2

2.1 (dc machine),

. , . , 19 , .

1832 Hippolyte Pixii. Pixii . , , Werner Von Siemens 1856, . HefnerAlteneck 1872.

, . , .

2.2 .

(stator) (rotor). . 2.1 . . , , B. , .

. 2

22

S

+_

i

=0

B

F

F

eR

r

++

_

_

e

e

l

. 2.1

,

. , . , . , (brushes). .

, . , , . , (. 2.2). , . , , .

2.2.1

(. 2.1),

. 2

23

. , . , . . 1.18,

( )e = v B l (2.1) ,

, . , l,

e e vBl = = (2.2)

, .

S

N

. 2.2 ,

.

. 2

24

0 90o 180o 270o 360o

ee rC

e rC

e

0 90o 180o 270o 360o

() () . 2.3

() ()

, , 2e vBl= (2.3) , . ,

. 180, . 2.1, . , . , , . 2.3. , (. 2.3).

. (2.3) . . (2.3), v ,

rv r= (2.4)

, r () r rad/s. Sp, , r l. ,

12 (2 )pS rl rl = = (2.5)

,

pS B = (2.6)

. (2.4), (2.5) (2.6) . (2.3),

2e r re C = = (2.7)

. (2.7) , . ,

. 2

25

. Ce 2/. .

. 2.1 , . R, i. Lenz . 2.1. , Laplace. Laplace, Lenz , . , ( ), .

2.2.2

. 2.1,

. 2.3. . , . 2.1 .

S

=0

B

F

F

R

r

++

_

_

e

e

+ _

ie

bp bn

R

+bp

_bn

i

=180

+

+

_

_

. 2.4

. 2

26

0 90o 180o 270o 360o

ee rC

. 2.5 ,

,

(. 2.4). . . , bp . , bn . , (. 2.5). , .

180 , . (commutation). , . ( ). , .

2.2.3

(),

, . Laplace , . Laplace . 1.19,

( )i= F l B (2.8)

Laplace . 2.6, F F F ilB = = = (2.9)

0F F = = (2.10)

Laplace

sinT T rF rilB = = = (2.11)

r F, 90. , ,

. 2

27

22 TT T T rilB C i i = + = = = (2.12)

.

, . 2.5. , . , , (. 2.4).

. (2.12) . CT, , i . . 2.6 , CT = 2/.

, , ( ). , ea.

S

=0

B

F

F

V

r

++

_

_

e

e

+ _

iea

bp bn

. 2.6

. 2

28

2.3 ,

, (armature), . , . , , , . , . , , (coils). (turns). . , , ().

180 . e m,

2e mP = (2.13)

, . 90 . , 180 . , 180 , , . , . (full pitch coils). 180, (fractional pitch coils).

(simplex) (multiplex). , . . 1, 3, 5 2, 4, 6 , , .

, (two layer winding). , .

, , (lap windings), (wave windings) (frog leg).

2.3.1

,

. . , . , , . ,

. 2

29

. . . 2.7 16 .

. . , .

, .

2.3.2

,

(. 2.8). , . , , , , . , , .

2.3.3

. 2m, m .

. 2.7 16

. 2.8

. 2

210

2.4 , ,

, . , . 2.3. , (yoke), . , , . . 2.9. . 2.10.

, .

, , . . . . . , (air gap), . . , .

. , . , . , . .

. , . , . , , , .

, . , . . . . , , , . , , .

, , . , , . , . , .

. 2

211

. , , , . (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), 70C, 100C, F 130C 155C.

N S

S N

S S

N

N

. 2.9

. 2

212

-

-

. 2.10 . LeroySomer

2.5

,

. . , (main field). , ,

. 2

213

. (armature field), . , , (armature reaction).

. (flux weakening). 2.5.1

,

. . . 2.4 .

, . , . 2.11, . , , . (. 2.11) (. 2.11). , . , , .

, , . , , . , .

2.5.2

, . . 2.11 , . . , , . .

, . , . , . . , .

. 2

214

S

Ne

Bt

BaG

NS

()

Ba

BeBt

S

N e

Bt

Ba

M

() () . 2.11 (). ()

() 2.5.3

, .

, , . . ,

. 2

215

. , .

, , . . 2.12 , . , , . , , .

S

N

N

d-

S

SN

S N

G

. 2.12

. 2

216

1hp. , , . , . 2.5.4

,

. , . (compensating winding) . , . , . , , . , , . .

. , Ldi/dt. , , . .

2.6 , ,

, () , . , Pout Pin, Ploss

out in lossP P P= (2.14) ,

(efficiency)

100%outin

PP

= (2.15)

: (copper losses). Pcu

a e, Ra Re

2 2cu a a e eP I R I R= + (2.16)

. 2

217

(iron, core losses). Piron

. r

2 1.5iron i rP C (2.17) (mechanical losses). Pfw,

(friction) (windage). . .

br br aP V I= (2.18)

, Ia Vbr . 2V, . (stray losses). ,

. Pstray . , 1% , .

2 2stray s a rP C I (2.19) ,

, loss cu iron fw br strayP P P P P P= + + + + (2.20) , Ce = CT 2/,

,

2e T

z PC Cb= = (2.21)

, , z b . , P = 2, z = 2 b = 1.