Neutron spallation sources and the status of ESS (under construction)

Mats Lindroos Head of Accelerator Budapest February 2014

“Whatever the radiation from Be may be, it has most remarkable properties”

Its discovery James Chadwick

1932 (α,n) reaction

p ?

Neutrons

Wave Particle Magnetic moment Neutral

Diffractometers - Measure structures – Where atoms and molecules are

1 - 10 Ångström

Neutrons are beautiful !

1 - 80 meV

Spectrometers - Measure dynamics – What atoms and molecules do

Cs Zr Mn S O C Li H

X-rays

neutrons

Light and neutrons

Better drugs from detailed protein maps

Fisher, S. Z. et al. 2012 JACS

This enzyme transports CO2 and regulates blood pH.

It is a major player in some cancers, glaucoma, obesity

and high blood pressure

Neutron crystallography pinpoints protons and

waters, showing how the drug Acetazolamide binds

10-9 m

Engineering materials

17/02/2015 6 Source: PSI, CEMNET workshop 2007

Non-destructive analysis of a steel armed concrete block with neutron imaging and X-ray tomography.

Spallation

Source Wikipedia

“Spallation is a process in which fragments of material (spall) are ejected from a body due to impact or stress…”

Spallation sources • Spallation sources come in at least three types:

– short pulse sources (a few μs), – long pulse sources (a few ms) and – continuous sources.

• In general, synchrotrons or accumulator (compressor) rings provide short neutron pulses, linear accelerators provide long neutron pulses, and cyclotrons provide continuous beams of neutrons.

Berkeley 37-inch cyclotron

350 mCi Ra-Be source

Chadwick

1930 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

105

1010

1015

1020

1

ISIS

Pulsed Sources

ZINP-P

ZINP-P/

KENS WNR IPNS

ILL

X-10

CP-2

Steady State Sources

HFBR

HFIR NRU MTR NRX

CP-1

1940 1950 1960

Effe

ctiv

e th

erm

al n

eutro

n flu

x n/

cm2 -

s

(Updated from Neutron Scattering, K. Skold and D. L. Price, eds., Academic Press, 1986)

FRM-II SINQ

SNS ESS

ESS - Bridging the neutron gap

J-PARC

Short pulse neutron sources-SNS

• SNS, SC LINAC/Storage ring, 2007, 1.4 MW, 1 GeV, 26 mA in linac, 627 ns long pulse, 60 Hz

• Examples of challenges: Better understand stripping reaction in linac, accumulation in storage ring

Short pulse sources-LANCSE

• LANCSE, NC LINAC /Storage ring, 1972, 100 kW, 800 MeV, 17 mA in linac, 600 ns, 20 Hz

• Examples: Combined H- and H+ acceleration

Accelerated intensity at 800 MeV: 2.5x1013 ppp - 3.75x1013 ppp (200 µA) (300 µA) •Neutron scattering facility •Two target stations •Muon facility Examples of challenges: Ceramic vacuum chambers, high space charge synchrotron

The intensity frontier at PSI: π, µ, UCN

nEDM

µp / µHe Lambshift FAST MuLan/MuCap/MuSun

MEG

PEN

PIF

nTRV The world‘s most powerful proton beam to targets: 590 MeV x 2.4 mA = 1.4 MW

The world‘s highest intensity pion and muon beams, e.g., up to a few 108µ+/s at 28 MeV/c

The new ultracold neutron source, ramping up, designed for 1000 UCN cm-3

Swiss national laboratory with strong international collaborations

Precision experiments with the lightest unstable particles of their kind

A European research center

ESS for European material research, life

sciences and much more

The road to realizing the world’s leading facility for research using neutrons

2014 Construction work starts on the site

2009 Decision: ESS will be built in Lund

2025 ESS construction complete

2003 First European design effort of ESS completed

2012 ESS Design Update phase complete

2019 First neutrons on instruments

2023 ESS starts user program

17 nations committed to build ESS Cash contributions from Sweden, Denmark and Norway 50% of construction and 15-20% of operations costs

In-kind contributions from the other 14 nations

Construction cost: 1843 M€ Operation cost: 140 M€ Decommissioning cost: 177 M€ ESS AB 2014, ca 303 employes, 40 nationaliteter

Good progress!

Update from site

Protons

Target Moderator

Neutrons

Build and operate a 5 MW SCRF linac

Design Drivers: High Average Beam Power 5 MW High Peak Beam Power 125 MW High Availability > 95%

Key parameters: -2.86 ms pulses -2 GeV -62.5 mA peak -14 Hz -Protons (H+) -Low losses -Minimize energy use -Flexible design for future upgrades

Spokes Medium β High β DTL MEBT RFQ LEBT Source HEBT & Contingency Target

2.4 m 4.6 m 3.8 m 39 m 56 m 77 m 179 m

75 keV

3.6 MeV

90 MeV

216 MeV

571 MeV

2000 MeV

352.21 MHz

704.42 MHz

ESS LINAC PROJECT SCHEDULE

20

COLLABORATION DURING (PRE-) CONSTRUCTION

Søren Pape Møller Roger Ruber

Anders J. Johansson

The National Center for Nuclear Research

Santo Gamino Ibon Bustinduy

Sebastien Bousson

Pierre Bosland

Roger Barlow

ACCSYS Management team at ESS

• Mats Lindroos – Project leader

• John Weisend – Deputy project leader

• David McGinnis – Chief engineer

• Lali Tchelidze – Safety including radiation

safety • Luisella Lari

– Head planner • Håkand Danared

– In-kind manager • Anders Sunesson

– RF systems • Andreas Jansson

– Beam instrumentation • Matthew Conlon

– QA/QC 22

• Division and project aligned at high level “WP as a group” would make for too big

fragmentation Four WPs have external leaders

• Weekly or bi-weekly meetings at ESS Accelerator Division Management board of project and division WP leaders Lead engineers Safety

• Regular meetings for ACCSYS project Technical board (all WP leaders and reps of

labs/uni. with contract) as governance and CCB on project level (6 meetings per year)

Collaboration board with reps of director of of labs/uni. with contracts as oversight committee

Audits yearly of every WP Reviews (Conceptual, design, ready to build) as

required mostly co-organized with audits

Ion Source and Normal-Conducting Linac

Prototype proton source operational, and under further development, in Catania. Output energy 75 keV.

Design exists for ESS RFQ similar to 5 m long IPHI RFQ at Saclay. Energy 75 keV->3.6 MeV.

Design work at ESS Bilbao for MEBT with instrumentation, chopping and collimation.

DTL design work at ESS and in Legnaro, 3.6 ->90 MeV. Picture from CERN Linac4 DTL.

DTL and Ion source progress at INFN

24

INFN PSESS prototype: CDR just completed!

25 ECOS-EURISOL Joint Town Meeting – 28-31/10/2014 - Orsay

IPN: ESS

Stiffeners for vacuum load compensation

Titanium vessel

4 ports on cavity end-wall for High Pressure Rinsing

Ø100 Coupler port

Mechanical optimisation

SRF 2013

3 Double-Spoke cavities being delivered in 2014

SRF 2013

MP calculations (after final design, no optimisation)

7 – 13 MV/m 0.3 – 0.6 MV/m

Design of a double-spoke cavities at 352 MHz with β=0.50

13 cryomodules 26 spokes

LINAC 2014

FIRST CAVITY RECEIVED (October 13, 2014)

Elliptical Cavities and Cryomodules

Superconducting five-cell elliptical cavity (not ESS). Two families, for beta = 0.67, energy 216->561 MeV and beta = 0.86, energy 561->2000 MeV.

ESS elliptical cryomodule (not final) with 4 5-cell cavities and 4 power couplers for up to ~1 MW peak RF power.

FIRST COLD TEST RESULT OF FIRST ESS HIGH BETA PROTOTYPE CAVITIES

Measurements done the 22th of May 2014 in vertical cryostat at CEA Saclay Testing conditions: CW mode Operating temperature: 2 K Resonant frequency of π mode (measured): 704.292788 MHz

Next plans: Measurement of resonant frequency of 1st bandpass mode at 2K Measurement of resonant frequency of HOM at 2K If possible, increase accelerating field up to the quench limit Perform heat treatment at CERN at 650°C under vacuum

Specification in cryomodule

Expected in vertical cryostat

Rs = 9 nΩ

28

Inductive Output Tubes or klystrons?

• ESS • Induction Output Tubes, IOTs

• Higher electrical efficiency – They don’t conduct in the absence of input

drive • Compact • Short MTTR • Cheaper modulator (No high voltage

switching)

• Why suddenly IOTs? • Development of Pyrolytic graphite grids • Solid state drivers

Courtesy of Morten Jensen (ESS) Klystron Velocity Modulation

IOT Density Modulation

RF in

RF in

• Since the launch of Expressions of Interest in spring 2013, discussions on in-kind are going on with 25 organizations. Out of these, 20 could deliver true in-kind contributions and 5 (?) will likely have to be paid from ESS cash budget.

• Possible in-kind partners to Accelerator have been identified in Denmark, Estonia,

France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK.

• Value of items discussed with these partners represents 50-55% of accelerator budget, excluding cash contributions and paid contracts.

In-Kind to Accelerator

• Next step with many partners is to agree on technical details and write Scopes of Work.

• At the same time, political issues need to be

solved at higher levels.

• Signed In-Kind Agreements are needed during 2015 in most cases.

Not IKC, 22%

Planned IKC, 49%

Potential IKC, 26%

Cash ”IKC”, 3%

Partner Institutions

True in-kind CEA CNRS Cockcroft Inst Daresbury Lab Elettra ESS-Bilbao GSI Huddersfield Univ IFJ PAN INFN Catania INFN Legnaro INFN Milan NCBJ RAL RHUL Tallinn UT TU Lodz Univ Oslo Warsaw UT Wroclaw UT Cash in-kind Aarhus Univ DESY Lund Univ PSI Uppsala Univ

Functions:

• Convert protons to usable neutrons

• Heat removal

• Confinement and shielding

Unique features:

• Rotating target

• He-cooled W target

• High brightness moderators

31

Proton beam window

Moderator and reflector plug Target wheel

Neutron beam extraction

Target drive housing

Neutron beam window

Steel shielding

Monolith liner

Target station converts protons to “slow” neutrons

• Diameter ~ 11 m; Height ~ 8 m

• Mass ~ 7000 tonnes (mainly steel)

0

2x10 14

4x10 14

6x10 14

ESS 5 MW, 3 cm flat moderator

ESS 5 MW, TDR 2013 ISIS TS1 128 kW ISIS TS2 32 kW

SNS 1 MW J-PARC 300 kW

ILL 57 MW

λ = 3 Å

λ = 1.5 Å

h=3 cm cold

moderator

0

2x1014

4x1014

6x1014

h=3 cm thermal

pre-mod. wing

TDR (2013)

Conv. &TDR (2013)

Qualitatively new level of neutron beam performance

Conv. mod (2010) H2

p-H2 n

n

Science Drivers for the Reference Instrument Suite Multi-Purpose Imaging

General-Purpose SANS

Broadband SANS

Surface Scattering

Horizontal Reflectometer

Vertical Reflectometer

Thermal Powder Diffractometer

Bispectral Power Diffractometer

Pulsed Monochromatic Powder Diffractometer

Materials Science Diffractometer

Extreme Conditions Instrument

Single-Crystal Magnetism Diffractometer

Macromolecular Diffractometer

Cold Chopper Spectrometer

Bispectral Chopper Spectrometer

Thermal Chopper Spectrometer

Cold Crystal-Analyser Spectrometer

Vibrational Spectroscopy

Backscattering Spectrometer

High-Resolution Spin-Echo

Wide-Angle Spin-Echo

Fundamental & Particle Physics

life sciences magnetism & superconductivity

soft condensed matter engineering & geo-sciences

chemistry of materials archeology & heritage conservation

energy research fundamental & particle physics

The reference suite – a guide

These instruments are gradually being replaced by instrument concepts selected for construction.

nnbar experiment @ ESS ?

Bra vakum utan magnetsika fält och strålning

En stor moderator

En stor neutron öppning

En elliptisk neutron spegel

Detector

En lång flysträcka (> 200m)

A sustainable research facility

Renewable Carbondioxide:

- 120 000 ton/year

Recyclable Carbondioxide:

- 15 000 ton/year

Responsible Carbondioxide:

- 30 000 ton/year

1.8 Billion Euros: Biggest investment in Science ever in Scandinavia?

In modern time, definitely YES!

“With better measurements of the stars positions and movements I can make much better horoscopes for you, your majesty!”

However, Tycho Brahe’s Stjärneborg costed the Danish king 1% of the state budget in 1580.

Collaborations enable discovery! - The ESS design update:

- A highly collaborative project

- A baseline design based on the most suitable and best technology of today

- Collaboration partners taking on challenging design issues gave time for ESS to recruit skilled staff for coordination and integration

- Collaborations enabled the design update process to complete in time for the construction phase

- Partners from Pre-Construction have expressed there intention to continue through Construction. Contracts under signature.

- Contracting under way with additional partners for the construction stage, new opportunities are still identified!

- Crucial to keep the schedule, tunnel is being built…

Welcome to ESS!

ESS, Science village and MAX-IV

Design and specifications: -ESS and LTH;

R&D and training of Highly Qualified Personnel: -LTH (3 MSc thesis, 5 Research associate,

1 PhD thesis starting Jan 2015);

Control system hardware : -National Instruments AB, Skåne business center;

Control system software : -Lund University Innovation System (LUIS) AB;

Construction (Low Voltage part): - AQ Elautomatik AB, in Lund;

R&D on High Voltage and High Power Klystron Modulators for the ESS accelerator

Aug ’14

CAD view of medium/high beta RF

42

LANL APT: Final Design

43

x,y

[arb

. uni

ts]

One pattern cycle

fy / fx = 5:4

ESS Challenges:

› f ~ 40 kHz, Tp-p = 12.5 us

Max(∆x) = 70 mm, max(∆y) = 16 mm, RMS(x-∆x) = 12.6 mm, RMS(y-∆y) = 6.3 mm

20 ms pattern cycle

Target Station includes systems that address nuclear hazards

44

~ 130 m long

Accelerator – Target interface

Target monolith, incl. Moderator & Reflector

Systems, and Target Systems

Fluid Systems

High bay

Remote Handling Systems

• Remote Handling Systems including hot cells and associated equipment for maintenance and storage of irradiated components

• Target Safety System including credited controls to protect public and environment from radioactive hazard

• Fluid Systems including He and H2O coolant loops, ventilation, filtering, etc.