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E U R O P E A N

COMMISSION eurostat ülBäii THEME 3 Population and social conditions

en en en

Key figuc^health Pocketbook

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg:

Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999

ISBN 92-828-6482-0

© European Communities, 1999

Printed in Belgium

PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER

Symbols and abbreviations

* Provisional or estimated data : not available -nil . not applicable 0 less than half the unit used

EU-15 EU-12

Β DK D EL E F IRL I L NL A Ρ FIN S UK

European Union of Fifteen European Community of Twelve (without A, FIN, sincerely) Belgium Denmark Germany Greece Spain France Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Austria Portugal Finland Sweden United Kingdom

III

List of tables

Pages

Population Population Statistics, EU-15 1,2

Births and Deaths Vital Statistics, EU-15 3,4

Life Styles Consumption of cigarettes, number of person per year, 1994, EU-15 8 Percentage of population (age over 15) who are daily cigarette smokers, EU-15, 1995 8

Working Conditions Accidents at work with more than three days of absence per 100 000 workers, 1994, EU-15 10

Envrionment Emissions per capita, EU-15 11

Perceived Health and Morbidity Health Status, 1994, EU-12 13, 14, 15 Life expectancy and life expectancy without disability (in years at birth), 1994, EU-12 16 New AIDS cases per million of population, 1996, EU-15 17 Percentage of women (50 years and over) reporting a mammography, 1996, EU-15 17 Percentage of women (25 years and over) reporting a cervical smear test, 1996, EU-15 17

Mortality Standard populations (World and European) 18 Mortality: Standardised death rates, per 100 000 population, selected causes of death, 1995, EU-15 19,20 Road accident deaths, 1996, EU-15 22

Health Ressources and Output Total health expenditure per head of population in PPS (Purchasing Power Standard), 1996-1997, EU-15 . . . . 24 Total health expenditure as percentage of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 1996-1997, EU-15 24 Hospital beds per 100 000 inhabitants, 1990 and 1994, EU-15 25 Percentage of employment in Health and Social Work sector over total employment, 1996 and 1997, EU-15 25 Number of physicians per 100 000 inhabitants, 1990 and 1995, EU-15 26 Number of dentists per 100 000 inhabitants, 1990 and 1995, EU-15 26

IV

List of figures

Pages

Births and Deaths Life expectancy at birth, 1950-2050, EU-15 5 Total population, 1950-2050, EU-15 6

Life Styles Alcohol consumption: litres of alcohol sold per capita, 1994, EU-15 7 Percentage of men and women aged 15-34 who are daily cigarette smokers, 1995, EU-15 9

Perceived Health and Morbidity Percentage of population (16 years and over) with perceived health "very bad" and "bad", 1994, EU-12 . . . . 12

Mortality Change in the number of deaths on EU roads, 1995/1989, in %, EU-15 21

Health Ressources and Output Change (1980-1993) in total and public health expenditure, in constant prices, EU-15 27

For more information, please contact:

Marleen De Smedt Tel: (352) 4301 33673 Fax: (352) 4301 35399

E-mail: marleen.desmedt@eurostat.ceG.be

KEY FIGURES,

HEALTH AND HEALTH DETERMINANTS

This brochure provides a limited selection of key figures on health and health determinants. The present selection focusses on some core items. In health statistics comparability of data between Member States is, as with many social statistics, difficult for several reasons. Most data which are derived from administrations are determined by social insurance, by the organisation of health care services and the financing of the system. National rules and regulations have a great influence on the quality and comparability of statistics, e.g. on population coverage, specific definitions and classifications. Data based on population surveys tend to be more comparable, but are not always available for all Member States according to the same specification and period. For these and other methodological reasons many differences between Member States should be taken as indicative; small differences between countries should be handled with great care. In some cases the differences could lead to the formulation of hypothesis for conducting in-depth investigations.

The choice of statistical measures is arbitrary. Some readers would prefer absolute numbers; others standardised rates and some ratios or crude rates. Whenever possible emphasis is placed on measures most appropriate for showing the difference between countries, complemented by other measures allowing for a more balanced appraisal. However choice of core items, measures and comparability is influenced greatly deal by incomplete sources, inadequate details and poor harmonisation. Eurostat's thanks go to all international and governmental agencies, in particular to the partners in the framework of the LEG Health, whose co-operation has been indispensable for the compilation of this brochure.

VII

Population na Population statistics, EU-15

EU-15

1.1.1996

1.1.1996

1.1.1997

1.1.1998

2020 , ! . , „ „ , ,2

119

B D K D E L E F I R L I L N L Inhabita nts/km2

332 122 329 79 78 106 52 190 160 374 Total population (x1000)

39242 58258 3620 57333 413 15494 39299 58492 3652 57461 418 15567 39348 58723* 3693* 57563 424 15650* 40307 62831 3909 56543 501 17204

372670 373713

374 566* 388233

10143 10170 10192 10658

5251 5275 5295 5526

81818 82012 82060 84670

10465 10487 10508 11269

96

8055 8068 8075 8443

108

9921 9934 9957 10513

FIN

15

5117 5132 5147 5350

20

UK

240

8838 58704

8844 58902

8848 59084

9470 61038

Note: (') 1991, (2) 1992, (3) 1993, (4) 1994, (5) 1995

Source: Eurostat - Demographic satisfies

eurostat

Population statistics ;V :

Men

Women

Aged under 15

Aged 65 and over

Net migration

Foreign residents

, EU-15 EU-15

48.8

51.2

17.3

15.8

741.6*

17185*

Β

48.9

51.1

17.8

16.3

16.3*

922

DK

49.4

50.6

17.8

15.0

17.5

197

D

48.7

51.3

16.1

15.7

281.5

6991

EL

49.3

50.7

16.1

16.2

21.6

153

E

48.9

51.1

16.0

15.8

47.1*

461

F

48.7

51.3

19.2

15.4

34.2*

3 597 (2)

IRL I

1997 (%)

49.6 48.5

50.4 51.5

23.2 14.7

11.4 17.1

1996 (χ1000)

13.2* 159.4*

1995 (χ1000)

914 624 (4)

L

49.1

50.9

18.6

14.2

3.7

133 (4)

NL

49.4

50.6

18.4

13.4

21.3

757

Α

48.5

51.5

17.3

15.3

5.0

518 (1)

Ρ

48.2

51.8

17.3

14.9

10.2

157

FIN

48.7

51.3

18.9

14.5

3.9

62

Population

S

49.4

50.6

18.8

17.4

5.8

499 (3)

UK

49.1

50.9

19.3

15.7

100.8*

2 024 C)

N o t e : ( ' ) 1 9 9 1 , ( 2 ) 1992, (3) 1993 , (4) 1994, (5) 1995

Source: Eurostat - Demographic satis tics

Births and Deaths

Vital s t a t i s t i c s , EU-15

Live births (xlOOO) Crude birth rate (per 1000)

% of first births

Deaths (xlOOO)

Crude death rate (per 1000) Infant mortality

(per 1000 live births)

EU-15

4 034.6*

10.8

38.6

3 699.533

10.0

5.5*

Β

116.2*

11.4

41.9 (3)

104.2

10.4

5.6*

DK

67.6

12.9

46.2

59.9

11.6

5.6

D

796.0

9.7 37.6 (5)

860.4

10.8

5.0

EL

100.7

9.6

46.7

101.0

9.6

7.2

E

358.9*

9.1 51.9 (5)

356.3

8.9

6.0*

' F

735.3*

12.6

27.84

534.0

9.2

4.8*

IRL 1996

50.4*

13.9

37.7

31.6

8.7

5.5*

I

525.6*

9.2

51.15

553.1

9.7

5.9*

L

5.7

13.7

34.7 (5)

3.9

9.4

4.9

NL

189.5

12.2

45.3

136.0

8.9

5.7

A

88.8

11.0

44.4

79.4

10.0

5.1

Ρ

110.4

11.1

52.7

104.8

10.8

6.9

FIN

60.7

11.8

39.3

49.1

9.6

4.0

S

95.3

10.8

40.9

93.3

10.6

4.0

\=VA eurostat

UK

733.4

12.5

28.1

632.5

10.8

6.1

Note: (') 1991, (2) 1992, (3) 1993, (") 1994, (5) 1995

Source: Eurostat - Demographic satistics

L^ Births and Deaths

Vital s t a t i s t i c s , EU-15

Deaths (xlOOO) Infant mortality

(per 1000 live births)

Life expectancy

men

women

men

women

EU-15 Β DK IRL I H H WB--';·· NL A Ρ FIN 1997

3722.8 104.3 61.0 882.8 100.7 349.3 536.8 31.5 547.4 3.9 137.6 80.8 107.3 49.2

5.3* 6.1* 5.3* 4.9' 6.3* 5.7* 5.0* 6.2* 5.5* 4.2 5.2* 4.7 6.6 3.9

1996

74.0* 73.8* 73.0* 73.6 75.1 74.4* 74.1* 73.3* 74.9* 73.3 74.7 73.9 71.1 73.0

80.5* 80.5* 78.2* 79.9 80.4 81.6* 82.0* 78.7* 81.3* 79.9 80.3 80.2 78.6 80.5

1997 : : 73.7* 75.1* : 74.2* : 74.9* 73.50 74.2* 71.40 73.3*

: 80.0* 81.4* 82.1* 81.3* 79.60 80.5* 78.70 80.3*

S UK

94.1 636.0

3.6 5.9*

76.5

81.5

76.7'

81.8*

74.3

79.4

Note: (') 1991, (2) 1992, (3) 1993, f4) 1994, (5) 1995

Source: Eurostat - Demographic satistics

Births and Deaths rea

Years L i f e e x P e c t a n c y a t b i r t h> 1950-2050, EU-15

90

85

80

75

70

Life expectancy is calculated from observed age-specific mortality rates which can be assumed to develop in the coming years according to trends which were observed in the previous years (baseline scenario). It can also be assumed that mortality will continue to decrease but at a slower rate than previously (low scenario), or at a higher rate than previously (high scenario).

Source: Eurostat - Demographic Statistics

65 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year HIGH 'BASE LOW

L^ Births and Deaths

Millions 500

450

Total population, 1950-2050, EU-15 For population projections three factors are important: fertility, life expectancy and net migration.

For the 'low scenario' for each factor low projections were chosen, for the 'high scenario' high projections and for the 'baseline scenario' medium projections.

400

350

300

Source: Eurostat - Demographic Statistics

250 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year HIGH "BASE LOW

Life Styles L^

Alcohol consumption: Litres of alcohol

UK , , . . „ „ . . - , . , , . I 9.3

s ; : ! | 6.5

FIN 8.2

Ρ 13

A S *" . 12

NL y,7

L

I . ; 10.3

IRL 11.2

F

E S 12

kL* '■; ÎVMÏÎ" ' ' 0 · ο

B M W — 12

0 5 10

.1

1 15.3

14.1

15 20

Consumption of alcoholic drinks and of tobacco products are

important health determinants. There are two main data sources:

population surveys and statistics on sales. Data on sales have a

disadvantage for use as health determinants because they can not

give population characteristics, e.g. number of drinks in a week by

age and sex. Special care should be taken with the interpretation of

data about consumption of cigarettes and alcohol in the Member

States. Due to differences in retail prices (mainly caused by

differences in taxes) people buy those products not only in their

home country but also in other Member States. Therefore in some

Member States, e.g. Luxembourg, sales to non­residents may be

substantial. And the proportion of products sold to non­residents in

the different Member States may be very different. Therefore non­

survey data do not reflect properly the consumption of the

inhabitants of the Member States. As a result data based on sales

statistics have mainly a general indicative value as health indicators.

Drinking habits are not easy to measure by means of interviewing

people; whereas questions on smoking are less difficult to answer

and with less reservation than questions on beer and alcoholic

beverages.

L^ Life Styles

Consumption of cigarettes: numberperperson peryear, 1994, EU-15 EU-15 Β DK D EL E F IRL I L

3012 2119 1556 1730 1688 2140 1741 2055 1657 1815

NL A Ρ FIN S UK

1685 1660 1777 1091 992 1536

Source: WHO, Health for All Database

Percentage of population (age over 15) who are daily cigarette smokers, EU-15,1995 EU-15 Β DK D EL E F IRL I L

T o t a l 29 31 37 25 39 31 35 29 28 28

M e n 34 34 39 32 49 39 39 31 33 28

Women 25 28 37 18 29 23 31 28 24 28

Source: Eurobarometre 43.0

i 34 37 31

28 35 21

24 37 13

FIN 20 22 18

S 22 18 25

U K , 28 30 27

Life Styles L^

% Percentage of men and women aged 15-34 who are daily 60 cigarette smokers, 1995, EU-15

EU-15 Β DK D EL E <= ">> ' ' NL A Ρ FIN S UK

^Men "Women

Source: Eurobarometre 44.3

rari Working Conditions

Accidei i

Men Women

ts at work EU-15

5960 1936

with more than Β

5598 1723

DK

3333 1358

three D

7513 2165

days of EL

4752 1524

absence per E

7583 2667

F

7289 2383

100 000 IRL

947 536

worke I

5719 2179

rs, 1994 L

7982 2133

, EU-NL

5629 1829

15 A

7280 1977

Ρ

10029 2862

FIN

5295 1717

S

1329 698

UK

2431 1130

Source: Eurostat - European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW)

Environment \m

Emissions percapita, EU-15

EU-15 B DK

1996C0 2 ( t ) 8.0 11.5 14.1

l 9 9 4 S 0 2 ( k g ) 25 30

1994N0 2 (kg) 33 36 53

D

10.9

37

27

EL

7.8

33

E

5.8

53

31

F

6.3

17

26

IRL

9.6

49

33

1

7.0

25

37

L

21.6

31

57

NL.

11.5

9

35

A

7.3

7

22

Ρ

4.4

26

26

FIN

11.7

22

56

■S'

6.6

11

45

UK

9.4

46

42

Source'. Eurostat - Environmental statistics

L^ Perceived Health and Morbidity

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Percentage of population (16 years and

over) with perceived health "very bad" and

"bad", 1994, EU-12

I ■

Bad "Very bad

Source: Eurostat - European Household Panel (ECHP)

The European Community Household Panel (ECHP) is a multi­

dimensional and multi­purpose survey which covers income,

demographic and labour force characteristics, health, education,

housing, migration and other topics. The survey is based on a

harmonised questionnaire which was designed centrally at

Eurostat and was then adapted by National Collection Units to

reflect national institutional differences.

Health questions in the ECHP used in this chapter:

115. How is your health in general? (very good; good; fair; bad;

very bad)

116. Are you hampered in your daily activities by any chronic

physical or mental problem, illness or disability? (yes, severely;

yes to some extent; no)

Because health is related to age, and the age distribution varies

between EU Member States it could be misleading to compare

Member States totals without age standardisation. For that

reason 'age­standardised' figures are calculated for all Member

States. The age distribution according to the 'European standard

population' was used to recalculate the Member State totals.

Perceived Health and Morbidity [m

Health Status, 1994, EU-12

Hampered in daily activities

because of chronic conditions

Yes, severely

Yes, to some extent

No

EU-12 Β

% not standardised

16

76

6

15

79

DK

5

15

80

EL E F ( ' ) IRL

% standardised according to age

7

18

76

10

83

6

12

82

10

9

81

4

14

82

7

15

78

4

19

77

NL

7

19

75

PÒ

Note:(') France: perceived health = satisfaction with health, (3) Portugal: cutdown of activities: 'physical' includes 'physical and mental'

(2) Cutdown of activities: Euri 1 (excl. France)

Source: Eurostat - European Community Household Panel (ECHP)

UK

9 5

19 18

72 77

aa Perceived Health and Morbidity

Health S t a t u s , 1994, EU-12

Cutdown of activities in two weeks

because of physical and/or mental

reasons ( )

Physical and mental

Physical

Mental

No

EU-12 Β

% not standardised

1

11

1

86

2

89

DK

3

13

2

83

EL E F ( ) IRL

% standardised according to age

1

14

1

83

1

7

1

92

1

10

1

87

NL PÒ

Note:( ) France: perceived health = satisfaction with health, (") Portugal: cutdown of activities: 'physical' includes 'physical and mental'

( ) Cutdown of activities: Euri 1 (excl. France)

Source: Eurostat - European Community Household Panel (ECHP)

UK

2

8

2

89

0

4

1

95

2

11

2

86

4

13

3

81

13

5

83

2

12

1

85

Perceived Health and Morbidity L=0

Health S t a t u s , 1994, EU-12

Cutdown of activities in two weeks

because of physical and/or mental

reasons ( )

Physical and mental

Physical

Mental

No

EU-12 Β

% not standardised

DK D EL E F (') IRL I

% standardised according to age

NL P Ò

Note: (') France: perceived health = satisfaction with health, Ò Portugal: cutdown of activities: 'physical' includes 'physical and mental'

(2) Cutdown of activities: Euri 1 (excl. France)

Source: Eurostat - European Community Household Panel (ECHP)

UK

1

11

1

86

1

8

2

89

3

13

2

83

1

14

1

83

1

7

1

92

1

10

1

87

2

8

2

89

0

4

1

95

2

1 1

2

86

4

13

3

81

13

5

83

2

12

1

85

\ΜΔ Perceived Health and Morbidity

Life expectancy and life expectancy without disability (in years at birth), 1994, EU-12 TDTT 1 ̂ D T\V T\ C T C c EU-12 Β

Men Life expectancy Life expectancy without disability Life expectancy without severe disability

73.6 59.7 69.2

73.3 60.3 69.3

DK

72.7 60.7 69.6

D

73.0 56.6 68.0

EL

75.1 62.9 70.4

74.2 61.8 70.0

73.7 60.1

IRL

73.1 61.2 70.5

74.4 60.2 69.7

73.1 59.1 70.0

NL

74.5 58.9 70.1

71.6 55.0 66.0

UK

74.0 59.0 70.5

Women Life expectancy 79.8 80.1 78.0 79.5 80.1 81.4 81.8 78.6 80.7 79.8 80.2 78.5 79.3 Life expectancy without disability 61.5 61.4 61.2 60.0 65.0 63.5 64.6 63.9 60.8 61.0 58.8 56.7 60.8 Life expectancy without severe disability 74.3 74.3 73.8 74.0 74.4 75.4 72.8 75.7 73.8 76.5 74.0 71.8 74.7

Source: Eurostat - Mortality statistics and European Community Household Panel. Calculated by INSERM (Euroreves)

Perceived Health and Morbidity

N e w AIDS

Men

Women

c a s e s p e r mill ion o f popi

EU-15 Β DK

65

16

34 50

13 10

illation.

D

27

5

1996,

F

109

26

EU-15

EL

35

8

E

249

63

IRL I L NL A

19 133 45 43 28

10 43 14 8 6

Ρ

136

25

FIN

8

1

S

25

5

eurostat

UK

37

8

Source : European Centre for Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS, Paris

Percentage of women (50 years and over) reporting a mammography, 1996, EU-15

EU-15 Β DK D EL E F IRL WÊk L NL A Ρ FIN S UK

29 18 _50_ 75 18_ 21 31 4 22 _36__ 46 36 24 _ 34 52 27

Source: European Commission DG X - Eurobarometre 44.3

Percentage of women (25 years and over) reporting a cervical smear test, 1996, EU-15

EU-15 Β DK D EL E F IRL. I L ?■ 'NL&' A Ρ FN S UK

39 44 67 47 36 30 55 18 33 46 29 52 24 41 31 32

Source: European Commission DG X - Eurobarometre 44.3

[Mi Mortality

Causes of death are regrouped from detailed data, coded according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) of the World Health Organisation. The absolute numbers for 1995 are estimates based on definitive data for 13 Member States and data of previous years for 2 Member States.

Comparison of the general (total) mortality rates in Member States is affected by the differences of age structure of the populations. In a relatively 'old population' there will be more deaths than in a 'young population' because mortality is higher in higher age groups. For comparisons the age effect can be offset by the use of a standard population. The standardised death rate (SDR) - here calculated according to direct method - is thus an adjusted crude rate that enables comparisons to be made between countries and between the two sexes. However one should not recalculate absolute numbers from the given SDRs.

The standard reference population is the 'standard European population' i.e. structured by age in the 'region of Europe' as defined by the WHO.

Standard populat ions (world and European) Age group World European (years) 0 2400 1600 1-4 9 600 6 400 5-9 10 000 7 000 10-14 9000 7000 15-19 9000 7 000 20-24 8000 7000 25-29 8 000 7 000 30-34 6 000 7 000 35-39 6000 7 000 40-44 6000 7000 45-49 6 000 7 000 50-54 5 000 7 000 55-59 4 000 6000 60-64 4 000 5000 65-69 3 000 4 000 70-74 2 000 3 000 75-79 1000 2 000 80-84 500 1000 85+ 500 1 000 Total 100000 100 000

Source: J.Waterhouse et al. (eds). Cancer incidence in five continents, Lyon, IARC, 1976 (Vol.3 pi456).

Mortality

Mortality: S t a n d a r d i s e d dea l Men

AIDS (HIV-disease) Cancers: Oesophagus

Lip, oral cavity, pharynx Larynx &trachea/bronchus/Iung Breast

Alcoholic abuse Ischaemic heart diseases Cerebrovascular diseases Asthma Chronic liver disease Transport accidents Suicide and intentional self-harm All causes of death

th r a t e s , \

EU-15* # o f

deaths 15 960 17 080 15 800

151710 510

8 540 330 920 167 600

6 290 33 230 35 820 34 730

1855 200

per 100 000

SDR 8.1 8.9 8.5

77.4 0.3 4.7

167.0 ' 84.1

3.2 17.7 18.6 14.3

947.6

B(')

SDR 2.7 8.2 8.4

113.6 0.4 3.6

132.3 76,9 3.5

14.2 25.9 30.1

1041.0

popi) DK

SDR 8.3 8.7 6.4

81.7 0.2 6.5

257.8 92.3 4.1

21.4 16.5 23.5

1215.0

ι la tior D

SDR ; 4.0 7.5 8.8

73.2 0.3

10.8 216.6 90.5 6.9

30.5 17.2 21.8

1012.0

ι, s e l e c t e d ι ELf;. E

SDR ; 1.1 2.1 2.8

77.5 0.1 0.9

128.1 119.9

0.9 7.9

33.8 5.5

846.0

SDR 21.9 8.1 9.6

81.8 0.3 1.3

103.4 79.9 1.7

24.2 22.4 11.7

896.7

c a u s e s of di ρ

SDR ; 13.2 13.8 16.1 77.9 0.4 6.9

84.5 58.0 2.9

22.9 20.6 29.3

911.6

IRL

SDR 2.5

10.6 6.9

68.5 0.5 1.9

301.8 78.2 3.5 3.2

18.2 18.5

1098.0

e a t h , 1995 , EU-15

I( ) L NL A

SDR 11.6 5.7 7.8

86.8

1.0 124.6 92.8 2.2 1.6

21.0 11.0

891.2

SDR 2.3

10.4 13.5 92.3

5.0 141.1 100.1

5.6 24.0 24.8 21.3

987.8

SDR SDR 4.5 9.7 4.2

96.8 0.3 1.7

164.4 67.7 0.1 6.2

11.9 12.5

954.4

3.4 5.5 9.1

65.3 0.5 5.6

211.8 92.5 4.9

38.3 22.2 32.9

978.1

SDR 16.2 7.5 8.6

49.0 0.6 1.2

102.7 212.8

3.0 34.5 39.9 11.9

1138.0

FIN

SDR 1.2 5.8 3.6

64.5 0.1 4.2

303.9 101.5

1.7 15.7 34.8 41.8

1094.0

g

SDR 1.5 3.7 3.0

34.5 0.2 5.9

230.4 69.2 2.0 7.5 9.4

20.3 825.6

I4H eurostat

UK

SDR 1.6

12.8 4.1

75.4 0.3 1.0

258.2 78.7

1.9 8.8 9.2

11.3 972.5

Note: (1) 1993, f) 1994 Source: Eurostat - Mortality statistics

¡m " ° — ' Mortality

Mortality: Standardised death rates, per 100 000 population, selected causes of death, 1995, EU-15

Women

AIDS (HIV-disease)

Cancers: Oesophagus

Lip, oral cavity, pharynx

Larynx & trachea/bronchus/lung

Breast

Alcoholic abuse

Ischaemic heart diseases

Cerebrovascular diseases

Asthma

Chronic liver disease

Complications ofpregnancy

Transport accidents

Suicide intentional self-harm

All causes of death

EU-15

# o f

deaths

3 520

5990

4060

40 470

76190

2 240

294 520

260 000

7160

16 800

230

12430

12 660

1 876 640

SDR

1.8

2.0

1.5

15.1

30.4

1.1

80.3

67.9

2.4

7.2

0.1

6.6

4.6

556.7

B( ' )

SDR 0.6

1.7

2.0

13.8

35.0

1.0

60.4

61.8

2.7

7.5

0.1

8.1

10.2

588.4

DK

SDR

1.0

3.1

2.4

42.2

44.4

1.9

137.8

72.7

3.9

10.4

0.3

6.6

9.8

802.5

D

SDR 0.7

1.5

1.7

13.8

31.7

2.6

108.7

71.2

3.8

12.3

0.1

5.8

7.1

598.5

EL

SDR 0.2

0.8

0.8

10.9

22.9

0.0

57.4

124.0

0.7

2.8

9.8

1.1

571.2

E

SDR 5.0

0.7

1.2

6.0

24.7

0.2

46.5

64.5

1.8

7.9

0.1

6.4

3.2

497.7

F

SDR 2.9

1.6

1.9

9.6

28.4

1.6

34.7

40.4

2.5

9.2

0.2

7.3

9.9

473.5

IRL

SDR 0.4

6.0

2.0

28.5

37.1

1.2

141.6

69.5

2.5

3.1

6.0

4.9

683.4

Κ2)

SDR 3.0

1.1

1.4

11.8

28.7

0.2

59.4

75.3

1.3

0.8

0.1

5.8

3.2

524.1

L

SDR

0.5

2.5

0.8

14.6

36.3

3.4

54.9

78.9

4.1

7.1

0.4

8.9

8.0

539.5

NL

SDR 0.7

3.0

1.5

19.9

36.6

0.5

71.0

57.6

0.3

3.6

0.2

4.3

6.1

564.6

A

SDR 0.6

0.7

1.5

14.5

31.4

1.1

108.0

74.0

2.1

12.6

0.0

6.4

9.2

582.8

Ρ

SDR 2.8

1.3

1.1

7.5

24.9

0.2

52.9

167.9

1.8

10.0

0.2

10.2

3.9

676.5

FIN

SDR 0.1

1.9

1.5

10.4

25.1

0.7

140.6

827

1.5

4.7

0.0

9.0

11.4

589.9

S

SDR 0.5

1.3

1.4

17.8

24.8

1.0

102.4

54.5

2.3

4.0

0.1

3.5

8.4

510.7

UK

SDR 0.2

5.3

1.5

30.5

35.6

0.4

120.0

69.8

2.4

5.1

0.2

3.2

3.0

615.5 A Note:(')1993,D1994

Source: Eurostat - Mortality statistics

Mortality L^

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

Change in the number of deaths on EU roads, 1995/1989, in %, EU-15

o

The data on victims of road traffic accidents cover all categories of road users: pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, car drivers, etc. The data are not derived from statistics on causes of death but from other national registries, e.g. on road traffic accidents.

In statistics on road traffic accidents the number of deaths is counted up to 30 days after an accident. However in some Member States another reference period is used which hampers the comparability of results in Greece (3 days), France (6 days), Italy (7 days) and Portugal (on the spot or on the way to hospital). To help comparisons, the following correction coefficients may be applied: Greece 1.1.5, France 1.60, Italy 1.08 and Portugal 1.30.

Source: Eurostat - Reglo Statistics

eurostat Mortality

Road accident deaths, 1996, EU-15 EU-15 Β DK D EL IRL FIN UK

Per million of private cars Per million of population

276.8(') 3-12.5 301 213.7 885 302.6 322.9 428.4 216(1) 306.4 205.6 278.3 574-8( ) 207.9 126 167.7

118.8(1) 142.9(1) 99.2 115.6(1) 1 9 7 . 6 1 1 3 7 1447(1) 124.9 107.8 170.9 76 127.4 211.5 78.8 60.7 64·4(1)

N o t e : ( ) 1 9 9 5

Source: Eurostat - Regio Statistics

Health Ressources and Output sa The expenditure data are taken from the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) "Ecosanté" database. In its health accounts the OECD looks at the financing aspect of health care in its entirety.

Total health expenditure includes the medical care households receive (ranging from hospitals and physicians to ambulance services and pharmaceutical products), and their health expenses, including cost-sharing and the medicines they buy on their own initiative; government-supplied health services (e.g. schools, vaccination campaigns), investment in clinics, laboratories, etc.; administration costs; research and development; industrial medicine, outlays of voluntary organizations, caritative institutions and non-governmental health plans.

Public expenditure on health is the public financed share (i.e. by central and local authorities, public health centers and social insurance bodies) of total expenditure on health, namely: direct outlays; reimbursements to households (transfers); payments to producers to lower costs (subsidies); direct investments and capital transfers to private investors; the public sector also lowers the household burden through tax deductions and tax credits.

Purchasing Power Standard (PPS): data on health expenditure reflect both volume and prices of services, but prices for the same service may be differ in Member States. PPS allows for some extent for correction of these price differences in order to obtain figures which reflect better differences in the volume of services.

L^ Health Ressources and Output

Total health expenditure per head of population in PPS (Purchasing Power Standard), 1996-1997, EU-15 Β DK D EL E F IRL I L NL Α Ρ FIN S UK

1996 1708 1802 2 278 888 1115 1983 1276 1584 2139 1766 1748 1071 1380 1675 1317 1997 1147 1848 2 339 974 1168 2103 1324 1589 2 340 1825 1793 1125 1447 1728 1347

Source: OECD Health Data 98

Total health expendi ture as p e r c e n t a g e o f GDP (Gross D o m e s t i c Product ) , 1996-1997 , EU-15 Β DK D EL E F IRL I L NL A

1996 7.8 8.0 10.5 6.8 7.4 9.7 7.0 7.8 6.8 8.6 8.0 1997 7.6 7.7 10.4 7.1 7.4 9.9 7.0 7.6 7.1 8.5 7.9

Source: OECD Health Data 98

Health Ressources and Output L ^

Hospital beds per 100 000 inhabitants, 1990 and 1994, EU-15

Β DK D EL E F IRL I L NL FIN

1990 615.0 566.7 : 507.2 427.5 977.1 625.6 723.2 1181.9 1155.3 1030.6 432.7 1254 9

-L994■..._ 593,7 503,6 760.0 497.5 402.5 906.1 __χ 653.5 ___j : 938.3 411.2

S UK

1149.4 590.0

Source: Eurostat - Labor Force Survey

Data on hospital beds include in general, university and specialised hospitals, mental hospitals, institutions for mentally weak persons nursing homes and the like.

The data have limitations because the concepts for the different institutions and for beds are different in Member States These differences hamper the comparability between the data of Member States.

Percentage of employment in Health and Social Work sector over total employment, 1996 and 1997, EU-15

Β DK . D EL E F IRL I L NL A Ρ FIN UK

1996

1997 10.6

10.8

16.8

16.7

9.2 4.4

4.4

5.4

5.6

10.3

10.5

8.3

8.5

5.6

5.8

7.3

7.1

13.2

13.5

7.7

7.8

4.5

4.6

13.9

14.5

Source: Eurostat - Labor Force Survey

20.1

19.6

10.8

10.9

L^ Health Ressources and Output

Numberof physicians per 100 000 inhabitants, 1990 and 1995, EU-15 DK EL IRL NL

1990 336.2 278.0 306.6 339.3 383.2 266.1 155.4 484.8 202.0 251.5 303.4 282.4 243.1 291.5 159.7 1995 364.5 290.6 401.7 388.9 414.4 281.7 199.8 547.4 228.2 : 339.0 293.6 269.8 i_ 164.5 Source: Eurostat - Labor Force Survey

Numberof dentists per 100 000 inhabitants, 1990 and 1995, EU-15 Β DK D EL E F IRL I NL FIN UK

1990 1995

70.9 69.8

71.6 93.2

99.2 102.1

26.7 35.8

67.8 37.4 43.6

Source: Eurostat - Labor Force Survey

52.2 53.1 43.3 46.0

17.0 25.5

90.2 93.4

105.6 38.9 41.0

Population L ^

80

60

40

20

Change (1980-1993) in total and public health

expenditure, in constant prices, EU-15

-20

Β DK D EL E F IRL I L NL A Ρ FIN S UK

Total health expenditure ■ Public health expenditure

Source:OECD - Health Data 1998

European Commission

Key figures on health — Pocketbook

Luxembourg: Office for Officiai Publications of the European Communities

1999 — 2 7 pp. — 1 0 . 5 x 2 1 cm

ISBN 92-828-6482-0

o >

o

OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES • * * OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS

ir EUR -k

* OP * * -k * L-2985 Luxembourg

ISBN ΊΞ-flSa-L-MflB-D

789282 864821