Left-Handed Metamaterials for Microwave Engineering ApplicationsAuthor: Anthony LaiAdvisor: Prof. Tatsuo ItohDepartment of Electrical Engineering

UCLA

Outline• Left-Handed Metamaterial Introduction

Resonant approachTransmission line approach

• Composite Right/Left-Handed Metamaterial• Metamaterial-Based Microwave Devices

Dominant leaky-wave antennaSmall, resonant backward wave antennasDual-band hybrid couplerNegative refractive index flat lens

• Future Trends• Summary

What is a Left-Handed Metamaterial?

conventionalplasma

wire structure

split rings structureferrites

LHMs

0, 0n εμε μ> >=+

0, 0ε μ> <

0, 0ε μ< <

0, 0ε μ< >

ε

μ

No transmission

No transmissionn εμ=−

(RH)air air

air air

(Permittivity)

(Permeability)

1967: Veselago speculates about the possibility of LHMs and discusses their properties.

incide

nt

refracted

reflected

• Simultaneous negative permittivity (-ε) and permeability (-μ).

•

Reversal of Snell’s Law (negative index of refraction), Doppler Effect, and Cerenkov Effect.

•

Electric field, Magnetic field, and Wavevector of electromagnetic wave in a LHM form a left-handed triad.

•

LHMs support backward waves: anti-parallel group and phase velocity.

• Artificial effectively homogenous structure: metamaterial.

Veselago’s Conclusions

What is a Left-Handed Metamaterial?

→

k

→

k

→

k

→

S

→

S

→

S

Pin

Pout

LH Triad

backward wave (vp

= -vg

)

Rectangular Waveguide Filled with LHM

ε<0, μ<0

ε>0, μ>0

ε>0, μ>0

HFSS simulation using effective medium [1]

naturally occurring LH material has not yet been discovered

LHM –

Resonant Approach

SRR-based LHM unit-cell

SRRmetal wire

• 1967: LHM were first proposed by Russian Physicist Victor Veselago • 2001: LHM realized based on split ring resonators -

Resonant Approach

towards LHMs [2].

SRR: at resonance

provides μ<0

metal wire: provides ε<0

•

SRR-based metamaterials only exhibit LH properties at resonance

-

inherently narrow-band

and lossy. • SRR-based LHMs are bulky -

not practical for microwave engineering applications.

Perfect LH transmission line

LL

CL

LL

CL CL

• Backward wave transmission line can form a non-resonant LHM [3]-[4].

• Transmission Line Approach

is based on the dual of a conventional transmission line.

LHM –

Transmission Line Approach

Series capacitance

(CL

) and shunt inductance

(LL

) combination supports a fundamental backward wave.

LLLCωβ 1−=

• Perfect LH transmission line not resonant dependent -

low-loss and broad-band performance.

•

However, perfect LH transmission line is not possible due to unavoidable parasitic right-

handed (RH) effects

occurring with physical realization.

PRH R RC Lβ ω=

LR

CR LL

CL

1PLH

L LC Lβ

ω= −

PRH TL PLH TL

ω +βc−βc

β

+βc−βc

β

ω

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Transmission Line Approach

β

ω0cβω −= 0cβω +=

CRLH

RH

LR

CR

CL

LL

•

Low frequencies: supports backward wave

•

High frequencies: supports forward wave

• Two casesUnbalanced: ωse≠ ωshBalanced: ωse= ωsh0

Composite Right/Left-Handed Metamaterial

LRsh

RLse

shse

shse

L

R

L

R

LLRR

LCLC

where

s

CC

LL

LCLCs

1 and 1

,),max( if 1),min( if 1

)(

,1)( 22

==

⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧

>+<−

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−+=

ωω

ωωωωωω

ω

ωωωβ

CRLH Metamaterial

CRLH TL

0 L = N*p

1 2 3 N

p

Homogeneity Condition

• Long wavelength regime

• p < λg

/4

CRLH Metamaterial –

Physical Realization

LR

CR

CL

LL

Composite right/left-handed (CRLH) unit-cell Lumped element implementation

capacitors

inductorvia to gnd

metal pads

(provides RH effects)

Distributed microstrip implementation based on interdigital capacitor

Distributed microstrip implementation based on Sievenpiper mushroom structure [5]

Cascade periodic unit-cell to form one-

or two-dimensional CRLH metamaterial TL.

How to Characterize a CRLH Unit-Cell

Propagation Constant –

Dispersion Diagram

Impedance –

Bloch Diagram

CRLH –

Implementation and Analysis

Comparison of LHMs to PBGs

and Filters

Similarities• periodic structures• can be more than one-dimensional

Differences•

PBGs

have to be periodic; lattice period determines scattering•

PBG operated at frequencies where lattice period is multiple of λg

/2; LHMs operated at frequencies where period < λg

/4.

periodSimilarities• periodic structures• based on low-pass/high-pass structures

Differences•

Filters generally designed to meet magnitude specifications; LHMs designed to meet both magnitude and phase.•

Node-to-node phase shifts of 180°

required for filters.•

LHMs can be one-, two-, or three-

dimensional and are used as bulk “mediums.”

Photonic Bandgap (PBG) Filters

Dominant-Mode Leaky Wave Antenna

Leaky-Wave Antenna TheoryPrinciple

source

0asin( ( ) )kθ β ω=

z

x

ko kzβ

kz2= ko

2-

β2

θ

β

ω0cβω −=

IVRH

GUIDANCE

IILH

RAD.

IIIRH

RAD.

0cβω +=

0ω

ILH

GUIDANCE

CRLHRH

Conventional RH Leaky-Wave Antenna(operated at higher-order mode)

CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna [6](operated at dominant mode)

Characteristics:

•

Operating in leaky regions

II : BACKWARD ( β <

0 )

III : FORWARD ( β > 0 )

•

BROADSIDE

radiation ( β = 0

)

balanced

case: vg

(β = 0 ) ≠

0

• Fundamental mode

1-D Dominant Mode Leaky-Wave Antenna3-D Far-field Pattern for Several Frequencies

P infrequency beam scanning

Backfire –

to –

Endfire

unit-cell

Design Specifications

fo

= 2.4 GHzZB = 50 Ω

Design Flow

Unit-cell parameter –

Design Guidelines

Dispersion/Bloch Diagrams –

Driven Mode

Optimize unit-cell for specifications

Cascade unit-cells to form CRLH transmission line

Simulate CRLH transmission line• S-Parameters: matching• Far-field: fast-wave region for leaky-wave application

1-D CRLH Unit-Cell (Interdigital)

ls

p

lc

ws

w

via

Variables Initial Design Final Designunit-cell period p 12.3 mm 11.4 mm

stub length ls 10.0 mm 10.9 mmstub width ws 1.00 mm 1.00 mm

interdigital finger length lc 10.5 mm 10.2 mminterdigital finger width wc 0.30 mm 0.30 mm

spacing between fingers S 0.20 mm 0.20 mmvia radius r 0.12 mm 0.12 mm

substrate height h 1.57 mm 1.57 mmsubstrate permittivity εr 2.2 2.2

• Distributed unit-cell

series capacitance provided by interdigital capacitor

shunt inductance provided from shorted stub

shunt capacitance from top metal to ground plane

series inductance from current on interdigital capacitor

1-D CRLH Unit-Cell Design Guidelines*For 2-D space scanning, we need to design a balanced (ωse = ωsh

) CRLH unit-

cell so that there is a seamless transition from LH to RH operation.

1.

Choose center frequency, fo

, which represents broadside radiation. (fo

=2.4 GHz)

2.

Calculate width required to obtain Zo

, set w

to this value. (w~5.0 mm)

3.

Set stub width, ws

, to 20% of w. (ws

=1.0 mm)

4.

Set stub length (lsi=ls

-

w) to w; the electrical length of the stub has to be less than π/2.

mm 3.0

32

35

≈⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

≈N

wwc

5.

Set the number of fingers, N, to 8 or 10. Then determine required wc

and S=2wc

/3. N=10 chosen.

6.

Calculate length of interdigital finger.

mm 5.10 88

≈≈≈ro

ogc f

clε

λ

mm 2.0=S

* Guidelines have been test on Rogers Duroid

5870 (er=2.33) and 5880 (er=2.2) for various substrate heights; for high permittivity substrate, the number of fingers should be reduced.

Dispersion/Bloch Diagram Extraction

extra section of mircostrip (5 mm each)

Planar EM simulation

S-Parameter extraction ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ +−= −

21

211222111

21cos

SSSSSpβ

12212211

21

)1)(1()sin(2

SSSSpSjZZ o

B −−−=

β

Design Specifications

fo

= 2.4 GHzZB = 50 Ω

Dispersion Diagram ExtractionSetup dispersion equation; this can be obtained directly from the S-parameters.

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ +−= −

21

211222111

21cos

SSSSSpβ

Go to Results > Create Report

Then click on Output Variables

Dispersion Diagram

fast-wave regionbeta < ko

slow-wave regionbeta > koair

line

self resonance of interdigital capacitor

Final Design Dispersion Diagram in Ansoft Designer

Bloch Impedance Diagram

RHfast-wave region

LHfast-wave region

Re(ZB

)

Im(ZB)

Resulting Bloch Impedance Diagram in Ansoft Designer

impe

danc

e (O

hm)

10-Cell CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna

Port1 Port2

Insertion loss

Return lossRH

fast-wave regionLH

fast-wave region

Return/Insertion

Loss

10-Cell CRLH Leaky-Wave AntennaFar-field Pattern for Several Frequencies

Backward: f=1.95 GHz

Broadside: f=2.35 GHz

Forward: f=2.95 GHz

Small Metamaterial Antennas

Resonant Antenna Theory

p

Conventional RH Patch Antenna(treat as periodic, consisting of 2 RH “unit-cells”)

CRLH Patch Antenna(2 CRLH unit-cells)

RH

RH

CRLH

CRLH

p

p

p

pn

n 2πβ =

resonance condition

n = +1, +2, … n = 0, ±1, ±2, …

ω

βp0 ππ/2

n=-1

n=+1

n=+1

CRLH can have same half-

wavelength field distribution, but at much lower frequency

1.0 GHz CRLH n=-1 Antenna [7]

MIM Capacitance

ground

h2h1

CWP feed 1/19λ0

x 1/23λ0

x 1/88λ0

n= -1 mode is used h1

= 3.16 mmh2

= 0.254 mm

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1β∗ρ/π

0

1

2

3

4

5Fr

eque

ncy

(GH

z)for 4 unit-cellsInitial dispersion curve

Increase LLIncrease CLIncrease CL & LL

15 mm

12.2 mm

xyz

CPW stub

1.0 GHz CRLH n=-1 Antenna [7]

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5Frequency (GHz)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0R

etur

n Lo

ss (d

B)

n = -1

n = -2n = -3

measurement HFSS

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

-5

-5

-10

-10

-15

-15

-20

-20

-25

-25

-30

-30

-35

-35

-40

-40-45

-45-500

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

-5

-5

-10

-10

-15

-15

-20

-20

-25

-25

-30

-30-35

-35-40

E-copol

(x-z

plane)E-xpol

(x-z

plane)H-copol

(y-z

plane)H-xpol

(y-z

plane)

top view

back view

2 4 60

2

4

6

Exp. Peak Gain Exp. Resonant Frequency

# of unit-cells (N)P

eak

Gai

n (d

Bi)

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

Frequency (GH

z)

Experimental Results

As N increases…• Gain increases.•

Resonant frequency does not change much.

CRLH n=0 Antenna (Monopolar) [8]

β

ω0cβω −= 0cβω +=

CRLHRH

n=0 points

CRLH n=0 Antenna (Monopolar)

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

num. exp.

x

y

Θ, φ

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

x-z plane y-z plane x-y plane

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

num. exp.

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

num. exp.

zx

y

z

x

z

y

Cross-Pol

Dual-/Multi-Band Metamaterial Components

Characteristics:

• dual-band functionality for anarbitrary pair of frequencies f1

, f2

• principle:

transition frequency (fo

)provides DC offset

additional degreeof freedom with respect to thephase slope

• applications in multi-band systems

CRLH / CRLH hybrid [9]

CRLH

CRLH

CRLH CRLH

1 2

34

0

90−

180−

270−

360−

90

180

270

360

1fCRLH

2f conv2 13f f=

f

Conventional quadrature: restricted to odd

harmonics because only control on slope

conv. RHCRLH

DC offset

0f

Dual-Band Hybrid Coupler

Band # 1: 0.92 GHz

Band # 2: 1.74 GHz

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2frequency (GHz)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

S-p

aram

eter

s (d

B)

S11S21S31S41

Experimental Results

2

1

1.89ff=

LHTLs

0Z 0Z0

2Z

0

2Z

Branch Linein

isolated out

out

Dual-Band Hybrid Coupler

Negative Refractive Index Lenses

(nLH

)sinθLH

= (nRH

) sinθRH

RH medium LH medium

θRH θLH

refractive index nRH

> 0 refractive index nLH

< 0

Possibility of realizing a flat lens

RH medium

LH medium

RH medium 1

RH medium 2

source(15 mm from interface)

LHM

RHM

E-field magnitude

Effective medium HFSS simulation

Negative Refractive Index Flat Lens [10]

pperiod of unit cell

pCL

LR

CR LL

patch

ground plane

via

Based on Sievenpiper High-Impedance Structure

Two-Dimensional CRLH Realization

How to obtain dispersion characteristics?1.

Drivenmode

Approach –

Simple, quick, 1-D dispersion diagram.

2.

Eigenmode

Approach –

Requires more processing time, accounts for mode coupling, 2-D dispersion diagram.

Unit-Cell Setup: Physical Details

substrate parametersεr

=10.2, tanδ=0.0023 Np/mx y

z

h=1.27 mm

t=4.8 mm t=4.8 mm

p=5.0 mm p=5.0 mm

metal patch

metal viaradius = 0.12 mmheight = 1.27 mm

ground plane

* patch,via, and ground plane are assigned as copper.

Design FlowUnit-Cell Parameters –

1st

Order Calculation

Dispersion Characteristics

HFSS Simulation Flat Lens • Symmetry Conditions: Reduce Simulation Time• Field Plots: Magnitude & Phase

Driven Mode Approach• 1-D dispersion• No mode coupling

Eigen Mode Approach• 2-D dispersion• Mode coupling

Design

Verify

Flat Lens Realization –

Phase Matching

Sievenpiper Unit-Cell: 1st

Order Calculation

distributed unit-cell equivalent circuit model

series capacitance: CR

~ substrate permittivity x (patch area/substrate height)

shunt inductance: LL

~ 0.2 x substrate height x ln[(2 x substrate height/via radis) –

1]

fsh

= 1/2πsqrt(CR

x LL

)

* Left-handed mode will always occur below the shunt resonance (ωsh

). Therefore, design dimensions such that wsh

occurs at higher limit of frequency of interest.

fsh

~ 5 GHz for the dimensions shown in previous slide.

Sievenpiper Unit-Cell: Driven Mode

p=5.0 mm

gap=0.2 mm

via

Port

1

Port

2

•

Modify unit-cell so that ports can be placed on it, while keeping dimensions the same. Unit-cell becomes asymmetrical.

•

Run driven mode solution; set mesh frequency to ωsh

from 1st

order calculation.

•

Obtain S-parameters, use following expression to calculate propagation constant.

Sievenpiper Unit-Cell: Driven Mode

left-handed mode

right-handed mode

band-gap

air l

ine

1-D dispersion diagram (from Port 1 to Port 2)

Eigenmode Solver: 2-D Dispersion Diagram

Γ

X

M

x y

z

Γ

to X: px=0°, py=0°→180°

X to M: px=0°→180°, py=180°

M to Γ

: px, py:

0°→180°

• px: phase offset in x-direction• py: phase offset in y-direction

Use Linked Boundary Conditions (LBCs) in HFSS to apply required phase shifts.

airbox1

airbox2

x y

z

hairbox1

=8.00 mm

hPML

=2.50 mm

Sievenpiper Unit-Cell Setup

Airbox

and PML Setup1.

Create airbox1.2.

Select top face of airbox1 and assign PML.

3.

Create airbox2.PML

physical dimensions shown in previous slide

Unit-Cell Setup: Linked BoundariesXZ -

Planes

Slave BC: sx• phase delay: px (180 deg)

YZ -

Planes

mxsx my sy

Slave BC: sy• phase delay: py (0 deg)

x y

z

Eigenmode

2-D Dispersion Diagram

0

1

2

3

4

5

Γ X M Γ

frequ

ency

(GH

z)Plotted in Microsoft Excel

Dispersion Comparison: 1-D vs

2-D Solve

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 90 180

Beta*p (deg)

frequ

ency

(GH

z) Drivenmode

Eigenmode (2D)

Use drivenmode

to quickly characterize/design, eigenmode

to verify

Flat Lens –

Physical RealizationEntire circuit on Roger RT 6010 substrate with εr = 10.2 and h = 1.27mm

voltage source

LHM based on21x10

mushroom unit-cells(n

= -3.2 @ 3.8 GHz)

PPWG (n

= +3.2)

PPWG (n

= +3.2)

15 mm refocus shouldoccur at 3.8 GHz

40.0 mm

50.0 mm

40.0 mm

125.0 mm

Flat Lens –

Phase Matching Condition

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

phase match at 3.8 GHz|βp| = 72 deg, |n|=3.2

Γ

X M

βp (deg)

frequ

ency

(GH

z)

PPWG (n

= +3.2)

LHM based on21x10 mushroom unit-cell

(n

= -3.2 @ 3.8 GHz)

130.0 mm

62.5 mm

18.0 mm

AB

C

D

Entire circuit on Roger RT 6010 substrate withεr = 10.2 and h = 1.27mm

Boundary Conditions• Radiation boundary applied on Top and Side A, B, and C

of air box.• Finite conductivity (Copper) applied on bottom of airbox, PPWG trace, and mushroom patches.

• Symmetry boundary (perfect-H) applied to Side D to reduce problem size.

Flat Lens –

Simulation Setup

voltage source

Flat Lens –

Field Calculator for Phase

To plot the E-field phase, the field calculator has to be used. • Go to HFSS > Fields > Calculator• Since the field is quasi-TEM, only the z-component of the E-field is required.

Quantity > EScal? > ScalarZVec? > VecZComplex > CmplxPhaseMagAdd, give name PhazeZ

Flat Lens –

E-Field Plots (Ground Plane)

field on ground plane @ f=3.75 GHz

Magnitude Phase

Flat Lens –

E-Field Plots (Above Structure)field on top of structure @ f=3.75 GHz

(3.5 mm above top metal)

Magnitude Phase

Flat Lens –

Experimental Results

SourceSource

E-field magnitude

E-field phase

E-field measured ~ 3.5 mm above CRLH region

f0

=3.79 GHz

Future Trends

Applications & ResearchMetamaterial Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)

Arrays for 802.11n Application [11]

Active CRLH Metamaterials

• High-gain leaky-wave antennas (embed amplifiers in unit-cell) [12]• Distributed amplifiers [13]

Tunable Phase Shifters [14]

ImplementationsNano-Metamaterials: optical frequency applications [15]

1-D LHM: cylindrical DRs

in TE mode cutoff parallel plate waveguide (-ε)

Evanescent-Mode Metamaterials [16]

H-field Profile (TE01δ

mode, -μ)

Three-Dimensional Metamaterials [17]

Summary• Left-Handed Metamaterial Introduction

Resonant approachTransmission line approach

• Composite Right/Left-Handed Metamaterial• Metamaterial-Based Microwave Devices

Dominant leaky-wave antennaSmall, resonant backward wave antennasDual-band hybrid couplerNegative refractive index flat lens

• Future Trends

References1)

C. Caloz, C.C. Chang, and T. Itoh, “’Full-wave verification of the fundamental properties of left-handed materials (LHMs) in waveguide configurations,” J. App. Phys., vol. 90, no. 11, pp. 5483-5486, Dec. 2001.

2)

R.A. Shelby, D.R. Smith, and S. Schultz, “Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction,” Science, vol. 292, pp. 77-79, Apr. 2001.

3)

A. Lai, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “Composite right/left-handed transmission line metamaterials,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 34-50, Sep. 2004.

4)

C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, Wiley and IEEE Press, Hoboken, NJ, 2005.

5)

D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R.F.J. Broas, N.G. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch, “High-impedance surface electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2059-2074, Nov. 1999.

6)

L. Liu, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “Dominant mode (DM) leaky-wave antenna with backfire-to-endfire

scanning capability,” Electron. Lett., vol. 38, no. 23. pp. 1414-1416, Nov. 2002.

7)

C.J. Lee, K.M.K.H. Leong, and T. Itoh, “Design of resonant small

antenna using composite right/left-handed transmission line,” Proc. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp., Washington D.C., Jun. 2005.

8)

A. Lai, K.M.K.H. Leong, and T. Itoh, “Infinite wavelength resonant antennas with monopolar radiation patterns based on periodic structures,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,

vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 868-876, Mar. 2007.9)

I. Lin, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “A branch-line coupler with two arbitrary operating frequencies using left-handed transmission lines,” IEEE-MTT Int. Symp. Dig., Philadelphia, PA, Jun. 2003, vol. 1, pp. 325–327.

10)

A. Lai, “Theory and design of composite right/left-handed metamaterial-based microwave lenses," Master Thesis, Dept. E. E., UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 2005.

11)

Rayspan

Corporation, http://www.rayspan.com12)

F. P. Casares-Miranda, C. Camacho Peñalosa, and C. Caloz, “High-gain active composite right/left-handed leaky-wave antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 2292-2300, Aug. 2006.

13)

J. Mata-Conteras, T. M. Martìn-Guerrero, and C. Camacho-Peñalosa, “Distributed amplifiers with composite right/left-handed transmission lines,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 609-613, March 2006.

14)

E.S. Ash, “Continuous phase shifter using ferroelectric varactors

and composite right-left handed transmission lines,” Master Thesis, Dept. E.E., UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 2006.

15)

V.A. Podolskiy, A.K. Sarychev, and V.M. Shalaev, “Plasmon modes in metal nanowires

and left-handed materials,” J. Nonlin. Opt. Phys. Mat., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65-74, 2002.

16)

T. Ueda, A. Lai, and T. Itoh, “Demonstration of negative refraction in a cutoff parallel-plate waveguide loaded with 2-D square lattice of dielectric resonators,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1280-1287, Jun. 2007.

17)

M. Zedler, P. Russer, and C. Caloz, “Circuital and experimental demonstration of a 3D isotropic LH metamaterial based on the rotated TLM scheme,” IEEE-MTT Int'l Symp., Honolulu, HI, Jun. 2007.

Design Guide• Ansoft Designer: 1-D Leaky-Wave Antenna

• Ansoft HFSS: Negative Refractive Index Flat Lens

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专注于微波、射频、天线设计人才的培养 易迪拓培训 网址：http://www.edatop.com

关于易迪拓培训：

易迪拓培训(www.edatop.com)由数名来自于研发第一线的资深工程师发起成立，一直致力和专注

于微波、射频、天线设计研发人才的培养；后于 2006 年整合合并微波 EDA 网(www.mweda.com)，

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我们的课程优势：

※ 成立于 2004 年，10 多年丰富的行业经验

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联系我们：

※ 易迪拓培训官网：http://www.edatop.com

※ 微波 EDA 网：http://www.mweda.com

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专注于微波、射频、天线设计人才的培养

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