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Matching50ΩNetwork

32 Element Leaky-Wave Antenna8.83 λCPW

2093 µm

300 µm400 µm

400 µm

75 µm

50 µm

800 µm metal

slot

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−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

βd (radians)

kod

(rad

ians

)

C = 0.0282 pFZo = 124 Ωεeff = 1.72d = 2.093 mm

−π π2---

π2---

π

2π

3π

π

k od

(rad

ians

)

2!3546R69 °` F=3555B0D35:KJL35?040F=?0M

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:/,NLM>?E64?R,M=E?R,46+I>2546+ë2OD,D,KLNL+I/õE?:³E?*,+DS4?:5D:5>6+I/ê>?E?46R,MIE6R,4?+¢:OJ$NL<5R,46+_[a25H,/G2_R,>?+=JrR,KkE?4625H,>6FGNL>?>?NL:OHYKLNLH,+FG:/,+IKkNL>0+IíE?4625MIE6+I/Z8

ì

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ÄíÚ!×OÚ!ØÏ 5Ù =._î×>OÙ!#hØ##Ø OÙ!ÃruØrÙSÛ|ï Ü5Û+./ 5×GÚ À Û [ Û~×=ØÃ Ü5ØÞ Ù,ØÊÚ ¿ ÛÏ)*,+G25HS25KLW>?NL>a:OJd2>?NLH,<OKL+hNL>?:OKL25E?+=/ëR,HSN#E@MI+IKLK0NL>.N#HS25/,+IéR,2OE?+

Jr:O4E?*,+ /S+IE?+I46FGNLH,25E6N#:OH:5J$E6*,+ KL+I25Ý2O<5+.MI:OH,>?E625HEUðë:5J$E?*,+@25H,ÞE?+=H,H,2T/,RS+hE6:GFhR,E6R,25KZMI:5RSD,KLN#HS<G25H,/+=/,<5+ +E1+IM=E?>8]Ça:13+IV5+=4TJr:O4kK#2O4?<O+I4P2O4?4?2W>Z:5JR,H,NLEkMI+IKLKL>T~+I/S<5+0+01+IMIE6>0ä+IMI:5FG+3KL+I>?>Z>?NL<5HSN#JÊÞNLMI25HEZ25H,/ E6*,+3D,4?:OD,25<O25E?NL:OH MI:5HS>?E?2OHEg3T25E?E6+IHR,25E6NL:5H MI:OH,>?E625HEð¿2OH,/zdKL:M*hNLFGD+I/,2OH,MI+s Ò 2OD,D,4?:O25M*GE?*S25E$:5J25H_NLH,ö,H,NLE?+2O4?Þ4?2W8YóXH¢:5E?*S+I4h13:546/,>TE6*,+YFG2ñ6:546N#EXW¡:5J3E?*,+¶>?KL:5E6> +IíD+=4?NL+IH,MI+E?*S+a>?2OFG+a+IKL+IM=E?4?:OFG25<OH,+IE?NLM.+IHVNL4?:5HSFG+IHE025H,/¶E?*,+=4?+IJr:O4?+.NLE0ä+IÞMI:OFG+I>GéR,NLE?+4?+I2O>?:OH,25ä,KL+E?:¤FG:/,+IKE6*,+>?KL:5E6>G1N#E6*ôNL/,+IHE6N#M=25K+IéR,NLV25KL+IHEkMINL46MIR,NLE?>A8À)*,+¨E?4?2OH,>?FGNL>6>?NL:5H,ÞKLNLH,+P+IéR,NLV2OK#+=H%EkM=N#46MIR,NLEJr:O4aE?*S+ D+=4?NL:/,NLM R,H,NLEaM=+IKLK1325>+=í%E64?2OMIE?+I/¢JÊ4?:5F¾E?*S+ D,4?:OD,25<O25ÞE?NL:OH M*,254625MIE6+I4?NL>?E6NLMI>.ßrD,4?:OD,25<O25E6N#:OH.MI:5H,>6E?2OH%EATA25E6E?+IHR,2OE?NL:5H_25HS/z3K#:M*õNLFGD+I/S25H,MI+%ã«:5J.+IHE6N#46+25464?2W>G1NLE?*õV2546NL:5R,>GHR,F_ä+=4?>:5J3MI+IKLKL>8¡7AD+=MINLö,MI25KLKLWTÀE6*,+GD,4?:OD,25<O25E6N#:OHM*,254625MIE6+I4?NL>6E?NLMI>G13+I4?+MI:OFGD,R,E?+=/YJr46:5FþE?*,+;ò5ÞD:O4?E3H,+IEX13:546ÝG4?+ID,46+I>?+=H%E625E6N#:OH:5Jk25H ß Þ+IKL+IFG+IHEZ254?462W.:5ä,E625NLH,+I/ JÊ4?:5FÇ%¨Þ!e:OFG+IHE?R,Fê>?NLF_R,KL25E6N#:OH,>k25EE?*S+C/S+I>?NL<5HJr46+IéR,+IH,M=Wµ:OJPgO\iÇ;÷O8 )*S+C46+I>?RSK#E6>a2O4?+./,+I>6MI4?NLä+I/NLHÍNL<OR,4?+.fG1*,NLM*>?*,:1>;E?*,+ DS4?:5DS25<52OE?NL:5H¶MI:5HS>?E?2OHEa25HS/µ2OE?ÞE?+=H%RS25E?NL:OHhMI:OH,>?E625HE02O>2.JrRSH,MIE?NL:OHh:OJE6*,+HR,Fhä+I40:OJ,R,H,NLE$MI+IKLKL>NLHhE6*,+3254?462W¶ßRSDGE?: ß j.g5òã68âa>$>?*S:1HhNLHNL<OR,4?+3fTAE6*,+D,46:5D,Þ25<O25E6N#:OHGMI:5HS>?E?2OHET g3TMI:OHV5+I46<5+I>;V5+I46WYéR,NLMÝ%KLW_1NLE?*YNLH,M=4?+I2O>?NLH,<HR,F_ä+I4@:5JMI+IKLKL>8µ)*SN#>@V5+I46N#öS+I>hE6*,+Y2O>?>6R,FGD,E?NL:OHëE6*,25EUgæMI25HNLH,/,+I+=/¢ä+GD,46+I/,NLMIE6+I/ôä,2O>?+I/¢>6:5KL+IKLW:OHë2>?NLH,<OKL+hNL>?:OKL25E?+=/ëR,HSN#EMI+IKLK 83c¨H_E?*S+:5E?*S+I4$*,25H,/TAE?*,+325E6E?+IHR,2OE?NL:5H¬ßKL+I2OÝ25<O+OãMI:OH,>?E625HEMI:OH%VO+I4?<O+I>.Jr:542¶FhRSM*KL2546<5+I4;HR,Fhä+I4;:5J$R,H,NLEMI+IKLKL>8K:O4E?*,NL>D,2O4?E?NLMIRSK#2O4<5+I:OFG+IE?46WT,FG:546+ E?*,2OH³[]fG+=K#+=FG+IHE?>a13+I46+h46+IéR,NL4?+I/E?:G2OM*,NL+IV5+.MI:OH%VO+I4?<O+IH,MI+%8$N#<OR,4?+.f¶1d2O>R,E?NLKLNL÷I+I/E?:¶/,+IE?+=4?FGNLH,+ E6*,+h46+IéR,NL4?+I/¡H%RSFhä+I4

:5JRSH,NLE MI+IKLKL>T ß TÀJr:O4 E?*S+µ:VO+I4?2OKLK0KL+I25ÝWÞ!132V5+_25HE6+IH,H,2b8¬)*,+KL+IH,<OE?*¤1d2O>aM*,:5>6+IH¢>?RSM*¤E?*S25E.û5fWò :5J0E6*,+hNLH,M=N#/S+IHECD:13+I4.N#>4?2O/,NL25E6+I/YD,46NL:54E?:_4?+=25M*,NLH,<GE?*S+C2OHE?+IH,HS2hE6+I4?FGNLH,2OE?NL:5HZ83iÉNLV5+=HE?*S25Eð§jê\tÌ \5jOú Jr:O4dKL2546<5+I42O4?462W%>325M=MI:546/,NLH,<GE?:$N#<OR,4?+.fbT%E?*,+H,+I+=/,+I/HR,F_ä+=4a:5JZ+IKL+IFG+IHE?>;1d2O>dJÊ:5R,H,/E6:Gä+ ß j.gOò8cdH,MI+_E?*,+_HR,Fhä+I4.:5J¨MI+IKLKL>C1325>;/,+IE6+I4?FGNLH,+I/TÀE6*,+hEX13:5ÞD:54?E

2093 µm

300 µm

400 µm

400 µm

75 µm

50 µm

800 µm

Substrate: εr = 3

h = 254 µm

2!3546ó6Uôc:35;i@<>5"JL35MN<O:PG35BE:PQ?0;RES`TWVcX

0 5 10 15 20 25 300.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

β /k

o

Number of Unit Cells0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

α/k

o

α / ko

β / ko

2!35460õ6 @BEMNö5<O÷KQF=B0ö?040?E;G35B0:|@B0:PG;=?0:;QøP6ùDMú<>FB0û"ô:35;i@<O55P35:8F=F=?ü

interconnecting tx. line section

unit cell

radiation resistance

radiation resistance

slot capacitance

parasitic capacitance

interconnecting tx. line section slot equivalent circuit

R1R1 C1 C1

C2

R2

Typical Values at 30 GHz:

R1 = 3.03 ΩC1 = 0.0524 pF

R2 = 35.16 ΩC2 = 0.0141 pF

Zo

Zo

kdkd

2!35460ý69þQÿD35ø?05<>:;c@35F=>D35;û BEFô:35;i@<>5"35:A8F=FG?Kþ\:ø35FGBE:MN<O:;

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θ=45o

Η−Plane

Ε−Plane

z

x

y

air side

dielectric side

2!3546069QF=35:>35ö5<\5?0:<>PBEû;<LQF=B0öB0PG<OIN8c:;=<>::?ü;GF=D>;=DFG<

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E?:¡é%RSN#MÝKLWëDS4?+I/,NLMIE_E?*S+Y4?2O/,NL25E6N#:OHëM*,2O4?2OMIE?+I46NL>?E?NLMI>G:OJdE6*,+Y/S+IÞ>?NL<OH,+I/g5òG+IKL+IFG+=H%EKL+I2OÝW%Þ132V5+a2O4?462W8P)*,+ Jr2O4?Þö,+IKL/YDS25E?E6+I4?HS>13+I4?+<O+IH,+I4625E6+I/îJÊ4?:5Fw>?KL:5EG+IíMINLE625E?NL:OH,>GD,4?+=/,NLMIE?+I/êR,>6N#HS<¢E?*,+/,+IVO+IKL:5D+I/E64?25HS>?FGNL>?>6N#:OH,ÞK#NLH,+;+IéR,NLV25KL+IHE3MINL4?MIR,NLEA846:5FìE?*,+I>6+.>?KL:5E0M=R,4?46+IHE?>T,E?*,+;Jr2546Þ!öS+IKL/GD,25E6E?+I46H,>d13+I46+a<5+=H,Þ

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−180−150−120−90 −60 −30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180−40

−35

−30

−25

−20

−15

−10

−5

0

Elevation (degrees)

Rel

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(dB

)

HP MomentumTL−Model

2!3546!6Uþ#"hQ5?E:<%$V#"'&`B0MH<>:;=DMøP6("'&`BI<>

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 400

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Frequency (GHz)

β /

k o

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 400

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.15

0.18

α/ k

o

α / ko

β / ko

HP−MomentumTL−Model

75o

60o

45o

30o

15o

0o

90o

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fast-wave slow-wave

2!3546)6UJL35P=ö<OFGP=35B0:U@*?0F=?0>;=<>F=35P=;G35\B0û~@,+" ?0PG<OI`-+`8

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.

50Ω Transmission Line 82.5Ω λ/4 Transformer 72.4Ω λ/4 Transformer

1936 µm 1896 µm

1260 µm 900 µm 800 µm

60 µm 240 µm 150 µm

K-Connector LWA

2!35467ÁS60/MHö<>I?E:><1&`?0;=35:4ù<O; 2QBEF43K?0;8c:;=<>::?5/:öD;

1*,+IHg76 k * NLHM=:5FGD,KLNL25H,M=+ 1NLE?*E6*,+9z34?NLKLKL:5R,NLH/,NL25<O4?2OF :OJ$NL<5R,46+Cgb8

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>?RS4?+I/æ2OEhgO\³iÇ;÷OT 2O4?+>?*,:1H³NLH¦$NL<5R,46+¢[O[58ëâa>G+=í%D+IMIE6+I/ZTE?*S+25HE?+=H,H,2¢4?2O/,NL25E6+I>Y2OEG25Hõ25H,<OKL+µJÊ4?:5Fwä,4?:O25/,>6N#/S+E?:132546/E?*S+G/,NL4?+IMIE6NL:5H¢:5J3D,46:5D,2O<525E6NL:5HZ8uR,46E?*,+I46FG:546+OTÀE6*,+YFG+=25>?RS4?+I/FG25íNLF_R,FçMI46:5>6>?ÞD:OK#2O4?NL÷I2OE?NL:5HõNLH¢E?*,+¡-0Þ!DSK#2OH,+YNL>_4?+I2O>?:OH,25ä,KL+25E2OD,D,46:í%NLFG2OE?+IKLWGÞ][5ù58 ø /tz.8!zd+IJÊ:54?+@E?*,+ 46+I>?E;:5J$E?*S+CDS25E?E6+I4?HS>2546+G>?*,:1HTbE?*,+G46+I25/S+I4` > 2OE?E?+=H%E6NL:5H¢>?*S:5R,KL/¤ä+G/,4621HëE6:E?*,+Jr2OMIEE?*,2OEdE6*,+.FG+I25>6R,4?+=/ä+=25F¾D:ON#HE6N#HS< /,NL4?+IM=E?NL:5HNL>dfOf * 25HS/H,:OEPj5f * 2O>P1325>$/,+I>6NL<5H,+I/_25HS/ D,4?+=/,NLMIE?+I/GäW.E?*S+d>6N#F_R,KL25E6NL:5H,>k:OJ$NL<5R,46+ú8Pâè46+IKL25E6+I/G/,NL>?MI46+ID,2OH,MIWGä+IEX1d+=+IHYE6*,+FG+I25>6R,4?+=/Y25HS/H,2O4?4?:13+I43>?NLF_R,KL25E?+=/hä+I25F_1NL/,E?*G>6*,:5RSK#/G2OKL>?:.ä+;D:ONLH%E6+I/G:5RSE8)*,NL>_N#>6>?R,+¶1d2O> NLHV5+I>6E?NL<52OE?+I/³+IíE?+IH,>6NLV5+IKLW¢25HS/¢N#E_NL> ä+IKLN#+=V5+I/E?*S25EGE?*S+:5ä,>6+I4?VO+I/æ/,NL>6MI4?+IDS25H,MINL+I>2O4?+/,R,+E6:¢E?*,+Jr2OMIEGE?*S25EE?*S+d2OMIE?R,2OK>?KL:5E6>*S2V5+02;MI25D,2OMINLE?2OH,MI+E?*S25EPNL>$*,NL<5*S+I4PE6*,25H_1*,25E>?NLF_R,KL25E6N#:OH,>0D,46+I/,NLMIEA8 )*,NL>NLH,MI46+I25>6+I/MI2OD,25MINLE625H,MI+@MI25H¶ä+ 2OE?ÞE?46NLä,R,E?+=/µE6:GE?*,+.ö,HSN#E6+.FG+IE?2OK#KLNL÷I2OE?NL:5HG:OJ3[5ù%¸¹ç1*SN#M*¶MI25H,HS:5Eä++I25>6N#KLW FG:/,+=K#KL+I/_1NLE?*_2.D,KL25H,2O4FG:OFG+IHEPä,2O>?+I/G>6:5KLV5+=40>?R,M*25>cÇ%0Þe:OFG+IHE?R,F¡8bóXEZMI25H@ä+02O4?<OR,+I/ZT~E?*S25EPE6*,NL>PNLH,MI46+I25>6+I/_MI25ÞD,2OMINLE?25HSMI+a/,+=MI4?+I2O>?+I>;E?*,+;D,*,2O>?+V5+=K#:MINLEXW_:5HGE6*,+aD+I4?NL:/,NLMKLNLH,+OTKL+I25/SN#HS<ëE6:¢E?*,+NLH,M=4?+I2O>?+I/æ2OH,<5KL+¶:5J.+IFG+I46<5+IH,M=+ë2OEhfOf * Jr4?:OFä,46:525/S>?NL/,+O8 )$:ô:VO+I4?M=:5FG+¤E?*,+¤/,NhGMIR,KLEXWô:OJ >?NLF_R,KL25E6N#HS<¢E?*,+>?E64?R,M=E?R,46+¢1N#E6*õö,H,NLE?+FG+IE625KLKLN#÷=25E?NL:OHôR,>6N#HS<Ç%0Þe:5FG+=H%E6R,F¡TE?*S+a/,+IVO+IKL:5D+I/GE?4625H,>6FGNL>?>?NL:OHGK#NLH,+3FG:/,+IKMI25FG+NLH_V5+I46WG*,25HS/,W87AD+IMINLö,MI2OKLK#WTE?*S+YMI2OD,25MINLE625H,MI+%TKx T0N#H¢E6*,+YE64?2OH,>?FGNL>?>6NL:5H,ÞKLN#HS+FG:/,+IKZ:5J$NL<5RS4?+ ø_1d2O>aNLH,MI46+I25>6+I/Jr46:5F¾\8 \5fOò5j DtôE?:G\b8 \5f5ûOòD!³N#H¶:546/,+I4aE6:G>?E6+I+I4aE6*,+ +IFG+=4?<5NLH,<_ä+I25F¾Jr4?:OF±E?*S+ /,+I>6N#<OH,+I/

−30 −20 −10 0

30

210

60

240

90 270

120

300

150

330

180

0

2!354670706<&|<O?0P=DFG<OIKþ,"h\5?0:<!?E;G;=<>F=:K?0;R0STWVX/6

/,NL4?+=MIE?NL:5H³E?:E6*,+FG+I25>6R,4?+=/ô:5HS+O8ë)*,+YMI:O4?46+I>?D:5H,/SN#HS<ë>6N#F_R,ÞKL25E6+I/Y-0ÞD,KL25HS+D,25E6E?+I46H,>2546+aMI:OFGD,2546+I/Y2O<525NLH,>6E0E?*S+aFG+I2O>?R,46+I/D,2OE?E?+=4?H,>.NLHÍNL<OR,4?+¶[Iò8dâa>;>?+I+=HëNLHE?*,NL>;ö,<5R,46+OTE6*,NL>aNLH,MI46+I25>6+NLHMI2OD,25MINLE625H,MI+_25KL>6:Y25RSE?:5FG2OE?NLMI2OK#KLWG46+IMI:V5+=4?> E6*,+h+=í%D+I46N#FG+=H,ÞE?2OKä+I2OFh1NL/,E6* 25HS/hE6*,+dEX13:aDS25E?E6+I4?HS>0H,:1¢MI:OFGD,2546+dVO+I4?W 13+IKLKE?:G+=25M*:5E?*S+I480)*,+I4?+=Jr:546+OTNLEMI2OHµä+.D:O>?E6R,KL25E?+=/E?*,2OEE?*,+.NLH,ÞMI46+I25>6+hNLHä+=25F_1N#/SE?*NL>>?NLFGD,KLWG2G4?+I>6R,KLEa:OJ>6MI25HSH,NLH,<GE?:132546/E?*S+G+IH,/,ö,46+Y/,NL46+IMIE?NL:OHZTÀ2O>.>?E?2OH,/,2O4?/¢R,H,NLJr:O4?Fwßr:54 >6K#NL<O*%E6KLWµE625ÞD+I4?+I/ã 25464?2W¶E?*,+I:O4?W¶Jr:54KLNLH,+I2O4d2O4?4?2W>13:5R,KL/¶D,4?+I/SN#M=E8

−180−150−120−90 −60 −30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180−40

−35

−30

−25

−20

−15

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−5

0

MeasurementTL−Model

2!3546E7Á6þ#"hQ5?0:<=$ &|BI35C<>IL"F=?0:PGMH35P=PG35B0:i35:<#&`BI<O0øP6þQ÷ö<OFG35MH<>:;?0;R0STWVcX)*,+YM=:54?46+I>?D:5HS/,NLH,<¢FG+I25>6R,4?+=/è2ONL4 25H,/³/,NL+IKL+IMIE64?NLM>?NL/,+ÍÇaÞ

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air

dielectric

Co-Pol

X-Pol

? ?*@*&|?E35: <>?EMB0:%8c35FAü35I<

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30

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air

dielectric

Co-Pol

X-Pol

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air

dielectric

Co-Pol

X-Pol

? ú@B&`?035: <O?0MB0:%JL35<O5<>>;=F=355ü35I<

2t35467ÁR6C&`<O?0PGDF=<>IKVD"hQ5?0:<L!?E;G;=<>F=:P!?0;cR0S`TVX6

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iÇ;÷E?: gOø¶iÇa÷RS>?NLH,< 2`Ç%¨úù]òOòQëV5+=MIE?:O4dH,+=EX1d:O4?Ý_25H,2OK#W÷I+=48)*,+GMI:O4?46+I>?D:5H,/SN#HS<ëFG+I2O>?R,46+IFG+IHE?>_2546+G>?*,:1H¤NLH$NL<5RS4?+¡[]f25KL:OH,<Y1NLE?*¡E?*,+_>?NLF_R,KL25E?+=/4?+I>6R,KLE?> :Oä,E?2ONLH,+I/Jr46:5F E6*,+GFG:/,NLÞö,+I/GE64?2OH,>?FGNL>?>6NL:5H_K#NLH,+FG:/,+=KX8kâa>0>6*,:1HZT5E?*,+I46+aNL>$4?+I2O>?:OH,25ä,KL+25<O4?+I+=FG+IHEä+=EX1d+I+=HyE?*,+¤FG+I25>6R,4?+=/y25H,/ê>?NLF_R,KL25E?+=/æ4?+I>6R,KLE?>A8R,4?E6*,+I4?FG:O4?+OT$N#<OR,4?+ü[]fM=:5H,ö,46FG>hE6*,25E@E?*,+ å 7Aáæ9 D+I46Jr:546ÞFG25HSMI+a:OJE6*,+a2OH%E6+IH,H,2@N#>¨é%RSN#E6+ä,4?:O25/,äS25H,/ZT525KLä+INLE0E?*S+aä+I25FGÞD:5NLHE?NLH,</,NL46+IMIE?NL:OH¢M*S25H,<O+I>G1NLE?*¢Jr46+IéR,+IH,MIW8ëóXHôE6*,NL> >?+IHS>?+OTE?*S+Y25HE6+IH,H,2M=25H¢ä+YMI:OH,>?NL/,+I46+I/ôäS4?:52O/,ä,2OH,/ZTPN#H¢M=:5HE?4625>?E_E?:>?E625H,/S254?/³>?+I46NL+I>YJr+=/ô4?+=>?:5HS25HEhEXWD+I>G:5J2OHE?+IH,HS25>G1*,NLM*¢+IíÞ*,NLä,NLE02_H,25464?:1ä,2OH,/ å 7Aáæ9æD+I46Jr:546FG25H,MI+%8 óXH,MINL/,+=H%E625KLKLWTE?*,NL>FG+I2O>?R,46+I/ å 7Aáæ9õä,25HS/,1NL/,E?*G1*,NLM*_MI:5464?+I>6D:OH,/,>E?:@ò5ø\òæJr:54

−30 −20 −10 0

30

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air

dielectric

TL-Model.

Experiment

? ?*@*&|?E35: <>?EMB0:%8c35FAü35I<

−30 −20 −10 0

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air

dielectric

TL-Model.

Experiment

? ú@B&`?035: <>?0MB0:%JL35<O5<>>;=F=355ü35I<

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24 26 28 30 32 34 36−40

−35

−30

−25

−20

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0 R

etur

n Lo

ss (

dB)

Frequency (GHz)

Transmission Line ModelExperiment

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R,46+GûTE?*,+_FG25NLHä+I2OF >?MI2OH,> 25>.E6*,+h:OD+=4?25E6NLH,<Jr4?+IéR,+=H,MIW¤N#>>?13+ID,EA8áæNLE?*,NLH_E?*,+;25HE?+=H,H,2 ä,2OH,/,1NL/,E6*ß å 7Aáæ99 òã6TÍNLE01325>+IíD+I4?NLFG+IHE?2OKLK#WõVO+I4?NLö,+I/ðE?*,2OEYE?*S+ë2OH%E6+IH,H,2³>?MI2OH,>Jr4?:OF ò[ *ßJÊ4?:5Fwä,4?:O25/,>6N#/S+Oã²2OEGò5fb8 fèiÇa÷¶E?: ù]ú * 25E_g5gb8 øèiÇa÷O8¦R,4?Þ

E?*S+I4?FG:O4?+OT,N#HE6*,+.Jr4?+IéR,+=H,MIW4625H,<O+Cä+IEX13+I+IHòOøG25H,/¶g5j¡iÇ;÷OTE?*S+aFG+I2O>?R,46+I/Y<O25NLHGV2546N#2OE?NL:5H_NL>%«[$(NðJÊ4?:5Fì25HG2VO+I4?2O<5+aKL+IVO+IK:5J.2Oä:OR,E¡[]\O/!z.80âaHæ+=í%2OFGNLH,25E6N#:OH¢:5J.E?*S+Jr2546Þ!öS+IKL/èDS25E?E6+I4?HS>1NLE?*,NLHGE6*,NL>dJr46+IéR,+IH,M=WY4?2OH,<5+;25KL>?:@4?+IVO+I25KL>3E?*,2OEdE6*,+I4?+.NL>02_/,NL>?ÞE?NLH,M=EYD,2OE?E?+=4?HæFGNLH,NLF_R,F 25EY+=H,/,ö,46+³ßr©jýûO\ * ãCE6*,4?:OR,<5*,:OR,EFG:5>6Ea:OJ0E?*,NL>.Jr46+IéR,+IH,MIW¤4?2OH,<5+%Tb/,+I>6D,NLE?+_E?*,+GJr2OMIEaE6*,25E.2OH+IíÞ25M=EH%RSK#Kk1325>NLFGD:5>6+I/:5H,KLWG25E3g5\¡iKÇa÷O8Ä % Þ ÙSØrÜ5Ør×6Û~ÚØ 5ÙtcbbÛ×0#Ø OÙ =.µÚ À Û [ ×> IÖ" #ÛÜ$ÛWdÃJef~Û Ù,ÚÛ~Ù,Ùt:O4hFG2OHWë2OD,D,KLNLMI25E6N#:OH,>_N#E_NL>hDS4?+IJr+=4?4?+=/æE?:¢+IFGDSK#:W¤R,H,NL/,NLÞ

4?+=MIE?NL:5HS25K25HE?+IHSH,25>A8~Ç;:1d+IVO+I4T52 >6K#:OE$25HE?+IHSH,2 NL>$+I>?>6+IHE?NL25KLKLWh2ä,NL/,NL4?+=MIE?NL:5HS25K4?2O/,NL25E6:548k)*,+0>?E625H,/S254?/@1d2W:OJ%>6R,D,D,46+I>?>6NLH,<.E?*,+4?2O/,NL25E6N#:OH Jr46:5Fy:5HS+d>6N#/S+d:OJ,2.>?KL:5EZN#>$E6:aä,2OMÝ@N#E$1NLE?*@2C<O4?:OR,H,/,ÞD,KL25HS+G:54 2M=2V%NLEXW8uÇa:13+IVO+I4T:OH,+YF_R,>?E@ä+GMI2O4?+IJÊR,Kä+=MI25R,>6+NLH¢E?*,+Jr:O4?FG+I4_MI2O>?+2D,2O4?25>6NLE?NLMY)-0e 1d2VO+YMI2OHôä++IíMINLE?+I/ä+IEX1d+=+IHYE6*,+a>6K#:OE$25H,/Gä,2OMÝ%NLH,<.<O4?:5RSH,/GD,KL25H,+=>01*,+I46+I25>3NLHGE?*,+KL25E6E?+I4ZMI25>6+d>6D,R,4?NL:OR,>$4?+I>6:5H,2OH,MI+I>0M=25H ä+dNLHE?46:/,R,MI+I/_E?*S25EPKLNLFGNLEE?*S+ å 7Aáð9yä,25H,/S1N#/SE?*Z8É9;+IMI+IHE6K#WT>6R,ä,>6E?25HE6N#2OKPD,46:5<O4?+I>6>C*S25>ä+I+IHFG2O/,+.E?:13254?/E6*,+ 4?+=25KLNL÷I25E6N#:OHY:OJ*SN#<O*,KLWG+0GMINL+IHER,H,NL/,NLÞ4?+=MIE?NL:5HS25KP>6KL:5Ea2OHE?+IH,HS25>a2OH,/25464?2W>8N:54+Ií25FGDSK#+%T+IíMI+IKLKL+IHE4?+=>?R,KLE?>@*,2V5+Gä+I+IH¢2OM*SN#+=V5+I/¢Jr46:5F <O4?:5RSH,/,ÞD,KL25H,+_ä,25MÝO+I/¢KLN#HSÞ+I2O4d>6K#:OE025464?2W>3ä%W_>?RSD,D,4?+=>?>?NLH,<GE6*,+aDS254?2O>?NLE?NLM;)-0eçFG:/,+R,>6ÞNLH,<Y2D,*S25>?+_MI2OH,MI+IKLKL25E6N#:OHëE6+IM*,H,NLéR,+¡ï ò5\OñX8aâaHS:5E?*S+I4 +01+IMIE6N#VO+FG+IE6*,:/èNLHV5:OKLV5+I>_E?*,+¡R,>?+:5J.2OHô+IKL+IMIE64?:OFG25<5HS+IE?NLMä,2OH,/,Þ<52ODß-iz.i ãkFG25E?+=4?NL25K,2OE0E?*S+aä,2OMÝ_:5JE?*S+a>?KL:OE:OD+=4?25E6NLH,< 1NLE?*,NLH_NLE?>>?E6:5D,äS25H,/E?:G>6R,D,D,46+I>?>.E6*,+.ä,25MÝY4625/,NL2OE?NL:5Hüï òb[]ñ 8óXHY:O4?/,+I4E6:h46+IH,/,+=4aE?*SN#>3D,46:5D:5>?+=/µàOáây25HE6+IH,H,2_R,H,NL/,NL4?+=MIÞ

E?NL:OH,25K T5N#E1325>/S+IMINL/,+I/¤E?:G+IíD,KL:ON#E3E?*S+ Jr+I2OE?R,46+ E?*,2OENLE?>E?4625H,>6ÞV5+=4?>?+_/,NLFG+IH,>6NL:5HNL>a+IKL+IMIE64?NLMI2OK#KLW>?*S:54?EA8É)*,NL>aNLFGD,KLNL+I>ä,2OMÝ%NLH,<E?*S+CàOáâê1N#E6*Y2_H,25464?:1æäSR,EdKL:OH,< FG+IE625KLKLN#ME64?:OR,<5*¶25>3>?*,:1HNLH$N#<OR,4?+@[Iø8P)*,+E?46:5R,<O*GMI25HGä+aE6*,:5RS<5*E0:5J25>¨2 1d2VO+I<5RSN#/S+

3.0 mm

2.5mm

Printed Antenna

Trough

Substrate Array Axis

2!35467Áý69ôc:35I35FG<O>;=35B0:?JL<>P=3540:K?0;cR0STWVX

:5D+I4625E?+=/¢1d+IKLK$ä+IKL:1 E?*S+hMIRSE?:1³Jr4?+=é%RS+IH,MIW¤:5J0E6*,+G/,:OFGN#HS25HEÈCg 4h FG:/,+O8)*,NL>.+IH,>6R,4?+=>GE?*,2OECE64?2OH,>?VO+I4?>6+µ46+I>?:OH,25HSMI+I>_MI25Hä+C+=K#NLFGNLH,2OE?+I/Z8R,46E?*,+=4?FG:546+OT>6NLH,MI+.FG:5>6Ed:OJkE?*,+.D:1d+I43NL>d4625Þ/,NL25E6+I/ôJÊ4?:5F E6*,+Y>6E?4?RSMIE?R,46+ä+IJr:546+N#E@4?+I2OM*S+I>GE?*,+:OD+IH³+IH,/:5J$E6*,+hE64?:OR,<5*ZT2OH%W¶KL:5H,<ON#E6R,/,NLH,2OKk4?+I>6:5H,2OH,MI+I> 2O4?+ +=K#NLFGNLH,2OE?+I/Z8)*,+_MI:5464?+I>6D:OH,/,NLH,<FG+=25>?RS4?+I/¢-0ÞD,KL25HS+hD,2OE?E6+I4?H,>@25E.g5\üiÇa÷2546+.>?*,:1HNLH $NL<5R,46+¿[5ù58Pâa>>6*,:1HZT,E?*,NL>3R,H,NL/,NL4?+IM=E?NL:5H,2OKkV5+I46Þ>?NL:OH¢:5JE?*S+YD,46:5D:5>?+=/ôà5á¡â 13:546Ý%>_+IíMI+IDSE?NL:5H,2OKLK#W¤13+IKLKXTP>?RSD,ÞD,46+I>?>6N#HS<ëE6*,+Gä,25Mݤ4?2O/,NL25E?NL:OHëä+IKL:1 òO\µ/tz.8PóXH¢25/,/SN#E6NL:5H¤E?*,+FG+I2O>?R,46+I/æ4?+=E?R,46HîKL:5>6>G>?*,:1HõNLHa$N#<OR,4?+è[]ú¤/,:+I>YH,:OEG>?*,:125HWG+IVNL/,+IHSMI+ :5JZ>?D,RS4?NL:5R,>46+I>?:OH,25HSMI+I>a2OD,D+I2546N#HS<hE6*,4?:OR,<5*,:OR,E

i

E?*S++IHE?NL4?+¡ä,25H,/S1N#/SE?*õ:54¶>?NL<5H,NLö,M=25HEG/,+I<O4?25/S25E?NL:OHZ8 â òO/!zNLH,MI46+I25>6+ëNLHôE6*,+FG+I2O>?R,46+I/æ<O25NLHô1325>G:Oä,>?+I46V5+I/êJr:O4hE6*,+R,H,NLÞ/,NL4?+=MIE?NL:5HS25K02OH%E6+IH,H,2¡:V5+I4 E6*,+YäSN#/SN#46+IMIE6N#:OH,25K¨:5H,+GNLKLKLR,>?E64?25E6NLH,<E?*S25E0FG:O>?E$:5JkE6*,+ä,25MÝ_4?2O/,NL25E?NL:OH NL>04?+IM=:V5+I46+I/YäW_E?*,+ä,2OMÝ%NLH,<E?46:5R,<O*Z8

−30 −20 −10 0

30

210

60

240

90 270

120

300

150

330

180

0

2!35467J060&|<O?0P=DFG<OIKô:35I35F=<>>;=35B0:?0Eþ,"h\5?0:<!?E;G;=<>F=:K?0;R0SUTWVcX

24 26 28 30 32 34 36−40

−35

−30

−25

−20

−15

−10

−5

0

Ret

urn

Loss

(dB

)

Frequency (GHz)

2!35467j!60P<O;GDF=:K"B0PGPû B0Fô:35I35F=<>O;G35BE:?0JL<OPG3540:

á_ËÍ̲ ÑZÎkÔ³5ÓÕrÑPÎâ H,+=1 R,H,NLD,KL2OH,254KL+I2OÝ%WÞ1d2VO+ 25HE6+IH,H,2¶:5D+I4?2OE?NLH,<Y2OE.FGFGÞ

132V5+GJr46+IéR,+IH,MINL+I>G*S25>_ä+I+=HôNLHE?4?:/,RSMI+I/õ25H,/¢ä:5E6*¢R,H,NL/,NL4?+=MIÞE?NL:OH,25Kk2OH,/ä,NL/,NL4?+IMIE6NL:5H,2OKPV5+=4?>?NL:OH,>a:OJE6*,+ 2OH%E6+IH,H,2G*S2V5+.ä+=+IHD,46+I>?+IHE6+I/Z8è)*,NL>_>?E?46R,MIE6R,4?+¤R,E?NLKLNL÷I+I>_2ëM=25D,2OMINLE?NLV5+¶>?R,46Jr25MI+:OJMIKL:5>6+IKLWõ>?D,2OMI+I/y>?KL:OE?>YE6*,25E¶+IíMINLE?+I>¡2ôJr2O>?EYHtjC\³>?D,2OE?NL25K.*,2O4?ÞFG:5HSN#Mõ1*,NLM*þ4?2O/,NL25E?+=>8 U H,KLNLÝ5+ôE6*,+æ>6E?25HS/,2546/±FGNLMI4?:O>?E?46NLDKL+I25ÝWÞ1d2VO+025HE?+=H,H,2TE?*,+I46+aNL>$H,:.H,+I+I/GJÊ:54$>?D+IMINL25K TAFG:/,+3>?RSD,Þ

D,46+I>?>6N#:OHhJÊ+I+I/,>ATAE?*R,>$4?+=H,/,+I46N#HS<CE6*,+0D,46:5D:5>6+I/h>6E?46R,MIE?RS4?+NLH,*,+I46Þ+IHE?KLW¤ä,4?:O25/,äS25H,/Z8R,46E?*,+=4?FG:546+OTE?*S+YH,+I1þ2OH%E6+IH,H,2¡D+I46FGNLE?>E?*S+ >?NLFGD,KL+ NLHE?+I<O4?2OE?NL:5H:5J$>6*%RSH%E;D,*,2O>?+ MI:OHE?4?:OK$/,+IVNLMI+I>.>?R,M*25>@>?+IFGNLMI:OH,/,R,MIE6:54_:54 e¡-0e³7µV254625MIE6:546> Jr:54@ö,í+I/¢Jr4?+=é%RS+IH,MIWä+I25F >6MI25H,HSN#HS<µ2OD,D,KLNLMI25E6NL:5H,>A8²)*,+_>?*R,HE.NLHE?+I<O4?25E6NL:5H:5J0/S+IÞVNLMI+I>13:5R,KL/Y2OKLK#:1õE6*,+.BGQ¢MI:5HE?46:5Kkä,NL2O>dE6:hä+.FG25NLHE?25NLH,+=/Y25EKL:1æKL+IV5+=K#>A8óXHY2O/,/,NLE?NL:5HTÍE6*,+.E?4?2OH,>?VO+I4?>6+h>6NL÷I+.:5JPE6*,+.>?E64?R,MIE6R,4?+NL>0+IKL+IMIE64?NLMI2OK#KLW_H,25464?:1æ1*SN#M*G2OK#KL:1>$E?*S+aMI:OFGD,25MIE¨N#HE6+I<54625E?NL:OH:5J$>6+IV5+I4625K02OHE?+IH,HS25>a>6NL/,+IÞä%WÞ>?NL/,+_NLHµ:O4?/,+=4CE6:YJr:O4?F¾D+=H,MINLK$:54>?1NLE6M*S+I/ä+I25FG>A8âõ>?NLFGD,KL+dE64?2OH,>?FGNL>?>6NL:5HGKLNLH,+dFG:/,+=K,*,25>¨ä+I+=HGN#HE64?:/,R,MI+=/YE?:

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