GABRIEL KOLKO - ΙΔΙΟΚΤΗΣΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑ

5/28/2018 GABRIEL KOLKO -

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1962 ' : We-alth an d Pow er in Am erica. A n A nalysis of SocialClass and Income Distr ibut ion.

lH 1967.

' 1 9. -' . 546.241'


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C A B R I B L . K O L C O

H N Q M I N K

. K O Y P T C J B I K

1 8 7 1


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CJTIC 17 19 32 3 , . T h e Tr ibu na l of Conservatism( 1 9 6 0 ) Wealch and Power in America ( 1 9 6 2 ) , Railroadsand Pegulation 1 8 7 7 - 1 0 1 9 ( 1 0 6 4 ) .

TIC - - . ' ' ; , - ; ' - , ' , ; ; 19 56 , 1958, I960 , , , -, , , - , , - : .


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*: , 9 , 15

1 , 20 2. , 443 . , 634 . , 73 5 . , 906 . , 120 7. ' , 13 78 . : , 15 5

163 173


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1960 , -

| - . . " 1962 1963 ', - , . . -. 1964 6 - , - ' , . - 1964 . - - . '-, - - , .

-, ( ' -, ' , ' .

9


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; - ; ; " - ' - , , , - . " - - . , - , - 195557, 1962. , , . , - . ' - - , , . , , ' . , & , - ' , - , . , , - ' , &- . - 3.000 , - 1964 , 10


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. " . , - . 1962 , , . - ' - ' , - . - . , 1962, , - , - - . -, ' ' - . " Sv xal , - . ' . ' ' , ' , . - 70 , 91% (Sv ? 1 -

11


11/196

* xal 1961 42% $, ' - 4 , . , - vi - -. - - . - & - , ' , - 1963 - ot NewYork Times -, . , -, - . - , iv -, ( ( ol * -. " . "- ol - - , - | , .

, - - . 12


12/196

40.000 , - 70% . . " , -, ' . 1962 4,8% , - 1% - 4%, ' - , - . - , - , . " ' , - . - , ' - - . - , 1961 - 1962 14% - 68% . , ' " . - , , ' , , '.

13


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' - , . . " 4 -, ' , ' - , , , . ' , - , - ' , - , .

' , Mulford Q Sibley, Nor-m an Tho ma s, Seymour M elman Norm an Bim baum . , ' .

G . . 1964


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Ot , 1939, , - - . - - -, - . . , ot- , - , - , , , . , - , [ 1939 - 1910. - ' , , oi , . - . ' ' - , 1939 - . -

.. , 15


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, - -. ot , - , - . , - , -, , , , , - , , ' .

- : - -, . - , , . 'Alt' , , , *, , . ' * '. " Frederic Lewis Allen 1952 ( 1 ) . 4- -16


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, 8 6 Joseph Spengler - - '20 (2) * - , - -. Da vid Riesm an , - , ' , ( 3 ) . , ot - -, , , ot - , ' , .

01 , - ' , , , . - , - , ' .

, ot * b , - SimonKuznets Shares of Upper Income Groups in Incomeand Saving, 1 953 '- . - - 5% , -

17


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, , , 95% , . ', J . . G alb ra ith , -. , - David Lilienthal 1953, , , , , (4) , - - . , - 1953 Shepard . Clough: , 20 - ' , , (5). - , . - . .. , - , - . - ' , - -.18


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, " . - , , . , , - - . " , - - , - -. ' , - , , - , . - , , - , - - ' , ., , - , - , 6 - .

19


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1. -. , - ' , 6- - . , ' - , - , . ' , . " -, - , , - - . - - . - , -

. , - . . ' , - , - ' . : , 20


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1935 1936. , , ' . * - , - , -. .. - New York Times, :' 1939, 2.000 , ' (1) ." , , , * - , , - . - , . " , 1946 3.000 19584.445, -. ' 1947 1958 ' 50% -, 32 - * ' 18%.

ot -

21


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. " , , . -. ' , , , - - . - ' - . C. Wallich , - ( - ( 3 ) . ' - 1933 - .

-| - , . ' - . " -, Survey R esea rch C en ter - 195 0 Fed eral Reserve B oa rd 77 95%, ' 74 81% - 86 91% .22


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' - , ' , , - , . - - - , , - . - Survey Research Center I- .

' - ol . Survey Research Center - , , - . ", 18 , , - . " -, 15 . , , ,. N ation al In dus tri alCo nferen ce Bo ard - . ' - , 1941 , ' . (5). *' -, -

23


23/196

, Stoo- , 4 , , . - . - ( 6 ) ." - . " . -, - -. Survey ResearchCenter 1941 1969 - ' "- , 1 - , - ' * . * S urvey - ( 7 ) . 19 41 N atio -nal Industrial Conference Board - . " Survey - . .

- 1910 34


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, xal - . , , I. ' '50 - 1910 1918. 1940, . - , 1921 1929, 195059 ' , ' 1910 1941. , - 195059 ' - , 1941 (- I ) .

' - - , . 1910 - ' 1959 . , 6 7 - . * , ., 1910 27% , 1959 - 23%' " ' , 6 , - .


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4* - - I

* .

2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9 .1910 33,9 12,3 10,2 8,8 8,0 7,0 6,0 5.5 4.9 3.41918 34,5 12,9 9,6 8,7 7,7 7,2 6,9 5,7 4.4 2,41921 38,2 12,8 10,5 8.9 7,4 6,5 5,9 4.6 3.2 2,01929 39,0 12,3 9.8 9.0 7,9 6.5 5,5 4.6 3.6 1,81934 33,6 13,1 11.0 9.4 8,2 7.3 6,2 5.3 3,8 2.11937 34,4 14,1 11.7 10,1 8.5 7.2 6,0 4,4 2,6 t .o1941 34,0 16,0 12.0 10,0 9.0 7.0 5.0 4,0 2,0 t .o1945 29,0 16,0 13.0 11.0 9.0 7,0 6,0 5,0 3.0 Ifi1946 32,0 15,0 12.0 10,0 9,0 7.0 6.0 5,0 3,0 1.01947 33,5 14,8 11.7 9.9 8.5 7,1 5.8 4.4 3.1 1948 30,9 14,7 11.9 10.1 8.8 7,5 6,3 5,0 3,3 1.41949 29,8 15,5 12,5 10,6 9,1 7,7 6,2 4.7 3.1 0.81950 28,7 15,4 12.7 10,3 9.3 7,8 6,3 4,9 3.2 0.91951 30,9 15.0 12.3 10,6 8,9 7,6 6,3 4,7 2,9 0,81952 29,5 15.3 12,4 10,6 9,1 7,7 6,4 4,9 3.1 t.o1953 31,4 14,8 11.9 10,3 8,9 7,6 6.2 4,7 3,0 w1954 29,3 15.3 12,4 10,7 9,1 7,7 6,4 4,8 3.1 1.21955 29,7 15.7 12,7 10,8 9,1 7,7 6.1 4,5 2,7 1.01956 30,6 15,3 12,3 10,5 9,0 7,6 6,1 4.5 2,8 1.31957 29,4 15,5 12,7 10,8 9,2 7,7 6,1 4,5 2.9 1.31958 27,1 16,3 13,2 11,0 9,4 7,8 6,2 4,6 3.1 1.31959 28,9 15,8 12,7 / 9,2 7,8 6,3 4.6 2.9 1,1

* 18 10 - 37 , 1941 - 5 - . : 110 3 7 - Studies in Enterprise and Social Prog-ress National Conference Board. . 1 0 3 9 , . 1 2 5 . 141 - 5 Survey Research Center- 191 4 - 4 6 .' 19 47 56 Federal Reserve Systems, 1959 Survey Research Center.


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. 1910 1959 , - . , '3 0 . ' - , , - , - - . 1939 1941 , ' - , , , - . , ol . " - ^ ' , . , - ' , , - - - ' , . -

27


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( ' , 1948 '50)" 1941 , - - . 1929, - . -, - 1941 -.

. 01 ." - , -

. , 1941 : 155 - 500 , 457 - , 10.000 . ' - 41 7 ( 500 ) 719 ( 3. 0 00 ) ( 9 ) . ' , ol- , - 1941 -.

: " 19 41 28


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, - . 19 28 28% , 1955 60%. xal , 19 45 , 3,7% 1956- 1957 ot - 0,5% . , HHA. , - .', , - , - 5% -. - ),. , 1941 - , . Harvard Business School 1959, - -. , - xal , -, , 48 ,


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* . - . Wall Street Journal - 300 -, 1025.000 , - . - : ; - , - . " : , -, - 01 - , - - , ... . , . ' , ol - ) .... ' , , - , ol Mellons,o l Morgans o lBaruch(H).

Ot , -, vh , - . ) , - , , , , 30


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. - . 1954 37% 20% -. 80% - 30 40% -. , - Diner's Club American Express

( 1958 ' ), ( ' 2 ) . , . - - - . " - - ., ol ol - . 1959 300 . - .

, - , , - . 17 .00 0

31


31/196

* ' 65.000 , 22.000 , 35.000 , 25.000 16.000 . - , , , . ( 1 3 ) . ' - 1957, - 5 , 10 - (14). - , - . " - -, - 1956 1 ." - , - , ' , - - * , , - . : 3 0 - .

- ' , 32


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. ' , , , . " , - , - .' , , , , . , - . ( 1 5 ) . , -, ' , - , ' - -. , .

- . - . ' 1941 : - - , 1% 10 00 35% 10 .000 . (1 6 ).

33


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, , - , , -. ' 1 95 0 1 95 3 , * National Bureau of Economic Research ' - - - . (1 7 ) . 1957 91% 86% 1944 - 46. - 1957 27,7 - 3% (7,1 ) , 14% (1,6 ) - -, 58% (5,5 ) 27%(10 ,8 ) , - (1 8 ). ' - Survey Re-search Center . , ' - ' - -.

' 10.000 1952 80% . ot , 7.090 - (1 9 ) . 1948 , ot , 25.00034


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, 7,2% 37,4% - , 7.000 40,7% 73,6% - (2 0 ) . ,, . - 1 ' ' ' . - 1948 52,6% - 7.000 , - (2 1 ) . ' , - ' .' - - , ( -) . - , 100.000 . , 1941 , , ot - , . H arv a rd ,William Crum : - , , ' , , 4 (2 2 ).

35


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1923 - 29 27% : 1946 - W - 51% (23). " 1923 - 29, 4,7 , .' . " ' - ' -. 1941 ' , .. , , . , of - (2 4 ) .

" 1960 - 1923 - 29, ' - 32%, 29% - . 1952 30%, 29%. ' ' - 1 4%. - 1%. - , - , - 3 5%. " .. 1952 29% 34% -.

36


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: 95) .

: , - , - , , - , Simon Kuznets Shares of Upper Income Groups inIn co m e an d Savings (1 9 5 3 ). , - N ation al Bureau of Econ om icResearch, , - , ' ( 2 5 ). - " ' -. K uz ne ts , - 6% - . , , 5% , - ,

1939 1946 27% 55% - 28%. 1919 14,0%, 192917,2%, 1941 12,3% 1946 9,6% . 5% 1919 26,1%, 1932 32,1%, 1941 25,7% 1946 20,0% - (26) .

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Kuznets 5% 1919 1938 1,5% (2 7 ) . -, 5% - 1944 - 46, - , . , 5% -, , (2 8 ) . K uzne ts ' - ( - 700), - ' . , Kuzn ets , - 1939, - ' , . , ol , 5% , . - - . Kuznets - - 1939 . - - 1948, - - . " - , 1958 15% * 1937 - 41, -.38


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, Kuznets -, - - . - , ' Kuznets - . ' -, . 1952 2,5% , 44,7% (2 9 ) . Ku znets , - - 1939 1948' - , - . "- - - 1939. - , ,- 1939 . Kuznets , - 5%. , - , Kuznets. . - - , - , .

39


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- , . -. Kuznets , - -, ' - , ' ol- , , . ", , - - - , - - (3 0 ) . , Kuznets -, - . 20.000 Kuznets 40.000. - , Kuz-ne ts, - , . , , , , , - - , ot - . " - , 5%, Kuz ne ts - , . 1947 194840


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22% , Kuznets 64% (31)' ot - ot Kuz ne ts - , , - 5% - Kuznets , .* , - , - . ' - ' - 5% (32). ' ' 6% . Ot - ' Kuznets - -, , - 5% - . " - 6% 2% . Kuzne ts, 5% ( ) 1944 18,7% ' 20,7%. 1946 K uzne ts 20,0%, - 21,3%. " ' Kuz ne ts 5% 19 48 . Ot ' - , - - (3 3 ) .

41


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Kuz-nets , 1941. , , -, - 6% . ' Kuznets , - ' , - ' (3 4 ) .(" ' , -). ' - - -: . - , -. (35).

-, 1941 . - - , - , , ' , . Kuz ne ts - 6 1939, 1944 1946 , (3 6 ) . , -42


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1939 - 46 23%, 36%, - ." Kuznets - 26% 6% 70% , 6% 19 46 2% 1947 3% (37). 20% 1947 22%. " - '., - , - , , - 5%, Kuznets ' - - .

, . - . ' - , - .

43


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2. . otErnest van den H aa g Ra lph Ross, : -, - - , , ' '. - , . ' -

, , . - , ot ' - . - - . - , - . 1934, - 1935 - Share - the - W ealth Huey Long ** Share - the - W ealth ( ) -

, Huey Long 44


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. '- ot - ' . Ot , 1932 2% - 70.000 , - 70 .00 0 4 ,5 - 3%' ' - 2%. - 1936 12 15%, 1939 19% 1942^ 40%2." 1941 - , . 1929 1940 - ' - : 1,323 1929 1,393 - 1940. 1941

, , ' , 1940, 14%. 1944 ' , 19403. - ot - ' ' ' -, ." , - - .

, 5 .0 00 . ( . . . )45


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w5


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." -

, -, ( 91%) - . . 19 41 ' -, ' . - , 25-100.000 ' - , 100.000 , . - - , - ( -) , - , - -. - 10.000 , .' , , - 1941 -. , , * , - , ,

47


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. 1932 - 1 . 54%, 47%. 1938 - 72%, - 44%. 1957 91%, 62%*." H a rv a rd , J . K eit h Butters - 19 53 : ... , 4 - - 5. 10%. - . ' ' -

, I I - ( I ) . 01 , , , . ' , - ( ). '.

, - , ' - : , ol-48


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1941 - , , . 1939 4,0 " 19 40 7,5 " 19 41 17,6 1944 42,4 " 1957 46,9 -6. ' , , 193910%, 1941 24% 1957 43%7. - ' . ' , , - , - . , . 1957 66% 20%. - 1929 3.500 , 1935 2 .500, 1 941 1500, 1944 100 0 1948 1200 . - , - . 9% 1916 78% 1941, 41% 1946 53% 196 0. - 8% 1916 26% 1941 30% 1946, 1960 28%8.

' - - . -

49


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, - . ol- , , 1957 3,3% - * , , 13,7%?.Ot ( . ot-, . .) 20%. ' , , - , . 2.000 , 10% , 10%, - 1. . Ot , , - , ' . -, -, , , ., - 13% , - ,. - 70% - , 1957 1 2 . ' - ' 35.000 ' 40%13.50


50/196

. ,

-, * , - , . ' - , - ot . ot -. 1968 69% - . & ' - 1.000 , & , - 10 .0 00 ' 4. ot - . , Wall Street Journal, - , 1 5 . " - , - . ' - - . Tax Foundation - 19 58 (. I I I ) . " ol , ot -, ot , , - ' , -

51


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. , '-: , ' ( )' - ' . - , 2.000 7,3% , 15.000 1,5%. TaxFoundation , , - ' ''7." , -, ' ' - . , - , , - * ' -, - ' , - .

52


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, (* ), , 1958. I I I

% '- ( )

0 2 0 0 0 9,6 11,3 21.02 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 11,0 9,4 20,44 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 12,1 8 ,5 20.66 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 13,9 7,7 21.68 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 13,4 7,2 20,61 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 15,1 6,5 21.615000 28,6 5,9 34,4 16,1 7,5 23.7

. ,

' - - . & . * .

* * - .

: Tax Foundation, Allocation of the Tax Burden byincome Class, ', 1960, . 17. 53


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' -, , , , - , - vi , F. L. Allen. - -....^. - , - * , , - . 1 933 - , , 1940 . - -* , - , 194 0 , - .

" 1958. ' , - , , , - , 69 - ' 0 1 - 2.000 - * 1 ,06 6 , 2 .0 00 4 .0 0 0 4,9 71 . '- 4,5 09 - , - . ' -54


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, - , ot . 1949 ot - 2,0 37 " 19 54 - 2,451 1955 4,062 - . , 4.000 , . ' ot 04.000 - - ' .

Ot ' , , . , ot ' - " , -, - . .

' 1957 9% 28 - -. I , ' . 1941 , 1959

55


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: " - , .' -. ', , - 60% .... .... -. ' . ' -20. , -, , - .

' - - . , . 26% . , - 1942, . ' - ' . -, - . 1967 20% -, 100.000 , - , - ' , - .' % 3.600 4.000 ^ .

66


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- ' . , David Samoff, - R ad io Co rpo ration of Am erica, ' 1. - , , , . : - - , . 1940 700 ' 1946 9.000 2 3 .

, - * - . " - , .Mi -. H arley J . Ear l, G eneral M o-tors, 19 58 - 130.000 , - 1963 50.000 - 75.000 24. " , -, - , - . , , I960

57


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. 1957 77% - . ' - 85% ( 95%) - . - , - . " , - , - * - , - . " 20% , 95% , - .

, U . S .News and World Report 1955, - . 1951 - 30.000 -* 1955 370%. , 19 51 * - 10.000 213.800* 1955 547.000 . 1957 ot Franc Pace John J.Hopkins Gen eral D ynam ics 1.12 5.00 0 1.22 0.00 0 * . ' 195 6 Do nald W . Douglas , Douglas A irc raf t, - 15.000 16,50 , 58


58/196

86 1 . " 195 6 Pittsbourgh P late Glass 40.000 41 , 74 96 . 19 51 U . S. Steel - 49 ' 8 1957 133 - 2 5 .

- - . 1957 600 ' . Kuzne ts 5% 9 , 1940 , ' . - , 1929 9 ot 2 6 . , - ot ' 1939. - . 6% , ot - 1959 4,0%. ' - 70.000 80.000 4,0% 21,0% - . - 150.000 200.000 4,0% - 40% 5,26% - 52,5% .


59/196

' - .' -, 77% 10 - . 1951 , , - 14%28." - - , - . ' 300.000 62.500 17.000 - 10.060.000 6 - 2,5 2 8 . - - 100.000 ' . , - , ' , , . 1 27,75%' - 31,4%.' . - , 6.00 0 3.000 6.000 . , 2,25% 5.000 -. ' ' - 60.000 , - .

1951 45% -60


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500.000 I-29. , - - . - , 1952 10% - , - . 1959 - , - , - . 1952 - , - . - - , - - -. ' , ' - . " - , - .


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' - - -, Stanley S. Surrey H arv ard L awSchool : . , , ' ... , - 30. , -, ' , - : - - . , -. ' -, - - ' , ' .

6 2


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3. . , , - : , , -, . , . , 1953 9% 46% . - | Surrey Research Center - 11% 25.000 60% . ' * 11% 7.500 , - . ( ot , ot - - -) ' . - - -.

.01 . -

* , -63


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, - . - ot - - .' 30% - ' . 1 955 36% 3.000 - 13% 7.500 2.

, -. , , ol . - (. IV ) - . - 1945, - -, , - 1929, -. ' - ' ^.

- , - - - , -, , --.

64


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IV

.' 86 105 73 46 6 3 77 78 105 73 12 13 15 18 16 16 19 26 20 7 6 6 13 14 6 15 13 11 5 2 5 8 7 6 6 8 10 3 1 5 5 4 3 6 1 4" 1 2 3 4 1 4 2 * 1" * 3 1 3 2 2 1 4 1" 0 5 1 3 1 1 3 8 *" 1 5 3 2 3 2 5 6 2 1 3 9 4 2 - 1 1 1 7 3 5 1 6

* . : 6 1 9 2 9 6 6 America's Capacityto Consume, . Leven . . , 1 9 3 4 , . 9 .

6 1935 - 3 6 6 Consumer Expenditures in the U S. Na tional Resources Com mittee. 1 9 3 9 , .51 . 6 194 1 - 5 0 6 6 Federal Reserve Bulletin. -OTOC 1 9 4 8 , . 9 2 3 1 9 5 1 , . 1 0 6 7 . 1950 . ' - 1929 - , - .

' ' , - - . 1960 24% - , 27% 1 500 63% 1000 4 . 1948, - , -, ' .

65


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- ; : 1960 52% - , 6 - . : - -, 55 64 - ' : 6 5 . : 1960 51% - - , 28% 19% 3% - 6 . - . " - , . , * , . - ot- . 1950 36% ?. - , - . *, Raym ond W . Goldsm ith, -: ... 66


66/196

... . 8 .

, , -: . - ' . van den Haag: - . - , - , - . , - . , - 9. - - , & . Adolf .Berle Pete r F . D ruc ke r , - - - , , . . .

, 67


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| 1929. ' 51.000 - , - 19 33 1937 45 .0 00 61.0 0 0 ' 1. 193 7 6,6% - 1956 5,1% 1959 7,9%. - - , - . Temporary Natio-nal Economic Commitee - 8,5 , 193739 - 1710 . -, 4,0% 64,9%' , 4,5% 54,8% ' '2. ' Brookings 1951 2.991 - , 2,1% 58% 1,1% - 46% -. 32% 31% - , - 13. J. KeithButters 1953, 100.000 5% 2% - 65% 71% ' 4 .

8


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V

1951.10% ( 67% )32% ( 31% )58% ( 2% )* : L H . Kimm el, Share O wnership in the U S- 152 , . 43 . . 4 . - , 36% 1937 33% 1951 , . - 1 5 . " -, -

. , -. 1959 14% - - 6% 5.000 55% ' 15.000 - . 10 .000 ' 1949 75% 1962 80% . 1959 25.000 16. - , - -

69


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. , 6,6 1952 12,5 1959 , 1930 - 9 11 . - - , in nuce - , , . , - , - . - , - 7. - , - " ' - - . ' - . ' - 1956 , - (, . - , . 1959 - 203 , 73 , ' , , Wall Street J o u r n a l 18." , - - , 50 ' -70


70/196

- ' , | .. . . .Berle 19 59 , ' - , '9. ' '50 10 15% , '60 ' , Berle - , ." . - - , , Berle, '. - - , - .

' , - 3% , -. ' . 1959 ' - 3,5% , - * 2 0 . Robert Tilova 1959, 1965 6,5%' , - , 1970 2 ' .


71/196

, 19696,8% , - - . , ' - ' , .^* , - , , - . - .

72


72/196

4. . , , , - . , ', - - " ' - - . . ' -, ot Berle Means 1932 The M ode rn Co rporation and Private Property. - , , . , - , - - -

. - , , , . , . -, David Riesman, , -, '. -, Berle , -

73


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20 2." ' , , - , -3. , - . - , ' , -

. ' - , - - , . -, D.E. Lilienthal, - | , -4. , , - * , , - .

, - - . " , , - , . - : " ; , , - . - -' , .

, , : 195574


74/196

20 0 ' - ot - 43,0% - 435.000 " - 18,2% ' - 891 .5 - 2.500 - - . , , - . . - - ' , - . ' - ' , - . Te m po rary Na tional Economic Com m itee - 1939, 200 - 3.511 2.500 .6 -. " 200 . " , - - . " -

7


75/196

200


76/196

2. , . , - ol .3 . , - , . " 1946 - .

4. , . -, -. -.5. - . " W estinghouse - - , - - .6. -, - ' - . ' - ' .7. . GeneralMotors, Dupont, U.S. Rubber, Ethyl, ' . - 5 ,

77


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. ' 10 0 - 1957 ' - . -, , Republic Steel -:

White, Patton, Foy Hancock xal , - , - ( ) , - . R ep ub lic Steel -. 200 ' ' , - , .01 .

" , director, , - ' , , - , ' - 10 0 - 1 9 5 7. (' ' 72 1937 ). 100 19 57


78/196

64% 200 1937 3 7 $ , - - . ' 100 -, ' . - , - . ; - . : 1937 - 39 36% - - " 1957 50%." ' - , - 1477 100 - ' - . 47 100 - -^ " - , : -.

1959 - 638 , 46% ' . " 17% , -

79


79/196

, 10% - 10 , , -. , -, -. & . , . , . - , - - ' , ' , ' . " , -, General Motors - , - - . GM, - G M 1 1 .

1939 97 - 7,0% - . ' , ." - . , , - -80


80/196

, ot - 100 . 1959 9,9% . - %, , ' . 23 100 - 10% " 36% - 1%. " 1937 , -, 300 - 1 2 . - 10% . , , - . - . , , , - , - ." - 1937 - 39 72 100 1957, -. , - -, '30. ' 1957 1937 - 39 - . 22, 81


81/196

72 , , - 22 1967 3,1% , - . , , - , , " - . 1937 - 39 Phipps Bcesemer SecuritiesCo rporation 9,7% Inte rna tiona l Pa pe r. 1957 O gd en Phip ps , Bessemer International Paper 0,1% . Mellon 1937-39 50% Goy-oil, Mellons, 1957 -, 6,5% . Ma-thers 1937 - 39 9,3% Youngstown sheet andT ube, 1957 . 0,5%. 01 Du Ponts 193 7 - 39 15% U .S . R ub be r, . G . P . Edw ards 1957 0,0%. Jones, Laughlin Robinson 1937 - 39 Jones Laughlin, 1957 . 0,5%. M c C ormick 1937 - 39 In ter na tio na l Harveste r, 1957 |1,2% . Levis 1937 - 39 16,8% Ow ens - Illinois Glass 1957 . , 1,5% . Roo t 1937 - 3982


82/196

3,6% 5] , 1957 0,3% -. - Robert . Gordon 1945 20 - , , , - - 20 0 1937 - 39 (- TNEC), 176, . " , 20 28,6%

. 101 183 20%, ' . - , 4.000 " '3.' - ' . - , . , - , .

, ' ' , , 14 . , , - - - . - -

83


83/196

, - - - . - , ' - . , - . 1937 - 39 58 176 . 8 3 - , - - , - . , 5. , - - , , . 1957 *30,

. .

Berle M ea ns , - - - . 01 , , -


84/196

vi , - - , , - . - : , ' , : 1. - ot - -, ; 2. - ' * - ; ', - David . Bazelon - , ;16.

- , - . " - , - - . 1957 25 GeneralMotors 11.500 ' 7 . , - ' GM. ' - , - .

. Ot Berle,

85


85/196

Riesman - - . , - - . , 1950, - - , . 1957 77% , - , - . 100 - 13 1959 , , . 87 - 83, , - - 1969 - 1,9% - 1 8 .

- , . 196 0 InlandSteel 11% - . Ford 6,7% - . " , - , - , . - . 1958 -86


86/196

1700 73.600 '9. ' Berle , ' - . - -. " , - , - , - .

, , , *, . : 44,8% - , . . - , - 19,4%. - , 19 52 ' Brookings , 6,3% 13,1% 20

; - , 100.000 f) 1949 65 71% , , 1949, . 47,4%, . 1957 100.000 .21

87


87/196

, ' , , -. ' , - ' , -. " ' , - , , ' - . - - 11 .

& ' . - , , - .

- . , ' - . -, , - , ' . ot -, , - , -88


88/196

vow " , , , . ot | - , , - - , ' noblesseoblige. ' , - ' . : 1. " - - ' , ; 2. - ; .

89


89/196

5. , , mollygrub ( - ), . , -

, . ', 6 , , , . - , - , - -. , - , - , - , . - , , - .

- ' , - . -, , , . ' - , & -90


90/196

, - - .' , , ' . ' -, M ax Lem er (1957) : ' (1 ) . J. K . G alb raith : - ' , " - , . , Tal-cott Parsons - (2 ) . , , - F X . Allen, * -, , ... (3 ) . David R iesman * - .

" , - - . Seymor Lipset : - - , , ' ' ,

91


91/196

( 4 ) . Nelson . Fo ote Paul . Hatt : - , - . - , ot , , ; ( 5 ) . , ot , , -." , , ;

. , , - -

, - . "- 300.000 * - 1959 , ' . - - - . ' 2 - 750 ' ' , .

1958, , 5,5 - . 1958 35% ' , 1948, -92


92/196

6% . '- . - 1959 16% ' , 1948, 30% . - 1947 1960 65%, - 6%. - 19501960 3%, 14% . - - 1960 . 1959 . - 1958, -, 200.000 - . , , , ", . ' - . - .

, ' - . - -, 2.0 00 , , - 3.000 . '- , 1958 ,

93


93/196

30% - 1957 3.000. 19 58 , 1957 3.000 . 30% V I - , , . , 3.000 , - .

" - - ' . ' - , - . 1953 3% , ' -, Great Atlantic Pacific Tea Company, Sears, Roebuc h J .K . Benney (6 ). - 1 , 26% - , - ( 7 ) . - 1961 2 , ' . " - : .

94


94/196

VI -

, 1957 3.000 .*(100= )

9 14 17 , - 18 20 , 24' 29 30 31 39' 46 58 , , 75 - 30 - 56

' , , . "- - 1956 1 , 2 * ( ,

1056 . : Bu ieau of the Census. Current Popula-t ion Reports . - 6 0 , N o 3 0 , . 3 6 - 3 9 ) .

95


95/196

2 4 ( 52 ) 1 . , -. - , ' - , 1 - ,

1 1,06 . - , - . , ot 1,25 - , 48%, 42% (8). , 1,25 , ot - 1961 - - . 3,6 , , 50% , 46% 1956. 663.000 - 1 , 1964, 1,15 - 1965 1,25 . 1961 1956 91 1,25 1,14 . '96


96/196

- 1965, 1.25 , ' 1 - 1956. 2 , , ot ' 1,16 - 1963 1,25 . ot . , * , - . 1939 -, 1959 ' 1,37. 1939 - , 1961 - . ' ' , - 3.000 - 1956 34% '47% , - 2.000, 65% 3.000 ( 9 ) . . - ot , - Eric Goldman, -, ( 1 0 ) . - , ' , . 1950 2% 42% - . 9% 1953 50% . ' 1958 , 7 97


97/196

' , 15% ' ,- 19 37-41 (1 1 ) . - -. - - 1939, ' . -" 1939 , - , , -, - * . - , 193944, - - 1944 . - , - , 1939 1944 53%, 1944 1960 17%. 1939 - * - (12). - , 1939 1957 129% ( ),74% , 46% - I, 17% , 40% , 34% 22% 98


98/196

. Ot - . ' 1914 19 29 40%. 2,7% , 3,6% 193960, . 1944 - (13). : 1939 1944 - . - 1929 1966 ' : 1929 ( ), - , 30% : 40%, (14). ' - |, - , 1939 1944, . - 2.000 ( 1948) 1948 1954 33 31%, 5.000 17 25% (16). - - .

, -99


99/196

ol- , . : - -, . - 1940 34%, 1952 12%, 1961 20%. 13% 19 40 , 6% 195 0 12% 1961. *' 1940 15%, 1950 6% 19 61 10%. ' ' , - 19 61 5% (1 6 ) .

, - 50 . " 1949: 66% , 60% 50% 50 , , - (1 7 ). 1958 , 38% 1957 2.000 56% 3.000 . , 1957 - , ' - (1 8 ) .' - , . , 100


100/196

-. 60% , 40%. ' ( - ), '60 ' . 1960 32,75 . 8,6 - , 1957 195 8 , 40% . - , (1 9 ) . * 60% ' , . " , . , . - . * . 1954 , 12% 27% , -, (2 0 ) .' - , - , . . 2,7% 3.000, , - -. " -

101


101/196

, ' - 2,7%" - - . - - , . - - . , . . '- 7 - , 1959, - - , , , 19 58 , 257 . -, 1949 1958 , 1958 , '- . - ' ' . -, 1958 26 39 , -, - . 17 -

102


102/196

' . - x al 19 61 -, , 1958. , & -, - ' . Personal In co m e D ur in g Business Cycles (195 6) D aniel C ra m er : - 194849 - - - , (21). - 19 5 8 . - , - , , - .' .

' -. . , ) . ,

103


103/196

' , -, -: - -; ; - , ;, - , ' ' -, -, - ' , - . ol * . * - , - , . ol - 1956 3.000 , 46% * , ( , - ).

, , * , -, 1| (. V I I ) .

104


104/196

V I I -

1958, .(100= ).

: Federa l Rese rve Bulle tin , 1959, .714. - . ' - - -, .

- , - -, , 1939, ." - , , , -

' '

566790100120127149153

104


105/196

-. - , . - - . - , - . - , - . ' - , , .*" , - -, , - 1935 . - . -, , - . - * ' , (2 2 ) ' , ' , - ' - ' .

* .106


106/196

, - 2.900 , , 3.050 * - .

V I I I *, 1929 195223 ( -) 1929 1935-36 1949 1951 1952 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1' 2 + 1 1 1 (- ) 2 + 1 2 + (- ) 2 2 + 2 ** 1 1 1 1 - ** 3 + 1 2 3 + 4 2 3 4 5 3 5 4 3 6 6 6 6 1 1 2' ' - - :***

* - : 1 , 10 . + ' 6 .

* * 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 . fipoc .

107


107/196

6 5 + 5 7 + 5 5 - 6" 7 5 5 6" 7 6 + 7 5 6 + 5 6 6+ 5' : 7 6 + 6 + 7 7 + 6 - 8 7 6" 8 8 8 7 8 6 8 8 + 6 George Katona Janet . Ficher , (1947 1 9 4 8 ), - 01000 - 10002000 -. , - 90%

- : 51% , 27% - 13% ' * 4% - , 6% (2 4 ). " , 1948 8% ' , 1947 - , 108


108/196

. Simon Kuz nets 5% - - - , , 5%, ( 2 5 ) . , - . ' - , - . ' , ot .

- - : 10,5% 191 0, 16,5% 19 40 19'7% 19 55 (26) -' 1940 - ' , , , , , .' .

- ot , ot , . ,

109


109/196

, , - : 1957 58% - , , 2.000 . - - * - . . . 01 - - 1957 2.000 - , -* 1948 28% (27)' - - ' , 65 ' , - , - ' (2 8 ) . ] , - - , . 01 - ' , - ' , .

- . , , , , - 110


110/196

. ' - . - . , -, -. - . , , - , . . - -: - ' . ' , - ( 1950, ). , , , . - , - , - . -. - . (29)

, - ' -. " * , - , -

111


111/196

, - , . 6% (30). : ; " , , . 1935- 36 1948 (3 1 ). ( - ) -, - . : * -, , ' . * : ' , - , , , . ' - 2 . 0 0 0 -, . 65 1900 4,0%, 1930 6,3%, 1955 8,4% ' 112


112/196

1970 9,6% 2.000 10,8%. 1900 1975 ' - 176%, - ' 315%, - 65 572%. 1960 1975 - ' ' , (3 2 ). - - , - . , - . 1958 ' , - 35% , . - ' - - -

(3 3 ) . 22% * , - ' . " 7% - 14% - , -, . , , - (3 4 ).

, , , - . 1960 -8 113


113/196

74,02 - - . (' ) 1958 27% , , ( 27% 1 999 ), , (3 5 ). " -. - -. , -, ' (3 6 ). 1960 - 83 , 62 - (3 7 ) . ' , , - - 1969 - , 2,5%, 4,5%. - , , 4.800 . , - 1950 400 -, 127 . " 200114


114/196

, 84 , - - - , . " , , . .

" , - , - , - . 195 0 1957 11,3%, . 1935-36 3,6% * 1956 8,5%, ' . - , ' .

' - . '50 4 1 . 19 40 1,6% ' 1956 - 2,4%. . " - : 88.000, 1938, 205.000 1958(38) . , . " , -

115


115/196

. 33% I . "- - - . , . 1939 - ( 3 9 ). 1 93 9 20% - - ' 1947 30% 1956 35% (4 0 ) . , - : , -

. ^ 24,3 1940 22,3 1956. - ot 21,5 20,2 - ( 4 1 ) . Ot , .T6noc. .

-, - ot -. " - . - 1 95 0 -116


116/196

- , (4 2 ) , - 1929 , - . - 60% -, 2.000 , , ot ' - ' -. 1954 - 0 10 00 ' , (4 3 ). , -, - . ' - 1939 1947 ' . 1947 -

54% " - 1% . - , - , - , 1940 1959 56 52% (4 4 ) . - , , , : 1950 , 9,4% , 15,8% - 01000 21,1% 10002000 . 1964


117/196

- , ( 4 5 ) . 1958 - 12% 6% . ' -, - , . - . - , - ' , . , , - , - -.' .

" - '30 . 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 1,5 4,5 20 , ( 4 6 ) . 12 , -" - . 1958 6,6 " . , 1958 7,1 , 118


118/196

(4 7 ) . ' , 2,5 - , 400.000 . "2,6 - ( ) (4 8 ) . . 6,6 1958 20 1935-36, - , -, 1957 58 .

'50 ' . , 1958 - , - 1958 1957. , , , , , - ' , - . - - (4 9 ) . - , - - - , - , - . - , - .

119


119/196

6. . ot ,

, - '; , - , , . , - , - - , - - 1935 Works Progress Administration, ' ' - N ationa l Resources Co m m ittee - , ' . , , . .. - ot , - , - (1 ) . , , . - , , , - ' -120


120/196

, . ' - - . - ' ' - , - ' ( 2 ) . : . , . ' (3 ) . : - , - , - * - ( 4 ) . WPA , 70% . , , - , - ( 5 ) . * , .

WPA, - 1935, . - , * -

121


121/196

, - . - , 65% , 84%, - 115% 129% ( 6 ) . 4 5 - , , - . ' - . - , - - , - , (7 ) . , . - 74% 50.000 1,9 - 40% -. 12 18 . - -, . , - . ' - . -' . , -, - . 19 50 80 90 , . , -122


122/196

. - , . ' 5 , 5 , - . , (8 ) . 3.300 1947, 3.717 1950 4.166 1951 , . , , -. , | - 1961 - . ' He ller . ' , , 50 , - , - (9 ) .

, - ' , , , 1935 - . . . Cornish , 191 017% , 35% 44% - 4% (1 0 ) . Cornish - .

123


123/196

Charles S. Wyand, , ,, 1929 34% - (1 1 ) . ' - Brookings 1935, 1929 42% - 35% (1 2 ) .

1935-36 49% WPA 28% , 70% . - 1935-36 -, , , - , ' - .

.'.' , . , - , 1939 , - , . ' , - . 1935-36 ( W PA ) ( - ). ' , , - , . -. - 124


124/196

, 1947 . -, . , -. " -, . , - 1941 27% - ' , . 1945 - 18% (1 3 ) . , - . - - (1 4 ) . - , - . -, - . , - -. | - ', .

1947 - , - , ' . - , 1951 1957 , ' ' 1951 - .

125


125/196

, * - , : - - - - - . -, - . , - .

IX , - -

(1 5 ).

1947 1951 1957 1947 1951 19571 11,9 11,7 11,9 9,6 8,5 9,62 10,8 12,2 9,9 7,5 8,4 6 ,53 9,0 8,6 5,3 5,2 5,0 2,94 8,0 8,2 5,5 4,2 4,2 2,35 5,0 5,4 4,7 2,7 2,8 2,16 3,0 3,1 3,2 1,9 2,1 1,77 3,5 3,2 3,5 2,4 2,4 2,4

51 ,2 52 ,4 44 ,0 33 ,5 33 ,4 27 ,5126


126/196

- . - . ( , - - ) ' . 1947 -. ' - . : - . " 1951 44% - ' 77%.

' IX -, . ( ) - 194 9, ' - . - , - . , 30% - 50% 1949 - (1 6 ). ' - , , - -.

127


127/196

, - -, , ' , , . ' - Peter . Steiner Robert Dorfman 1957, - 45-50% , 52-58% 71-75% ' . -

- , E lea no r . Sn yd er , 19 50 46,3% ' - , ( 1 7 ) . 94 , , , , - ' -, 1939 63 1.333 , - , 35 ' - . 1949 - 84 ' 94 3.608 -, 55 (1 8 ). .

- 15% 1 94 0 28% 1 95 5' , ( 1 9 ). " 128


128/196

|- -. - , , . 1956 - 1.300 ' 4 .00010.000 -, , ' , ', ( 2 0 ) . - - , ' ol (2 1 ). - , - . 19 60 1 - , , . - 10.000 - - - (2 2 ) ' ' - .

, - -. , , 1958 4,8% 3 , 1950 2,9%. " ', -9 129


129/196

- , 50% 10% - . " , - , (2 3 ). , - -. 1929 3,7%, 1935 4,5% 1947 3,5% - ' 1957 9,9% (24). , 5 -, - . ", - , - . - . " 1,4% - 1952, 1,7% 1966, 0,6% 1947 1,1% 1946-57. 1935-36 - 0,9%, - , *60 (25). '' , , , - .

. ' , -130


130/196

tic . 1960 - 25% 02.000 -, 60% 5.000 7.600 46% - 10.0 00 (2 6 ). " - , - 40% . , 1960 10 39% , (2 7 ).

" * , , , - . , - , . 1939 1950 32% -" 1959 51%. - 1960 160% (28). , ' , '- . -, - , . , - ' -, * -. " - - , -

131


131/196

. 1958 ot ' , 19 54 , , - . ' , 1957. 1954 - 33%, 10% 1945. - . - | , * - " Avram Kisselgow, - , - - (29). , Federal Reserve Board

1957, - : - - . -, ' - ... ' - - , , - , ' . .

* (John Keynes). ( 1 8 8 3 1 4 ) ( . ) .132


132/196

. Ot .... - , - .... . " -.... : , - . " , - , , , , .. . 1929 , ' - - (3 0 ). .

- ot - , Lipset, Riesman , - , - . , , - , - 193 9 ( - ) - - , , , .

133


133/196

' '20, ' - . , - . - . -: " - ' , ' (3 1 ) . ' ' -, - , . - : - , . , - . , - , , ' . -, ' -. - . - ' -

. " -134


134/196

-, , - , ' , . , - J.J. Spengler ' . - , ot | - ' , - - . " - . Joseph S chu m peter , - - (3 2 ). -, , , ot 2.000 , , , - . , - , - ' , , . fi | , , , . -

135


135/196

. , ' - . " , -, , - . ' ' , -.

136


136/196

7. . - . -, , , - , - . ' , - ' , . - - , , R. Bendix S.M. Lip-set. 1 GideonSjoberg , - , - - 2. -, Kurt Mayer, ' , - 3 . - David Riesm an T he Lonely Crowd. ' , , , -, , . '

137


137/196

- * - ' , , - , *. , - Riesman, - . ' -, , , Riesman -.

'' , - , , , - ; ' - - - ; ( , ' -, , ). ' - . , . - , ' , - , , 138


138/196

, Talcott Parsons, ( , , )... : 01 .

. , , - . " , ' . Joseph J . Spengler : , , ] ....5. , - , , .

' - , . , , . , - , , . : - )

139


139/196

, - . - , - ^." , - - ' , ' , . , - , 110 ' ' ' . 40% 20% - . 16% - 120 - 7.

, - . " - , Co lem an R . G rif fith , 1951: - ' , ' , . " ' , - . .

1957 -140


140/196

- : , , - 1,9 ' 2,8 9. 19 55 18% - 54% , * -, . 66% ( 4 .0 00 ) 195 2 35% , 31%. 1959 15% 30% . ' ' - 60% . '- , 5%

- , , - . ' , - - ' 2 . 26% , - , 15% ' . - 67% 40%'3. M iner 66,6% -, , '*. , ,

141


141/196

-, . , 3.000 ." - , - - , . * . - - .

0 3.00 0 19 52 ' , 15.000 - '5. , - - . - - , , liberal arts* ' , * Ivy L e a g u e . ' 6 1948 - ' . ' 81%

* " E v a c , - ( . . . ) .142


142/196

- , 6% . '7 , , 5% , -, - , ." , - ' - , , - , - , , - . - - , '20 - . 3% 1959 , -.

1952 - 53 35% 5.000-10.000 14% 11.000 ' 9 . 1957 - - , 03.000 2 } . ' - * , - , -

143


143/196

. . 1969 - Ivy L ea gu e ' 7.0 0 0 . - - R ich ard G . K ing , 19 57 : , , , , . " - , , , ', , - 21. .

- ." , - - , ' . , - - .

10.000 - 04.000 - . - 144


144/196

. ' - 22 - . - 1948 , 45% 01000 , 10% 5.000 , 23. 1953 17% 02.000 , 56% 7.5 00 , . , 24.

, 1959 24% . 1953 41% - 03.000 - -, 80% 5.000 . - 1958 2 5 . , - , . ' - ' 19 53 11% 43% - . ' - - , . 1953 7% - 20% ' 2% -10 145


145/196

50% 1% , 26. - - . ' - . - 1928-31 1935-36 -, - . - - , . 19 35-36 . . - - ' , . 3.000 - , 1.0 00 335% ,292% , 212% , 102% , 48% - , 112% - 131% . - - . , - , , 1928-31 , , ' , 27.

. - 1949-1951 , , J.M. Ellis 146


146/196

. , , . 1960 , - , , - , 2 8 . -

' , . R obert . Clark 1949 , ' , - " . August .Ho llingshead Fredrick C . Re dlich Social Class and Mental Illness (1958) - Lloyd W arner , , - . ', -, , , - 100.000 V, , I V I II, - 2 9 .


147/196

. 55,3

1 956 , 12 ,6 - 2 | , . , , 14,8%( 1950 24,5%) , 16,9% ( 19 50 26,8%) 9,4% . 5 - . 6 , 1900 . 1960 . | 5,2% 14,4% - . ' 13,6% , , -. 1960 27% . , ' 1960 1975 2,3 - - 1,4 - 3 0 .

, - 2.000 , 1956 ( 80% - ). " , - . 2.000 - . , -148


148/196

. - 20004000 1956 . 1959 , - 3.000 , 12% - 15.000 , ' 7.500 60%31. - ' . 1955 13 .700 -. " , ( - *), - ' -. ' , ' 5.000 32. , - -, - .

' 1937 1953 200.000 . - ' , . " ' , , , - . , -, Charles Abrams,

149


149/196

, 1 95 5. - -, ' , - , , , - | , - , 3 3 .

Trie . -" - - . 54% 1935-36 , 58% 1941, 70% 1958. -

, - . , : , . -

. 1959 23% -, 1.000 , - , 95% , - 10.000 34. '' 100 , - . - . 150


150/196

1935-36 40% . 1952 - 9% 33% " 1953 11% 36% 1954 2 9 % 3 5 . ' , - - . , - , , -, -. 1955 29% 7.500 2.000 - ' 02000 - 1%. , 1956 12% 36

: , -, . , - , - . 1957 8% ', . - 1.0001.500 - 10.000 3 7 .

; , - , - ' . , David Rie sm an, -. ' ; 1959 Tiffanyand Com pa ny ( ) - 1.475 3 8 " Henry Ford II 100.000

151


151/196

. '50 -. , . . -.39 Fortune : ' -, , - 250.000 1 50 ' ^ . 750.000 , '- , ' . " - 3 0.0 00 , - 3.500 18.000 ,

2,5 ,, , - . ' , , - , . 28.000 ' 1957 Dunhill International List Company ' 500.000 ' 19 45 . - , - , 300 -de 2.500 4 '.

- 10.000 , , -152


152/196

' , , ' , 5.0006.000. Ot " - - . , , 10.000 , , . ' ' - , , ' 1950 - S tudy of Consum er Ex pen ditures, , . - - . - , -. - ' , , - . - . , , , - , ' . - , -, , - , ' - 4 2 . - - ' ' , 163


153/196

. * - - .' , , -. ' , , - . , - , . " ' - -, . , - .

, . . , , ' - - .

154


154/196

8. . , , , . ' - -, , ' ' , , ". , Lou is Ha rtz (1 9 55 ), , , -, - .' - ' ' , ' - . - , , , 12 - ' , . - ,

, . " - , , - , -. ; - , -

( ) 155


155/196

- 1939 ' -. " , - , , , : - . ' , , - . , -, -, , -

, - . . - , - - ' . ' ' , , ' , , - -" ' Ivy League ** , ].166


156/196

' , ; ' , , . ' -, - ' 260.000 , * , Astors Morgans , - , ' . "- - ' , . - - ' (' ' ) . : ' - ' . , , , - - . -. ' - - .

157


157/196

- . - , ' , - , , - . ' ' - : , - . , - , -. " . " - , , - . " - | , - , - . " , . - , -, , . ,

. , - , - , ' - - . " . " - , -158


158/196

. . , ' - . , Ga lbraith '- , , " , - ' , 2. , , . , , . , * , , - . , - . , - - . " , - , - , ( ' , ), - , , - .

,

159


159/196

-. , . , - - . , - .

, , ' - , - . ' . , - - , - ] . - . 1958 - 5 . , , . , - ] , - . " , - - , , , 160


160/196

-, - , - , , * , .

, - , ^ . , - , , - ' . - ', -, . : - , . ' ' - , - . - * , - , , ' -, . - . David Riesm an - - , .' - .11 161


161/196

, ot - - , . - , - , - . ' . ' - -. ' -, , - ' . - , - ' . , - - ' -. " - , & , .

162


162/196

' - , 1949. , - I ( , - ) 67,3%.

1 , 2 ,10 . " (+ ) ') - , ( ) . Survey Resea rch C en ter - , - . - -, - . - . | .

: " - ' - Herman P. Miller Income of the American People, . , 1955, .173176. Federal Reserve Bulletin 1945 , . 70 0 - ' StatisticalAb stract of th e U nite d States 1952. 19 68 , .1 8 6

163


163/196

, 3 + , , 2 + 2 6 , , (....) 2 2

' 2 2+ 4 3 , , , 4 (..,.) 4 42.5%

3 + - 3 1 2 + 1 . 4 2, , 1 2 f 3

31,7%164


164/196

, .', 4, , , - 4+ 5 +, 8' 6 +, 3 4 10' 3 3" (. ...) 4 :59,6%

, , ' 6 6 4 5 6' 4" (....)' 3+, - ( 3 (....) 4 , - . 4 2 4 + 4

165


165/196

, , 5" , - 5 6 6 I 4 - 3 +' 4 5 - 7, , 4 4 . 83,4% 7+ 7 4' - , , 6+ 5 (....) 6 - , - , . 6 + - 6 + 6 6 + - 6 5' - 7 + 5" , 7 , , 5 +

166


166/196

6 + 6 - 7 + - 6, 6 + , 6 6 + 6 6 - 6

76,3% 8 4' 6', 6 +, 7 + , 7 6 ' 7, 8 - - 8 .: 84,0% -

.' 6 6 - 8 (....) 7 +, -

167


167/196

7", - 8 , 6 , - 6, 7 + - 6 6 6 6 + - 7+ 7 7 + - 7 +, 7+ 8 +

: 79,1%

308


168/196


169/196

(100= 1000 0 0 6 , 3 1,5 1 278 100 100 100 100 100 100 1001 00 0- 2 000 12,3 2,1 1 768 138 99 145 104 171 116 1112-3 000 18,7 2,7 2 718 213 118 213 118 215 146 1363COO- 40C0 24,0 3,2 3 570 279 131 265 124 219 172 161

4 000- 5 000 16,9 3.4 4 450 348 154 313 138 247 203 1835COO- 6 000 9,5 3.6 5 257 411 171 359 150 242 225 2026- 7 50C 6,4 3,7 6 043 473 192 397 161 257 259 2187 500-10 000 3,5 4,0 7 108 557 209 465 174 258 295 250 2,4 3,7 10773 843 342 598 242 300 482 315

( 0 0 = 25 2 5 3,8 2,5 3 142 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25-35 21,8 3,3 3 870 123 93 130 99 90 115 18735-45 23,1 3,6 4 360 139 96 152 105 85 121 24545-55 20,4 3,1 4 342 137 111 149 120 97 118 24855-65 16,4 2,6 3 657 116 112 129 124 92 104 24165-75 10,4 2,1 2 567 82 97 93 111 69 86 213 75 4.1 1,9 2 076 66 87 76 101 52 79 221

: -

( ) ( ) , - - - -


170/196

ccCLc3 . . 01919 ol - , - , 3,2 %, 1934-36 5,3 %. 15% 1935-36 : : T em po ra ry N ati on alEc ono m ic C om m ittee ( ' T N E C )C once n t ra t ion a nd Compos i t ion of Ind iv idu a l Incomes191 8-3 7, 1940. No . 4, . 81" W .S .W oy t ins ky , E arn ings and Soc ia l Se cur i ty in the Un i tedStates, 1943, . 50-61.

6. Ot : , , Inco me and H ous ing , StaffR e p o r t, 85 , 1 , 1957 , .64 -72 F ed er al R es er ve B ulle tin ( 0' F R B ) , 1959, . 701 Bu rea u of the Census ( = "- ) Current Populat ionR ep or t , P -60 No. 27 , . 16-17. Ofi icc of Business Ec o-no m ics ( = ' ) ' 6, Census . Survey Research Center , - - Census, , , . " , Census.. G oldsm i th The Re la t ion of Census Incom e D is t r ibu-t ion.. . .. . 83-91.

7. N atio na l In d us tr ia l Con ferenc e Bo ard ( ' N IC B) S tudie s in E nte rp rise an d Social Pr ogres s . 1939, . 123 Don D . Lescoh ier W ork ing Con-di t ions . His tory of Labor in the Uni ted States , 'Jo h n R . C om m ons , " 1935, I II , . 55. '174


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, NICB, 1918, Income in the United States, 1910-1918 Wesley C. Mitchell . . , 1921, I , . 134-35 1929 A me ricas C apa city to Consum e M auriceLeven .., 1934, . 96 1935-35 Con-sum er Incom es in the United Sta tes N ational ResourcesCommittee, 1938, . 95.8. ' : Selma F.Go ldsm ith .. Size D istr ib utio n of Inco m e Since theM id-Thirties : R eview of Econom ics and St atis t ics , 1954, . 1-3 2' Jesse B urkh ead Living S tan da rd sand Product ivi ty : Review of Economics ana Stat is t ics , 1951, . 247 Monthly Labor Review, 1942, . 421.

9 . Bureau of Lab or Stat is t ics ( = '-) Fam ily Spending and Savin gs in W art im e, - 1945, No.822, . 94" Nathan . Koffsky Jea nn e . Lear Size D istr ibut ion of Fa rm O pera tors 'Income in 1946 Studies in Income and Wealth, ' 1951, X II I, . 243. 1 935-36 * . .National Resources Committee Consumer Expendituresin the United States, 1939, . 79.10. ' , 1957 A gric ultu ral O u t-look Charts, 1956, . 30.11. W all S tre et J o u rn al , 18 1958, . 1 1 : 29 ', 11 13 - 1957* 14 21 , 13 18 1958.12. William . Whyte The Cadillac Phenomenon Fortune, 1955, . 106-11 Expense AccountsA $ 5 Bill ion T ax D edu ction , and Growing U.S. Newsan d W orld R ep or t, 16 1957, . 83-88. E rn es tH av em an n, Expense Accou nt A ristocracy Life

9 1953, . 140-42 Harvey S. Berman He's on an.Expense Account Challenge, 1956, . 55-58 . R ob er t B endiner C redit Cards :Th e T h irt y- D ay Tycoo ns Re po rter , 5 1959,. 26-30.13. Ex pense Accounts* H ar v ar d Business R eview, -' 1960, . 16, 172 Randolph Paul Taxation in theU nited S tat es , 1954, . 618* U.S . New s A nd W orldReport, 16 1957, . 87* Expense A ccoun tSc and al , 25 ' 1960, . 50-56.14 . , 16 1957, . 88 V .H en ry R oth -

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child Rudolf Sobernheim Expense Acco unts for E -xecutives orb Yale Law Journal, ' 1958.15. C. H ar ry K ah n E ntr ep ren eu rial Incom e 1955" 8 ' - . C. H ar ry K ahn Coverageof En treprene ur ia l Incom e on Fede ral Tax R eturn s, : ' . . . ' - T ax R evisio n C om pe nd ium , 86 ,1 , 1959), , 56 % 1957 .16. R. Wasson, . Hurwitz . Schweiger Field Surveysof Consumer Income - An Appraisal cr6 Studies in Incomeand Wealth , XIII , a . 518.17. N at ional B ureau of Econom ic R esearch The N ationalEcono mic Ac coun ts of th e U nite d St ate s, 1958, . 110.18. Daniel . H olland H a rr y C. K ahn C omparison ofPerso nal an d Tax able Income : .' ', Federal TaxPolicy for Eco nom ic G row th and Sta bili ty , 84 ,1 , 1955, . 320 'Go ldsm ith A pp raisa lof Basil Da ta . . . . . . 302 -Da niel . H oda na U nreport ingof D ividends and In tere st on Ta x R etu rns 6 Ta x RevisionCompendium, II , 1399, 1403, 1418- Kahn Coverage ofEntrepreneur ia l Income on Federal Tax Returns, 6 II, 1439-61.19. George Kotona .4. Stock Ownership Among AmericanFamilies 6 Michigan Business Review, ' 1953,. 14.20. ' Th e A ud it Co ntrol P ro gr am :A Sum m ary of P relim inar y R esu lts, 1951,. 20. H olland (Unreport ing of Dividends and In terest . . . ,.., . 1415) [, 6 7.00 0 66 % 38 % .21. B ure au of In te rn al R ev en ue ( = -) .4., . 21. -

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. Lawrence . Seltzer Interestas a Source of Personal Income and Tax Revenue, ' 1955, . 1257-58.22. W il liam Crum .. , Fiscal Plan ning fo r To tal W ar , ', 1942, . 278.23. Lawrence H. Sel tzer , The Nature and Tax Treatment ofCapital Gains and Losses, " 1951, . 221 1946-59 Economic Report of the President1960, . 220.24. M ontg om ery's Fe de ral Taxes , 35 , ' 1954, 5, . 37. Ray-mond Goldsmith , Study of Saving in the United States,, ', 1955 . I, . 969, II , . 549-50"

Wil l iam F. Hel lmuth . , The Corporate Income TaxBase Tax Revision Compendium, , . 283-316.25. R alp h R oss E rn es t van den Haa g, The Fa bric ofSociety: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, '1957, . 387 Cloug h, .., . 189" Nat ionalBureau of Economic Research, 21 ' 1951, . 2* SimonKuznets Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income andSavings, ' 1953.26. " Kuznets, .., . 635, 637 Bureauof the Census Stat is t ical Abstract of the United States-1952, 1952, . 261.27. Kuznets, .., . 54.28. , . 40 ..29. Bureau of the Census Statist ical Abstract of the UnitedSta tes-1 957 , 1957, . 315 Shirley S. H of fm an ,Agriculture as a Buyer Business Record, ' 1959,. 279. Economic Report of the President-1960, a. 229.30. Kuznets, .., . XXXIII, 109-1031. , . 157.32. : Selma F.Goldsmith Size Distribution of Income..., .. . 18.33. Office of Bu siness E con om ics ( = ' ') Income Distribution in theU nite d St ate s , 1944-50, 1453, . 15 Su rve yof C urr en t Business, 1955, . 24. , 1961, . 19 Bu reau of th e Census S tatistic al A bs tra ct ofth e U nite d Sta tes-1 959 , 1959, . 316.34. Kuznets, .. . 447, .. . 459.35. Dan iel Creamer Personal Incom e D uring Business Cyclcs,

, ', 1956, VII.177


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36. K uzn ets, .. , . 36-38.37. Economic Report the President-1958, . 179' Kuznets, .. , . 257. Allan . C artte r (Income Share s of the U pp er Incom eGroups in Great Britain and the United Statescrr0 AmericanEconomic Review, 1954, . 875-83), , 5 %, Sv , 1937 25,0 % 194823,7 % .

2: .1. Ross van den Haas, .. , . 398.2. R oy G . Glad ys C. Blak ey The Fede ral Incom e Ta x. ' 1940, . 366-73" Louis Eisenstein The Riseand Decline of the Estate Tax Federal Tax Policyfor Economic Growth, . 830 x.i.3. Office of B usiness Econ om ics: Na tional Incom e, 1954, 1954, . 171.4. " ot : Statisticsof Income for 1959, P a r t i Bu reau of En tern al Re venu e 1942 . 63-64, St atis tics of In co m e-I nd i-vidu al Inc om e T ax R e tu rn s fo r 1957, 1959,

. 20.5 . J . Kei th Butters x. . Effects of Tax at ion -Inv estm ent byIndividuals, 1953, . 85.6. Creamer, .. , . 153- Bureau of Internal Revenue Stati-st ics of Income-Individual Returns for 1957, . 23.7 . Joseph A . Pe chm an, W ha t Would a Com prehensiveIndividual Income Tax Yield? Tax Revision Compen-dium, I, . 258.8. Crum . ., . 172, 174 Econo mic R ep or t of the Pre sid ent1958, . 174' Tax Foundation Reexamining the FederalCorporation Income Tax, *6 1958, . 22 TheBudget of the United States Government for the FiscalY ear E nd in g J u n e 30, 1960, 1959, . M -12.9. S. Goldsmith Income Distr ibution by Size-1955-58, .. ,. 16.10. C. Harry Kahn Personal Expense Deductions 37thAnnual Report , Nat ional Bureau of Economic Research,1957, . 49.11. Holland Kahn .., . 331-32.12. Bureau of Internal Revenue Statist ics of Income-1957,. 37* Law rence H . Sel tzer The Individua l Incom e Ta x

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39th Annual Report , Nat ional Bureau of EconomicResearch, 1959, . 74.13. Holland xal Kahn, .., . 333.14. Ta x Fo un dat ion F edera l Excise Taxes,' 1956,.47.15. W all S tre et Jou rn al, 5 '' 1958, . 1.16. Lewis H. Kimmel Taxes and Economic Incentives, -, 1950, . 182.17. ' 1938-39 ', . . 10.000 ( 1958 20.000 ), . - -. TN EC , W ho P ay s the Ta xes ?, 1940, No. 3, . 6.18. Allen , .., . 227.19. Ta x Fo un da tion A llocation of the Ta x B urden by Inco m eClass, . 14-15- Bureau of the Census Statistical Abstract-1959, . 368.20. " ol Wall Street Journal, 9 '1959, . 1.21. Bureau of Internal Revenue Statist ics of Income-1957,. 24-25.22. : Arch P at to n E xecutive Co m pens ation:Ta x Gimmicks vs. Incent ives H ar va rd Business Review,/ 1953, . 114. Rober t Schulman Tax Different ia ls in Execut iveCompensation Income Tax Differentials, , ', 1958, . 67-81.23. Sel tzer The N atur e and Ta x Tr eat m en t of Capi ta lsGains and Losses, . 242 ..

24. Pro xy Sta te m en t, General M otors Corpo ration, 1958, . 13.25. NIC B C om pensation of Top Executives Stu dies inPersonnel Policy No. 173, ' 1959, . 12- U.S.News AndWorld Report, 18 1955, . 27-11 '1959, . 84-85" ' S tud yin A dm inistered Price s in the Steel In du str y . " ' 85 , 2 , 1958,. 110-11. General Dynamics, Douglas Pittsburgh 1957.179


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26. R ay m on d Go ldsm ith, .., I l l , . 374, , 1944 100 .000 98 % , . 6 S tan ley S. Sur rey Th e Inc om e T axBase for Individuals Income Tax Differentials, -, , 1958, . 34-58.27. Eisenstein, .., . 833-36.28. Ren . W orm ser How to Sav e Money by Giv ing it Aw ay U.S. News An d W orld R ep o rt , 28 1956, . 111.29. Eisenstein, .., . 837, ..30. Stanley S. Surrey The Congress and the Ta x L obb yist-How Special Tax Provisions Get Enactcd HarvardLaw Review, 1957, . 1150 - R ay m on d P au l, .., . 763 .. . 3: .

1. F R B , 1953, . 11-12 - , . S ur ve y R es ea rch C en ter, , - - . - , , ,, , , ( , . 7-8 Raymond W. Gold-smith, .., I l l , . 103). ( - , . S R C 1953 , * 1949, 613 . R ay m on d G old sm ith, , 952 - (.., III, . 107).* - 180


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1950 6 Goldsmith , 5% . 1949 ' 7.500 33 % ( , . 12 6) . 19539 % 5 % 1950. " , 5 % 195 3 33 % , 1950, 5 % , 9 % ( - ) 46% . " , ' , SRC. Robert J. Lampman , 1 % 1953 24 % - , - . The Distri-but ion of Wealth According to Estate Tax Returns 39th An nual R epo rt , Nat ional Bureau of Economic Research,1959, . 40-41. Lampman - C hanges in th e Sh are of W ealth Held by TopWealth-Holders, 1922-1956 Review of Economics andStatistics, 1959, . 379-92. - , L am p -man , , , * , 1953 Su rve y Re sea rchCenter , * . - WilliamL. Crum The Distribution of Wealth, 1935.2. FRB, 1951, . 1063. James S. Duesenberry(Income, Sa ving and the Theory of Consum er Beh aviour,, 1949) ' Keynes - .3. B u tt e rs , .., . 28, .4. Surve y Re search Center, 1960 Survey of Consumer Fin an-ces " ", , 1961, . 77181


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5. . 80.6. .7. FRB, ' 1956, . 572.8 . Raymond W. Goldsmith , Trends and Structural Changesin Savings in the Tw entieth Ce ntury Savings in theModern Economy, . Walter W. Hel ler y.. ., ,., 1953, . 151.9. Ros s van den H aa g, .., . 393.10. Adolphe A. Berle ., Pow er W ith ou t P rop erty , -, 1959, . I-III Peter F. Drucker America 's NextTwenty Years, 1957, . III.11. TN EC The Distr ib ution of Ow nership in the 200 La rqu estN onfi nan cial C orp oratio ns , 1940, No. 29, . 18.12. TN EC Su rvey of Sh areho ldings in 1.710 C orpo ration swith Securites Listed on a Na tional Securit ies Exch ange , 1941, No. 30, . 241.13. Lewis . Kim mel, Sha re Ow nership in the Un ited States ,, 1952, . 43, 46.14. Butters, .., . 382.15. TN EC No. 29, . 9* Kim mel S hare Ow nersh ipin the United States, . 68.16. Surv ey Research C enter Stock Ow nership Am ong Am ericanFamilies " ", , ' I960 - Kimmel ShareOw nership in the Un ited Sta tes, . 95. B utt ers . 26-Kotona, .. . 14 ..17. . . . . Raskin Town M eeting of the Shareholders New York Tim es Magazine, 12 ' 1967, . 15- W al|S tr ee t Jo u rn al , 26 ' 1960, . 4. . SRC Brookings, - - . SRC '1960.18. W all S tre et Jo ur na l, 10 1959, . 1- 4 ' W all S tr ee t Jo u rn a l 8 ', 26 '-, 25 , 7 ' 1959"8 1960 .19. Adolf . Berle

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