Non-Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation

Jan JakušJan Jakuš

DefinitionDefinition Non-Ionizing radiation includes all kinds of ele-

ctromagnetic (elmg.) radiations with frequen-cies < 1015 Hz and wavelengths λ = 10-8 - 104 m. i.e. ultraviolet radiation UV- light ,Visible light, Infrared radiation IR-light, Microwaves, Long ,Medium, Short, and Ultra-short radiowaves). These elmg. radiations never create electrically charged IONS (cations+ and anions-) when tar-geting atoms or molecules.

γ-Rays X-rays UV VL IR R a d i o W a v e s

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J I o n i z i nI o n i z i n gg N o n – I o n i z i n g

1. Ultraviolet Radiation (UV-Light1. Ultraviolet Radiation (UV-Light))

UV Light is invisible radiation with λ = 100- 400 nm, Sources: natural (Sun), artificial (mercury lamps )

Classification:UVA- long wave,“black-tanning light“ λ = 315 - 400

nmUVB- medium wave,“inflamatory“λ = 280 - 315 nmUVC- short wave,“killing germs“λ = 100 - 280 nm

(comes only from artificial sources)

Earth is targeted from Sun by UVA (90%) and UVB (10%) lights. 90% of UVB is absorbed by O3 and O2

Ozone O3 and O2 lower the intensity of UVA and UVB lights and totally absorb UVC light

Ozone holes- increase a level of UV radiation!

Ozone Hole-Ozone Hole- Depletion of Stratospheric ODepletion of Stratospheric O33

Effects of UV Radiation on Human BodyEffects of UV Radiation on Human Body

SkinSkin: ErythemaErythema- „early red coloured skin inflam- mation“(appears after 2-3 hours)

TanningTanning (delyed pigmentation, because production of melanine.( it starts approx. 24- 48 hours after expo- sure) Vitamine DVitamine D production Skin AgingSkin Aging (Wrinkles, Dry skin, Skin cancer-

melanoma)

EyeEye: Inflammation- Inflammation- Conjunctivitis, Pain, CataractPain, Cataract

IMUNITY: IMUNITY: increases.increases. OOverexposureverexposure - - decreasesdecreases

UV-light: Penetration Through SkinUV-light: Penetration Through Skin

Protection against UV- light overexposureProtection against UV- light overexposure1. Avoid tanning newborns and small children2. Avoid tanning between 10 a.m.- 2 p.m, when intensity

of Sun light is the highest (in the Middle Europe)3. Always take sunscreens- wear glasses with UVA and

UVB factors, cover head by wide hats, protect body with summer dress, and use grease without perfums

4. SUNNSCREENS must contain both UV-A and UV B protecting factors (at least No 20 for level of Sun radiation in the Middle Europe)

5. Do not tann when taking remedies (e.g. antibiotics, sulfonamids, etc.)

6. Avoid visit solaria frequently - mainly persons with blond hairs and light coloured skin - do it with care!

7. Take in mind- skin has its own a„memory“ and re-members its burning by UV-light overexposure!

8. Burning of skin in childhood is very dangerous, lea-ding to cancer in adult age, as well !

9. Take into account the Solar index

2. Mobile Communication- . Mobile Communication- Ultra High Frequency Ultra High Frequency (UHF(UHF)) radiowaves radiowaves

• It is an electromagnetic (elmg.)radiation with frequencies btw. 300-3000 MHz, and λ = 1 - 0.1m

• Is kind of non-ionizing radiation • Is used at TV and Mobile Transmissions• Mobile Phones work mostly under frequency 900

and 1800 MHz.• Mobile phone is small transceiver, periodically

connecting by radiowaves with Basic Mobile Station (BMS are placed on the top of hills, on the roofs, etc.)

• The intensity of electromagnetic radiation in a vicinity of BMS is very high and danger for body

Effects of Mobile RadiowavesEffects of Mobile Radiowaves

During calling elmg. radiation from mobile spre-ads to an environment as a radiosignal. The wea-ker is a received signal ( e.g. in car, train, or in buildings builded from steel and concrete) the higher is an intensity of emitted elmg. radiation. This radiation affects the head, ear, neck also the digits and hand of calling person on the side whe-re a phone is taken by hand.

Absorbtion of Mobile Radiowaves by Body

The depht of penetration of mobile radiation to tiss-ues is 1-2 cm (affecting mostly the brain structu-res).

The index for Specific Rate of Absorbtion (SAR ) for brain tissue was established. N= 1.6- 2.0 (W.kg-1)

For a particular value of SAR in different types of phones see the box where the mobile is stored.

The intensity of mobile radiation is low (2 W), howe-ver in brain, the intensity may be add together (summated) above normal value of SAR. Thus,the effects depend both on an intensity of mobile elmg. radiation and a time of calling (exposure)

Biological Effects of Mobile RadiowavesBiological Effects of Mobile Radiowaves

1. Thermal Effects-Thermal Effects- passing the tissue radiowaves create heat - temperature within the brain rises up ( approx. 0.10 C during 12 min. time of phone call), and this, in turn may damage the neurons. Disorders of the optic and cochlear nerves were also published lately. Also a lower production of hormon melatonine was found. Subjectivelly, persons are complainted on : burning and itching of skin with erythema, some feeling of heat in the ear, bad concentration, sleeping disorders, etc.

2.2. Non Thermal Effects-Non Thermal Effects- to-date mechanisms are obscure, however scientists presume possibility for appearance of brain cancer e.g. astrocytoma (with location at the side of head, that is directly touched by phone)

How to use mobiles safely?- Buy only phones with SAR <1.6 (W.kg-1):look

for SAR number being placed on the box - Do not call when driving or travelling by train

(i.e. avoid do make calls at all places with low signal !)

- Do not call over 2 minutes, as well. Rather use „hands free“ set.

- Do not touch the head with an antena - Do not allow to children ( at least till 6 years

of age) to use and make calls from mobiles- In pacient with cardiostimulator (pacemaker) store the mobile in pocket at least 20 cm from

pacemaker and heart (ussually on an oppo-site side of body)

Thank You For AttentionThank You For Attention