:211-214.

B O E K S C H O T E N , G. J. and S O N D A A R , P., Y., 1966. The Pleistocene of the Katharo basin (Crete) and its Hippopotamus. Bijdr. Dierk.,, 36:17-44.

C A L O I , L. , P A L O M B O , M., R., P E T R O N I O , C , 1980. Resti cranici di Hippopotamus antiquus (=H. major) e Hippopotamus amphibious conservati nel Museo di Paleontologia dell' Universita di Roma. Geol. Romana, 19: 91-119.

CAPPASSO BARBATO, L. , C , K O T S A K I S , T. and P E T R O N I O , C , 1982. Nuovi resti e observazioni filogenetiche su Hippopotamus creutzburgi Boekchoten and Sondaar (Hippopotamidae, Mammalia) del Pleistocene di Creta (Grecia). Geologica Rom., 21: 61-77.

C O R Y N D O N , S., G. , 1977. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and a description of two new fossil species I-II. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., B, 80: 61-88.

C O R Y N D O N , S., G. , 1978. Hippopotamidae. hi Maglio v. , J., and Cooke, H. , B., S. (Eds.): Evolution of African Mammals, 483-495.

de B L A I N V I L L E , M., M., D., 1847. Hippopotamus et Sus. Osteographie, 22: 248.

D E R M I T Z A K I S , M., D. and S O N D A A R , P., Y., 1978. The importance of fossil mammals in reconstructing paleogeography with special reference to the Pleistocene Aegean Archipelago. Ann. Geol. Pays Hell., 29: 808-840.

G E Z E , R., 1980. Les Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) du Plio-PIeistocene de L ' Ehtiopie (Afrique Orientate). PhD Thesis, unpublished. L ' Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris V I .

K N I T H A K I S , E. et a l , 1986. Geological Map of Greece, Ayios Nikolaos Sheet, 1:50.000.1.G.M.R.

56

TlpaKTiKa 2ov IlayKptJTiov Em^lawXoyiKov Lvpnoaioa A(piEp(opevou art] pvtjprj rov EX.. nX.arciKt]

KUSS, S., E . 1975. Hippopotamus creutzburgi parvus n. ssp., ein pleistozanes Zwergflufipferd von der Insel Kreta. Ber. Naturf. Ges. Freiburgi. Br. 65: 5-23.

LAX, E., 1996. A gazetteer of Cretan paleontological localities. In Reece, D. (Ed.) Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its first Settlers. Monographs in World Archaeology, Prehistory Press, No 28:1-32.

L Y D E K K E R , R., 1885. Catalogue of the fossil mammalia in the British Museum. Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, suborder Artiodactyla. XXII + 324p.

M A C R O P O U L O U - D I A K A N T O N I , A. & E. KNITHAKIS, 1978. The presence of the Tortonian corals in the NW Dikty Mountain (Island of Crete). 10* International Congress on Sedimentonlogy, Jerusalem, July 9-14, 1978, Abstract.

MAZZA, P., 1991. Interrelations between Pleistocene hippopotami of Europe and Asia. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana. 30 (2): 153-186.

OWEN, R., 1845. Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil organic remains of Mammalia and Aves contained in the Royal College Surgeons of England. 391 p.

PA^-LAKIS, P., P., 1999. The Natural History of the island Hippopotamids. Biologia Gallo- hellenica. Vol. 25 (2): 143-156.

R E E C E , D., B E L L U O M I N I , G. , I K E Y A , M., 1996. Absolute Dates for the Pleistocene Fauna of Crete. In Reece, D. (Ed.) Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its first Settlers. Monographs in World Archaeology, Prehistory Press, No 28: 47-51.

S O N D A A R , P.Y., D E R M I T Z A K I S , M.D., DeVOS, J., 1996. The paleogeography and faunal evolution of the land mammals of Crete. In: Reese, D.S. (Ed.), Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and Its First Settlers. Monographs in World Archaeology 28, pp. 61-67.

S P A A N , A., 1996. Hippopotamus creutzburgi: The case of the Cretan Hippopotamus. In Reece, D. (Ed.) Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its first Settlers. Monographs in World Archaeology, Prehistory Press, No 28: 99-110.

SPRATT, T. A. B., 1865. Travels and researches in Crete. London: John van Voorst, Vol. 2, 386-7.

T E N V E E N , J.K. & P.T. MEIJER, 1998. Late Miocene to Recent tectonic evolution of Crete (Greece): Geological observations and model analysis. Tectonophysics 298,191-208.

WESTON, E. , M., 1997. A biometrical analysis of evolutionary change within the Hippopotamidae. PhD Thesis, unpublished, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.

57