Google, Facebook, Apple . %

%

%%%

Universit de Toulouse

2000 Web 2.0:

:

1. Google, Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Microsoft .

2. (infomediation)

3. ,

.

1994 2000

,

. 1.

: ,

,

Benkler (2006) (logical physical content layer)

() . , ( ), (Google+Uber)

( , datacenters, ,

, )

Google: Sprint T-Mobile + Google Fiber, Motorola, Android, Chromebook, Google Play, Android Store

Facebook: Avanti,Facebook Phone Samsung HTC, Facebook Home App OS, Facebook Apps

Amazon: Kindle (WhisperNet), Fire Phone+Tablet, Amazon Appstore, Amazon web services

Apple: content-delivery network iCloud, iOS, iPhone, Mac, iTunes, AppStore

Microsoft: Nokia, Windows, Windows Phone, Microsoft Cloud

,

( / ,

, , .)

2. , ,

() => Venture

capital, , , . .

(. )

o outsourcing

: . Apple => Foxconn

: . moderation , , .

Google, Facebook

.

1.

,

Q4 Net profit margin rankings:Google 26.28 %, Apple 24,16, %Facebook 25,04%, Microsoft 22,15%

(10,6% S&P 500)

2.

:

1) R&D 2) datacenters

3) 4) Cross-promotion5) (patents)

3.

Sillicon Valley

Matrix management

(finance,

marketing, engineering)

(. Google Greece)

4.

1 : (finance, marketing, engineering), ,

2 : (, , .),

30 : digital labor/ ( applications, , )

5.

(Schumpeter)

(. => sponsored links)

,

(, , , )

6.

,

. (patent wars)

( , .

YouTube, AppStore)

7.

T (infomediation)

, (transaction cost)

( ) ( ,

.)

+

/: /

( , .)

Google Facebook: ( 50% )

Apple, Amazon Google: (applications, PDFs .)

.

Google

2

Google News

SourceRank: PageRank, ,

, sitemaps, clusters .

Search Engine Optimization

Google

;

( copy paste)

Search Engine Optimization (

)

( )

(. keywords)

Facebook

H Newsfeed

(likes, shares, )

Facebook

;

(, , )

Facebook

community management

;

( ,

)

( )

(SEO)

(.

, , )

K

- :

Californian Idelology, , (Barbrook &

Cameron, 1996, Turner, 2006)

Technological Solutionism (Morozov, 2013),

(Zuckerberg, Schmidt)

(Assange, 2014)

(Bezos, Omidyar) (Schmidt & Cohen)

blindspot

1