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MOMENTS IN TIME

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Printed in the United States of America

Current Events UpdateInside Watergate’s Final Chapter.........................................2

The Revolt Against Bush’s School Rules.............................4

Is There Really a Crisis?........................................................6

✍ WORKSHEET: Interpreting Graphs and Charts..............................8

Why Bush’s Research Ban Could Be Reversed.................9

Lessons of the Schiavo Battle..............................................11

The Freshmen vs. The Varsity............................................13

When Tom Met Jack............................................................14

Condi On the Rise................................................................15

Finally, an Iraqi Government...........................................16

No Early Return for U.S. Troops Fighting in Iraq..........17

✍ WORKSHEET: Democracy in Iraq: A Gallery of Views....................18

What Does Kim Jong Il Really Want?..............................19

Moving to Center Stage......................................................20

Sharon: The Gamble of a Lifetime....................................21

Pope John Paul II: A Pilgrim’s Journey.............................22

Healing Hands......................................................................24

Hall of Shame........................................................................25

An American Tsunami?......................................................26

Inside the New Science of Human Happiness...............28

How Kids Set the (Ring) Tone...........................................30

✍ WORKSHEET:Current Events in Review.....................................32

Answers...................................................Inside Back Cover

watergate

education

social security

stem cells

ethics

congress

cabinet

iraq

north korea

middle east

religion

asia

sports

science

business

G L E N C O E S O C I A L S T U D I E S

N A T I O N

W O R L D

S O C I E T Y , S C I E N C E A N D B U S I N E S S

2 time, june 13, 2005

By JOHANNA McGEARY

He’s a confused old man now with anordinary name, but he will live forever inAmerican history as Deep Throat. Thereal W. Mark Felt, the fbi bureaucratunveiled by Vanity Fair magazine as the

country’s most famous anonymous source, willalways be obscured by that mythic shadowmanwho whispered secrets to a youngWashington Post reporter in anunderground garage, bringing thepresidency of Richard M. Nixon toits eventual downfall.

In the public memory, Water-gate is generally summed up likethis: the Washington Post and itsinseparable reporting team of BobWoodward and Carl Bernsteinbrought down President Nixonby unraveling the Administration’scover-up of political espionage ina thrilling journalistic chase led by the ghostlyfigure known as Deep Throat.

Felt’s revelation stunned Washington, includ-ing (and perhaps especially) the three other menwho had protected his secret for so long. For years,the Post reporters and their boss, Ben Bradlee,who was executive editor of the Post during theWatergate era, had vowed never to expose Feltbefore his death, and Woodward and Bernsteinargued against confirming his identity even afterthe Vanity Fair story came out. Even now, thereare a handful of people, especially among Nixon

loyalists convinced the President was wrongfullyhounded from power by a vengeful press, whorefuse to accept that Felt and Deep Throat are oneand the same. “I thought Deep Throat was essen-tially a composite character” folding in a numberof informers, “and I still think it is,” says G. GordonLiddy, the tough-guy White House operative whowent to jail for, among other dirty tricks, helpingto plan the break-in of the Democratic National

Committee offices at the Water-gate complex in Washington byfive men who were caught in theact, carrying eavesdroppingequipment.

Felt, for his part, had good rea-son to speak up now, accordingto Vanity Fair: mortality andmoney. At 91, wrote author JohnO’Connor, a lawyer for the family,Felt, who had a stroke in 2001, isfrail and suffers from confusionand memory loss. Although he

had admitted his secret identity to friends andfamily in recent years, he was still reluctant to dis-close it to the public, fearing that others, especiallyhis coworkers at the fbi, would judge it dishon-orable. But his family argued that posterity wouldregard Felt as a “true patriot” who “did the rightthing” and now deserves the credit.

And the money. The Felt family saw how Wood-ward and Bernstein had cashed in on the DeepThroat mystery in the book and the movie. Felt’sdaughter Joan, a mother of two, told her father,“[W]e could make at least enough money to pay

Inside Watergate’s Final ChapterAfter 33 years of secrecy, the identity of Deep Throat is at last revealed. But questions persist over his motivations and how valuable a source he really was in the scandal that brought down President Richard Nixon.

W A T E R G A T E

W. Mark Felt was reluctantto disclose his identity

to the public, fearing that others would judge it dishonorable. But his

family argued posteritywould regard Felt as a“true patriot” who “did

the right thing.”

time, june 13, 2005 3

some bills, like the debt I’ve run up for the kids’education.” Felt’s ability to produce a memoir at thispoint is in question, but he seemed eager to trywhen he cheerfully told reporters besieging hisdaughter’s California house, where he lives, “I’llarrange to write a book or something and get allthe money I can.” Caught by surprise at the suddenexposure of a secret he had obviously hoped topublish once Deep Throat was dead, Woodwardis rushing to print next month with a slendervolume recounting his relationship with Felt.

In a perceptive 1992 article in Atlantic Monthly,former Post reporter James Mann speculated thatFelt or another top fbi official was the one who hadleaked to Woodward as a way to protect his belovedfbi from Nixon’s efforts to use the agency for political purposes. Deep Throat, wrote Mann,probably resented the appointment of outsiderand Nixon loyalist L. Patrick Gray to replace fbiDirector Hoover, who had died six weeks before theWatergate break-in, and wanted to blunt WhiteHouse efforts to suppress the fbi investigation ofthe burglary. Of course, the fbi under Hoover hadits problems with operations outside the normalbounds of law enforcement. In 1980, Felt wasconvicted of approving “black-bag jobs,” illegalsearches of homes of relatives and friends of fugi-tive American radicals. (Felt was pardoned byRonald Reagan in 1981.) Mann speculated thatFelt became Deep Throat for revenge as well: hethought himself ready and able to replace Hooveras fbi director and resented being passed over.

When you go back to the Post’s coverage, instead of the movie myth of Watergate, a morecomplex picture emerges of what Deep Throatbrought to the case—and what he didn’t. A reviewof Post stories and Woodward and Bernstein’s bookpoints to a handful of instances in which DeepThroat’s leaks advanced the story in specific ways.Generally, other sources provided the detailswhile Deep Throat distantly guided the hunt. Hecorroborated information, tipped the duo where todig, steered them off side paths, and encouragedthem to keep pushing the story hard, especially inthe early days when Watergate was an inside-the-Beltway tale that might have petered out under theWhite House campaign to cover things up.

But the myths of Watergate look a bit differentnow that we have a name and a biography to attachto Deep Throat. The real man had scores to settleas a thwarted bureaucrat as well as principles todefend. He is at once a narrative hook for a com-plicated story of political intrigue and a marketablecommodity in this age of celebrity. Yet to look at his record is to realize a deeper truth aboutWatergate: it was less about one character thanabout the process working the way it should. Andas everyone has long accepted, it wasn’t the dirtytricks that destroyed the Nixon Administration; itwas the White House’s sustained attempt to coverthem up. That unraveled mainly through officialinvestigations begun at the trial of the Watergatebreak-in conspirators and pursued in a Senatehearing room.

As for Felt, at least he knows thatDeep Throat will not go down in his-tory as just a shadow in a trench coat.As the Washington Post itself put it,“It’s nice to be able to honor him by hisreal name while he still lives.” π

Questions

1. What motivated W. Mark Felt tocome forward now to reveal that hewas the anonymous source known asDeep Throat?2. What reasons have been suggestedto explain why Felt provided insideinformation to journalists?

W A T E R G A T E

4 time, may 2, 2005

By AMANDA RIPLEY and SONJA STEPTOE

Utah, the state that backed presidentGeorge W. Bush more resolutely thanany other in the 2004 election, becamethe first to formally defy his proudest domestic achievement—the No Child Left

Behind education law. The legis-lature passed a bill that lets Utahschools ignore the 2002 law if itsmandates conflict with state pri-orities or require state money tomeet them. “They didn’t bringtea to drop overboard, but that’sabout all that was missing,” saysPatti Harrington, state superin-tendent of public instruction.

Just one day after the Utah billpassed, the National EducationAssociation (nea), the nation’s largest teachers’union, with school districts in Michigan, Texas andVermont, filed suit against the Federal Govern-ment, claiming that No Child is severely under-funded. Maine is considering joining the suit.Connecticut is crafting its own suit, and otherstates may sign on. And then there’s Texas: Bush’shome state was fined $444,282 in March (out of a $1.1 billion federal allowance) by the U.S. Depart-ment of Education for missing a deadline to reportschool rankings. Texas continues to violate thelaw in other ways.

For three years, teachers and politicians havewailed about No Child, which requires rigid reformand testing in exchange for federal money for low-income students. Critics say the policy is unfair, underfunded and overbearing. Now they are tak-ing action. Despite the Administration’s vow tofight to the end, the law may not survive intact.

The timing is ironic. Currently 6,000 schools(13% of those receiving federal money) have beendeemed “in need of improvement” under No Child.But recent studies suggest that the No Child reforms may actually be working. Of the 49 statessurveyed by the independent Center on EducationPolicy last year, 36 reported that student achieve-

ment was improving. Virtually allthe 314 school districts surveyedsaid they were providing moreinstruction to low-achieving stu-dents, as well as more professionaldevelopment for teachers.

In 2001, George W. Bush cameinto office determined to followthrough on a campaign promiseto get serious about education accountability. Emboldened byhis experience as Governor of

Texas, he introduced an ambitious testing plan(which borrowed heavily from Democratic pro-posals made during the Clinton Administration).The proposal churned through grueling negotia-tions in Congress. But with surprisingly little debate, the final version included a provisionpromising that states would not have to spendtheir own funds.

It’s tricky, though, to nail down how much statesare spending because of No Child—and what theywould have spent anyway to meet their own laws.School districts don’t break down the costs thatway—and many of them are prone to exaggera-tion. In any case, the testing required by No Childis not all that pricey, but other requirements—to increase teacher training and offer after-school tutoring to children who are struggling—do add up.

Utah’s children get average scores on nationaltests, but an embarrassing gap separates white and

The Revolt AgainstBush’s School RulesThe reddest of all states is leading the charge against No Child Left Behind

E D U C A T I O N

For three years, teachersand politicians have

wailed about No Child LeftBehind, which requiresrigid reform and testing

in exchange for federal money for

low-income students.

time, may 2, 2005 5

minority children (as is also the case in Connecti-cut, another leader of the rebellion). Utah spendsless money per student ($4,900 a year) than anyother state. New York and New Jersey spendtwice as much, even after adjusting for regionalcost differences, according to Education Week.This year, Education Week gave Utah a D+ for itsefforts to improve teacher quality.

But the agitation over No Child is not just aboutmoney. The Federal Government pays only about8% of schooling costs. So changing the federalcontribution has only so much impact. In fact,money—from any source—is not a magic solution.Over the past 50 years, the U.S. has tripled per-pupil spending in constant dollars, to roughly$10,800 a child, more than almost any other nation.Yet it gets average or below-average results com-pared with other First World countries.

The uproar is also about pride. No one likes tobe labeled failing. Teachers “are focused on makingsure that their school doesn’t make the watch list ...so that their communities aren’t shamed,” saysLinda Nelson, president of the Iowa State Educa-tion Association.

In Utah, one catalyst for the rebellion was theshaming of Amelia Earhart Elementary School inProvo. Last year, the school failed to meet No Childbenchmarks because of low scores by just threestudents with disabilities. Principal Rosemarie

Smith remembers the day she got the news. “Whenprincipals get the results, they automatically look atthe upper-righthand corner to see whether theirschool made adequate yearly progress. I lookedat that space and about died.” There were no sig-nificant financial consequences, but the failurehurt deeply. “We’re in an upper-middle-classarea. We have 95% attendance at parent-teacherconferences,” Smith says. “Parents were flabber-gasted.” She took her story to a state representative,who ultimately introduced Utah’s protest bill.

President Bush defended the law at a recentpress conference. “I will do everything I can toprevent people from unwinding it,” he said. But thedefection of the reddest of red states must bedisconcerting. “Utah follows President Bush on hisespoused values regarding family and religion,”says Harrington, the state superintendent. “Butyou, Federal Government, are not going to point toour schools and call them failing or say they needimprovement. We won’t allow it.” π

Questions

1. Why is the National Education Association,along with school districts in Michigan, Texas andVermont, suing the federal government over the NoChild Left Behind education law?2. Why did the Amelia Earhart Elementary Schoolin Provo, Utah, fail to meet No Child benchmarks?

E D U C A T I O N

STATES RESISTINGEDUCATION LAWAcross the country, state legislatures are debating bills that would protest or waive the requirements of the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Some school districts are suing, and others have given up federal money rather than take on the new costs

Sources: National Conference of State Legislatures; National Education Association

Passed in both housesPassed in one house

Status of bills in state legislatures

Introduced

School districts that have rejected or reallocated federal money to avoid penalties

School districts that have been fined for not meeting federal requirements

School districts or teachers’ union chapters participating in lawsuit against Education Department

6 time, january 24, 2005

By KAREN TUMULTY and ERIC ROSTON

Transforming social security is georgeW. Bush’s biggest domestic political gam-ble—audacious even for a President whoprides himself on audaciousness—and onethat could reshape far more than a single

government program. Those who believe in itmost deeply say it could redefine politics itself,putting Republican principles in a position todominate for the next half-century. The centralidea is to take a portion of the tax every workerpays into the Social Security system and put it intoa savings account that each individual can decidehow to invest. By turning a government safetynet into a system that rewards judicious risk andindividual initiative, Republicans believe theycan change how Americans see every questionfrom free trade to tax cuts.

“First step,” Bush told Time, “is to make sureeverybody understands we have a problem.” ThePresident warned that the Social Security system

will be “flat bust, bankrupt” by the time workersin their 20s retire. As early as 2018, Bush said,“you’re either going to have to raise the taxes ofpeople or reduce the benefits.”

That sounds pretty scary—except that it’s nottrue. What will actually happen in 2018, accordingto the Social Security trustees who oversee theprogram, is that the money paid out in benefitswill begin to exceed the amount collected intaxes. And since Social Security will run a surplusuntil then, it has billions available that it can tapto fill the gap. Even under conservative estimates,the system as it stands will have enough money topay all its promised benefits until 2042 and mostof its obligations for decades after.

What’s more, even if you take the Presidentat his word—that a crisis and bankruptcy are fastapproaching—the introduction of private accountsdoes nothing to slow that process. On the contrary,it makes things worse, by diverting payroll taxesfrom current retiree benefits and bringing theend of surpluses that much closer. There’s also an

Is There Really a Crisis?Why President Bush is taking on America’s most successful social program

S O C I A L S E C U R I T Y

0

20

40

60

80

100

1960 ’80 ’00 ’20 ’40 ’60 ’80

1960 1970 ’80 ’90 ’10 ’202000’80 ’00 ’20 ’40 ’60 ’80

WHAT’S THE PROBLEM? The benefits of current retirees are paid for by contributions of current workers. Right now that’s plenty. But for how long?

... leaving fewer workers whose taxes support Social Security

Previousdeficitperiods

Projections

1984-2017Trust-fundsurplus buildsto more than$3 trillion

5

6

7

8

9

1011

12

13

14

15

1617

1819

20%

0

2

4

6

8

10Number of workers per Social Security beneficiary

WHO NEEDS IT? Today about 48 million Americans receive Social Security benefits. For one-fifthof retirees, it’s all the

income they have

CAN WE PAY THE BILLS? Social Security has been running a surplus and putting it in a trust fund. By 2018, as baby boomers retire en masse, that fund will start

The number of retirees will climb sharply in the next two decades ...

Social Security isn’t just for retirees. It also goes to disabled workers, widows and children

Cost of Social Security for the next 75 years,assuming no changes in current system

Percentageof recipients

How much of a retiree’s income comes from Social Security

U.S. population 65 and older(in millions)

Percentage of taxable payroll

1955: 8.62005: 3.3

2080: 1.9

2005to 2025:Up 70%

Income rateMoney paid intoSocial Security

Cost rateMoney paid outin benefits

SURPLUS

Less than 50% 35%

32%

13%

20%

50% to 89%

90% to 99%

100%

Sources: Social Security Administration; Congressional Budget Office; Government Accountability Office; Social Security Advisory Board; AP

Retirees

63%

14%

13%

10%

(30million)

Survivors of deceasedworkers (6.7 million)

Disabled workers(6.2 million)

Spouses andchildren of retired

and disabled workers(4.8 million)

2018Costs surpassincome; trust-fund depletionbegins

1970 ’90 ’10 ’30 ’50 ’70

Projections

IS SOCIAL SECURITY THE REAL PROBLEM? It’s a problem, all right, but there’s a much bigger time bomb ticking in the federal budget, and that’s Medicare

Cost of Social Security and Medicareas a percentage of GDP

MedicareCould become14% of GDP by2078. Its trustfund is projected to be emptyby 2019

Social Security6.6% of GDPin 2078

0

3

6

9

12

15%

0.7%

3.2%

THE TRUTH ABOUT SOCIAL SECURITY

time, january 24, 2005 7

inconvenient fact that Bush rarely mentions: ifworkers start investing payroll taxes in individualaccounts, the government will need anothersource to cover benefits for retirees—as much as$2 trillion by some estimates. The options aregrim: borrowing heavily, cutting benefits or both.

Social Security does face a challenge—one thatwill be less painful to handle the sooner we tackleit. Today, more than three-quarters of payroll taxesgo to pay benefits. With baby boomers gettingready to retire over the next few decades, the ratioof workers paying taxes to retirees collecting checkswill drop dramatically.

That Americans should feel so protective ofSocial Security reflects the central role it hascome to play in their lives, their expectations andtheir peace of mind. At the end of 2004, about 48million Americans—not just retired workers butalso the disabled and the spouses and children ofdeceased workers—drew $41.5 billion a month inbenefits. Even with 401(k)s and pensions figured,nearly two-thirds of those who receive benefitscount on it for more than half their income; athird rely on it for 90%.

All of which explains why rank-and-file Repub-licans on Capitol Hill aren’t exactly storming themicrophones to pledge their unconditional supportfor anything that would change the basic outlines

of this arrangement. Anxiety is especially high inthe House, where all 435 lawmakers have to runfor re-election next year.

Bush’s approach has met near universal oppo-sition among Democrats, labor and liberal groups.The formidable American Association for RetiredPersons (aarp) has already started newspaper adswarning that private accounts are simply too risky.The liberal lion Edward M. Kennedy said in aspeech, “We have an Administration that falselyhypes almost every issue as a crisis,” which hap-pened to be the same day the Washington Post

was reporting on its front page that the cia hadquietly given up its hunt for weapons of massdestruction in Iraq. “They did it on Iraq, and theyare doing it now on Social Security.”

Bush recognizes that the politics are daunting,even inside his own party. “Part of my effort,” hetold Time, “is going to have to be to convince[Republicans] that taking it on is the right thing todo.” But that might be easy for Bush to say. Hedoesn’t have to run again. π

Questions

1. According to President Bush, what is the firststep in his plan to privatize Social Security?2. What is expected to happen to the Social Security system in the year 2018?

S O C I A L S E C U R I T Y

1970 ’80 ’90 ’10 ’20 ’30 ’40 ’50 ’60 ’70 ’802000

to shrink, and by 2042 it’s projected to run out of money, forcing a cut in benefits if nothing is done. But even without changes, Social Security taxes would cover about 70% of planned benefits for years after that

Previousdeficitperiods

Projections

1984-2017Trust-fundsurplus buildsto more than$3 trillion

2018-2041100% of benefitsare covered bythe trust fundand taxes

2042-Trust fund is empty.Tax income coversonly about 70% ofpromised benefits

5

6

7

8

9

1011

12

13

14

15

1617

1819

20%

CAN WE PAY THE BILLS? Social Security has been running a surplus and putting it in a trust fund. By 2018, as baby boomers retire en masse, that fund will start

WILL DOOMSDAY EVER ARRIVE? Economic growth can alter predictions of the trust fund’s demise. Today, the moment of truth is further away than it was in 1994

Cost of Social Security for the next 75 years,assuming no changes in current system

Percentage of taxable payroll

Income rateMoney paid intoSocial Security

Cost rateMoney paid outin benefits

For more on the history of Social Security, see time.com/social

D E F I C I T

SURPLUS

Year trust fundpredicted to be

exhausted1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2045

2041

2036

2036

2029

2030

2029

2029

2032

2034

2037

2038

2041

2042

2042

Yearofprojection

55 years

50

44

43

35

35

33

32

34

35

37

37

39

39

38

2018Costs surpassincome; trust-fund depletionbegins

8 Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures

Name Date ✍WORKSHEET

Interpreting Graphs and ChartsAccompanying the article Is There Really a Crisis?

on pages 6 and 7, you’ll find a variety of chartsand graphs. These graphics are packed withinformation, but what does it all mean? Usethe questions below to sharpen your skills inreading and interpreting graphs and charts.

1. Apart from retirees, who else receives SocialSecurity benefits?

2. Of the total number of Americans who receiveSocial Security benefits, what is the percent-age of non-retirees? What is the actual numberof these recipients?

3. True or false: One third of retirees depend onSocial Security benefits for 90% to 100% oftheir income.

4. Complete this sentence: In the year 2080, itis estimated that there will be 100 million

.

5. True or false: Between the years 2020 and2080, it is estimated that there will be a large decrease in the number of workers whose taxessupport Social Security.

6. What has happened to the surplus of moneythat Social Security has been taking in sincethe mid 1980s?

7. What is going to happen to the Social Securityprogram in 2018? Why?

8. True or false: The Social Security system hasnever been in deficit before.

9. After 2018, for how many years will incometaken in by Social Security and the Social Secu-rity trust fund pay for 100% of current benefits?

10. In what year or years was the Social Securi-ty trust fund projected to be exhausted in 2029?

11. What social program is expected to accountfor 14% of Gross Domestic Product (gdp) inthe year 2078?

12. What percentage of gdp will the combinedcost of Social Security and Medicare account forin the year 2078?

13. In your view, does Social Security face a crisis?Explain, citing evidence to support your answer.

By KAREN TUMULTY

It was the toughest call of his youngpresidency, and George Bush chose an eventno less momentous than his first prime-timeaddress to announce that he had found a thinridge of moral high ground on which to perch.

The wrenching decision: whetherto lend federal support to embry-onic-stem-cell research, unleashingpotential cures for horrific illness-es and life-shattering injuries, butat the cost of giving governmentsanction to the destruction ofhuman embryos. The governmentwould move forward carefully, hepromised, providing federal moneyfor research on cell colonies thathad already been created by that point, August2001, but not edging one inch further down theslope of destroying additional human embryos.“I spent a lot of time on the subject,” he later toldreporters. “I laid out the policy I think is right forAmerica, and I’m not going to change my mind.”

Now, the once solid ground that Bush stakedout almost four years ago is crumbling beneathhim, and he will probably soon find himself onceagain in the middle of an argument that he haddeclared settled. The Republican-controlledHouse is considering legislation that could dra-matically expand the number of stem-cell “lines”available to federally funded research by makingaccessible tens of thousands of embryos that havebeen created through in vitro fertilization. The billcontains a number of safeguards aimed at ensuring

that it would apply only to embryos that wouldotherwise have been discarded. It stipulates thatthe embryos must have been created by individ-uals seeking fertility treatment and who then discovered that they had produced “in excess ofthe clinical need.” It also requires that thosedonors give permission for the embryos to be

used in stem-cell research, andforbids them from receiving anycompensation.

As things look now, the bill has agood shot. Two hundred membersof the House—nearly half—havesigned on as co-sponsors to thelegislation authored by DelawareRepublican Mike Castle and Colo-rado Democrat Diana DeGette.House passage, all sides agree,

would spur action in the Senate, where prospectsfor an identical bill are just as good, with 58 co-sponsors—just short of a filibuster-proof majority.

That’s an excruciating prospect for the WhiteHouse, made all the more so by the fact that a rejection of the stem-cell legislation would beBush’s first veto ever. White House aides are hud-dling with some congressional leaders to come upwith an alternative measure of some kind that, inthe words of one, would “reflect the President’spriorities”—and give Republicans political coverfor voting against a popular cause. But they saythere should be no mistake about where Bushstands. “When the time comes, if it is necessary,we will make it clear that this violates the Presi-dent’s position,” says a senior official. “The wall isfirm. No question about it.”

Why Bush’s ResearchBan Could Be ReversedAs states push ahead with new research that the public seems to want, Congress is poised to expand the uses of federal funding beyond what the President’s order allows. Is the first veto by President Bush looming?

S T E M C E L L S

Backers of expandedstem-cell research say

public opinion is swinging their way,

thanks in large part tohigh-profile advocates

like Nancy Reagan.

time, may 16, 2005 9

When Bush announced his Executive Orderlimiting federal funding to studies on existingstem-cell lines, he declared that private researchhad produced more than 60 genetically diverselines that would be eligible. Researchers now saythe number is more like 22, and even those arecontaminated with mouse dna, making them ill-suited for use on humans. Meanwhile, research ismoving ahead without Washington’s sanction—notonly in places like Britain and Singapore but alsoin a number of states, led by California

What excites scientists about the unspecializedstem cells is their potential to develop into anytype of tissue, from bone and muscle to skin andblood and nerve. Although there are several kindsof stem cells—including ones found in adult bonemarrow and umbilical-cord blood—the most ver-satile, researchers say, are the ones that comefrom embryos, because they haven’t yet developedenough to specialize at all. Those are the onesthat scientists believe hold the greatest potentialfor treatment of a wide range of diseases, as wellas for repairing damaged nerves and organs.

Backers of expanded stem-cell research saypublic opinion is swinging their way, thanks inlarge part to high-profile advocates like Nancy

Reagan, who has made Ronald Reagan’s strugglewith Alzheimer’s an emblem of the campaign.

Supporters of the measure have been quietlyworking the House chamber in what is becomingan intensely personal effort to build a majorityone vote at a time. Some lawmakers with pro-lifevoting records say the vote will be an agonizingchoice. “The most difficult moral questions aren’tbetween right and wrong,” says New Mexico’sHeather Wilson, who says she is still undecided.“They are between right and right.”

Wilson has been visited by lobbyists for uni-versities and groups who advocate for sufferers ofvarious diseases. The most compelling appeal,Wilson says, has come from a House Democrat—James Langevin of Rhode Island, an abortion foewho is also a quadriplegic as a result of an acci-dental gunshot wound suffered when he was ateenager. “When Jim Langevin talks to you aboutthis,” says Wilson, “he speaks with a certain under-standing that the rest of us don’t have.”

Officially, the House Republican leadershiphas pledged not to pressure its members on thebill, having deemed it a matter of conscience.But majority leader Tom DeLay had been lookingfor ways to stall it or complicate its progress

through the legislative machinery.House sources say he stepped backfrom that effort after moderate Re-publicans reminded Speaker DennisHastert that he had promised them aclean shot at passage of the measure.

Whatever the outcome, if there’sanything that politicians have learnedabout embryonic stem-cell research,it is that the science has a way of al-ways moving forward. The questionnow is how far Washington is ready tomove with it. π

Questions

1. What are the problems with the 60genetically diverse stem-cell lines thatPresident Bush deemed eligible forresearch?2. Why are stem cells so potentiallyimportant for research purposes?

S T E M C E L L S

10 time, april 30, 2001

.. . with the President’s restrictions on federally funded

embryonic stem-cell research

.. . with Californians who voted to fund additional

stem-cell research

.. . that government funds shouldn’t be used for this type of stem-cell research

Yes

No

Half of those surveyed support California’s decision to finance stem-cell research, while only 1 in 5 supportsthe President’s policy. Among those who call themselves born-again Christians, there’s no majority for any position

Should other states follow California’s lead in funding all types of stem-cell research?

T I M E P O L L S T E M - C E L L S H O W D O W N

This TIME poll was conducted by telephone May 10-12 among 1,011 adult Americans by SRBI Public Affairs. The margin of error for the entire sample is ±3 percentage points. The margin of error is higher for subgroups.

Total

Born-againChristians

20%

29%

29%

50%33%

22%

53%

37%

41%

49%

Do you personally agree more .. .

By DANIEL EISENBERG

Pat robertson called the removal ofher feeding tube “judicial murder.” Housemajority leader Tom DeLay described itas an “act of medical terrorism.” Con-necticut Representative Christopher

Shays, one of only five House Republicans to voteagainst Congress’s emergency legislation throw-ing the Terri Schiavo case into the federal courts,declared that “this Republican Party of Lincolnhas become a party of theocracy.”

As the barrage of rhetoric and sometimes blatantposturing continued, the Florida woman at thecenter of the bitterly fought case seemed to havebecome a sideshow. More than 15 years after shesuffered cardiac arrest (from a potassium imbalancethat may have been caused by an eating disorder),which deprived her brain of oxygen and left her inwhat most doctors have diagnosed as a persistentvegetative state, Schiavo became a cause célèbre forthe right-to-life movement.

Over the course of the nasty seven-year legalbattle between Schiavo’s parents and her husbandand legal guardian Michael, he has insisted thathis wife, who did not have a living will, had previ-ously made clear her wishes not to be kept alive insuch an incapacitated state. Prior to her death on

March 31, she was dependent on a feeding tube,though not a ventilator. Most medical experts sayshe lacked a consciously functioning brain.

Schiavo’s parents exhausted every legal avenueto keep their daughter alive; their unsuccessfulappeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was their fifth.Even a bill signed by Governor Bush in 2003 toallow the tube to be reinserted ultimately didn’thelp, since the measure, dubbed Terri’s Law, wasdeclared unconstitutional. By the time they wereable to persuade Congress to give them anotherchance to be heard in the federal courts, her parentswere arguing that Terri was being denied dueprocess, contending that her rights under theAmericans with Disabilities Act were being violatedand even claiming that Terri had recently com-municated that she still wants to live.

Almost from the moment that DeLay first cameup with the idea of subpoenaing Schiavo as a wayto prevent the removal of her feeding tube, thesaga has had elements of a political circus. Therewas Congress, convening a special session duringthe Easter recess to pass a bill crafted just for onefamily, giving Schiavo’s parents a final avenue ofappeal. There was President Bush, for the firsttime cutting short a rest at his ranch to sign a bill.There were members of Congress, including somephysicians like Senate majority leader Bill Frist,

Lessons of the Schiavo BattleWhat the bitter national debate over a woman’s right to live or die tells us about politics, religion, family, the courts and life itself

E T H I C S

time, april 4, 2005 11

Agree strongly

Agree

Disagree strongly

Disagree

44%59% 35%

54%21%

15%

24%

11%

Don’t know: 7%

Don’t know: 5%

Don’t know: 7%

Don’t know: 7%

Don’t know: 6%

Every week or moreLess than once a week

Never

45%48%64%

73% 19%

41%53%

32%

T O T A L

C H U R C H A T T E N D A N C EThose who agreestrongly and somewhat:

Those who disagreestrongly and somewhat:

DISAGREE

This TIME poll was conducted by telephone March 22-24 among 1,010 adult Americans by Schulman, Ronca & Bucuvalas (SRBI) Public Affairs. The margin of error for the entire sample is 3 percentage points. The margin of error is higher for subgroups. “Don’t know” omitted for some questions

Most Americans—even those who call themselves born-again or evangelical Christians—support the decision to remove Terri Schiavo’s feeding tube

The involvement of Congress and President Bush in the Schiavo case is overwhelmingly unpopular, and voters say they may punish those politicians in the next election

Do you agree with the decision to remove Schiavo’s feeding tube?

RepublicanDemocrat

Independent

43%

18%

53%65%

59% 33%29%

P O L I T I C A L A F F I L I A T I O N

Do you think Schiavo’s parents should have the right to get a court to overrule the wishes of her husband?

If you were in Schiavo’s place, would you want your guardian to remove your feeding tube?

Was it right for President Bush to intervene in this matter?

Was it right for Congress to intervene in this matter?

Do you think that Congress’s and the President’s intervention had more to do with their values and principles or more to do with politics?

If your member of Congress voted to move the Schiavo case to the federal courts, would this make you more likely to vote for or against him or her?

Evangelical Christians

No75%

No54%

No24%

25%65%

Values

Politics

Yes20%

Yes69%

Yes39%

No70%

Yes24%

Vote against

Doesn’tmatter

Votefor

Much more likely Somewhat more likely

earning the derision of the medical community byvoicing their own views of Schiavo’s conditionbased on little more than court transcripts andsome grainy, heavily edited videotapes thatare three years old.

At a time when g.o.p. leaders in Congresshave been unable to gain much traction onissues like abortion and gay rights—which are nearand dear to Christian conservatives—this was ano-lose opportunity to burnish their credentialswith their most demanding and important sup-porters. Still, many Republicans reject the notionthat anything but deep moral conviction motivatedthe extraordinary legislative measure. “It’s hardto say it’s politics when you get that kind of con-sensus in a divided U.S. Senate,” says RepublicanSenator Chuck Grassley of Iowa.

Some on the religious right think the Schiavo caseshows that their agenda is more realistic than ever.“When I heard that Senate minority leader HarryReid was with us, I thought I had died and gone toheaven,” says the Rev. Louis Sheldon, chairman ofthe Traditional Values Coalition. “[This] says thatbeing pro-life is respectable and has political cred-ibility. The issue is broadening; it isn’t just abortion.”

If people like Sheldon get their way, it will beabout almost everything that encompasses theso-called culture-of-life movement, includingrestricting stem-cell research and assisted suicide.

Social conservatives are almost certain to use theSchiavo case as another weapon in the comingwar against what they call judicial activism, thepractice of creating new rights from the bench. Onthe other hand, some Democrats believe thisepisode may change voters’ general perceptionof the two parties. “This is a cold, bracing slap inthe face for a lot of Americans, as to the degreethey want these very personal issues debated uponin a political forum,” says Democratic politicalconsultant David Axelrod.

Although they insist that the Schiavo saga wasan extreme example, Republicans aren’t giving upon the issue of end-of-life care. Certain socialconservatives don’t believe in any kind of right todie, even if someone has asked for death in a livingwill. In their minds, ending any life-sustainingmedical treatment is tantamount to murder or

assisted suicide. The g.o.p. probablywould never go that far. Still, as anaide to the House leadership puts it,“the fight is not over.” And withthat kind of language, the battleover Terri Schiavo’s legacy isn’t like-ly to simmer down anytime soon. π

Questions

1. What role did Congress play inthe Terri Schiavo case?2. What have some members of thereligious right claimed the Schiavocase proves?3. According to the Time poll, whatpercentage of Americans agree withthe decision to remove Schiavo’sfeeding tube?

E T H I C S

12 time, april 4, 2005

CORTEX Associated with such higher brain tasks as thought and movement

THALAMUS Plays a role in awareness

BRAIN STEM Controls basic life functions like breathing and regulating the heartbeat

WHO GETS TO DECIDE? In most states, statutes give priority to the spouse as decision maker for an incapacitated person, assuming there are no advance directives or previously designated agents. Here are surrogate priorities by state:

Spouse Physician andnext of kin

Consensus of“interested persons”

Equal statusfor spouseand parent

No priorityspecified

Source: A.B.A. Commission on Law and Aging

NOTE: Limits on what a surrogatecan do vary from state to state

COLO.

CONN.

KANS.

MINN.

MO.

NEB.

TEXAS

HAWAII

CALIF.

DEL.

MASS.

N.H.

S.D.

UTAH

VT.

PA.R.I.

N.J.

ARIZ.

GA.

IOWA

KY.

MISS.

MONT. N.D.

N.Y.

OKLA.

ORE.

VA.D.C.

WASH.

ILL.

WYO.

ALA.

ARK. S.C.

MD.

FLA.

LA.

NEV.

N.C.

N.M.

OHIO

TENN.

ALASKA

W.VA.

WIS.

MAINE

IDAHO

IND.

MICH.

The Freshmenvs. the VarsitySenators spar over tradition, and with one another, in a largely generational row over the filibuster

By KAREN TUMULTY and MASSIMO CALABRESI

The u.s. senate is a chamber split in two—two parties, two ideologies and, at times inrecent days, two different centuries. There

was majority leader Bill Frist accusing the Demo-crats of trying “to kill, to defeat, to assassinate”President Bush’s judicial nominees. To show whathe thought of Frist, New Jersey’s Frank Lautenbergcarted in a poster of the diabolical Supreme Chan-cellor Palpatine of Star Wars: Episode III—Revenge

of the Sith. “In a far-off universe, in this film, thisleader of the Senate breaks rules to give himself andhis supporters more power,” Lautenberg said. Thenhe quoted another character from themovie saying, “This is how liberty dies.”

One floor below, off a corridoradorned with 19th-century frescoes,two Senators who rarely vote thesame way were doing things the old-fashioned way: putting their heads—and their combined 72 years of Senateexperience—together in an effort topull their less seasoned colleaguesback from the brink. Virginia Republican JohnWarner and West Virginia Democrat Robert Byrdhad each brought a copy of the Constitution andwere poring over Alexander Hamilton’s “FederalistNo. 66” to see if they could discern preciselywhat the Founding Fathers meant when theygave the Senate the power to advise the Presidenton whom he appoints. The two ran into eachother by chance the day before in the RussellSenate Office Building and Byrd all but beggedWarner: “We’ve got to see what we can do.”

What both men were trying to avoid was a vote,engineered by Frist and set for late May, that wouldchange Senate procedures to make it impossible for

Democrats to continue blocking Bush’s judicialappointments by talking them to death. TheDemocrats have been winning by filibuster—whichrequires 60 votes to overcome—what they cannotaccomplish on a simple up-or-down vote, sinceRepublicans have 55 Senate seats to their 44. Ostensibly, the fight is over a handful of long-blocked court nominations, but both sides admitthat it is really about how the Senate will approachany upcoming vacancies on the Supreme Court, thefirst of which may open within weeks since ailingChief Justice William Rehnquist is expected tostep down.

That a showdown was not more easily avoidedreflects a generational shift under way in the Sen-ate, and the fact that the once insular institution hasbecome more reflective of the polarized politicallandscape around it. Moderates, of either party,are few. Traditionalists like Warner have increas-ingly been supplanted by a younger generation ofRepublican Senators, most of whom have arrivedthere by way of the more autocratic House.

At stake is the essence of the Senate: Shouldthe institution maintain the uniqueculture that the framers of the Consti-tution envisioned for it, a place wherea minority can have its say and evenhave a shot at winning a battle hereand there? “The whole idea of theSenate is that it’s different from theHouse. The passions of the momentcan cool here,” says North DakotaDemocrat Kent Conrad, one of the

Senators who was trying to come up with a deal toavert the vote on what has become known as the“nuclear option” to abolish the filibuster.

Judging from the tone in recent days, that uniqueculture of the Senate has already disappeared. Forthat matter, so has civility. “You know what?” saidNew Mexico Republican Pete Domenici. “I don’tthink it could get any worse.” π

Questions

1. What procedure was Senate majority leader BillFrist threatening to eliminate?2. What do both sides acknowledge was the mainissue at stake in this dispute?

time, may 30, 2005 13

C O N G R E S S

Should the Senateremain a place

where a minoritycan have its say andeven have a shot at

winning a battlehere and there?

14 time, april 25, 2005

When TomMet JackInside the cozy relationship between TomDeLay and D.C.’s most notorious lobbyist

By KAREN TUMULTY

It was congress’s holiday for memorialDay 2000, and majority whip Tom DeLay’sstaff wanted the boss and two top aides to havethe finest of everything on their weeklong trip

to Britain. So DeLay’s congressional office turnedto someone they trusted far more than any travelagent or concierge: lobbyist Jack Abramoff.

Previous trips had taken DeLay and membersof his staff all over the world. Two sources whoworked with Abramoff at the time say the idea forthe expensive London jaunt originated with DeLayaides as an additional stop on a golfouting to Scotland that Abramoffhad proposed.

“Jack didn’t need this to goawry,” recalls a lobbyist who thenworked with Abramoff and whonotes that the trip came at a criticalmoment. Congress was considering legislation(which died a month after the trip) that mighthave shut down Internet gambling—and jeopar-dized the livelihoods of some of Abramoff’s biggestclients. Two of them—a Choctaw Indian tribe andthe Internet gambling company eLottery Inc.—each wrote a check for $25,000 on May 25, 2000,the day DeLay departed, to the sponsor of the trip,the National Center for Public Policy Research, aconservative nonprofit foundation on whose boardAbramoff sat. Those checks would cover most ofthe cost of the $70,000 junket. Sponsorship by thecenter made the trip allowable under Houseethics rules, which prohibit lobbyists from payingfor congressional travel.

Yet the flurry of demands by DeLay’s staff toAbramoff’s lobbying operation call into question

whether DeLay’s office really believed the tripwas, in fact, “sponsored, organized and paid for bythe National Center for Public Policy Research,” asDeLay spokesman Dan Allen maintained whenthe Washington Post first reported the indirect fi-nancing arrangement in March. What’s more, if theidea for and details of the London leg originatedwith DeLay’s office, that raises questions aboutpossible violations of a House rule governing giftsand travel.

The center insists the trip would have goneforward even without the contributions fromAbramoff’s lobbying clients and that there wasnothing untoward about a board member—Abramoff, in this case—helping to arrange a center-sponsored trip. “The center believed then and thecenter believes now the trip was entirely appro-priate, as I’m sure does Tom DeLay,” says a sourceclose to the center, which would not comment onthe record.

Perhaps, but DeLay’s travel arrangements maybe drawing the interest of the Justice Depart-ment. A source tells Time that at least one former

Abramoff assistant who was in-volved in setting up the trip toEngland and Scotland is scheduledto be deposed by the fbi.

All this attention on Abramoff—whom DeLay once called “one ofmy closest and dearest friends”—is

just about the last thing the Texas Congressman,who is now the House majority leader, needs at thismoment. DeLay’s trip to Britain is one of threeoverseas jaunts that questions have been raisedabout. At a moment when House Republicansthought they would be celebrating the 10-yearanniversary of their triumphant return to power onvows to clean up the place, they find themselvesinstead nearly immobilized by the ethics contro-versy surrounding DeLay. π

Questions

1. Who paid for DeLay’s 2000 trip to Great Britain,and why have questions been raised about it?2. What does the writer mean when she statesthat DeLay’s 2000 trip to Great Britain came at a“critical moment”?

C O N G R E S S

DeLay’s trip to Britain isone of three overseasjaunts that questions

have been raised about.

time, march 28, 2005 15

Condi onthe Rise The new Secretary of State is dazzling audiences abroad—while skillfullyoutmaneuvering her rivals at home

By ELAINE SHANNON and MICHAEL DUFFY

As she flew across asia in her latest over-seas trip, it was clear that in the two monthsshe has been Secretary of State, CondoleezzaRice has consolidated her power as the

chief exponent of the Administration’s foreignpolicy. Rice and Bush are closer than any otherPresident and Secretary of State since Bush 41and James Baker did their memorable duet 16years ago. And Rice and Bush may have an ad-vantage over that team: unlike Baker, Rice doesn’thave to worry about becoming bigger and morepopular than her boss. She already is.

On the latest visit to Asia, Rice garnered bigheadlines and huge photos by saying and doingperfectly ordinary things. She schmoozed electionworkers in Kabul, did the normal round of inter-views on local tv, and flung herself into a bear hugwith Hawaiian-born sumo superstar Konishikiin Tokyo.

Around the globe, diplomats are busy compar-ing notes on what they see—and they aren’t talkingabout her stiletto boots. To some, Condi’s risesignals a return to a more pragmatic U.S. diplomacy

for an Administration exhausted by war, occupationand ideological infighting. That perception wasgiven a recent boost by Bush’s announcement thatDeputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz, thechief architect of the war in Iraq, would leave thePentagon to take over as head of the World Bank—another sign that Rice and her realist deputieshave gained the upper hand over their neocon-servative rivals at the Defense Department.

You can tell a lot about Bush’s regard for Rice bywhere he is placing her friends—and where hehas dispatched her likely rivals. The transfer offormer Undersecretary of State John Bolton to theU.N. was shrewdly sold as a win for hard-liners—and there was indeed something in it for them. Butit’s increasingly clear that Bolton’s departure is atleast as much of a win for Rice, and probably moreso. Rice refused to appoint Bolton to the job hewanted—as her deputy—and those who know hersay she will not tolerate the kind of free-lancingBolton was famous for when he worked for Powell.

So now that the bureaucratic pieces have fallenher way, what does Rice plan to do with them? Shehas led the push in the Administration for reformin the Middle East, canceling a trip to Egypt afterCairo jailed a leading political activist (the nextday, Hosni Mubarak stunned the Egyptian publicwith a call for multiparty presidential elections).Rice executed a course correction on Lebanon,cooling U.S. denunciations of the militant groupHizballah, aware that the organization will almostcertainly increase its clout in the May elections. AndRice quietly prevailed earlier this month when theU.S. backed European efforts to induce Iran togive up its nuclear weapons in exchange for eco-nomic and trade incentives.

Are the disagreements among Bush foreignpolicymakers gone? Of course not. But for now,the nonstop dissonance of the first term has sub-sided, replaced by something new: a single voicewho speaks confidently for the boss. π

Questions

1. According to diplomatic observers, what does therise of Condoleezza Rice reveal about the BushAdministration’s foreign policy?2. What is Rice’s top priority as Secretary of State?

C A B I N E T

16 time, march 16, 2005

Finally, an IraqiGovernmentThe convening of the National Assemblyreveals what Iraqis voted for

By TONY KARON

The iraqi people finally got to see theirnew government in action on March 16, 2005.That’s the day on which the National Assembly

met for the first time, another historic milestone inIraq’s transition to democracy. Besides appoint-ing a government and governing the country overthe next year, the Assembly will oversee the draft-ing of a new Iraqi constitution. Whether the newIraq will take the shape that the U.S. would like isstill very much up in the air, and will depend onhow Kurds, Shiites and Sunnis accommodate theirdiffering concerns.

The big winner on election day was the UnitedIraqi Alliance (uia), a mostly Shiite group assembledunder the auspices of Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistaniand led by moderate Islamist parties. The uiawon a majority of seats in the Assembly but notthe two-thirds required under the TransitionalAdministrative Law (tal), the interim constitutionbequeathed by former U.S. administrator J. PaulBremer, to choose a government. That means theShiites have to negotiate a deal with the parties thatwill give them the votes required to create a newgovernment. And that requirement has madekingmakers of the Kurds—3 million out of Iraq’s 27

million people—who won 75 Assembly seats,making them the natural coalition ally for the uiabecause between them, the two groups account for75 percent of the seats.

The Kurds are using their kingmaker status todemand not only that they maintain the autonomythey have enjoyed for over a decade under theprotection of the Allied “no-fly” zone, but alsothat their domain be extended to include thefiercely contested oil-rich city of Kirkuk.

The Shiites are reluctant to concede thesepoints, which are anathema to a wide range ofArab Iraqis, both Sunni and Shiite. Concedingto Kurdish demands on Kirkuk, for example, willfurther alienate the Sunni population of northernIraq. The Sunnis may not currently have signifi-cant representation in the political process, but asizeable segment of the community is representedon the battlefield by the insurgency.

The future of U.S. troops in Iraq could also bea problem, with uia leaders suggesting that whilethey don’t want them out right away, they want tosee a timetable for U.S. withdrawal. Some uialeaders are also pushing to make Islamic Sharialaw the basis of personal-status law in the newIraq, governing issues such as marriage, divorceand inheritance. But the more Islamist leaders inthe uia may not be able to count on the support ofmany of their more moderate and secularist col-leagues, let alone their coalition partners.

tal was designed to force Iraq’s political leadersto work together and find the compromises nec-essary to build consensus. The Shiites, however,will be watching carefully to see that democracygives their leaders a political dominance equivalentto their demographic dominance. If the Bremerrules are perceived to be holding them back,they’ll challenge them. After all, the primary pur-pose of the new National Assembly is for theIraqis themselves to design their own rules for thenext stage of the political contest. π

Questions

1. What are three primary functions of Iraq’sNational Assembly?2. Why have the Kurds been called “kingmakers”in the newly elected Iraqi government?

I R A Q

JORDAN

KUWAIT

SYRIA

IRAQSAUDI ARABIA

IRAN

PersianGulf

Basra

Mosul

BaghdadFallujah

Kirkuk

Ramadi

Tikrit

time, may 25, 2005 17

No Early Return for U.S. TroopsFighting in IraqAn upsurge in violence signalsthe insurgency’s growing confidence

By TONY KARON

Almost four months after an electionthat held so much promise, the outlook forU.S. forces in Iraq is taking a turn for the

worse. In the first half of May alone, more than 50U.S. troops were killed in Iraq. (Almost 600 Iraqisdied in the same period.) U.S. forces are hittingback, to be sure, having launcheda new surprise operation in West-ern Iraq deploying 1,000 U.S. andIraqi troops to target the insur-gents in their heartland. But asMay shapes up as a strong con-tender for the deadliest monthfor U.S. forces in the past year,worse news comes from the soberassessment of one of the mostrespected—and U.S.-supportive—strategic thinktanks in Europe.

The International Institute for Strategic Studies(iiss), which hosted President Bush during hislast visit to London, now warns that it will take fiveor six years before the Iraqi security forces beingbuilt by the U.S. are close to being capable ofimposing and guaranteeing order in Iraq.

An iiss expert estimated that there were some1,000 foreign fighters in Iraq, out of a total force ofhardcore insurgent fighters believed to numberup to 20,000. The bulk of the insurgency, however,draws its momentum not from Osama bin Laden’sglobal jihad against America, but from the alien-ation and hostility toward the new Iraqi order andits U.S. sponsor pervasive in Iraq’s once-dominantSunni Arab minority. It is now conventional wisdom

among U.S. officials that the key to defeatingthe insurgency is giving the Sunnis a greaterpolitical stake in the new order. There were posi-tive indicators in that respect in recent days, whensome 1,000 Sunni leaders gathered to coordinatetheir activities in search of a greater political role,particularly in the writing of Iraq’s new constitution.The gathering’s final statement condemned terrorattacks on Iraqi civilians, but proclaimed that“resisting the occupier is a legitimate right.” Thespeaker of Iraq’s new parliament, Hajem al-Hasani,was even more explicit, calling for those fighting theU.S. forces to be given a direct political role via theformation of a political wing.

Fears of full-blown sectarian warfare betweenShiites and Sunnis, meanwhile, have prompted ur-gent mediation efforts by, among others, the fire-brand Shiite maverick Moqtada Sadr. His effortsare based on articulating a common nationalistagenda, specifically by demanding a timetable

for U.S. withdrawal. The call for atimetable for U.S. withdrawal hadbeen a key election promise ofJaafari’s coalition. The problem, ofcourse, is that the new govern-ment is all too aware of its de-pendence on U.S. forces for itsown security and survival, and isunlikely to pursue a timetable forwithdrawal as long as they fear

the consequences. But that perspective isn’t nec-essarily shared by the new government’s own political base, and that’s a discrepancy Sadr willseek to work to his own advantage.

Another sobering reality is making matterseven more complicated. While the evidence isincreasingly suggesting that the U.S. deploymentin Iraq may have to continue for six years or longer,it’s far from clear that the new government can sellthat idea to its own support base. π

Questions

1. According to the International Institute forStrategic Studies, how long will it take until Iraqiforces are able to ensure the country’s security?2. What are U.S. officials saying is the key todefeating the insurgency in Iraq?

I R A Q

It is now conventional wisdom among U.S.

officials that the key to defeating the insurgency

is giving the Sunnis agreater political stake in

the new order.

18 Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures

Name Date ✍WORKSHEET

Democracy in IraqA G A L L E R Y O F V I E W S

On January 30, 2005, more than 8.5million Iraqis—representing 58% ofall eligible voters—went to the pollsdespite threats of violence. After Iraq’sfirst democratic election in 50 years,the new government’s main task willbe to draft a permanent constitutionand lay the groundwork for electionsin December. In response to thismajor development, commentatorsoffered a variety of perspectives onthe ramifications of this momentousevent. Study the images at left. Thenanswer the questions below.

1. What symbols does each of thecartoons at left use to representdemocracy in Iraq? Why do youthink the cartoonists chose thesesymbols?

2. What symbol does each cartoonistuse to depict Iraq and/or the Iraqipeople? What does each symbolstand for?

3. How is the U.S. represented ineach cartoon? How do you thinkeach cartoonist views U.S. actions inIraq? Explain, citing details.

4. Of the three cartoons, which do youthink is the most hopeful? Explain,making reference to specific detailsfrom the image.

5. What is the cartoonist who createdthe bottom image saying about therelationship between the U.S. andthe new Iraqi government?

6. After studying these cartoons andreading the Time articles on pages 16and 17, what do you think theprospects are that democracy will takeroot in Iraq? Cite reasons to justifyyour assessment.

time, february 21, 2005 19

What Does Kim Jong IlReally Want?After months of mixed signals, North Koreaacknowledges that it has nuclear weapons

By MICHAEL DUFFY

Days before kim jong il’s 63rd birthday, hisgovernment announced that, as has longbeen suspected by U.S. intelligence, North

Korea has indeed built nuclear weapons “for self-defense.” Pyongyang also announced it waspulling out of joint talks with the United States,China, Japan, Russia and South Korea to keep theKorean peninsula nuclear-free. Hoping to playdown the news, Secretary of State CondoleezzaRice, called the announcement “unfortunate.”

For more than a decade, the U.S. and its allieshave insisted that they would not allow Kim to acquire nuclear weapons, out of fear that hewould sell nukes to anyone willing to pay forthem. Pyongyang’s declaration, while impossibleto confirm, means Kim has probably realized hisquest. A nuclear-armed North Korea means thatPresident Bush’s multilateral strategy for pre-venting Pyongyang from acquiring nukes hasfailed just as dramatically as President Bill Clinton’spolicy of direct engagement did a decade ago.At a time when the Bush Administration is tryingto increase pressure on Iran over its purported

ambitions to obtain the bomb, Washington con-fronts a more immediate crisis with a countrythat claims to have it already.

One explanation for the announcement is thatPyongyang needed to change the subject. In earlyFebruary, the White House secretly dispatchedtwo National Security Council (nsc) aides toTokyo, Beijing and Seoul armed with evidencethat North Korea may have supplied a uraniumcompound to Libya for its weapons labs. Thenew evidence was apparently strong enough tohelp the two nsc aides win an audience withChinese President Hu Jintao. U.S. officials wouldnot detail Hu’s reaction to the briefing, but onetold Time, “It made an impression.”

What alternatives does the U.S. have? Giventhat a pre-emptive military strike against potentialweapons sites would be fraught with complica-tions—who knows how the situation might escalate,especially considering North Korea’s substantialconventional arsenal—even anti-Kim hard-linersacknowledge that diplomacy remains the mostpalatable option. Kim has repeated his demandfor bilateral negotiations with Washington, aprospect the Administration rejects out of hand.The U.S. still hopes to confront the North Koreansin a multilateral setting, and the linchpin of thatstrategy is China. Since the fall of the Soviet Union,Beijing has been North Korea’s closest ally, fun-neling oil and food. China would have to absorbmany refugees if Kim’s regime failed.

James Lilley, who was ambassador to both Chinaand South Korea in the 1980s, says Pyongyang’stactics are designed to stall for time and forceconcessions from outsiders before sitting down totalk again. The only way to counter it, he believes,is to take swift action both jointly and alone. Unlessthe U.S. and its allies get tough and together in a

hurry, the world may soon find itself worried lessabout how fast Kim is building nuclear bombsthan about how we’re going to live with them. π

Questions

1. Why did the White House secretly dispatch twonsc aides to Tokyo, Beijing and Seoul?2. What do observers, including hard-liners, seeas the only way to deal with North Korea?

N O R T H K O R E A

C H I N A

J A PA N

SouthKorea

NorthKorea

East China Sea

Sea of JapanPyongyang

Seoul

Beijing

20 time, february 21, 2005

Moving to Center StageCan Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas help bring peace to the Middle East?

By MATT REES

The camera bulbs had barely stopped flash-ing, but Mahmoud Abbas was already on thespot. After exchanging a handshake with Israeli

Prime Minister Ariel Sharon at a Red Sea resort onFebruary 8, Abbas went into his first meeting withSharon since Abbas’ election as President of thePalestinian Authority. Sharon reiterated to Abbashis demand that the Palestinians take immediatesteps to disarm the militants of Hamas before Israelagrees to resume peace talks. “Wait, wait, give mea break,” Abbas said, according to Israeli officialswho attended the meeting. “I’ve only been in officea couple of weeks.” Sharon showed no sympathy.“You’ve got to move faster,” he said.

Abbas—who was elected in January 2005—isbeginning to realize that if he hopes to makeprogress toward peace, he can’t afford to wait.With the recent declaration of a truce between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, relations between the two sides have reached their warmestlevel in years—owing in large part to Abbas’ will-ingness to confront the violence that wreakedhavoc on Palestinian society under Yasser Arafat.But Abbas is in an excruciating bind. While he

needs to move fast to accommodate Israeli de-mands, he also risks reprisals from his own peoplethat could cost him his job and possibly his life. Nosooner had Abbas agreed to a cease-fire than Pales-tinian militants staged two brazen attacks. Firstthey fired mortars and rockets on Israeli settle-ments in the Gaza Strip. Then 300 gunmen stagedan assault on the Saraya, the main prison andPalestinian Authority military base in Gaza City. Inresponse, Abbas took his boldest step yet to asserthis authority, firing at least 25 top security offi-cials and going to Gaza to rebuke Hamas leaders.

Born in Safed, a town now part of Israel, Abbasgrew up in Damascus after his family fled when theJewish state was founded in 1948. As a youngmember of Fatah, Arafat’s faction of the PalestineLiberation Organization (p.l.o.), he made his nameas a fund raiser while avoiding involvement in thegroup’s terrorist attacks. He was among the firstFatah leaders to build bridges to Israeli peacecampaigners and in 1977 issued a declaration infavor of a two-state solution, a break from p.l.o. doc-trine, which called for wiping out the Jewish state.

Like few other Palestinian politicians, Abbasstaked out his independence from Arafat, con-demning the intifadeh and pushing for reform ofthe corruption-plagued Palestinian Authority. InMarch 2003, at the behest of the Bush Adminis-tration, Arafat appointed Abbas as Prime Minister.Six months later, Abbas quit because Arafat wouldnot cede control of the Palestinian military.

But despite a promising start, Abbas still has toprove to Sharon and the U.S. that he can be asfirm with the militants as he was with Arafat. Closeaides say Abbas doesn’t want to start a civil war, buthe’s ready to force Hamas to respect the authorityof his government. “He’s a very patient person,” saysRafik Natsha, a Palestinian lawmaker and closefriend. “He swallows his anger.” He may have to letit out soon. π

Questions

1. What did Abbas do in 1977 that set him apartfrom other members of Yasser Arafat’s Fatah factionof the p.l.o.?2. In what ways did Abbas establish his indepen-dence from Yasser Arafat?

M I D D L E E A S T

time, may 23, 2005 21

The Gamble ofa LifetimeAriel Sharon is risking it all on his planto give up the Gaza Strip settlements

By ROMESH RATNESAR and MATT REES

When israel’s prime minister ariel sharonspeaks, you sometimes get the sense that hewishes he were somewhere else—away

from the grinding pressures of a job that in recentmonths has left him vilified by even some of hisstaunchest supporters in Israel. Yet after morethan a half-century as one of the most polarizingfigures in the Middle East, Sharon, 77, possesses anear inexhaustible reservoir of stubborn self-belief.

After winning election in 2001, Sharon’s firstyears in office were dominated by the Palestinianintifadeh, which killed 1,058 Israelis. In response,Sharon sent Israeli troops into Palestinian townsand erected a fence along much of the length ofthe West Bank. Although the terrorist attackssubsided, Sharon rejected the ideaof resuming peace talks with Arafat.Instead, he argued, Israel needed towithdraw to a defensible line andwait for a more moderate Palestinianleader to emerge. In the fall of 2003,Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmertgave an interview in which he sug-gested a unilateral withdrawal frommuch of the occupied territories.Soon after, they met at Sharon’s officefor Olmert to lay out his plan.

Sharon intends to pull all 8,500Israeli settlers out of the 17 Gaza Stripsettlements, as well as an additional1,500 from four locations in the north-ern West Bank. He has insisted re-peatedly that Israel will never abandonthe large West Bank settlement blocsthat the Palestinians most despise.But Sharon’s decision to withdraw

from Gaza represents a personal acknowledgmentthat Israel cannot remain in the Palestinian terri-tories indefinitely. Backed by the U.S. as well as a majority of both Israelis and Palestinians, thedisengagement plan has stirred hopes for a break-through in the moribund peace process—an opti-mism that gained fresh momentum after the deathof Sharon’s nemesis, Yasser Arafat, last November.

But progress rarely comes easily in this partof the world. With the evacuation of the settle-ments set to take place in August, Sharon faceshowling doubts—from across Israel’s politicalspectrum—about disengagement and whatcomes after it. Critics on the left accuse Sharon ofgiving up Gaza as a ploy to hold on to the largersettlements in the West Bank and put furtheragreements with the Palestinians on ice. But thestrongest condemnations have come from Sharon’sformer right-wing allies, who view the PrimeMinister as a sellout who abandoned his historicsupport for the settlements. Sharon is the target ofassassination threats from Jewish extremists, andsome members of his Likud Party privately doubthe will be the party’s candidate for Prime Ministerin next year’s elections.

While preserving the long-term viability of theJewish state may require giving upsome territory, to Sharon it does notmean giving ground. “I was badlyinjured twice,” Sharon recalled. “I lostmy friends. I had to make decisions oflife and death, for others and myself.I understand the importance of peacebetter than many of the politicianswho speak of peace but never had theexperience I had. For me, peaceshould provide security to the Jewishpeople and Israeli citizens. If it does-n’t provide that, what kind of peace isthat?” Sharon is determined never tofind out. π

Questions

1. What is Sharon’s plan for with-drawal from Palestinian territory?2. Who is the most critical of Sharon’speace plan?

M I D D L E E A S T

Jerusalem

Akko

Haifa TiberiasNazareth

Hadera

Netanya

Nablus

Ramla

Ashdod

AshqelonBethlehem

Gaza Hebron

Beersheba

Dimona

Oron

Mizpe Ramon

GAZA STRIP

WEST BANK

Mediterranean Sea

Dead Sea

ISRAEL

JORDANEGYPT

22 time, april 11, 2005

By NANCY GIBBS

You feel smaller when your father diesbecause he was strong and lifted you, car-ried you and taught you,and when he’s gone theroom feels too big with-

out him. So it was in St. Peter’sSquare, where pilgrims keptvigil, their faces traced in lowlight by candles, murmuring“Don’t leave us.” Among the be-lievers was almost disbelief thatdeath still comes even to a manthis strong—the Holy Fatherwho had carried his people sofar, lifted them so high, taughtthem so much and now finallywas slipping away.

The bells began tolling at10:37 on the evening of Satur-day, April 2, an hour after he breathed his last.Thus passed Karol Jozef Wojtyla, Vicar of JesusChrist and head of the billion-member RomanCatholic Church, dead at 84 after a life spent walk-ing in Christ’s rugged path.

“Be not afraid” was his motto as he lived hisfaith and faced his death. The man, once an actor,always a witness, who had taken the teachings ofhis church to more people in more corners ofthe world than any other Pope in history, wouldnot miss the chance to deliver one last lesson.Every camera would be on him: “If it doesn’thappen on television,” he once said, “it doesn’thappen.” So the sight of his suffering was an invi-tation to mercy; his courage a gift of example;his power made perfect in weakness.

From his window, he greeted the crowds on

Easter morning and again just days before hisdeath, visibly frustrated at being unable to utterone last blessing, one more prayer. “Those two ap-pearances may have been what did it,” despaired a

high Vatican official, as thoughthe fate of such a man couldhang on such decisions. “If hehad stayed inside, he wouldn’thave risked infection.”

The decline was swift. Evenas the U.S. continued its greatdebate over when to remove a feeding tube, the Vatican re-vealed that the Pope was on one.Terri Schiavo, once a private,ordinary woman, had no choiceabout whether her death wouldbe a passion play for an audi-ence caught in an argument overwhen life begins and ends. ThePope, a very public and extraor-

dinary man, made sure his message was clear: thatlife is God’s alone to give—and to take.

His spokesman wept as he shared the finaljourney. Awake and serene, the Pope had no desireto return to the hospital for a third time in twomonths even as his fever rose and his heart failed.Instead, according to Edmund Cardinal Szoka, helay with his head propped up on pillows, blessinghis disciples as they knelt at his bedside, andbeing blessed by them. He received the sacra-ment reserved for the dying, heard the Stations ofthe Cross. Hours later he was slipping in and outof consciousness, his breathing shallow, his organsfailing. News came Saturday of his final, haltingwords. “You have come to me,” he said, “and Ithank you,” though whether he was talking to hisbrothers around him, the pilgrims outside or the

Pope John Paul II: A Pilgrim’s Journey, 1920–2005His crusade against tyranny brought hope to millions around the globe

R E L I G I O N

Pope Benedict XVI: A Supporter of TraditionEven before being selected on April 19 to succeed PopeJohn Paul II, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, 77, wielded morepower than most people in the Roman Catholic Church. Hisopponents regard him as a Vatican Rasputin, pullingstrings, enforcing orthodoxy, silencing dissent. Supportersview him as the Vatican’s intellectual powerhouse, aman who rescued a drifting church from the distractionsof modern life toward the truths of its own teaching,and the obvious choice to follow in John Paul II’s footsteps.

Both sides may be right. Pope Benedict XVI, asRatzinger will be known, has been a tough theological enforcer in the church for more than two decades. Born

in Bavaria, Benedict was once an enthusiast for the reforms of the Second Vatican Council. He later wonderedif they had gone too far. Call him one of the first theo-conservatives—a former liberal distressed by religiouslaxity. His response: to reassess the importance of the papacy as a means of asserting control over the church,while insisting on the otherworldliness of religious faithand its ability to withstand changes in society. In 1981,John Paul II made Benedict the guardian of Catholicorthodoxy, a position he held until becoming Pope. In thatrole, he reached back to older traditions and helped revivethem. Church attendance is down, but, as he said re-cently, “The essential things in history begin alwayswith the small, more convinced communities.”

—By Andrew Sullivan. From TIME, April 18, 2005

waiting Lord above, there was no way to know.The last glimpse of him high above the square

became the latest in an album of images he left be-hind: a kiss on the tarmac in each new city; a smilelit by love and certainty; a white robe stained red bya would-be assassin’s bullet, and the public for-giveness that followed; a challenge thrown downbefore prisoners and Presidents, sinners and saintsto heed the highest calling of their hearts. He wasthe first Pope ever to visit a mosque, or launch awebsite, or commemorate the Holocaust atAuschwitz or find in a broken world so many saintsof the church—more saints, in fact, than all hispredecessors combined. Master of a dozen lan-guages, he was the first modern Pope to visit Egypt,Spain, Canada, Cuba, Ireland or Brazil, the equiv-alent of circling the globe 31times. To half the world’s people,he was the only Pope they haveever known, or mourned. Thusthe prayers came not just fromCatholics but also from Muslimsand Jews and from believers across Eastern Europewho before his crusade against tyranny would havehad to mourn him in secret. Even those who dis-agreed with his goals were touched by his goodnessand came out to honor the man who made historyitself kneel down.

Now attention turns to the College of Cardi-nals, whose 117 voting members began to stream

into Rome from 52 countries to pay their respectsand write the next chapter of the church’s histo-ry. Later this month they will meet in the SistineChapel, already swept for hidden microphones, tochoose the next Pontiff. There will be plenty ofintrigue in the days to come: “The battles to takecare of everyone’s own interests have beenabounding,” a Roman Curia Cardinal told Time.But in the final days many were struck by thesudden transparency of the Vatican’s thick walls.Reports on the Pope’s condition were clear andregular; the press office was open around theclock. It was as though church officials were fol-lowing his instructions not to miss the opportunityembedded in grief.

It is of some comfort, when we wait for those welove to die, to celebrate the waythey lived. For Christians, this is aseason of mystery and grace, andduring the final days, John Paul IIgave his people one last gift: themessage of his visible pain and

transcendent love, like a bell ringing out over St.Peter’s Square, clear and resounding as it carried upto heaven. π

Questions

1. Name two firsts attributed to Pope John Paul II.2. How many members does the Catholic Churchcurrently have around the world?

time, april 11, 2005 23

R E L I G I O N

“Be not afraid” was PopeJohn Paul II’s motto as he lived his faith and

faced his death.

24 time, march 28, 2005

Healing HandsWith the right help, survivors of the Asian tsunami are learning how to move on

By ANDREW MARSHALL

Making waves, a trauma-therapy programdesigned to help tsunami victims confronttheir fear of the ocean, is one of the pro-

grams created to confront the shock and griefcaused by December’s devastating earthquakeand tsunami. The World Health Organization estimates that some 500,000 people in Aceh, a province of Indonesia, facemental-health problems. Disastersurvivors commonly experiencenightmares, guilt, confusion, in-somnia and despair. “With mostpeople, these symptoms die downin about six weeks,” says SusieMorrison, a trauma expert with InternationalMedical Corps (imc). “But with others, they don’t,and this can begin to affect their whole lives.”Yet, in many cases, therapy is not a priority. Ofmore immediate importance to their emotionalwell-being are physical concerns: health, a home,a job.

That’s why the men of the northern Acehnesevillage of Pante Gurah are hard at work. Thetsunami flattened every house in the village andswept in hundreds of dead bodies, along withfishing boats weighing more than 20 tons. Localfishermen—including those who lost wives andchildren—have propped the boats up with jacksand, with a simple chain-and-pulley system, aredragging them along rollers made from palmtrees back toward the water. The InternationalRescue Committee (irc), an aid agency, providesthe equipment, pays each man a daily wage, andis designing a loan system to help owners fit newengines and make their vessels seaworthy.

Job prospects in Aceh’s provincial capital BandaAceh are bleaker. Scrap collecting and corpse re-trieval are the main work in the once-thrivingdistrict of Lam Jame, now a dust-choked waste-

land of rubble and twisted metal. Amid this des-olation, a mobile clinic from Médecins Sans Fron-tières (msf) is dispensing first aid, tetanus shots,and protective boots and gloves free of charge.

Younger survivors are better cared for. “Withmost children, their lives will normalize, andthey’ll go back to just being kids,” says Amy Wach-tel, the irc’s child-protection coordinator. But asmall percentage exhibit depression, withdrawalor other symptoms. “School is the best way tofind out who needs more care,” says GeoffreyKeele, a unicef spokesman in Sri Lanka, where,in most tsunami-hit areas, about 80% of childrenare back in class.

For some survivors, help comes from a moretraditional source. The tsunamiaffected members of three greatfaiths—Buddhists in Thailand,Hindus in Sri Lanka and India,Muslims in Indonesia—and reli-gion helps untold millions endurethe unendurable. “Only my faith

keeps me strong,” says Syahrial, 38, a universitylecturer in Banda Aceh, whose wife and threesons died in the waters. He spent two months asa volunteer for the Red Cross, collecting corpses.The activity comforted him. “In Islam, this workis fardu kifayah, a common obligation,” he says.“Of course, I’m sad. But I believe everything be-longs to God, including my family. He can take itback at any time.”

Some answers are closer to earth. In Meulaboh,where three months ago the streets were pavedwith corpses, psychologist Reine Lebel watcheslocal kids wait excitedly for a relief helicopter totake off. “It’s so important for adults to see chil-dren play again,” she says, as the rotors start turn-ing. “It restores their hope in the future.” Then thehelicopter ascends, and in an oft-played game, thekids are blown off their feet and onto the grass,where they lie helpless with laughter. π

Questions

1. What are some of the symptoms that survivorsof disasters commonly suffer?2. What is the best way to monitor the psycho-logical effects of disasters on children?

A S I A

“School is the best way to find out who needs

more care.”—Geoffrey Keele,

UNICEF spokesman in Sri Lanka

time, march 28, 2005 25

Hall of ShameHearings leave a legend stained, and a game still under suspicionBy SEAN GREGORY

Mark mcgwire, a thinner version of hisformer 70-home-run self, sauntered into acongressional hearing room on St. Patrick’s

Day wearing a light green tie. But there were noeyes, Irish or otherwise, smiling on him from thedais. Before members of a House committee andmillions of fans watching on television, McGwireswore to tell nothing but the truth. Instead, hetold nothing. After a moving opening statement inwhich he cried while ruing the deaths of youngsteroid users, the cameras clicked in wild antici-pation. Was Big Mac ready to admit that he too hadsupersized himself with steroids?

McGwire took a deep breath. “If a player an-swers no, he simply will not be believed,” he saidabout the anticipated questions of his own steroiduse. “If he answers yes, he risks public scorn andendless government investigations.” So unlikefellow players on the panel, Sammy Sosa andRafael Palmeiro, who flatly denied taking steroids,and Jose Canseco, an admitted abuser, McGwireessentially took the Fifth. The man whose eclipseof Roger Maris’ home-run record galvanized anation and who became this magazine’s 1998 Heroof the Year, tried to draw a walk. Instead, he struckout looking, and looked bad doing it.

During 11 hours of testimony, the House reform

committee further embarrassed the game by mak-ing baseball answer for its weak steroid policy.Baseball officials told skeptical committee membersthat the current policy represents progress, sincethe sport inexplicably had no policy until 2002.But baseball still falls woefully short comparedwith other sports. In the nfl, players are testedrandomly in and out of season, and first-timeabusers miss a quarter of a season. Baseball playersmiss 10 days, or about 5% of the season—and thelegislators were incensed to learn about languagethat allowed a fine instead of suspension for firsttimers. Olympians—facing the gold standard interms of strictness—are subject to testing at anytime and barred for two years for a first offense,for life after a second.

The government has the power to rewrite base-ball’s drug laws, and Congress’s patience withthe sport is clearly low. But Congress probablywon’t act too fast—it rarely does—so expect morehearings, say House reform-committee members.Some members want to call more players andperhaps baseball trainers to prove that baseballhas long known about the steroid use. Ratherthan single out baseball, the House might alsotry to create broad steroid restrictions for allsports or adopt the tough Olympic standard.

The hearings may help clean up baseball, butthey have stained McGwire’s legacy. His lawyer-crafted responses to the inquisition—“I’m nothere to talk about the past,” “I’m here to talkabout the positive,” “I don’t know, I’m a retiredplayer”—drew chuckles from the gallery. A lawmaker from Missouri suggested stripping thename from the Mark McGwire Highway in

St. Louis. “He’s a tragic figure,” says formerbaseball commissioner Fay Vincent. “I feelsorry for McGwire; he was put in an impossibleposition. On the other hand, he did a stupidthing, and in this life, when you do a stupidthing, you pay for it.” π

Questions

1. What are the penalties for steroid use byOlympic athletes?2. Why was Mark McGwire criticized for histestimony before Congress?

S P O R T S

26 time, january 17, 2005

S C I E N C E

IT HAPPENED BEFORE

SOUNDINGTHE ALARM

HOUR 1 Waves strike North America

Pacific Ocean

Whole lotta shakin’Hundreds of minor quakes have been recorded along the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates over the past 25 years

Bottom-pressurerecorderCan detect minutechanges in water pressure causedby a passingtsunami as smallas 0.4 in. (1 cm)

Antennas

Anchors6,850 lbs. (3,107 kg)

Up to 19,700 ft.(6,000 m) long

Communications buoyReceives data from oceanfloor along with readingsfrom surface weatherinstruments, and relaysto a satellite Flotation

deviceSendssignalto buoy

Computer

Batteries

Anchorchain

Drawing not to scale

Warning systemThe workhorses ofthe Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis are a series of buoys tethered to the ocean floor and linked to the outside world by satellite. The Pacific is tsunami ready, but not the Atlantic or Indian oceans

For residents of the Pacific Northwest coast, the jolt of an earthquake would be the first signal that they should head for higher ground

People too far away to feel the quake would be alerted by sirens or broadcast warnings, thanks to a 26-nation network of seismic, tidal and sea-level monitors

Japan

Hawaii

Ringof Fire Area

shownabove

Source oflast month’s quake Major plate boundaries

New Zealand

AN EARTHQUAKE FACTORYThe Cascadia Subduction Zone—where the Juan de Fuca Plate meets the North American Plate—is remarkably similar to the subterranean system that triggered the tsunami in the Indian Ocean and is capable of generating equally powerful earthquakes and equally destructive waves Some key differences: a tsunami– warning system, better housing construction and a more rugged and less populous coastline. The death toll from a tsunami in the Pacific Northwest might be in the hundreds but not in the tens of thousands

An American Tsunami?There’s no cause for panic, but the next big wave could be triggered by a fault in the Pacific Northwest

By J. MADELEINE NASH

Scientists have known for some time about the 700-mile-long fault off the coast of Washington, Oregon and California, where awayward slab of the earth’s crust known as the Juan de Fuca plate istrying to slide under continental North America. What they didn’t

know until quite recently was that the juncture where the two plates arelocked together can snap violently like a giant spring, unleashing atsunami as large and terrifying as the one that pummeled South Asia.

U.S. Geological Survey researcher Brian Atwater led the detectivework that nailed down the tsunami-rich history of the CascadiaSubduction Zone, finding such clues as fire pits buried under a layerof tsunami sand and linking them to records of what appears tobe the same tsunami striking villages in Japan in January 1700.

A bit of subterranean rustling doesn’t mean that a greatearthquake is imminent, of course. But the tsunami warningsigns on local beaches remind us that those who live and playalong Cascadia’s jagged coast do so at their risk. π

time, january 17, 2005 27

S C I E N C E

Geological and historical evidence points to a giant Cascadia earthquake that sent a tsunami across the Pacific in January 1700

HOUR 5 Tsunami front passes Hawaii HOUR 10 First waves reach Japan HOUR 15 Philippines, New Zealand hit HOUR 20 Tsunami spans Pacific Ocean

VancouverIsland

Pacific Ocean

QueenCharlotteSound

Victoria

Seattle

Tacoma

Olympia

Portland

Salem

Eugene

Vancouver

CANADA

BRITISH COLUMBIA

WASHINGTON

OREGON

Coos Bay

Astoria

NewportJ U A N D E F U C AP L A T E

P A C I F I C P L A T E

NORTHAMERICANPLATE

E X P L O R E RP L AT E

CA

SC

AD

IA

S

UB

DU

CT

IO

N

ZO

NE

A Seattle tsunami?If a Cascadia quake were large enough, it could drive a wall of water toward Seattle and Vancouver.The Puget Basin hasits own network offaults fully capableof generatinglarge earthquakesand tsunamis

Tsunami centralBefore last month’s disaster, only three earthquakes inthe past 100 years were magnitude 9.0 or higher: Kamchatka in 1952 (9.0), Chile in ’60 (9.5) and Alaska in ’64 (9.2). Each came out of the Pacific’s Ring of Fire, and each produced oceanwide tsunamis

Moves east about 1 to 2 in.(3 to 4 cm) a year

Rupture ZoneWhen plates moving past each other get stuck, pressure builds until it’s eventually released in an earthquake. The more pressure, thebigger the quake. An earthquake of magnitude 9.0 radiates as much energy in a few minutes as the entire U.S. uses in a month

Plate begins to melt as it’s driven downward

Magma fuels a string of volcanoes in the Cascade Range, including MountSt. HelensRising

magma forces sea floor apart where plates meet

Dense magma

About90,000peoplelive within0.6 mile(1 km)of theocean

About 45,000people live within0.6 mile (1 km)of the ocean

Epicenterof 1700earthquake

Sources: Brian Atwater, U.S. Geological Survey; Kenji Satake, AIST, Geological Survey of Japan; Vasily Titov, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Natural Resources Canada; LandScan/UT-Battelle

TIME Graphic by Joe Lertola and Ed Gabel

PugetSoundfaults

Danger from afarA tsunami triggered by an Alaskan earthquake in 1964 swept four children off a beach in Newport, Ore. It also claimed 12 lives in Northern California

MountSt. Helens

MountAdams

Mount Rainier

CascadeRange

CraterLake

Earthquakes 5.0 or greatersince 1970

1 mile1 km

Depth of inundation 0 to 1.6 ft. (0 to 0.5 m) 1.6 to 6.6 ft. (0.5 to 2 m) 6.6 to 16.4 ft. (2 to 5 m)

Estimated flooding in Seattle from 7.3quake

Questions 1. What is the Cascadia Subduction Zone and where is it?2. How much energy does an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 generate?

28 time, january 17, 2005

By CLAUDIA WALLIS

For most of its history, psychology hasconcerned itself with all that ails the humanmind: anxiety, depression, neurosis, obses-sions, paranoia, delusions. Psychologists’goal was to bring patients from a negative,

ailing state to a neutral normal, or, as Universityof Pennsylvania psychologist Martin Seligmanputs it, “from a minus five to a zero.” It was Selig-man who summoned three leading psychologiststo Akumal, Mexico, on New Year’s Day in 1998—his first day as president of the American Psycho-logical Association (a.p.a.)—to share a vision of a newgoal for psychology. “I realized that my professionwas half-baked. It wasn’t enough for us to nullifydisabling conditions and get to zero. We neededto ask, What are the enabling conditions thatmake human beings flourish? How do we getfrom zero to plus five?”

Within a few months, Seligman, who has a talentfor popularizing and promoting his areas of inter-est, was approached by the Templeton Foundationin England, which proceeded to create lucrativeawards for research in positive psych. The result:an explosion of research on happiness, optimism,positive emotions and healthy character traits.Seldom has an academic field been brought soquickly and deliberately to life.

So, what has science learned about what makesthe human heart sing? More than one mightimagine—along with some surprising things aboutwhat doesn’t ring our inner chimes. Take wealth, forinstance, and all the delightful things that moneycan buy. Research has shown that once your basicneeds are met, additional income does little toraise your sense of satisfaction with life. A goodeducation? Sorry, Mom and Dad, neither educationnor, for that matter, a high iq paves the road tohappiness. Sunny days? Nope.

Inside the New Scienceof Human HappinessWhat makes the human heart sing and puts meaning into our lives? Researchers are taking a close look. What they’ve found may surprise you.

S C I E N C E

Just How Happy Are We? ...T I M E P O L L

F E E L I N G G O O DI N T H E U . S .

Do you consider yourselfan optimist?

Based on their own assessment, Americans are overwhelmingly happy and optimistic people, regardless of income

Over $100,000 a year$50,000 to $99,999

$35,000 to $49,999

Under $35,000 a year 68% 24%14%13%

11%

7%5%

2%1%

81%

37%13%

33%15%

2%

85%88%

78% 16% 5%U.S. total

... not very often?... some of the time ... most or all of the timeWould you say you are happy ...

Would you say that so far you have lived the best possible life that you could have, a very good life, a good life, a fair life or a poor life?

Best possibleVery good

GoodFair

Poor

Do you generallywake up happy?

Yes79%

No15%

Depends/don’t know: 6%

Yes80%

No14%

Depends/don’t know: 6%

This TIME poll was conducted by telephone Dec. 13-14, 2004, among 1,009 adult Americans by SRBI Public Affairs. Margin of error is 3 percentage points. “Not sure” omitted for some questions

All of the timeMost of the time

time, january 17, 2005 29

On the positive side, religious faith seems togenuinely lift the spirit, though it’s tough to tellwhether it’s the God part or the community aspectthat does the heavy lifting. Friends? A giant yes.A 2002 study conducted by University of Illinoispsychologist Edward Diener and Seligman foundthat the most salient characteristics shared bythe 10% of students with the highest levels ofhappiness and the fewest signs of depressionwere their strong ties to friends and family andcommitment to spending time with them. Ofcourse, happiness is not a static state. Even thehappiest of people—the cheeriest 10%—feel blueat times. And even the bluest have moments of joy.

One of the biggest issues in happiness researchis the question of how much our happiness isunder our control. In 1996 University of Minne-sota researcher David Lykken published a paperlooking at the role of genes in determining one’ssense of satisfaction in life. Lykken, now 76, gath-ered information on 4,000 sets of twins born inMinnesota from 1936 through 1955. After com-paring happiness data on identical vs. fraternaltwins, he came to the conclusion that about 50%of one’s satisfaction with life comes from geneticprogramming. (Genes influence such traits ashaving a sunny, easygoing personality; dealingwell with stress; and feeling low levels of depres-sion and anxiety.) Lykken found that circum-stantial factors like income, marital status, religionand education contribute only about 8% to one’soverall well-being. He attributes the remaining

percentage to “life’s slings and arrows.”Even so, Seligman and like-minded researchers

of the positive-psychology movement have put apremium on research showing you can raise yourlevel of happiness. His biggest recommendationfor lasting happiness is to figure out your strengthsand find new ways to deploy them.

Why do exercising gratitude, kindness andother virtues provide a lift? “Giving makes you feelgood about yourself,” says Christopher Peterson ofthe University of Michigan. “When you’re volun-teering, you’re distracting yourself from your ownexistence, and that’s beneficial. More fuzzily, givingputs meaning into your life. You have a sense ofpurpose because you matter to someone else.”Virtually all the happiness exercises being testedby positive psychologists, he says, make peoplefeel more connected to others.

But can a loner really become more gregariousthrough acts-of-kindness exercises? Can a dyed-in-the-wool pessimist learn to see the glass ashalf full? This is an experiment we can all do forourselves. There’s little risk in trying some extragratitude and kindness, and the results—shouldthey materialize—are their own reward. π

Questions

1. How did Martin Seligman set out to change thegoals of psychology?2. According to experts who have studied humanhappiness, why does volunteer work tend to makepeople happy?

S C I E N C E

... And What Makes Us That Way?Most people find happiness in family connections and friendships

63%

55%

51%

45%

47%

38%

24%

29%

24%

20%21%

25%

27%

30%

30%

35%

39%

38%

52%

51%Talk to friends/family

Pray/meditate

Take a drive in a car

Eat

Go out with friends

Exercise/work out

Play with a pet

Take a bath or shower

Help others in need

Listen to music

Do you often do any of the following to improve your mood?

Your relationship with your childrenYour friends and friendshipsContributing to the lives of othersYour relationship with spouse/partner or your love lifeYour degree of control over your life and destinyThe things you do in your leisure timeYour relationship with your parentsYour religious or spiritual life and worshipHoliday periods, such as Christmas and New Year’s

What are your major sources of happiness?

35%17%

11%9%

Children/grandchildrenFamily

God/faith/religionSpouse

What one thing in your life has brought you the greatest happiness?

Top four answers

Top eight answers

Women

Men

77%76%75%73%66%64%63%62%50%

30 time, april 4, 2005

By JYOTI THOTTAM

When he needs to figure out whathis company should be doing next,Daniel Kranzler often seeks expertadvice—from his 18-year-old daughter.Kranzler’s company, Mforma, makes

games and ringtones for cell phones and, by stay-ing plugged in to teens like Kat, has seen salesdouble every few months. He’s not alone. Anexplosion is under way in the cell-phone industry,as innovative new companiesare popping up, feeding not justteen tastes but also, in theprocess, defining a new futurefor wireless communications.Kranzler inked a deal for Mformawith Marvel for exclusive accessto its comic-book characters andis working on a next wave of cell-phone services. “My daughterlets me know what she thinks of the products—with a baseball bat,” he says. “Her favorite is, ‘Oh,Dad, you so don’t get it.’ ”

There are 180 million cell-phone subscribers inthe U.S. today, and we are no longer simply talkingor text messaging or gaming. We are living insideour phones, even decorating them like a home,with images we call wallpaper. Meanwhile, creativecompanies big and small are scurrying to persuadeus to use our tiny screens in ways we haven’teven imagined. Fox thinks we will want to watch24: Conspiracy, a version of its hit tv show devel-oped just for the phone. The nba hopes basketballfans will use their phones to get game stats, followtheir fantasy leagues and watch replays. And oneambitious start-up is betting that people will payto blog via cell phone.

These days, tiny companies with names likeZingy and Jamdat are market leaders, and producttesting often means throwing something new out

to the public just to see if it flies. The world ofthese wireless data services is so unformed that noone knows yet what people will pay for in thelong run. “The history of this space is everyonejust feeling their way through,” says John Burris,director of wireless data services for Sprint. Butthe excitement is real: companies and industryexperts are convinced that cell-phone serviceshold great promise and are desperately trying toget into the game, hoping to catch the next wavein our growing Cell-Phone Nation.

For the moment, the marketis being driven by teenagers,who have moved far beyondtalking on their phones. “I textmore than I talk,” says JoshBlackburn, 19, of Naperville,Illinois, who tries to keep his$70 monthly cell-phone billunder control by talking onlyafter 7 p.m., when his minutes

become free. But he will pay to send text messagesto his friends, to im them and to download wall-paper of Jessica Simpson. Royce Badger, 17, ofAtlanta, loves his commute to school—that’s whenhe plays racquetball on his cell phone. Erin Duffy,17, a high school senior in Katy, Texas, lost theflashy phone that let her download ringtones andwallpaper, so, as punishment, her father saddledher with an older model that, to her mortification,allows her only to text and talk. She’s saving up fora new one, with different ringtones for each of herfriends: “I’ll have Britney Spears for my girl-friends, and I’d have rap for my boyfriend.”

Teenagers right now are “the sweet spot,” saysBurris of Sprint. An estimated 76% of kids ages 15to 19 and 90% of people in their early 20s usetheir cell phones regularly for text messaging,ringtones and games, and that enthusiasm hasturned wireless data services into a big business.Gartner Research estimates that Americans spent

How Kids Set the (Ring) ToneIn a wireless world, teenagers are driving the hottest new technologies since the dotcom era while giving the tech world a jolt of creative chaos

B U S I N E S S

$2.6 BILLION Estimatedamount spent by Americans

last year on cell-phonegames, entertainment and

services to personalizehandsets, such as ringtones

and wallpaper.

time, april 4, 2005 31

$1.2 billion last year on ringtones, wallpaper andother “personalization” services and an additional$1.4 billion on cell-phone games and other en-tertainment. Fabrice Grinda, ceo of one of theleading ringtone companies, Zingy, says theseservices tap into young people’s impulse to asserttheir individuality, as they have always done withclothes and hairstyles. And as with clothing, there’smoney to be made off these urges. While down-loading an entire song from iTunes costs just 99¢,Grinda’s customers are willing to pay as muchas $3 for a 30-second ringtone.

To turn wireless data services into a majorsource of revenue, carriers will eventually have tomove beyond what works with young people.They are relying on an army of small companiesto create the cutting-edge content. Many of themstart-ups, those companies develop the gamesand ringtones and take a cut—as much as 80%—of the fees charged by the carrier for each down-load. Analysts expect that revenue from ringtones

and gaming will eventually level off. “There areonly so many ringtones and so many games theycan offer,” says Phillip Redman, an analyst atGartner. So those companies are madly trying tocome up with the next big thing in cell phones.

To handle all this sophisticated video and musiccontent, the big carriers are making massive in-vestments in their networks. Sprint is pouring$1 billion into an upgrade this year, and Verizonis rolling out its high-speed data services net-work. At least for now, they will be the gatekeepers.Meanwhile, at least one carrier is already bypass-ing the small companies for cell-phone services:Verizon is relying on household names like cnnand nbc (for news) and Comedy Central and vh1(for entertainment) to attract users to its newVCast service.

What’s the bottom line? Wireless companieslike Jamdat are getting panting attention from ven-ture capitalists convinced that cell-phone servicesare their newest gold mine. Wall Street has startedto grill every consumer company about its wirelessstrategy. But this hypefest isn’t quite like the dotcomdelusion. “This started with a business model,”notes Larry Shapiro, who runs Disney's NorthAmerican mobile business. “We’re being prudent.”

That’s good news for investors, but it may alsomean that the cell-phone-services industry willturn corporate before you know it. As long ascompanies are trying to figure out what worksby flying the next big idea past a bunch ofteenagers, they may take chances on some zanyconcepts. But once the commercial winners areclear, more outlandish forms of content may fadeaway. Spam and advertising will inevitably creepin, too. That makes now an ideal time for all of usto enjoy the wacky creation of a new industry.Teenagers may be driving their parents crazywith their cell-phone habits, but they are doingsomething positive, too: jolting the tech worldwith a hit of much-needed creative chaos. π

Questions

1. What are some of the innovations start-up com-panies are hoping to apply to cell-phone technology?2. How much did Americans spend in 2004 onringtones, wallpaper and other “personalizations”?

B U S I N E S S

MOBILE MAGIC High-speed networks are turning cellphones into multimedia machines. Here’swhat they can do:

Ringtones An addictive way topersonalize your phone, ringtonessound a snippet of music or a

celebrity voice with every call. You canchoose a different song for different callers.

Pictures What can you do with allthose camera-phone snapshots?“Picturemail” lets you send them

like e-mail—Grandma can see those firststeps on her phone.

Wallpaper Another popular way topersonalize the phone is with animage of a favorite actor, singer or

work of art. You can even choose a pictureto pop up for a specific caller.

32 Worksheet Prepared by Time Learning Ventures

Name Date

Current Events In ReviewTest your knowledge of stories covered in the Current Events Update by answering thefollowing multiple-choice questions.

____ 1. The recently elected President of the Palestinian Authority is:a. Yasser Arafat b. Ariel Sharonc. Mahmoud Abbas d. Rafik Natsha

____ 2. The newspaper that Bob Woodwardand Carl Bernstein worked for when they werereporting on the Watergate scandal was the:a. New York Times b. National Enquirer

c. Washington Post d. Wall Street Journal

____ 3. The bill that Florida Governor Jeb Bushsigned in 2003 allowing Terri Schiavo's feedingtube to be reinserted was:a. held up in the state legislatureb. ignored by Michael Schiavoc. enforced by the U.S. Supreme Courtd. declared unconstitutional

____ 4. The former Undersecretary of Statewho has been nominated to serve as the U.S.ambassador to the United Nations is:a. Condoleezza Rice b. John Boltonc. Madeleine Albright d. Paul Wolfowitz

____ 5. One baseball player who hasadmitted that he used steroids is:a. Jose Canseco b. Mark McGwirec. Sammy Sosa d. Rafael Palmeiro

____ 6. The number of seats that the RepublicanParty currently holds in the U.S. Senate is:a. 44 b. 54 c. 55 d. 45

____ 7. Utah’s children get average scores on national tests, but a gap separates the scores of:a. girls and boys b. whites and minoritiesc. rich and poor kids d. urban and rural youth

____ 8. The two Senators who tried to reach acompromise in the battle over the filibuster are:a. John Warner and Robert Byrdb. Bill Frist and Harry Reidc. Kay Hutchison and Hillary Clintond. Trent Lott and Edward Kennedy

____ 9. Congress is considering legislation toallow stem-cell research on embryos created by: a. in vitro fertilization b. cloningc. surgical procedures d. fusion

____ 10. A study of twins found that genetic factors account for approximately what shareof human happiness?a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 0

Match each of the locations below withthe description atright. Write the letterof the correct countryin the space provided.(Note: Not all answerswill be used.)A. BritainB. ChinaC. EgyptD. FranceE. IraqF. IndonesiaG. IsraelH. JapanI. North KoreaJ. Russia K. SingaporeL. Saudi Arabia

____ 11. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice canceled a trip to this countryafter they jailed a leading political activist.

____ 12. This country’s province of Aceh was hard hit by the 2004 tsunami.

____ 13. Island nation that, along with Britain, is doing stem-cell research.

____ 14. Kim Jong Il revealed that this nation has nuclear weapons.

____ 15. Country to which House Majority Whip Tom Delay took a controversial $70,000 trip in May 2000.

____ 16. Ehud Olmert is the Deputy Prime Minister of this nation; ArielSharon is Prime Minister.

____ 17. Country where a mostly Shiite group of moderate Islamist partieswon a majority of seats in the first democratic election in decades.

____ 18. North Korea’s closest ally today.

____ 19. Country that researchers believe was struck by a tsunami in 1700.

____ 20. The U.S., China, Japan, South Korea and this country have beenholding joint talks with North Korea in an effort to keep the Koreanpeninsula nuclear-free.

✍WORKSHEET

Answers Inside Watergate’s Final Chapter (pages 2–3)

1. Now 91 and ailing, Felt came forward at the urging of his family.They convinced him that his actionswere patriotic and that he deservedcredit for them. He also hopes tosell the book and movie rights to his story.2. Felt may have wanted to counterWhite House efforts to suppress the fbi’s investigation of Watergate.He may also have resented the appointment of Nixon loyalist L.Patrick Gray to replace fbi DirectorJ. Edgar Hoover, who died six weeksbefore the Watergate break-in. Andhe might have wanted revenge because he resented being passedover to replace Hoover as directorof the fbi.

The Revolt Against Bush's School Rules (pages 4–5)

1. They claim that No Child LeftBehind is severely underfunded.2. Three of the school’s studentswith disabilities received low scoreson standardized tests.

Is There Really a Crisis? (pages 6–7)

1. The first step, Bush told Time, “isto make sure everybody understandswe have a problem.”2. The money paid out in benefitswill begin to exceed the amountcollected in taxes.

Interpreting Graphs and Charts (page 8)

1. Survivors of deceased workers,disabled workers, spouses and children of retired and disabledworkers2. 37%, 17.7 million3. True4. Americans 65 and older.5. False6. It has been put in a trust fund.7. The cost of the program will surpass the amount of income ittakes in because the number ofAmericans 65 and older will growand the number of workers con-tributing tax dollars to the programwill shrink.8. False9. 23 years10. 1994, 1996, 199711. Medicare12. 20.6%13. Answers will vary.

Why Bush’s Research Ban Could Be Reversed(pages 9–10)

1. Researchers now say the numberof existing stem-cell lines is closerto 22, and even those are contami-nated with mouse dna, makingthem ill-suited for use on humans.

2. They can develop into any type oftissue, leading scientists to believethat they hold the potential for treat-ment of a wide range of diseases, aswell as for repairing damaged nervesand organs.

Lessons of the Schiavo Battle (pages 11–12)

1. Members of Congress convened aspecial session during the Easterrecess to pass a bill crafted just forone family, giving Schiavo's parentsa final avenue of appeal.2. That the pro-life agenda is morerealistic than ever and has renewedpolitical credibility.3. 59%

The Freshmen vs. the Varsity (page 13)

1. Frist sought to put a halt to Democrats’ ability to filibuster President Bush’s judicial nominees.2. The two sides admit that the real issue is how the Senate will approach upcoming vacancies onthe Supreme Court.

When Tom Met Jack (page 14)

1. The trip was paid for by the National Center for Public PolicyResearch, a conservative nonprofitfoundation on whose board JackAbramoff sat. On the day DeLaybegan the trip, two of Abramoff’sclients each wrote a check for$25,000 to the Center. Some observers believe these clients expected their contributions to havean influence on DeLay.2. Congress was considering legislation (which died a monthafter the trip) that might have shutdown Internet gambling and jeop-ardized the livelihoods of some ofJack Abramoff's biggest clients.

Condi on the Rise (page 15)

1. To some, Condi’s rise brings withit a return to a more pragmatic U.S.diplomacy for an Administrationexhausted by war, occupation andideological infighting.2. She is pushing for reform in theMiddle East to be the Administra-tion’s top priority.

Finally, an Iraqi Government (page 16)

1. The National Assembly will appoint a government, govern thecountry over the next year, andoversee the drafting of a new Iraqiconstitution. 2. The United Iraqi Alliance (uia), amostly Shiite group, did not winenough seats to form a government.If the ual allies with the Kurds,however, then the coalition of thetwo groups would account for 75percent of Assembly seats.

No Early Return for U.S. Troops Fighting in Iraq (page 17)

1. Five or six years2. Giving the Sunnis a greater politicalstake in the new Iraqi government.

Democracy in Iraq: A Gallery of Views(page 18)

1. The top cartoon representsdemocracy as a fragile young treebeing watered by people who havevoted; storm clouds overhead represent the uncertain nature ofthe outcome in Iraq. In the middlecartoon, democracy is depicted as a toddler just learning to walk; thecartoonist made this choice becauseIraq’s democracy is in its infancy.The bottom cartoon depicts democ-racy as a wish granted by a geniewho represents the U.S.; this assumes that democracy was a wishof the Iraqi people. The first twocartoons both represent democracyas a tenuous proposition in Iraq,while the third cartoon suggeststhat Iraqis’ “wish” for democracyhas already been granted.2. The top cartoon uses a leaf tosymbolize democracy in Iraq. Theleaf is being watered by the Iraqipeople; this is a reference to thelarge voter turnout in Iraq’s firstelection despite the threat of violence. In the middle cartoon,Iraq is portrayed as a dangerousminefield; this is a reference to theongoing violence that could jeopar-dize democracy in Iraq. The bottomcartoon shows Iraq as a fearful Arabman intimidated by the genie (theU.S. and President Bush) who is inthe position of power.3. The U.S. is represented as UncleSam in the middle cartoon and asPresident Bush dressed up like agenie in the bottom cartoon; theU.S. is not represented in the topimage. It would seem that the creator of the middle cartoon seesthe U.S. actions as irresponsible:What parent would send a babyinto a minefield? 4. The top cartoon is the mosthopeful; democracy is taking root asIraqis—a woman as well as a man—are seen taking concrete actions tohelp the tree of democracy grow. 5. The bottom cartoon suggests thatIraqis are intimidated by and fearfulof the U.S. The Iraqi figure is cowering in the presence of the all-powerful genie representing the U.S.6. Answers will vary but should besupported by evidence.

What Does Kim Jong Il Really Want? (page 19)

1. They presented evidence thatNorth Korea may have supplied auranium compound to Libya for itsweapons labs.2. The best option appears to bediplomacy, specifically multilateraltalks.

Moving to Center Stage (page 20)

1. He issued a declaration in favorof a two-state solution.2. Abbas condemned the intifadeh

and pushed for reform of the Palestinian Authority.

The Gamble of a Lifetime (page 21)

1. He intends to pull all 8,500 Israeli settlers out of the 17 GazaStrip settlements, as well as an additional 1,500 from four locationsin the northern West Bank.2. Sharon’s most vocal critics areJewish extremists who have madehim the target of assassinationthreats.

Pope John Paul II: A Pilgrim’s Journey(pages 22–23)

1. He was the first Pope ever to visita mosque, launch a website, andcommemorate the Holocaust atAuschwitz. He was also the firstmodern Pope to visit Egypt, Spain,Canada, Cuba, Ireland and Brazil.2. Roughly 1 billion.

Healing Hands (page 24)

1. Disaster survivors commonly experience nightmares, insomnia,heart palpitations, stomachaches,fatigue, confusion, guilt and despair.2. Schools provide a good way tomonitor the progress of childrenafter a disaster.

Hall of Shame (page 25)

1. Olympians are subject to testingat any time and barred for twoyears for a first offense, for life aftera second.2. McGwire was criticized for hisevasive answers about his possibleuse of steroids.

An American Tsunami? (pages 26–27)

1. A 700-mile-long fault off thecoast of Washington, Oregon and California.2. An earthquake of magnitude 9.0radiates as much energy in a fewminutes as the entire U.S. uses in a month.

Inside the New Science of Human Happiness (pages 28–29)

1. Seligman set out to figure outwhat conditions make human be-ings flourish, rather than simplyprevent people from being de-pressed or anxious.2. Experts say volunteering createsa connection to other people, shiftsone’s focus away from oneself, andhelps put meaning into one’s life.

How Kids Set the (Ring) Tone(pages 30–31)

1. Companies are hoping that consumers will want to watch special versions of tv shows, watch sports replays and get statsand even pay to blog via cell phone.2. $1.2 billion

Current Events in Review (page 32)

1. c 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. c 11. C 12. F 13. K 14. I 15. A16. G 17. E 18. B 19. H 20. J

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