Fundamental Moral Theology Malayalam · [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkv{Xw ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND...

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND SCIENCEThalassery, Kerala, India - 670 101

Ph: 0490 2344727, 2343707Web: www.alphathalassery.org, Email: [email protected]

tUm. kvIdnbm I\ym-tIm-Wn¬ (FUn-‰¿)

tUm. Ão^≥ Nnd-∏-WØv (FUn-‰¿)

Title: Fundamental Moral TheologyPublished by: The Director, Alpha Institute,Archdiocese of Tellicherry,

Sandesa Bhavan, Tellicherry, 670 101, Kannur, KeralaPh: 0490 - 2344727, 2343707

Published on: 2014 December 25 (Christhumas)

Editorial Board: Rev. Dr. Scaria KanyakonilRev. Dr. Stephen Chirappanath

Office Assistance: Rev. Sr. Glorista SABSMrs. Anitha VijayanMrs. Jeshitha VijeshMiss. Bhavya K

Design & Layout: Mr. Midhun ThomasPrinting: Midas Offset, KuthuparambaCopy Right: © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwisewithout the prior written permission of the publisher

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

]km-[I°pdn∏v

InkvXob hnizmkw tIhew Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-b-ß-fpsS

kam-lm-ctam ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ß-fpsS ]tLm-j-Wtam A√.

adn®v AXv Hcp Pohn-X-ssi-en-bmWv. ssZhoI shfn-]m-Sp-I-fn-

eqsS kwe-`y-amb ssZh-ln-X-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn Pohn-°m-

\p≈ hnfnbpw ZuXy-hp-amWv InkvXob PohnXw. ]g-b-\n-b-a-

Øn¬ ssZh-]-am-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ a\p-

jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX ssZh-]p-X-\n-eq-sSbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´

kXy-ß-fmWv InkvXob [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\w. Cu

ASn-ÿm-\-ßsf ka-Kambn hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ ssZh-

imkvX imJ-bmWv [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXw. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-

im-kvX-Ønse Bg-ta-dnb kXy-ßƒ efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p∂ ae-bm-f-Ønse ]uV-amb Hcp KŸ-amWv tIm´bw

]uckvXy hnZym-]oTw ]kn-≤o-I-cn® “ [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-

kvXw” F∂ IrXn. tIc-f-Ønse ]K-¤-cmb [m¿ΩnI ssZh-

im-kvX-⁄sc apgp-h≥ AWn-\n-c-Øn-s°m≠v Cu KŸw ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ CXns‚ FUn-‰¿am-cmb tUm. kvIdnbm

I\ym-tIm-Wn¬, tUm. Ão^≥ Nnd-∏-WØv F∂o ]cn-WnX

]⁄-cmb [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄¿ ]I-Sn-∏n® ]mShw

A\ym-Zr-iyhpw A`n-\-µ-\m¿l-hp-am-Wv. tijvT-amb Cu KŸ-

Ønse sXcs™Sp°-s∏´ ]_-‘-ßƒ kam-l-cn®v C]-Imcw

Hcp kw£n]vX IrXn ]pd-Øn-d-°m≥ A\p-hmZw X∂ CXns‚

FUn-‰¿am-tcmSpw ]km-[I-tcmSpw Fgp-Øp-Im-tcmSpw B¬^m

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´ns‚ AssI-X-h-amb IrX⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Ub-d-IvS¿

B¬^m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

D≈S°w

1. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn\v Hcm-apJw ................................................... 7

2. [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ ................................................................................... 15

3. [m¿ΩnI a\x-km£n .................................................................................. 39

4. am\p-jnI ]hrØn Hcp [m¿ΩnI hnNn-¥\w ....................................... 60

5. kaKXØzhpw Zzn^ekn≤m¥hpw ......................................................... 83

6. uXnI kl-I-c-W kn≤m¥w ................................................................... 91

7. ]m]w: X-I¿®bpw AI¬®bpw .............................................................. 109

8. hyXykvX [m¿ΩnI ho£Wßƒ ............................................................ 131

9. [m¿Ωn-I-Z¿i\w ]uc-kvXy-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øn¬ ................................... 147

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

6 7

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Published for the use of the students of Alpha Institute of Theology and Science

[m¿ΩnI

ssZh-im-kvX-Øn\v Hcm-apJw

01

hy‡nXzcq]o-I-cWØnepw hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-Ønepw [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn-\p≈ ]¶v\no-a-am-Wv. Hcp hy‡n A\p-Zn-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Ahs‚ hy‡n-Xz-hp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn_‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. \√ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ \√ hy‡n-Xz-tØbpw sX‰mb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ hnI-e-ambhy‡n-Xz-tØbpw krjvSn-°p-∂p. Hcm-fpsS ]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnizm-k-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬F¥mWv icn, F¥mWv sX‰v F∂v hnth-Nn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ ssIkvXh [m¿Ωn-IX \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p. F¥mWv ItØm-en°m [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw F∂-XmWv Cu A≤ym-b-Øns‚ apJy]ta-bw.

1. F¥mWv ssZh-imkvXw?

ssZh-imkvXw F¥m-sW∂v Adn-s™¶n¬amXta [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXsØ a\-n-em-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

8 9

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. "Xntbm-fPn' F∂ ]Zw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂Xv Ko°p `mj-bn¬ \n∂p-am-Wv. "sXtbmkv' F∂ ]Z-Øn\vssZh-sa-∂pw, ‘temtKmkv’ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v hm°v, ]T-\w,imkvXw F∂p-amWv A¿∞w. hn. KŸ-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]mc-º-cy-Øn-eq-sSbpw ssIh∂ ssZhm-hn-jvI-c-WsØ a\-n-em-°m\pw hymJym-\n-°m-\p-ap≈ am\p-jn-IbXv\amWv ssZh-im-kvXw.1 hnizmkØns‚ At\z-j-Whpw Is≠-Ø-ep-amWvssZh-im-kvXw.

ssZh-im-kvX-Ønse Hcp imJ-bmWv [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXw. a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn-¬ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ ssZh-im-kvXsØ ]e imJ-I-fmbn Xncn-®-p. AXv ][m-\-ambpw ss__n-fnse ssZh-im-kvXw, Ncn-X-]-c-amb ssZh-im-kvXw, Iao-IrXssZh-im-kvXw, ]mtbm-KnI ssZh-imkvXw F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. hnizm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w Fhn-sS-bmWv F∂v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv hnip≤ ]mc-º-cyhpw hn. KŸ-hpw. hnizmkwFß-s\-bmWv Ncn-X-Øn-eqsS shfn-hm-°-s∏-´-sX∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-XmWv Ncn-X-]-c-amb ssZh-im-kvXw. shfn-]m-Sns‚hymJym-\sØ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. Chn-SpsØ ][m\ ]T-\-hn-jbw k`m-N-cn-X-am-Wv. ChnsShcp∂ a‰p ]T-\-ßƒ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ,k`-bpsS a[y-Im-e-L´ Ncn-Xw, B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-N-cn-Xw,BtKmf k`m-N-cn-Xw, ]mtZ-inI k`m-N-cnXw F∂n-h-bm-Wv.shfn-]m-Sns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw km£y-hp-amWv Iao-IrX ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ apJy ]ta-bw. ChnsS ][m-\-ambpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂Xv ASn-ÿm\ ssZh-im-kvXw, auenI ssZh-im-kvXw,[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXw, kmaq-lnI ]t_m-[-\w, Im\≥

1. hn. KŸw, ]mc-ºcyw

2. k`m ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS

]t_m-[\w

3. k`mNcnXw

4. Iao-IrX ssZh-imkvXw5. AP-]m-e\ ssZh-imkvXw

6. Im\≥ \nbaw

7. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw

ssZh-imkvXw

\nbaw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. shfn-]m-Sns‚ ktµiw Fßs\km£y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww, Ime-L-´-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v AsX-ßs\]tLm-jn-°Ww F∂-XmWv ]mtbm-KnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚D≈-S°w. aXm-flI hnZym- ym-kw, thZ-]m-Tw, AP-]m-e\ ssZh-im-kvXw, Bcm-[-\-I-a-]-T-\w, IqZmim]-T-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh C-Xn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.2

as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ hniz-k-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-amWv hn. KŸ-sØbpw ]mc-º-cy-sØ-bpwkw_‘n® ]T-\w. Cu hnizmkw ]nXm-°-∑m¿ hymJym-\n-®p.AXmWv k`m]nXm-°-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsSImewapX¬ C∂p-hsc Cu hnizmkw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv k`mNcn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w. Ncn-X-]-c-amb ssZh-im-kvXhpw Iao-Ir-X-amb ssZh-im-kvXhpw CXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈pw. hnizm-k-Øns‚ BtLm-j-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWv AP-]m-e\ ssZh-im-kvXw. hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw k`-bnse ]h¿-Ø-\-ß-sfbpw \nb-¥n-°m\pw `cn-°m-\p-ap≈ k`m \nb--aß-fpsSkam-lm-c-amWv Im\≥ \nb-aw. hnizmk Pohn-X-amWv [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvXw. [m¿Ωn-I-ambn Xocp-am\w FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v ssZh-im-kvX-Ønse F√m imJ-I-fpw klm-bn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠,v[m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw ssZh-im-kvX-Ønse F√m imJ-Ifp-ambn _‘s∏´ncn-°p-∂p.

2. F¥mWv [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw?

hnizm-k-Øns‚ At\z-j-Whpw Is≠-Øepw AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Pohn-X-hp-amWv km[-mc-W-bmbn [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnj-bw. as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ hnizm-kw, Pohn-X-ambn ]I¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I-bm-Wv [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvXw. a\p-jys‚ ]hr-Øn-I-fnse ssZh-Ir-]bpsSkm∂n-≤y-sØ-°p-dn®v [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw hni-I-e\wsNøp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠v, [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvX \n¿t±-i-ßƒ,\∑Xn∑ ]hr-Øn-I-sf-°p-dn®v amX-a√, ssZh-Ir-]-bn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ \∑sb kzX-¥-am-°p-I-bm-Wv3 sNøp-∂Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬,ss__n-fn-s‚-bpw, hnip≤ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw, ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-Øn-s‚-bpw, k`m-]-t_m-[-\-ß-fpsSbpw,IqZmimtLmj-Øn-s‚-bpw, ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-ambnPohn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°pdn®pw]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ imJ-bmWv [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXw.

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

10 11

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

3. ]Z-ßƒ

]e `mj-bnepw ]e ]Z-ß-fmWv [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb kqNn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Bwt•b mj-bnse "FØnIvkv' (Ethics) "tamd¬kv' (Morals) F∂o ]Z-ßfpwkwkvIr-X- m-j-bnse "[¿' F∂ ]Z-hp-am-Wv. "FØnIvkv' F∂]Zw Ko°p- m-j-bnse "CutØmkv' (ethos) F∂ hm°n¬ \n∂p-amWv hcp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ A¿∞w kz`m-hw, BNm-cw F-s∂m-s°-bmWv (nature,custom). "tamd¬kv' F∂ ]Zw eØo-\nse"tamd-kv' (mores) F∂ ]Z-Øn¬\n-∂p-amWv hcp-∂-Xv. CXns‚A¿∞w BNm-cw As√-¶n¬ Pohn-X-ssien Fs∂m-s°-bm-Wv. "[m¿ΩnI imkvXw' F∂ ]Zw kwkvIr-X-Ønse "[¿'F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂p-amWv hcp∂Xv. CXns‚ A¿∞w Hcpkaq-l-Øns‚ [¿ΩsØ kwc-£n-°p-I, Xmßn \ndp-ØpIFs∂m-s°-bm-Wv.

4. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXw, km∑m¿§nI imkvXw: hyXym-khpw Xmc-X-ayhpw

[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-hpw km∑m¿§nI imkvXhpw XΩn¬hyXym-k-ap-≠v. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw hnizm-k-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. ChnsS hnizm-k-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn-emWv \∑-Xn-∑-I-sfbpw am\p-jn-I-]-hr-Øn-Isfbpw hnebncp-Øp-∂-Xv. ssZh-Øns‚ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw, kzoI-c-Whpw ChnsS ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. km∑m¿§nI imkvXw XXz-im-kvX-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.bp‡n-bpsS shfn-®-Øn-emWv am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-Iƒ sXt‰micntbm F∂v ChnsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn¬,am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ am\-Z-fi-ambnkm∑m¿§nI imkvXw Nne XXz-ß-tfm, Bi-b-ß-tfm, aqey-ßtfm D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. a\p-jys‚ kz`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈]T-\-amWv km∑m¿§nI imkvXw. ItØm-en°m [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ A\-\y-X-sb-°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambn ASpØA≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXhpw km∑m¿§nI imkvXhpw XΩn-ep≈ kam-\-X-Iƒ Nne ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v4. ssZhimkvXhpw aXhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w t]mse-bm-Wn-Xv. BZyw aX-Øn-ep≈ Pohn-X-amWv XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv ssZh-imkvXw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse

[m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-Øn\v tij-amWv km∑m¿§nI imkvXw hcp-∂-Xv. as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw]mtbm-KnI Xe-sØ-bpw, km∑m¿§nI imkvXw XmXznI Xe-tØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.5

km∑m¿§nI imkvX-hpw, a‰p imkvXhpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap -≠v. km∑m¿§nI imkvXw [m¿Ω nI \nbaØne[njvTnXamWv (Normative science). CXv a\p-jys‚ kz`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Fß-s\-bmWv a\p-jy≥ s]cp-am-td-≠-sX∂v CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. a\-xim-kvX-hpw, kmaq-lnIimkvX-hpw, \c-hw-i-im-kvXhpw a\p-jys‚ kz`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ CXv A\p-`h \nco-£W ]co-£-W-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-hpw (Emperical science), hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hnh-c-W-hp-am-Wv. F∂m¬, km∑m¿§nIimkvXw kz`m-hsØ ImWp-∂Xv aqey-ß-fp-sS-bpw, XØz-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.

5. [m¿ΩnI imkvX-Ønse hn -P-\-ßƒ

sS‚ v Iu¨kn-en\v tij-amWv (1545-˛1563) [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXsØ ASn-ÿm\amb As√-¶n¬ s]mXphmb (Funda-mental or General) [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-sa-∂pw, ]tXyI[m¿ΩnI (Special) ssZhim-kvX-sa∂pw c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-°p∂Xv. s]mXp [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm\[m¿ΩnI XØz-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw, ]tXyI [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ I¬]-\-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ [m¿ΩnI ]iv\-ß-fn¬F¥mWv icn, F¥mWv sX‰v F∂p-amWv ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.ASnÿm\ [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂Xv\nb-a-ßƒ, a\-xkm-£n, a\p-jy-]-hr-Øn, ]m]w F∂n-h-bm-Wv.]tXyI [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ ]Øv ]am-W-ßƒ,Xncp-k-`-bpsS Iev]-\-Iƒ, IqZm-i-Iƒ F∂nhsb hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

C∂v ASnÿm\ [m¿Ωn-I-X-bn¬ sS‚ v Iu¨kn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnjbßƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v. Ahss__n-fns‚ [m¿ΩnI ktµ-iw, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[-\w, BZy-\q-‰m≠v apX¬ C∂p hsc-bp≈ [m¿ΩnIimkvX-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ, a\x-km-£n, am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS [m¿ΩnI hne-bn-cp-Ø-epw,

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

12 13

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Zzn^e kn≤m-¥w, kaK-kr-jvSn-X-Øzw, A[m¿ΩnI ]hr-Øn-I-fnse kl-I-c-Ww, \yq\tZmjXXzw, ]m]w, IqZm-i-Ifpw[m¿Ωn-I-X-bpw, ]pWy-ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

]tXyI [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb C∂v ]Øv Iev]-\-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ho≠pw ]e-Xmbn Xncn-°p-∂p-≠v. aXm-flI ]pWy-ß-fpsS (hnizm-khpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw) ]T\w 1 apX¬ 3 hsc-bp≈ Iev]-\-Ifpw, hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w 4, 5, 6 I¬]-\-Ifpw, ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff ]T\w 6 Dw, 9 Dw Iev]-\-Ifpw, Poh-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w 5˛mw Iev]-\bpw, B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv. kXy-k-‘-X, \oXn F∂nh 7, 8,10 Iev]-\-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Nne ssIkvXh hnZym-]o-T-ß-fn¬ Iev]-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®√ ]tXyI [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb ImWp-∂Xv; adn®v hnj-b-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, hnizm-khpw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpw, hnhm-l-hpw ssewKn-I-X-bpw, ssPh-[m¿Ωn-I-X, ]Ir-Xnbpw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpw, kmaqly [m¿Ωn-I-X,cmjvSo-bhpw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpw, am[y-a-ßfpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv.

s]mXp [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw ]tXyI [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw ]c-kv]cw_‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ]tXyI [m¿ΩnI ]iv\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv s]mXp [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. ]mtbm-KnI [m¿ΩnI ]iv\-ßƒ Fßs\ ImW-W-sa∂v s]mXp-[m¿Ωn-IX ]d-™p-X-cp-∂p.

6. ItØm-en°m [m¿ΩnI imkvX-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-ßƒ

ItØm-en°m [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\whnizm-k-am-Wv. as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ ssZh-h-N-\w, ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\w, k -bpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ, IqZm-iIfpwa‰p ]m¿∞-\-I-fp-amWv [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w6. c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ (P O. 16) [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ tkmXv hnip≤ KŸ-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂vhy‡-am-°p-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXm-h-X-cWwhn. KŸ-Ønse ]t_m-[-\-ß-fm¬ IqSp-X¬ ]cn-]q¿Æ-am-°-s∏-S-Ww. Xncp-h-N-\-ßƒ [m¿ΩnI ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ \evIp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ C∂v hN-\-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp [m¿ΩnIkz`mh cq]o-I-cWw ]e-t∏mgpw \S-°p-∂n-√.

k`m ]nXm-°-∑m¿ X∂n-´p≈ [m¿ΩnI ktµiw hne-s∏-´-

Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ InkvXob PohnXw Xs∂-bmWv [m¿ΩnI Pohn-Xw. kvt\lw, D]hmkw, hnhmlw,ssewKnIX, ip≤-X, £a, ]m¿∞\ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fnse ][m\ [m¿ΩnI ktµ-i-ßƒ.7 CutaJ-e-bn¬ C∂v IqSp-X¬ ]T\w \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

ItØm-en°m k -bpsS ]t_m-[-\-ß-fmWv [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-cn -°p∂ as‰mcp LS-Iw.Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ, NmInI teJ-\-ßƒ, am¿]m-∏m-am-cpsS Fgp-Øp-Iƒ, ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv k`-bpsS[m¿ΩnI ]t_m-[\w a\-n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. [m¿ΩnIImcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v k`bv°v hy‡-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn s]mXp -[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im -kv X -sØ-°p -dn® vtPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏-bpsS kXy-Øns‚ ]` (VeritatisSplendor, 1993) F∂ NmInI teJ\w henb kw`m-h-\-bmWv\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX [m¿ΩnI ]iv\-ß-fn-ep≈ k`-bpsS ho£Ww hfsc hy‡-am-Wv. GXm-\pw Nne tcJ-I-fpsSt]cp-amXw ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p: hnhm-l-w: Casti Connubii(1930), Familaris Consortio (1981), ssewKn-I-X: Certain QuestionsConcerning Sexual Ethics (1975), IrXna K¿`\ntcm-[\w: HumaneVitae (1968), IrXna ]Xyp¬∏m-Z-\w: Donum Vitae (1987) tcmKn-I-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]-\-w: Charter for Health Care Workers (1995),Pohs‚ aqeyw-: Evangeluim Vitae (1995), am[ya-ß-fpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw: Ethics in Advertising (1997), hyh-kmbw: Centesimus Annus(1991), kmaq-lnI ]t_m-[\w: Rerum Novarum (1891), hntam-N\ ssZh-imkvXw: Instruction on Certain Aspects of the Theologyof Liberation (1984), A¥mcmjvS ISw: An Ethical Approach tothe International Debt Question (1980), ]cnÿnXn imkvXw: JohnPaul II, World Day of Peace (1990), kvXoXzw: Letter to Women(1995).

IqZmi-Iƒ°pw a‰p ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°pw [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ henb ÿm\-ap-≠v. ]m¿∞-\-bpsS \nb-a-amWvhnizm-k-Øns‚ \nb-aw. AXmWv PohnX \nb-a-hpw. \mw[m¿ΩnI aqey-ß-fn¬ Pohn-t°-≠-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂v IqZm-i-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. kXy-Øn-epw, \oXn-bn-epw, kvt\l-Øn-epw, £a-bn-epw, kam-[m-\-Øn-ep-ap≈ PohnXw \bn-°m-\mWv ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \sΩ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \√ [m¿ΩnI Xocp-am-\-ßƒFSp-°m≥ IqZm-im-Po-hnXw klm-bn-°p-∂p.

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

14 15

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

7. ]Iz-amb [m¿Ωn-IX

F√m a\p-jy¿°pw, kaq-l-ßƒ°pw, aX-ßƒ°pw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ F√m [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw Xpey-am-sW∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. ]Iz-amb [m¿ΩnI ]hr-Øn-Iƒ aqey-ßƒ°pw, ]pWy-ßƒ°pw A\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Cutim-an-in-lm-bmWv ssIkvX-hsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw [m¿ΩnI]hr-Øn-Iƒ°v amXr-I-bmbn \nev°p-∂-Xv. anin-lm-bn-ep≈Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS amXta ]Iz-amb [m¿Ωn-I-X-bn¬ hf-cp-hm≥km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.

D]-kw-lmcw

ItØm-en°m [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ Bap-J-amWvCu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xv. ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ `mK-amb [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw hnizm-k-Øn-ep≈ Pohn-Xam-Wv.hy‡-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw Ncn-Xhpw ItØm-en°m ssZh-im-kvX-Øn-\p≠v. km∑m¿§nI imkvX-Øn¬\n∂pw CXv hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ I≠ ASn-ÿm\ [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Ønse hnjb-ß-fmWv XpS¿∂p≈ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ N¿®sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ1. tPmk v I√-d-ßm- v, ssZh-im-kvX-\nL≠p (tIm- bw: OIRSI, 1996) 232.2. Wolfgang Beinst and Francis Schüssler Fiorenza, Hand Book of CatholicTheology (New York : Cross Road, 1993) 702.3. David Bohr, Catholic Moral Tradition (Indiana : Our Sunday Visitor, 1999)31.4. Joseph Omoreghe, Ethics (London: Global Educational Service, 1979) 3.5. Richard M. Gula, Reason Informed by Faith (New York : Paulist Press, 1989)10.6. kvIdnb I\ym-tIm-Wn¬, CS-h-I-k-aq-lhpw [m¿ΩnI t_m[-h¬°-c-Whpw(Kadayanickadu: St. Mary’s Church, Souvenir, 2003) 37-43.7. Servaias Pinckaess, Morality: The Catholic View (Indiana: St. AugustinesPress, 2001) 23.8. tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥, kXy-Øns‚ ]` (sIm®n: POC, 1994) 105 - 106.

tUm. kvIdnb I\ym-tIm-Wn¬

[m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ

02

hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb, BXy-¥n-I-e-£y-ap≈ a\p-jy≥ \nc-¥cw AXp ]m]n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ Cu ]bm-W-Øn¬ Hcp ""[m¿ΩnI Iaw'' Ah≥ ]men-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ah≥ ]n¥p-S-tc≠ Cu [m¿ΩnI Iaw,[m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

1. \nbaw hnime A¿∞-Øn¬

\nbaw G‰hpw hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ HcpAf-hp-tIm-em-Wv, Hcp Ia-am-Wv, ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbp≈ Hcp am\-Z-fi-am-Wv. Cu A¿∞-Øn-emWv \mw uXnI \nb-a-ß-tfbpw (physical laws)hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-ß-tfbpw (laws of grammar) Ipdn®vkwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Chsb IqSmsX [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßsf°p-dn®pw \mw t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-Wv. ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \ΩpsS D≈n¬ i‡-amb B¥-cnI kwL¿jw krjvSn-°m≥ amXw \ΩpsS kzmX-¥ysØ Bg-ambn kzm[o-\n -°p-∂-h-bmWo[m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ. kXy-k-‘-X-bpw,-kvt\-l-hpw,

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

16 17

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

hniz-kvX-Xbpw, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ta-s‰-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bp-sams° Hcp kzX¥ hy‡n-sb∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ \ΩpsS AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ `mK-am-tI-≠-h-bm-Wv.

\nb-a-Øns‚ hnhn[ ]ncn-hp-Iƒ scholastics Ah-Xcn∏n®n-´p-≠v. Ah¿ \nb-a-ßsf essential \nba-ß-sf∂pw participative\nba-ß-sf∂pw c≠mbn Xncn-°p-∂p. F√m-‰n-t‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\hpw e£yhpw BZn-Im-c-W-hp-amb ssZh-Øn¬ (Laws in God)ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-h-bm-Wv essential \nba-ßƒ. A\m-Znbpw k¿∆-⁄m-\nbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ k¿∆-i-‡-\p-amb ssZh-Øn¬ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ \nb-a-ßfpw imiz-X-amWv. Ah Cu ]]-©-Ønse Hmtcm hkvXp-hn-t\bpw AXns‚ krjvSn-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-amb BXy-¥nI e£y-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚A\-¥-⁄m-\-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√.

F∂m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ B⁄-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, AtX kabw krjvSn-I-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-IbpwsNøp-∂h participative \nba-ß-fm-Wv. CØcw \nb-a-ßsfc≠mbn Xncn-°mw: ]IrXn (natural) \nb-a-ß-sf∂pw A\p-tema(positive) \nba-ß-sf∂pw. hnth-N\ i‡n-bp-≈-h-bv°v Ah-bpsS e£y-Øn-te-bv°p≈ kzm`m-hnI ]tNm-Z-\-amWv ]IrXn\nb-a-ßƒ. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Chsb Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂tXm bp‡n t_m[-Øns‚ shfn-®-Ønepw.imiz-X-\nbaw a\p-jys‚ bp‡n-Nn-¥m-ssh-`-h-Øn¬ ]IrXn\nb-a-ambn shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p.

A\p-tema \nbaßƒ c≠p-X-c-ap-≠v: ssZhn-Ihpw am\p-jn-Ihpw. ssZhw a\p-jy\p \¬In-bn-´p≈ A\p-im-k-\-ß-fpsSkam-lm-c-amWv ssZhnI A\p-tema \nb-a-ßƒ. ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏- n- n-√mØ ssZhnI A\p-im-k-\-ßƒ AXn-\m¬Xs∂ (per se)ssZhnI \nb-a-ß-fmWv DZm: blq-Z¿°v ssZhw\¬Inb A\p-jvTm-\-hn-[n-Ifpw aq∂mw ]am-Whpw. AtXkabw]IrXn \nb-a-Øns‚ mK-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp A\p-im-k\w AXns‚]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°m\pw F√m-hcpw AXv hy‡-ambn Adn-bm-\p-ambn ssZhw Hcn-°¬ IqSn ]Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ AXvssZhnI \nbaw per accidents F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

Ah hnfw-_cw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bhpw hn[hpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ssZhnI \nb-a-ßsf aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw. a) ]pcm-X\

\nb-a-ßƒ: tamibv°v apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]q¿∆-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°vshfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xpw, FgpXn kq£n-°-s∏-ń-ń-√m-Ø-Xp-amb\nb-a-ßƒ b) ]g-b-\n-baw /tami-bpsS \nbaw: tami-bm¬FgpXn kq£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hnfw-_cw sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX\nb-a-ßƒ. c) ]pXnb \nbaw/kphn-ti-j-\n-baw: Cutim-bm¬ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cm¬ ]kn≤am°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX \nb-a-ßƒ. ssZhnI \nb-a-ßfpw ]IrXn \nb-a-ßfpw hyXykvX kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v kaq-l-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ah a\pjy A\p-tema \nb-a-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. bYm-Iaw k -bp-tSbpw cmjvSØnt‚bpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p∂ k`m-\n-b-a-ßfpw cmjvSob \nb-a-ß-fp-amWv ][m-\-s∏´ a\pjy A\p-tema \nb-a-ßƒ.

hn. KŸØns‚ _men-i-amb hymJym-\-Øn¬ \n∂v cq]wsIm≠-h-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ ssZhnI \nb-a-ßsf \oXo-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂mWv1 XntamØn H. tImWens‚ A`n-]m-bw. F∂m¬]IrXn (natural) \nb-a-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-ń-√m-ØXpw ]gb\nb-a-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ i‡-amb kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ "ssZhnI D¬`hw' A√msX a‰phgn-I-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

2. imiz-X-\n-b-a-ßƒ (Eternal laws)

F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-bpw, Ne-\-ß-sfbpw \nb-¥n-°p∂ssZhn-I-⁄m-\-amWv imizX \nb-aw. Ah ssZh-Øm¬ imiz-X-ambn (eternally) hnfw-_cw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-sW-¶n-epw, e-]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv ka-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-≈n-em-Wv.imizX \nb-a-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°-c-W-a-√mØ Hcp \nb-ahpwbYm¿∞-\n-b-a-am-hn√ (has no force of law).

ssZhw Cu temI-Øns‚ kjvSm-hm-sW-∂Xv ssIkvX-h-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-amWv. Xs‚ k¿∆-⁄m-\-Øn¬ Cu temI-Øn-t‚bpw CXnse Hmtcm krjvSn-bp-tSbpwA¥yw ImWp∂ ssZhw Xs‚ A\p-im-k-\-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ssZhnI ]≤-Xn°v A\p-cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ian-°p-∂p.

ssZh-Øn\v Cu temI-sØ-∏-‰n, hfsc ]tXy-I-ambn a\p-jy-k-aq-l-sØ-∏‰n hy‡-amb ]≤-Xn-bp-s≠∂Xv hn. KŸ-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ hnizm-k-am-Wv. Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£yw

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

18 19

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

ssZh-a-l-Xzhpw a\p-jy-c-£-bp-am-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ km¿∆-Xn-I-⁄m\w ]]-©-I-a-Øn-t‚bpw (tPm_v 28, 20-˛-27; ⁄m\w8,1; 11,20) [m¿Ωn-I-I-a-Øn-t‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. temI-Øn-\m-bp≈ ssZhnI ]≤-Xn-sb-∏‰n c≠mwhØn-°m≥ Iu¨knepw kwkm-cn-°p-∂p-≠v (k` B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn¬ 35).

hn. tXmakv AIzo-\m-kns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ssZhn-I-⁄m-\-Øns‚ hyXykvX coXn-bn-ep≈ ]I-S-\-ß-fm-Wv \nb-a-ßƒ.AXn-\m¬ GsXmcp krjvSn-bp-tSbpw BXy-¥nI e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ ]bm-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿ-m\w imizX \nb-a-ß-fm-Wv,ssZhn-I-⁄m-\-am-Wv (ST. I-II, 93,1). Cu imizX \nb-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv a\p-jy\v e`n-°p-∂Xv ]IrXn (natural) \nb-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw, ssZhnI \nb-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw, am\p-jnI \nb-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv (ST. I-II, 91,2:4ad1, 3ad1). \nb-a-ß-fpsSsb√mw ASn-ÿm\w ssZhnI⁄m\-am-b-Xn-\m¬ CussZhn-I-⁄m-\-tØmSv tN¿∂p \n¬°p-∂n-S-tØm-fta am\p-jnI⁄m\-Øn\v IrXy -X -bp -≈q(ST. II-II, 23, 2ad1). A]-Imcw Xs∂ am\p-jn-I-\n-b-a-ß-fpsSIrXy-Xbpw imizX\nb-a-tØm-Sp≈ hnt[-b-Xz-Øn-em-Wv.

k¿∆-⁄m-\n-bmb ssZh-Øn\v hy‡-amb Hcp ]≤-Xn-bn-√msX ]h¿Øn-°m-\m-hn√ F∂ Nn¥-bpw, \ΩpsS A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ ]]-©-Øn-t‚bpw a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-Øn-t‚bpw Iao-Ir-X-amb Ah-ÿ-bp-am-Wv, ssZhnI ]≤-Xn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥m-[m-c-I-fp-sS-sb√mw ASn-ÿm-\w.

3. ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ßƒ (Natural Law)

C∂-tØ-°mƒ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ßsf apºv \n¿∆-Nn-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp∂p F∂Xv kXy-am-Wv. sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-am-sW-¶nepw CXn\v hy‡-amb DØcw D.C. Duivesteijn \¬Ip-∂p-≠v: \ap°v ]e hkvXp-°-sf-∏-‰nbpw hy‡-amb [mc-W-bp-≠m-hmw; ]t£ Bsc-¶nepw Ahsb \n¿∆-Nn-°m≥ \tΩmSvBh-iy-s∏Sp∂Xp-hsc amXw. \mw Ahsb A\p-Zn\ Pohn-XØn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw kma¿∞y-tØmsS Ah-sb-∏‰nkwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-°mw. F∂m¬ Ahsb \n¿∆-Nn-°m≥ ian-°p-tºm-gmWv \mw BZyw Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂Xn¬ \n∂pwhfsc Ipd®p amXta Ah-sb-∏‰n \ap°p Adn-hp≈q F∂p

\mw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I... ]IrXn \nb-a-ßfpw A\pZn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬hf-sc-tbsd D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.... \ΩpsS hmZ-K-Xn-I-fpsSAh-km-\-hm-°mbpw Chsb D]-tbm-Kn-t®-°mw. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS ÿm\-sa¥v F∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ hy‡-amb Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw hfsc Npcp-°-amtb\¬I-s∏-Sm-dp-≈q.3

Bfp-Iƒ tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xp-sIm≠v C∂v ]IrXn \nb-a-ßsf \n¿∆-Nn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√.ItØm-en-°sc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ HutZym-KnI `mjyw Ah¿°v e`n-°p-∂Xv it≤-b-cmbssZh-im-kvX-⁄sc D≤-cn®v kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]`mj-I-cn¬\n∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ Xßƒ tI´ Imcy-ßƒ Xß-fpsS A\p-Zn-\-Po-hn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂p-t]m-Im-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v, Hcn-°¬kwibm-Xo-X-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Chsb Ah¿ tNmZywsNøp-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]t£ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNøp-∂Xv ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS \nb-a-km-[p-X-sb-b√, adn®v Ah-sb-∏‰n \ap-°p≈ kmam\y ⁄m\-Øns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb-bm-Wv. ]tXy-In®v Ah-sb-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ KŸ-ß-fpsSkm[p-X-sb-bm-Wv.

3.1 hnhn[ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ

ssZh-Øns‚ imiz-X-\n-b-a-Øn-ep≈ a\p-jys‚ ]¶p-tN-c-se-∂mWv4 ssI]p-kvX-I-ßƒ (manuals) km[m-c-Wbmbn]IrXn \nb-asØ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xv. ]t£ sPdmƒUvUm¬tIm¿´v Cu \n¿∆-N\w hfsc A]q¿Æ-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. ]¶p-tN-c-se∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw ]IrXn \nb-asØ I≠m¬AXv imizX \nb-a-Øn¬ t\cn-´p≈ Hcp ]¶p-tN-c-em-hn-√.ImcWw imiz-X-\n-b-a-sØbpw AXns‚ A\p-im-k-\-ß-sfbpw]‰n \ap°v t\cn´v Adn-shm-∂p-an-√, adn®v imizX \nb-a-ap≠vF∂v A\p-am-\n-°m≥ amXta \ap°v Ign-bq. imizX \nbawF∂ Bi-b-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ \ΩpsS Adnhv ]IrXn \nb-a-Øn¬\n∂v D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]IrXn \nbaw imiz-X-\n-b-a-Øn-ep≈ ]¶p-tN-c-em-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ \ap°v Ign-bqw. ImcWw AkvXn-Xz-]-c-ambnimizX \nbaw ]IrXn \nb-a-Øn\v aptº-bp≈Xm-Wv. \mw

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BZyw ]IrXn \nb-a-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv Adn-bp-∂-sX-¶nepw[m¿ΩnI \nb-a-Øns‚ kv]jvSX hy‡-am-°p∂ imizX \nb-a-ap-≠v F∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ \ap-s°-Øn-t®-cm-sa∂v Um¬ tIm vkΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. ]t£ Cu imizX \nba-sa-s¥∂v ]IrXn\nb-a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ amXta a\-kn-em-°m≥ Ign-bq.5

F∂m¬ ]IrXn \nb-a-Øn\v _¿Wm¿Uv slb-dnwKv\¬Ip∂ \n¿∆-N\w DNn-X-ambn tXm∂p∂p: ""Xs‚ ]Ir-XnbpwPohn-Xm¿∞hpw hnfnbpw a\-n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp∂, Aßs\ssZh-tØmSpw ktlm-Z-c-ß-tfmSpw Cu krjvS-]-]-©-tØmSpw_‘-s∏´p \n¬°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Xs‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚]q¿ÆX Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ a\pjy ]Ir-Xnsb''6 kqNn-∏n-°m-\mWv ]IrXn \nbaw F∂ hm°v At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ""ssZh-Øns‚ £W-Øn\v Xs‚ kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy≥ \¬Ip∂ hy‡n-]-c-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-sa-∂mWv”7 as‰m-cn-SØv At±lw CXns\ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xv. ""B[p-\nI temI-Ønse hnhmlw'' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ At±lw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv “[m¿ΩnI ]Ir-Xn-\n-baw ssZhn-I-ambn krjvSn-°-s∏´ kz`m-h-Øns‚ `mj-bmWv''8 F∂m-Wv.

""kzbw Is≠-Ø-en-tebv°pw ]cn-]q¿Æ-X-bn-tebv°pw a\p-jys\ \bn-°p∂ ]tNm-Z-\-sa-∂mWv” ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-asØeqbnkv tam¨sU≥ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xv. ""Xm≥ Bbn-Øo-tc≠Ah-ÿsb a\p-jy≥ kzbw \n¿∆-Nn-°p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS''.9

ssa°nƒ s\mhmIv, s_¿\m¿Uv temW¿Ks‚ A`n-]m-bsØ C]-Imcw kwt£-]n-°p∂p: ]IrXn \nb-a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXzw GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ hn[n-Xo¿∏pIf√ adn®v""a\p-jy-\n¬ A¥¿eo-\-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v shfn-s∏-Sp∂ Ahs‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.''10

]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-Øn\v ]cym-]vX-amb Hcp \n¿∆-N\w sImSp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn√ F∂v \ap°v hy‡-am-bn. A_lmw CuU¬A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂-X-\p-k-cn®v ]cym-]vX-amb \n¿∆-N\w hy‡-ambn ÿm]-n°-s∏´ Hcp kn≤m-¥-amWv. AXn\v B hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n hnim-e-amb Adnhv Bh-iy-am-Wv.11 AXp-sIm≠v hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n XpS¿∂p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°pw ]p\¿\n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ°pwAh-kcw \¬In-s°m≠v AXns‚ hf¿®m-L-S-I-ßsf ]Xn-]mZn-°p∂ coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww12 \ΩpsS \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ. AXn-

\m¬ BXy-¥n-I-amb \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ°m-bp≈ At\z-jWw e-iq-\y-am-bn-cn°pw. ImcWw GXp ImeØpw AØcw \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ A]m-]y-am-Wv.13 C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xs∂ ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-Øn\v BXy-¥n-I-amb \n¿∆-N\w \¬Im-\m-hn-√. a\p-jy-s\bpwAhs‚ kz`m-h-sØ-bpw-]-‰n-bp≈ ]q¿Æ-amb NnXw \ap-°n√F∂-XpXs∂ CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww. F∂m¬ BXy-¥n-Iamb \n¿∆-N\w Akm-≤y-amWv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v ‘ ]IrXn \nbaw’ \n¿∆-N-\-Øn\v AXo-X-am-sW-∂pw, AXn-\mbn working definitions cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂pw A¿∞-an-√.

sImfpw_ sdb≥, Hcp analogy bpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]IrXn\nb-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Bibw hy‡-am-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. hn]-W-\-Øn-\mbn D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏´ hkvXp-°-tfm-sSm-∏w, AhFßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n® DXv]m-Z-Is‚\n¿t±-i-ß-fpw \¬Im-dp-≠v. B hkvXp-hns‚ AkvXn-Xz-tØbpwkz`m-h-tØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \nb-a-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-am-W-h. ]IrXn \nb-asØ DXv]m-Z-Is‚ Cu \n¿t±-i-ß-tfmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv; hn]-W\ hkvXp-°ƒ°p ]IcwChnsS a\p-jy-hy-‡n-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. ]t£ hkvXp-°-fpsS Imcy-Øn-se-∂-t]mse ChnsS hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambpw hy‡-ambpw \nb-a-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. adn®v a\pjy hy‡n-I-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-cpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ DƒtN¿∂n-cn-°p∂CØcw \nb-a-ßƒ (rules) Xncn-®-dn-bp-I-sb-∂Xv Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv. CØcw \nb-a-ß-fmWv ]IrXn\nb-a-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv.14

Cu kmay (analogy) Øn¬\n∂pw \ap°v A\p- -h-Øn-te°vhcmw. \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v `oj-Wn-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn \mw \nb-a-Øns‚ klmbw tXSpw.Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ ]uc≥ a‰p ]uc-∑m-cpsStbm `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-t‚tbm Ah-Imi \ntj-[-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn c-W-L-S-\sb Bbp-[-am-°pw. F∂m¬ Pohn-°p-hm-t\m, tPmen sNøp-hmt\mBtcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-hmt\m D≈ \ΩpsS Ah-Imiw tNmZywsNø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \mw F¥mWv sNøpI? ... CØcw Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-sbbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈X√. a\p-jy-hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-t‚bpw AXns‚ sshin-jvSy-Øn-t‚bpw ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. a\pjy sshin-jvSy-Øns‚ Cu ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-sØ-

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bmWv \mw ]IrXn \nb-a-sa∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.15

hy‡-amb A¥m-cmjvS \nb-a-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn-epw, \qd≥_¿Knse A¥m-cmjvS ]´m-f-tIm-SXn a\p-jy-hw-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc]h¿Øn® Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf amXr-Im-]-c-ambn in£n® kw`hwGWÃv In¬k¿ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂p. Fgp-X-s∏´ \nb-a-ßƒ°p ]n∂n¬ F√m-hcpw A\p-k-cn-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿambFgp-X-s∏-SmØ Nne \nb-a-ß-fp-s≠-∂mWv Cu kw`hw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX∂v16 At±lw Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p.

a\p-jys‚ al-Xz-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Bibw c≠mw-h-Øn-°m≥Iu¨kn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® k` B[q-\nI temI-Øn¬ F∂tcJ-bpsS ][m\ hnj-b-am-Wv. CXns‚ 12˛mw Jfin-I-bn¬\man-ßs\ hmbn-°p-∂p. ""Cu `qan-bn-ep≈ F√m hkvXp-°fpwAh-bpsS tIµhpw aIp-Shp-amb a\p-jy-t\mSv _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°Ww F∂ A`n-]mbw hnizm-kn-Ifpw Ahn-izm-kn-Ifpwan°-hmdpw sFIy-I-WvtTy\ kq£n-°p-∂p-≠v... hn. KŸw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v ssZh-Øns‚ Omb-bnepw kmZr-iy-ØnepwkrjvSn-°-s∏´ a\p-jy≥ ssZhsØ Adn-bm\pw kvt\ln-°m\pwIgn-hp-≈-h-\m-Wv. qan-bnse F√m krjvSn-I-sfbpw Ah≥ Iog-S°n `cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Ahsb Xs‚ al-Xz-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ssZhw Ahs\ F√m-‰n-s‚bpw A[n-]-Xn-bmbn\nb-an-®p.” 17

Bcpw Bbn-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Xr]vX-c-√. IqSp-X¬ kz¥-am-°m-\p≈ km¿∆Xn-I-amb Zmlw sa®-am-b-sXt¥m Bbn-Øo-cm-\p≈ Zml-Øns‚ ]I-S-\-am-Wv. \ΩpsS F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xpw Bfl-km-^-eyhpw Bfl-⁄m-\-hp-sams° kz¥-am-°m-\p≈ AZ-ay-ambBKlw Xs∂. \ap°v Btcm Hs° BI-W-sa∂v BK-l-ap-≠v. CXn-\¿∞w \mw CXp-hsc Bcp-am-bn-ń√ F∂-Xp-X-s∂.\ap°v hen-b-h-cm-Im≥ BK-l-ap≠v AXn-\¿∞w \mw Ct∏mƒhen-b-h-c√ F∂Xpw. IqSp-X-set¥m Bbn-Øo-cWw F∂\ΩpsS BKlw hy‡-am-°p-∂Xpw \mw CXp-hsc "B IqSp-X¬' kz¥-am-°n-bn-ń√ F∂Xp Xs∂. Cu BK-l-ßƒ°p]n∂nepw Bfl-km-£m-Xv°-c-Øn\pw Bfl-km-^-ey-Øn-\p-wth≠nbp≈ Zmlw Xs∂-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. \ΩpsS ASn-ÿm\e£y-amb Cu Bfl-km-£mXv°m-csØ e£y-amb hy‡n(person goal) F∂v \ap°v hnfn-°mw.

e£y-amb hy‡n (person goal)bnte-°p≈ Cu ]bmWwhy‡n-Iƒ°p amX-ap-≈-XmWv. e£y-amb hy‡nsb kz¥-am-°m≥ ian-°p∂ \ΩpsS hy‡nXzw Hcp given reality BWv.Cu given reality sb \ap°v person given F∂p hnfn-°mw.

\msa√mw person given BWv. person goal BIpI F∂-XmWv\ΩpsS e£yw. Person given, person goal BIp-∂-XmWv[m¿ΩnI Pohn-Xw. ]IrXn \nb-a-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp-h≥ person goal BIm-\p≈ ]bm-W-Øn-em-Wv.Cu Nn-¥-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ap°v ]IrXn \nb-asØperson givens‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ person goal sNep-Øp∂A\pimk\ßƒ F∂v \n¿∆-Nn-°mw.

F√m e£y-ß-fpw, AXv kz¥-am-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-h¿ ]men-t°≠ Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn kwKo-X-⁄-\m-Im≥ BK-ln-°p∂ hy‡n B e£y-]m-]vXn°v Nnehyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. F∂m¬ kwKoX-⁄-\m-IpIF∂ e£yw Pohn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ e£y-sam-∂p-a-√.AXns‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]men-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bp-a-√. ]t£ person goal \mbp≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]q¿Æhpw km¿∆-Xn-I-hp-am-Wv. ImcWw Xs∂-Xs∂ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ _m[yX/ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Hmtcm hy‡n-°p-ap-≠v.

Person given \p ta¬ person goal Npa-Øp∂ hyh-ÿ-IƒGsXm-s°-bmWv? Person goal, Person given s‚ km^-ey-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv Person goal \evIp-∂-Xv. A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Ign-hp-Isf km£m-XvI-cn-°p-I, icn-bmb bp‡n(reason)°\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-I, Xt∂m-Sp-Xs∂kXy-k-‘-\m-bn-cn-°pI Xs‚ ]Ir-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-I, Xs‚ al-Xz-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Iao-I-cn-°pIXpS-ßn-b-h-bm-W-h.

tl-dnw-Kv, tam¨sU≥, temW¿K≥ F∂n-h-cpsS taep-≤-cn®A`n-]m-b-ßƒ \ΩpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ÿnco-I-cn-°p-∂p.dn®m¿Uv at°m¿an-°ns‚ Nn¥-Ifpw k©-cn-°p-∂Xv CtX Zni-bn-em-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ]IrXn \nbaw""\ΩpsS AkvXn-Xz-Øn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ A\p-im-k-\-ß-fm-Wv. ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v XpS¿®-bmbn \mw kzoI-cn-°p∂kΩm-\-amWv \ΩpsS hy‡n-Xzw. Cu kΩm-\-Øn¬ Hcp sh√p-

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hnfn AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \osb-¥mtWm AXm-bn-Øo-cpI F∂sh√p-hnfn''18. InkvXob Pohn-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]utem-kv«o-lm-bpsS ]T-\-ß-fnepw at°m¿anIv Cu Bibw ImWp-∂p-≠v. ChnsS InkvXob PohnXw ]pXp-Po-hn-X-am-Ip∂ Zm\sØkzmX-¥y-tØmsS, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØmsS kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.AXp-sIm≠v ]pXp-Po-hn-X-sa∂ ssZhn-I-Zm\w Hcp hnfnbpw sh√p-hn-fn-bp-am-Wv.19

Person goal Bbn-Øo-cm-\p≈ person given s‚ Npa-X-e-sb∂v]IrXn \nb-asØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. a‰p-hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬]cn-]q¿ÆX kz¥-am-°m-\p≈ Hcp a\p-jys‚ IS-a-bm-Wn-Xv.\mw ChnsS Dt±-in-°p∂ "]cn-]q¿ÆX' (perfection) _¿Wm¿Uvtl-dnßv X≈n-°-f™ "kzbw kmêy' (self - perfection) Øn¬\n∂pw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.20 ssZhhpam-bp≈ hy‡n-_-‘-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v Hcn-°epw[m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS tIµhpw ASn-ÿm-\-hp-ambn a\p-jys\ ImWm-\m-hn-√. [m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ambn Xs∂-Øs∂]Xn-jvTn-°p∂ a\p-jy≥ aX-Øns‚ tIµ-ÿm-\hpw ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip--≤nbpw Ah-K-Wn-°p-I-bm-Wv. BXy-¥n-I-ambn aX-Øn\pw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbv°pw Htc-sbmcp ASn-ÿm-\-ta-bp-≈p. AXvssZh-hp-am-bp≈ Iq´m-bva-bm-Wv.

AXn-\m¬ ]cn-]q¿ÆX ssZh-kvt\-l-sØ-]Xn kzbw Zm\wsNøp-∂-Xn-em-Wv; X∂n-te°v HXp-ßn-°q-Sp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-b√ adn®vssZh-tØmSpw a‰p≈h-tcm-Sp-ap≈ Xpd-hn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jy≥]cn-]q¿Æ-\m-hp-∂Xv.22 ]IrXn \nb-asØ \n¿∆-Nn-®-t∏mƒCu ]cn-]q¿Æ-X-bmWv \mw hnh-£n-®-Xv.

]IrXn \nb-asØ \nbXamb A¿∞-Øn¬ "\nbaw' F∂vhnfn-°m-\m-hptam? C√ F∂mWv sPdm¿Uv Um¬ tIm¿ńs‚A`n-]m-bw. BZyw cmjvS-\n-ba (civil law) sØ kqNn-∏n-°m≥amX-amWv \nbaw F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬imizX (eternal) \nb-a-Øn\pw ]IrXn (natural) \nb-a-Øn\pwcmjvS-\n-b-a-tØm-Sp≈ kmZriyw ]cn-K-Wn®v Ahsb ]n∂o-SmWv \nbaw F∂ kw⁄-bpsS Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. A-Xp-sIm≠v Um¬tIm¿ńs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ]Ir-Xn, imiz-X, cmjvS-\n-b-a-ßƒ°m-bn Htc A¿∞-Øn¬ \nbawF∂ hm°p-]-tbmKn°p∂Xv Kpcp-X-c-amb hogvN-bm-Wv.

taep-≤-cn® Nn¥-I-tcmSv tN¿∂v ]IrXn \nb-asØ \nbX-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ \nb-a-sa∂v hnfn-°m-\m-hn√ F∂v AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ \mapw _m[y-ÿ-cm-Ip-∂p.24 AXn-\m¬ ]Ir-Xn-\n-baw\ΩpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ icn-bmb bp‡n t_m[-Øns‚ A\p-im-k-\-ß-fm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠m-Wt√m N´-ßfpw Ia-ßfpw\nd™ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-b√ adn®v \ΩpsS bp‡n-t_m[Øn\-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m-\p≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-sf∂v_¿Wm¿Uv tl-dnßv Ipdn-®p-h-®Xv.25

]IrXn \nbaw F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ""icn-bmb bp‡n t_m[-Øns‚ A\p-im-k\w'', “a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\XXzw'' XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-ft√ IqSp-X¬ tbmPn-°p-∂Xv F∂v\ap°v tXm∂n-tb-°mw. F∂m¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb D]-tbmKwaqew ]Ir-Xn-\n-baw F∂ t]cv k¿∆-kzo-Im-cy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

""icn-bmb bp‡n-t_m-[-Øns‚ A\p-im-k-\-sa∂pw'' a‰pw]Ir-Xn-\n-b-asØ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-tºmƒ hmb-\-°m-c\v Nne ]pXnbtNmZy-ßƒ°p-IqSn DØcw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. F¥mWv Cu A\p-im-k-\-ßƒ? icn-bmb bp‡n-t_m-[-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°pI F∂m-se-¥mWv? icn-bmb bp‡n-Nn¥ F¥v? AsX-hnsS Is≠-Øm-\mhpw?

icn-bmb bp‡n-t_m-[sØ Ipim-K-_p-≤n-bn¬\n∂pw_p≤n-Iq¿Ω-Xbn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn®v a\-n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.icn-bmb bp‡n-Nn¥ _p≤n-i-‡n-tb-°mƒ, \√ C—m-i‡n(good will) tbmSmWv _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \√ C—m-i‡nkzmX-¥y-tØmSv _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ê-]-Z-ambkzmX¥yw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ C—m-i-‡n-bmWv \√ C—m-i-‡n.

_¿Wm¿Uv tldn-ßns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚A¥x-kØ \∑-sN-øm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-am-Wv. Xn∑sb Iog-S-°m≥i‡n-bp-≈n-StØ kzmX¥yw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p-≈q. ssZh-Ir-]-bpsS ]cn-em-f-\-bv°v kzbw ka¿∏n-°m\pw Aßs\ ]ptXm-Nn-X-amb hnt[-bXzw \nd™ kvt\l-Øn¬ ssZh-tØmSv"AsX' F∂p ]d-bm\pw Ign-bp-∂n-S-ØmWv a\p-jy-kzm-X-¥y-Øns‚ alXzw ]Im-in-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.26

sUbnSn®v thm≥ ln¬sU _m≥Uv kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ c≠p

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

26 27

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hyXykvX apJ-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. H∂m-asØ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ aqey-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw aqey-ß-f-√m-Ø-hsb\ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ B¥-cnI \ne-]mSpw B \ne-]m-Sn-\-\p-k-cn®v hy‡nsb Iao-I-cn-°m-\p≈ ]m]vXn-bp-amWv kzmX-¥yw.27 F∂m¬ c≠m-asØ ImgvN-∏m-S-\p-k-cn®v Nne ]tXyI]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn B⁄ \evIm-\p≈ ]m]vXn-bm-W-Xv.ChnsS ]pd-Øp≈ hkvXp-°-fp-sStbm ]h¿Ø-\ß-fp-sStbmta¬ Ah kw`-hn-°mt\m Ahsb XS-bmt\m Ignbpwhn[wHcm-fpsS C—m-i-‡n°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.28

ln¬sU _m≥Uv c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ ][m-\-s∏´ BZyImgvN-∏m-Sns\ [m¿ΩnI kzmX¥yw F∂mWv hnf-°p-∂-Xv.c≠m-asØ ImgvN-∏m-S-\p-k-cn®v \mw B⁄m-]n-®p-sIm≠vkzmX¥yw A`y-kn-°p-tºmƒ, BZy-tØ-Xn¬ aqey-ß-fn¬\n∂p-b-cp∂ A\p-im-k-\-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-XmWv kzmX-¥yw. c≠m-asØ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-ep≈ kzmX¥yw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ aqeyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv \mw F]-Imcw BZy-Im-gvN-∏m-Sn-ep≈ kzmX¥yw \∂mbn D]-tbm-Kn®p F∂-Xm-Wv.29

ln¬sU _m≥Uns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ [m¿ΩnI aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ am‰m-\m-hmØ hnt[-b-Xz -Øn-emWv [m¿ΩnIkzmX¥yw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ""Xs‚ B¥-cnI kzmX¥ywicn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw, K¿∆n\pw hnj-bm-k-‡n°pwta¬ apey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-_-≤-X-bm¬ hnPbw t\Sp-I-bpw...sNøp-∂-h≥ amXta bYm¿∞-Øn¬ [m¿ΩnI kzmX¥yw A\p--hn-°p-∂p-≈q...30

PmIznkv amcn-s‰-bn≥ "Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ kzmX¥yw' (kz-X¥ C—) F∂pw "Bfl-]-tNm-ZnX kzmX¥yw' (kzbw\n¿Æb kzmX-¥yw) F∂pw kzmX-¥ysØ c≠mbn Xncn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]h¿Øn-°mt\m ]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cn-°mt\m CucoXn-bntem B coXn-bntem ]h¿Øn-°mt\m D≈ Ign-hmWvXnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ kzmX-¥yw.31 C—m-i-‡n-bpsS kzm`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ B¥-cnI ]tNm-Z-\-ßsf A\p-k-cn-°-emWv Bfl-]-tNm-ZnX kzmX-¥yw.32 Xncs™-Sp-∏ns‚ kzmX¥ywAXn¬X-s∂ Hcp e£y-a-s√∂pw AXv Bfl-]-tNm-ZnX kzmX-¥y-Øn-\m-bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-sX∂pw acn-s‰-bn≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ kzmX-¥yw kzbw \n¿Æb kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v Xncn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ BZy-tØ-Xn-s√-¶n¬ \ap°v

c≠m-a-tØXv kz¥-am-°m-\m-hn-√.33

_¿Wm¿Uv temW¿K≥ essential Dw effective Dw Bbn kzmX-¥ysØ ImWp-∂p.34

taep≤cn® A`n-]m-b-ß-sf√mw Hcp tIµ Bi-b-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. kzmX¥yw BXy-¥n-I-ambn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv \√-Xn-t\mSv H´n-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv F∂ Bi-b-Øn¬. Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n\v c≠mw ÿm\-ta-bp-≈q. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ kzmX¥yw \nb-X-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ \∑sb kvt\ln-°p∂XmsW-∂v, IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn ]d-™m¬ A\¥ \∑sbkvt\ln°p∂-Xm-sW∂v \mw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. C—m-i‡-nbpsS]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ CXv IqSp-X¬ hy‡-amIpw.

ImgvN IÆns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw tIƒhn sNhn-bpsS]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse kzX¥]h¿Ø\w kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ ]`-h-ÿm-\-amb C—m-i-‡n-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. \nd-ßƒ ImgvN-tbbpw kzcw tIƒhn-tbbpw DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse kzX-¥-]-h¿Ø\wDS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv, \∑-bm¬ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ ]`-h-ÿm-\-ambC—m-i‡n DtØ-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv.

Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ \n∂pw kzX-¥-]-h¿Ø\w \∑kz¥-am-°p-∂-Xn-emWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v hy‡-am-hp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ e£y-amb \∑ kz¥-am-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ C—m-i‡n kzX-¥-am-Wv. Scholastic XXz-imkvXw sXfn-bn-®-Xp-t]mse C—m-i‡n-bpsS ]ca-amb e£yw BXy-¥nI \∑-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ kzmX¥yw \nb-X-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ D]-cn-\-∑-bmb ssZh-tØ-bpw, Ahn-SpsØ \∑-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp∂ a\p-jy-t\bpw kvt\ln-°p-∂-Xn-emWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ \∑-sNbvXv Pohn-°p-∂-h-sc√mw kzX-¥-cm-Wv.

icn-bmb bp‡n-Nn-¥-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z\w \√ C—m-i-‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-hpw, \√ C—m-i-‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈]Xn-]m-Z\w kzmX-¥y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\hpw Xs∂-bm-sW∂v \ΩpsS hni-I-e-\-ßƒ hy‡-am-°n. kzmX¥yw\∂mbn Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v A¬]wapºv \mw a\-n-em-°n. AXn-\m¬ bp‡n-Nn-¥-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈hni-I-e\w \∂mbn Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ hni-I-e\w

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Xs∂-bm-Wv. \∂mbn Pohn-°p-∂-h¿ icn-bmb bp‡n-Nn¥kz¥-am-°n-b-h-cm-Wv. Ahsc \mw hnip-≤-sc-∂pw, hnth-In-I-sf-∂pw, hn⁄m-\n-I-sf∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS XpS¿∂p≈N¿®-bn¬ \ap-°n-hsc hn⁄m-\n-I-sf∂p hnfn-°mw.

icn-bmb bp‡n-Nn¥ FhnsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pwicn-bmb bp‡n-Nn-¥-°-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn°pIsb-∂m¬F¥m-sW-∂p-ap≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°v \ap-°n-t∏mƒ hy‡-ambDØcw \¬Im-\m-hpw. icn-bmb bp‡n-Nn¥ hn⁄m-\n-I-fn-emWv \mw Is≠-Øp-∂Xv. icn-bmb bp‡n-Nn-¥-°-\p-k-cn-®v,]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-I-sb-∂m¬ hn⁄-∑m-cpsS bp‡n-Nn-¥-°-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-I-sb-∂m-W¿∞w.

""a\p-jys‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ icn-bmb bp‡n Nn¥-bpsS A\p-im-k-\-ßƒ'' F∂ ]IrXn \nb-a-ß-fpsS \n¿∆-N\w ""a\p-jys‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ hn⁄m-\n-I-fpsSbp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS A\p-im-k-\-ßƒ'' F∂v IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn\ap°v Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xmw.

hn⁄m-\n-I-fpsS bp‡n-Nn-¥-°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]IrXn \nb-a-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠vhn⁄m-\n-Iƒ \√-sX∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ\∑bpw hn⁄m-\n-Iƒ \√-X-s√-∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂h Xn∑-bp-am-Ip-∂p.

\∑tbm Xn∑tbm krjvSn-°p-∂Xv hn⁄m-\n-I-fpsS bp‡nNn¥-b√, adn®v AXn-t\m-Sp≈ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Stem s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S-en-√m-bvatbm BWv. hn⁄m-\n-I-fpsS bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sepw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hyXy-kvX-amb c≠p-Im-cy-ß-fmWv. AXn-\m¬ \ΩpsS hnNn-¥-\-Øn¬ [m¿ΩnIpositivism \v bmsXmcp ÿm\-hp-an-√.

Btcm-Ky-ap≈ IÆp-Iƒ ]Imiw hy‡-ambn ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse Btcm-Ky-ap≈ ImXp-Iƒ kzcw hy‡-ambn tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se, a\p-jys‚ [m¿ΩnI hy‡n-Xz-amb Btcm-Ky-ap≈bp‡n-Nn¥ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ icntbm sXt‰m F∂v hy‡-ambnhne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. Btcm-Ky-ap≈ bp‡n-Nn¥ \∑sb kzta-[bmXncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

sP¿sabv≥ Knskkv ]d-bp∂p \∑sb ]q¿Æ-ambpw apgplrZ-b-sam-sSbpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ hy‡n-XzsØ B

kvt\l-tØmSv ]q¿Æ-ambpw ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcphy‡n sNøp-∂-sX√mw [m¿Ωn-I-ambn icn-bm-bn-cn-°pw.35

hn⁄m-\n-I-fpsS hy‡nXzw apgp-h≥ \∑-bn-te°v Xncn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS a\x-km-£n-bpsS \nbaw Ft∏mgpw icn-bmbncn°pw. ssZhw Ft∏mgpw \∑-amXw C—n-°p∂p. ImcWwAhn-SpsØ C—m-i‡n \∑-am-X-am-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ C—m-i‡n\∑ amX-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ Xocp-am-\-ßfpw \∑ amX-am-bn-cn-°pw.

hn⁄m-\n-Iƒ ]IrXn \nb-asØ hn[n-°p-∂p. ]Ir-Xn-\n-baw hn⁄m-\n-Isf hn[n-°p-∂n√, adn®v ZpjvS-∑m-sc-bmWv AXvhn[n-°p-∂-Xv. ]IrXn \nbaw \√ a\p-jy-tcmSv hnt[-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-Ibpw ZpjvS-∑m-cpsS ta¬ i‡n ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

A¥¿⁄m-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv ˛ sk‚ v tXmakv AIzn-\m-kns‚ `mj-bn¬ \∑-bp-am-bp≈ klm-kvXn-Xz-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv(connaturality) hn⁄m-\n-Iƒ \∑-sbtbm AXns‚ A`m-h-tØtbm Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. kzm`m-hnI [¿Ωm\pimk-\sØ(natural precepts) ]mY-an-I-sa∂pw ZznXo-b-sa∂pw Xncn-°p-∂-Xv,c≠m-a-tØXv BZy-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂pw A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂A¿∞-Øn-e√, adn®v \∑-tbm-Sp≈ klm-kvXnXzw hyXykvXAf-hp-I-fn-emWv (degree) F∂ A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv. \∑-tbm-Sp≈ASn-ÿm\ Af-hn-ep≈ klm-kvXnXzw F√m hy‡n-I-fn-ep-ap-≠v. CXv Hcn-°epw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ hy‡n-]-c-ambn \∑-bn-ep≈ Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS kz¥-am-t°≠ as‰m-c-f-hn-ep≈ klm-kvXn-Xz-hp-ap-≠v. \√-h-cn¬ G‰hpw \√Xv hn⁄m-\n-I-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ \∑-tbm-Sp≈ Cu klm-kvXnXzw G‰hpwA[nIw kz¥-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Ah-cm-Wv. F√m-h-cnepw D≈ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb \∑-tbm-Sp≈ klm-kvXn-XzsØ ]mY-anI[m¿Ωn-Im-\p-im-k-\-sa∂pw \∑-bn-ep≈ Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS kz¥-am-°p∂ klm-kv-Xn-XzsØ ZznXob [m¿ΩnIm-\p-im-k-\-sa∂pwhnfn-°mw. AXn-\m¬ _u≤n-I-amb bp‡nNn¥-bn-eqsS F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \∑-tbm-Sp≈ klm-kvXn-Xz-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv ]IrXn\nb-am-\p-im-k-\-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]IrXn \nb-am-\p-im-k-\-ßƒ ]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bv°mWv ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.]mtbm-Kn-I-bp‡n hnNm-c-Øns‚ e£yw, sImfpw_ sdb≥]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, Hcp Xo¿∏n¬ FØn-t®-cpI F∂-X√ adn®vXocp-am-\-sa-SpØv ]hrØn-]-Y-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cnI F∂-Xm-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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Wv. sdbs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ]mtbm-KnI bp‡n-hn-Nm-c-Øns‚Bcw`w GsX-¶nepw ssk≤m-¥nI XXz-a√ adn®v C—m-i-‡n°pw lrZ-b-Øn\pw \∑-bn-te-°p≈ NmbvhmWv. AXv]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-amWv; AXv Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-¶nepw FØn-t®-cpw.36

[m¿ΩnI\nbaw km[m-cW hy‡n-I-fn¬ F]-Imcw]h¿Ø-\-\n-c-X-am-Ip∂p F∂mWv \mw Nn¥n-®Xv; [m¿Ωn-I-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cn¬ AsX-ßs\ ]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂-√.[m¿ΩnI imkvX-⁄¿ ]mtbm-Kn-I-X-sb-°mƒ ssk≤m-¥nI\nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ i≤n-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.

CXp-h-sc-bp≈ \ΩpsS hni-I-e-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]IrXn\nb-asØ BXy-¥n-I-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-°pI km[y-a√ F∂p\ap°v hy‡-am-bn. F∂m¬ apºv kqNn-∏n® hyXy-kvXm-`n-]m-b-ß-sf√mw working \n¿∆-N-\-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

4. A\ptema \n-baw (Postitive Law)

a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Ir-Xn-\n-baw amXwA]-cym-]vX-amWv. \mw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Ifpw a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv _‘-s∏´v Pohn-t°-≠-hcpw BsW-∂-Xn-\m¬, \ΩpsS Iq´mb Pohn-XsØ \nb¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A\p-im-k-\-ßƒBh-iy-am-Wv. \mw ]e-Xcw hy‡n-I-fp≈ temI-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-I-bm¬ \ΩpsS Inbm-flI kzmX¥yw kaq-l-Ønsea‰p hy‡n-I-fpsS kzmX-¥y-hp-ambn Cgp-In-t®¿∂v t]mtI-≠-Xp-≠v. \mw Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ AkvXnXzw AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒB kaq-l-Ønse a‰w-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Imi kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn\ΩpsS Nne Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sm≥ Xøm-dm-hp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. CXv \nb-ahpw \nb-am-\p-krX A[n-Im-chpwkaq-l-Øn¬ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-°p-∂p. AXns‚ s]mXp-hmb\∑ \n¿∆-Nn-°p∂ \nb-a-ß-fn-√m-sX, Hcp kaq-l-Øn\pw \ne-\n¬°m-\m-hn-√. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv KŸ-ßƒ positive\nb-a-ßsf∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ""s]mXp \∑bv°pth≠n kaq-l-Øn-t∑¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ hy‡n-bm¬ ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂bp‡nNn¥-bpsS A\pim-k-\” -sa-∂mWv positive \nbasØ hn.tXmakv AIzo-\mkv \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xv (ST - II, 90, 4).

BZy-ambn CXv bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS A\p-im-k-\-am-Wv. \nbaw

bp‡n-bp-‡-amb Hcp Xocp-am-\-amWv; a\p-jy-_p-≤n-bpsS]h¿Ø-\hpw hnth-I-]-chpw hy‡-hp-amb e£y-tØmSp IqSn-b-Xp-am-Wv. hy‡-amb Hcp e£y-Øn-te-°v, IrXy-amb am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Iao-I-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv \nb-a-Øns‚ Dt±-iy-e-£yw. F∂m¬ hkvXp-°sf hy‡-amb e£y-Øn-te°v Iao-I-cn-°pI F∂Xv e£y-Øn-t‚bpw Ah ]m]n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ß-fp-tSbpw kz`mhw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. AXm-bXv bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS hnNn-¥-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-b-Xn-\p-tijw C—m-i-‡n-bm¬ B⁄m-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hy‡-amb e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ A\p-im-k-\-ß-fm-W-h. \nbaw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bn¬\n∂v Bcw-`n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepwAXv C—m-i-‡n-tbmSpw tN¿∂v \n¬°p-∂p. CXv Hcp Nn¥bpwAtX kabw B⁄-bp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ a\p-jy-\n-baw,s]mXp\∑ kz¥-am-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]≤Xn amX-a√ adn®v \mw\n¿_-‘-ambpw A\p-k-cn-°-Ø°hn[w \ΩpsS C—m-i-‡n-bpsSta¬ \nb-a-Zm-Xmhv Npa-Øp∂ Hcp ]≤-Xn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v \nbaw _p≤n-bptSXp amX-a√ C—m-i-‡n-bp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. F¶nepw H∂m-a-Xmbpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambpw \nbaw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. C—m-i‡n Hcp ]tXyI ]hrØnsNøm≥ \sΩ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]t£ AXv \ΩpsS _p≤n-i-‡n-bpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ amXw. _p≤n-i-‡n-bn¬\n∂pw kzX-¥-ambn C—m-i‡n Hcp hy‡nsb \nb-¥n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬AXv Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-te°pw \mi-Øn-te-°pta \bn-°q.

Manualists ""bp‡n-bp-‡-amb Xocp-am-\sØ'' IqSp-X¬ ASp-Øp-\n∂v ho£n-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬Hcp \nbaw bp‡n-bp-‡hpw \oXn-]q¿∆-Ihpw BIp-∂-Xn\v \mevkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. (a) AXv [m¿Ωn-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. A[m¿Ωn-I-am-b-sXm∂pw sNøm≥ \nbaw A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-hsc t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-h-cp-Xv. (b) AXv \njvI-]-Shpw If-¶-c-ln-X-hp-am-hWw (fair). AXv F√m-h-scbpw Hcp-t]mse ImW-Ww. ImcWw \nb-a-Øns‚ ][m-\-e£yw s]mXp-\-∑-bm-Wv.(c) AXv km[y-am-b-Xm-h-Ww. A]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw bp‡n°v \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-amb \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ t£aw\in-∏n-°-em-Wv. (d) AXv D]-tbm-K-]-Z-am-I-Ww. D]-tbmKiq\y-amb \nbaw D]-tbm-K-iq\yw amX-a√ D]-Z-h-I-c-hp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb \nb-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°m≥ B¿°pw_m[y-X-bn-√.37

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c≠m-a-Xmbn \nbaw s]mXp-\-∑bv°v th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-I-Ww.ImcWw F√m a\p-jy-\n-b-a-ß-fp-tSbpw s]mXp-hmb [¿Ωwkmaq-lnI Pohn-XsØ Iao-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. H‰-s∏´hy‡n-I-fpsS t£a-a√, adn®v kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb t£a-amWv \nb-a-ßƒ BZy-ambn e£yw hbvt°≠Xv.

aq∂ma-Xm-bn, kaq-l-Øn-t∑¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ hy‡n-bm-emWv\nbaw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°mWv. AXp-sIm≠v s]mXp \∑-bv°mbn Imcy-ßƒ Iao-I-cn-°m≥ (\n-baw \n¿Ωn-°m≥) D≈ Ah-Imiwkaq-l-Ønse hy‡n-I-fn¬ apgp-h-\mtbm As√-¶n¬ Ah-cpsSta¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ hy‡n-bntem \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.

\mem-a-Xm-bn, \nbaw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. aXnbmbap∂-dn-bn-∏n-\p-tijw amXta \nbaw ]uc-∑m-cpsS ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q; AXm-bXv Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°pw, al-Xz-Øn\pw icn-bmb _lp-am\w \¬In-sIm≠p amXw. B[n-Im-cn-Ihpw ]c-ky-hp-amb hn[-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmtg \nbaw ]kn-≤-s∏-SpØn F∂v ]d-bm-\m-hq. F√m ]uc-∑mcpw \nb-a-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v ]m]y-amb F√m am¿§-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-tºmtg AXv th≠ hn[-Øn¬ ]kn-≤s∏SpØ-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. F∂m¬ per accidents Nne¿\nb-a-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬, external form ¬ \nb-a-sØ-∏‰n Adn-hn-√mØ hy‡n AXv ewLn-°p∂psh∂v ]d-bm≥Ign-bp-I-bn√.

\oXn-]q¿∆-I-amb Hcp \nb-a-Øns‚ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw i‡n°pw \nbaw A\p-k-cn-t°-≠-h-cpsSkΩXw Bh-iy-an -√. \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øm¬]n≥Xmß-s∏-Sp∂ aqey-ß-fn-emWv \oXn-]q¿∆-I-amb \nb-a-Øns‚ i‡n.

\nb-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ tXmakv AIzo-\m-kns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬bp‡n-Nn-¥bv-°p≈ tIµ-ÿm\w \ap°v hy‡-ambn ImWm≥Ign-bpw. At±-l-sØ-t∏mse At±-l-Øns‚ A[ym-]-I-\mbB¬_¿´v Z tK‰pw, ItP-‰-\pw, sUa-\nIv tkmt´m-bpw, _¿Ø-tem-an-bm saZn-\bpw tdm_¿´v s_√m¿an\pw Hs° bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS ]map-Jy-sØ-∏‰n kwkm-cn-®-h-cm-Wv.

ItØm-en° ]mc-ºcyw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bn-emWv A\p-tema \nb-asØ ImWp-∂-Xv. kvtIm´-kv, kphm-ckv F∂n-h-cp-tSbpw Ah-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-tSbpw ImgvN-∏m-SmWv ItØm-en°m k`-bp-tS-Xpw. ""\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS]h¿Ø-\tam C—m-i-‡n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\tam''? F∂tNmZysØ ap≥\n-dpØn rationalists \pw voluntarists \pw CS-bn¬\nc-¥-c-amb X¿°w \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. tXmakv AIzo-\m-kns‚]n≥Km-an-Iƒ CXv BZy-ambn bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ambnI≠-t∏mƒ kvtIm´-kn-t\mSpw kphm-c-kn-t\mSpw tN¿∂v \n∂vNn¥n-®n-cp-∂-h¿ C—m-i-‡n°v \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ IqSpX¬]m[m\yw \¬In.

kvtIm´kpw kphm-ckpw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ voluntaristicschool s\ kw_-‘-n®n-S-tØmfw \nb-aw, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Xm-hns‚C—m-i-‡n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. \nb-a-sØ-∏‰n CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Nn¥, tdma≥ \nb-a-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fnse Nnc-k-Ω-X-amb Hcp B]vX-hm-IysØ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. “cmPm-hns\ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-sXt¥m AXmWv \nbaw''. a‰p hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬ \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-am-\-sat¥m AXmWv \nb-aw.B Xocp-am\w _p≤n-]q¿∆-Itam hnth-I-c-ln-Xtam, D]-tbm-K-]-Ztam D]-Z-h-I-c-tam, BZ-c-Wo-btam \nµytam F∂Xv AXns‚\nb-a-km-[p-Xsb _m[n-°p-∂-tX-bn-√.

\nb-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Cu c≠p ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ssk≤m-¥n-I-amb hyXym-k-ßƒ°v hfsc henb ]mtbm-KnI]cn-WX ^e-ß-fp-≠v. 1. H∂m-asØ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-W-X-^ew \nb-a-Øns‚ obliging force s\ kw_‘n-®p-≈-Xm-Wv.Voluntaristic ImgvN-∏m-S-\p-k-cn®v \nb-a-Øns‚ obliging force\nbaZmXm-hns‚ C—m-i-‡n-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. (C-hnsS \nb-a-Zm-Xmhv Xs‚ ]uc-∑msc `cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ C—m-i-‡n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-amWv \nb-aw). \nb-a-Øns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpsS Dd-hnSw \nb-a-Zm-Xmhp Xs∂-bm-Wv. Hcp voluntarist s‚][m\ tNmZyw CXm-Wv: \nb-a-Zm-Xmhv ultra vires Bbn]h¿Ønt®m? adn®v At±lw bp‡n-bp-‡-ambn ]h¿Ønt®mF∂-X-√.

Cu ImgvN-∏m-S-\p-k-cn®v A[n-Im-cn°v F¥pw sNømw F∂vA¿∞-an-√. tXmakv AIzo-\m-kns‚ \mep `mK-ß-fp≈ \n¿∆-N-\-sØ-∏‰n kphm-ckv ]cn-Nn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-aXv kzoI-

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cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£ ]tXy-I-amb coXn-bn-emWv At±lwB \n¿∆-N-\sØ a\-n-em-°n-b-Xv. ""bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS A\p-im-k\w'' ""s]mXp \∑'' F∂o Bi-b-ßƒ hfsc hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn-emWv At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-®-Xv. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb A[n-Im-cn-bm¬ \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ \nb-a-ßƒs°√mw Cuc≠p ]tXy-I-X-I-fp-ap≠v F∂v At±lw hmZn®p. (A-s√-¶n¬adn®v hfsc hy‡-ambn sXfn-°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂p) a‰p c≠p][m\ LS-I-ß-fmb ""tbmKy-\mb A[n-Imcn'' (competentauthority) “]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏- Xv” (promulgated) F∂nh ¢n]vX-amb A¿∞-Øn-emWv hni-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv.

F∂m¬ AIzo-\m-kns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw \nbaw H∂m-a-Xmbn C—m-i-‡n-bp-tS-X√, adn®v _p≤n-i-‡n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. tXma-kns‚ ImgvN-∏m-S-\p-k-cn®v \nb-a-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnIobligation kaql-Øns‚ s]mXp \∑ e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xn-emWvAS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ icn-bmb e£yw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ ]m]n-°-Ø-°-hn[w kaq-lmw-K-ßsf _u≤n-I-ambn Iao-I-cn-°m≥ \nb-a-Zm-Xmhv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ am¿§-amWv \nb-aw.AXp-sIm≠v \nbaw tIhew C—m-i-‡n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-a√;adn®v bp‡n Nn¥-bpsS Xocp-am-\-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ shdpw Xocp-am-\-a-√, _u≤n-I-am-b, bp‡n-bp-‡-amb Xocp-am-\-amWv \nbawkrjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp-\-∑sb e£yw hbv°p∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬\nbaw kzbw \oXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. \nb-a-Øns‚ i‡n \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn-e√, adn®v AXns‚ hy‡-amb D]-tbm-K-Øn-em-Wv.

Voluntaristic ImgvN∏m-Sn¬ \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hns‚ C—m-i-‡n-bmWv]c-a-]-[m-\w. F√mw \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hns‚ C—m-i-‡nsb Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ AIzo-\m-kns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn¬ C—m-i-‡n-b√ Ah-km-\-hm-°v. \nb-a-Zm-Xmhv kaq-l-Øns‚ Ct∏m-gp≈ Bh-iy-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-\m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v \nb-a-ßƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ß-sf-bmWv ]Xn-^-en-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.

\nb-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ s]mXp-hmb ImgvN-∏mSv “epikeia” bpsSAkvXnXzw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn a\-kn-em-°m≥ tXma-kns\klm-bn-®p. At±lw C]-Imcw hmZn-°p∂p: \nbaw BXy-¥n-I-ambn Hcp e£y-Øn-se-ØØ-°-hn[w am¿§-ßsf _p≤n-]q¿∆w Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ epikeia \nb-a-Øns‚ Dt±-i-

sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ IrXy-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-Wv. \nb-a-Øns‚ B¥-cnI Dt±iyw (spirit of the law) hm°pI-fn¬ (letter of law)]I¿Øm-\p≈ ia-am-Wv Hmtcm am\p-jnI \nb-a-hpw. F∂m¬A\p-Zn\ PohnXw k¶o¿Æhpw \nc-¥c am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-bhpw Bb-Xn-\m¬ Cu iaw Ft∏mgpw hnP-bn-°m-dn-√.

Hcp ]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ s]mXp-\-∑sb klm-bn-°mØletter of the law InkvXym\n-Iƒ Dt]-£n-°-Ww. CXv \nbawewLn-°m-\p≈ A\p-hm-Z-a-√. adn®v C]-Imcw sNøpI F∂XvHcp hy‡n-bpsS [m¿ΩnI_m≤y-X-bm-Wv. ImcWw F√m-h-cp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm\ [m¿ΩnI_m≤yX \∑ At\z-jn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. `qcn-]£w Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw Hcp \nbaw _p≤n-]q¿∆wA\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw A]q¿∆-amb Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ bp‡n-bp-‡-ambnØs∂ AXv ewLn-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ km[n-°pw-hn[wB am\p-jnI \nb-a-Øns‚ B¥-cnI A¿∞w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥Hcp InkvXym-\nsb klm-bn-°p∂ aqey-amWv Epikeia. a\pjy-\n-b-asØ am\p-jn-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ InkvXym-\nsb klm-bn-°p∂ aqey-am-W-Xv.

\nb-a-sØbpw epikeia F∂ aqey-tØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ Adnhv\nb-a-Zm-Xm-hns‚ ho£-W-Øn\v hfsc ]tXy-I-amb ]m[m-\y-an√ F∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ kvtIm -kn-s‚bpw kphm-c-kn-t‚bpw ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ epikeia \nbaZmXm-hns‚ C—m-i-‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ lnX-I-c-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-Wv. ChnsS ""\nßƒFs‚ C—m-i-‡n-sb∂p Icp-Xp-∂Xv Fs‚ C—m-i-‡n-sb-s√-∂pw, \nbaw ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw H∂pw \nßsf Hgn-hm-°p-∂n-s√∂pw'' D≈ A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]Jym-]\w epikeia bv°p≈GXv Bh-iy-sØbpw \ncm-I-cn-°pw.

F∂m¬ tXma-kns‚ ImgvN-∏m-S-\p-k-cn®v A[n-Imcn C]-Imcw ]Jym-]n-®mepw letter of law s]mXp \∑-bv°p-th≠n]h¿Øn-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Aßs\]h¿Øn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ spirit of the law kz¥am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ at‰-sX-¶nepw ]h¿Ø-\-coXn kzoIcn°m\pwInkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v kzmX-¥y-ap-≠v.38

\n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ k`m-\n-ba (canon law) tØbpw Epikeiasbbpw ]‰n tXma-kn-t‚-Xn-t\-°mƒ, kvtIm´-kn-t‚bpw kphm-c-kn-t‚bpw ho£-W-amWv k` ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ]c-

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

º-cm-KX k`m-\n-ba imkvX-Øn\v Ie¿∏n-√mØ Hcp \nbaXXz-im-kvX-Øns‚ A`m-h-ap-≠v. CXns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ canonists,\nb-a-Øn\v hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂-h¿ amX-am-Wv. \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hns‚ Dt±iyw a\-n-em-°p-Ibpw AXn-t\mSv km[n-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw hniz-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw ]mtbm-KnI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ah ]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-XmWv Ah-cpsSZuXyw. GsX-¶nepw ]tXyI ssien-sb-°p-dnt®m hm°n-s\-Ip-dnt®m kwi-b-ßƒ D≠m-hp-tºmƒ ]cn-ip≤ knwlm-k-\-amWv ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-in-t°-≠-Xv.

kvt\lw \nb-a-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ demanding BWv F∂vhy‡-am-°n-sIm≠v Rm≥ Cu N¿® Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. \nbawBh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ kvt\lw \Ωn¬ \n∂vBh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb _‘-Øn-ep≈ Hcphy‡n°v ""Rm≥ Bh-iy-Øn\v ]h¿Øn-®p, Rm≥ Fs‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm°n'' F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw; \nb-a-]p-kvX-I-Ønse A≤ym-bhpw hmIyhpw D≤-cn®v Abmƒ°Xv sXfn-bn-°m-\p-am-hpw. F∂m¬ Bflm¿∞ kvt\l-Øn-ep≈ Hcphy‡n°v Hcn-°epw ""Rm≥ Fs‚ Npa-X-e-I-sf√mw \n¿∆-ln-®p-sh∂v ]d-bm-\mhn√''. \nbaw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒAt\Iw ImXw IqSp-X¬ k©-cn-°m≥ kvt\lw \sΩ \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂p.

ssZh-Øn\v \tΩm-Sp≈ kvt\l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hn¬\ΩpsS a\-kn-t\bpw Bflm-hn-t\bpw \nd-bv°m≥ Cutim\sΩ £Wn-°p-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ IÆp-I-fpsS B\-µ-amWv \mw.Ahn-SpsØ Dujva-f-amb lrZ-b-Øn¬ ÿm\-ap≈ a°-fmWv\mw. GsXmcp AΩbpw Xs‚ Ip´nsb kvt\ln°p∂Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ssZhw \sΩ Icp-Xp-∂p. \mw FX-amXwkvt\ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v a\-kn-em-°n-bmte \ap°v A¬]-sa-¶nepw Xncn®p \¬Im≥ Ign-bq. 116-˛mw k¶o¿Ø-\-Øn¬k¶o¿Ø-I≥ tNmZn-°p∂p: ""ssZhw F\n°p \¬Inb henbA\p-K-l-ßƒ°v ]I-c-ambn Rms\¥p sImSp°pw?'' ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øn-te°v \ΩpsS a\pw lrZ-bhpw Cd-°p-tºmƒ, \mw \nb-a-Øns‚ A\p-im-k-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Gsdaptºm´p t]mIpw. \oXn-\n-jvTbpw \nb-a-\n-jvTbpw \mw GXp]cn-[n-hsc t]mI-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. kvt\lw, Cu AXn-cp-Iƒ AXn-ew-Ln-°m≥ \sΩ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kvt\ln-°p-∂p-

s≠-¶n¬, sNtø-≠-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ sNøm≥ \mw Xøm-dm-Ipw.\ap°v sNøm≥ km[n-°p-∂-sX√mw \mw sNøpw. kvt\lwAß-s\-bm-Wv.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ1. Timothy O’ Connel, Principles for a Catholic Morality (New York: TheSeabury Press, 1978) 122-123.2. Karl Peschke, Christian Ethics, Vol. I (Alccsfer: Goddliffe Neale, 1983)95-97.3. D.C. Duivesteijy, “Reflections on Natural Law,” The Clergy Review, 52(1967) 283.4. Henry Davis, Moral and Pastoral Theology, Vol. I (London: Sheed andWard, 1935) 125.5. Gerard Dalcourt , “Toward a more Empirical Natural Law Theory”,Proceedings ACPA, 41 (1967) 174.6. Bernard Häring, “Dynamism and Continuity in a Personalistic Approachto Natural Law,” in Gene Outka and Paul Ramsey, (eds.), Norm and Contextin Christian Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968) 200.7. Häring - Horte lano - O’ Riordan - Vereecke - Capone, “Relativis no moralee problemi annessi”, Dialogo, Rome, 2 (1967) 13.8. Bernard Häring, Marriage in the Modern World (Cork: The Mercier Press,1965) 64.9. As quoted by Richard McCormick, “Human Significance and ChristianSignificance” in Gene Outka and Paul Ramsey, (eds.), Norm and Context inChristian Ethics (New York. Charles Scribner’s sons, 1968) 239.10. Michael Novak, Bernard Lonergan, “A New Approach to Natural Law,”Proceedings ACPA, 41 (1967) 248.11. Abraham Edel, Ethical Judgement: The Use of Science in Ethics (London:The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964) 76.12. Ibid., 76-77.13. Abraham Edel, Ethical Judgement: The Use of Science in Ethics (London:The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964) 78.14. Columba Ryan, “The Traditional Concept of Natural Law: AnInterpretation”, in I Evans (ed.), Light on the Natural Law (London: Burnsand Oates, 1965) 21-22.15. The same idea is expressed in different terms by R. Begin in his NaturalLaw and Positive Law (Washington: The Catholic University, Press, 1959)41-42.16. Ernest Kilzer, “Natural Law and Natural Rights” Proceedings ACPA, 24(1950) 159.17. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World n.12. Cf.Walter Abbot (ed.), The Documents of Vatican II (London: GeoffreyChapman, 1966) 210 ff

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

18. Richard McCormick, “Human Significance and Christian Significance,”in Gene Outka and Paul Ramsey (eds.), Norm and Context in ChristianEthics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968) 240.19. Ibid., 239.20. Bernard Häring, The Law of Christ, Vol. I (Coric: The Mercier Press,1963) 39-42.21. Ibid., 40-41.22. Martin Nolan, “The Principles of Totality in Moral Theology” in C.E.Curran (ed.), Absolute in Moral Theology? (Washington: Corpus Books,1968) 239.23. Gerard Dalcourt, “Toward a More Empirical Natural Law Theory”Proceedings ACPA 41 (1967) 173.24. Richard McCormick, “Human Significance and Christian Significance,”in Gene Outka and Paul Ramsey (eds.), Norm and Context in ChristianEthics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968) 240.25. Bernard Häring, Christian Renewal in a Changing World (New York:Desclee, 1966) 31.26. Bernard Häring, The Law of Christ, Vol. I, pp. 99-10127. Dietrich von Hildebrand, Transformation in Christ (New York: ImageBooks, 1962)176.28. Ibid., 76-17729. Ibid., 77-17830. Ibid., 179.31. Leo Ward, “Maritain on Education to Freedom,” Proceedings ACPA, 30(1956) p. 15432. Ibid., 155.33. Ibid.34. Bernard Lonergan, Insight (New York: Philosophical Library, 1958) 619.35. Germain Grisez, “Methods of Ethical Enquiry” Proceedings ACPA, 41(1967)166.36. Columba Ryan, The Traditional concept..., loc. cit. p.2537. Josef Fuchs, Theologia Moralis Generalis 1 (Rome: GregorianUniversity Press, 1965)117-120; H. Noldin, Summa Theologiae Moralis 1,132 - 136.38. Timothy O’ Connell, Principles For a Catholic Morality (New York:The Seabury Press, 1978) 189-192.

tUm. s^enIvkv s]mSn-a‰w O.F.M.

[m¿ΩnI a\x-km£n

03

hnizmkPohn-X-sØ-∏‰n AYhm hnizmkwPohn-X-Øn-te°pw ]hrØn-bn-te°pw ]I¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n imkvXo-b-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I-bmWv[m¿ΩnI ssZh-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ZuXyw. ASn-ÿm\ [m¿ΩnI\nb-a-amb kvt\l-Øns‚ aq¿ØBhn -jv°m -c -ß-fmb [m¿ΩnI \nb-a -ßƒInkvXob Pohn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ \evIp-∂p. ]t£, \nbaßƒ \evIs∏´ncn°p∂psh∂XpsIm≠pamXw Bcpw Ah A\p-k-cn-°m-dn -√. A\p-k-c-W-Øn\v a\x-km-£n-bpsSt]cW Bh-iy-am-Wv. hy‡n-\n-jvT-amb [m¿Ωn-Im-\p- -h-Øns‚ tkmX-mWv a\x-km-£n. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb IS-a-Isf hy‡n-\n-jvTß-fm-°n, AhsbA\p-k-cn-°m≥ hy‡nsb IS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv a\xkm-£n-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠v, \nb-aw, [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsShkvXp-\n-jvT-amb am\-Z-fi-ambpw a\-m£nhy‡n-\n-jvT-amb am\-Z-fi-ambpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambnIcp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. [m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ ""A®p-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

40 41

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

X≠m''Wv a\x-m-£n-sb∂v ]d-bmw. AY-hm, a\x-km£n "Nen-°p-∂ns√'¶n¬ [m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ H∂pw \S-°p-∂n-s√∂v]d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

BZ¿i-ßƒ°pw aqey-ßƒ°pw th≠n kz¥w Poh≥t]mepw XyPn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Ip∂ "[m¿ΩnI [oc-∑m¿' apX¬\ne-\n-ev]n\p th≠n GXp aqeyhpw BZ¿ihpw _en-I-gn-°p-hm≥ k∂-≤-cmb "[m¿ΩnI ]m∏-c-∑m¿' hsc-bp≈ hnhn[KW-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-cmWv a\p-jy¿. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Xßsf\bn-°p-∂Xv Xß-fpsS B¥-cnI i_vZ-amWv F∂v F√m-hcpwGsd-°psd Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. F√m-h-cnepw a\x-km-£n-bpsSkm∂n-≤y-ap-s≠-∂Xv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. a\x-km-£n-sb∂bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ km¿∆-Xn-I-X-bn-te°pw sshhn-[y-Øn-te-°p-amWv CXv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv.

1. F¥mWv a\x-km£n?

a\pjyPohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw s]cp-am-‰-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp tIµ-L-S-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ a\x-m-£nsb \n¿∆-Nn-°m≥ hnhn[ imkvX-im-J-Iƒ ]cn-i-an-®n- p≠v. [mcmfw a\x-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿, ]tXy-In®v t^mbn-Uns‚ ]mc-º-cy-°m¿, a\x-km£n "kq∏¿ CutKm'BsW∂v hmZn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ aq∂p LS-Iß-fn-sem-∂mb kq∏¿ CutKmsb hy‡n-bnse [m¿Ωn-Im-[n-Im-cn-bmbnAh¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Hcp inip Xs‚ kwkvIm-c-Ønse aqey-ßfpw\nb-a-ßfpw kzmb-Ø-am-°p-tºm-gmWv CXv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcn-°¬ cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn-°-gn-™m¬ CXv hy‡n-bpsS taep≈[m¿ΩnI \nb-¥Ww Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. inip amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSvXmZm-fly-s∏-Sp-tºm-gmWv aqey-ßƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xv. CuXmZm-fly-s∏-S-em-I-s´ apJy-ambpw \S-°p-∂Xv hf¿®-bnse]£p-_v[-amb CuUn-∏¬ L -Øn¬ BWv. t_m[-]q¿∆-Itambp‡n-k-ltam A√mØ ]Xn-tcm-[-]-c-amb Hcp ]In-b-bmWvCu XmZm-fly-s∏-S¬. CØ-c-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kq∏¿ CutKm-bn¬\n-∂v, ]Iz-amb Hcp a\x-km-£n-bn¬\n∂v ]Xo-£n-°p∂hnth-N-\-i-‡n, bp‡n-k-l-amb hn[n-Xo¿∏v, XpS-ßn-bhDbn¿s°m-≈p-sa∂v a\-n-em-°pI Akm-≤y-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬]Iz-amb a\x-m-£n-sb kq∏¿ CutKm-bmbn Xpey-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. F∂m¬, A]-Iz-amb a\x-km£n kq∏¿ CutKm-bpsS]e e£-W-ßfpw ˛ bp‡n-cm-ln-Xyw, AanX Ip‰-t_m-[w,sshIm-cn-Im-[n-]Xyw apX-em-bh ]Z¿in-∏n-t®-°mw. t^mbn-

Uns‚ kn≤m-¥-Ønse "Bflm-Z¿iw' (ego ideal) Iqtd-°qsSsa®-ambn a\x-km£n F∂ Bi-bsØ ]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂vtXm∂p-∂p.

kΩm-\-Øn-s‚bpw in£-bp-sSbpw XpS¿®-bmb A\p-`-h-ßƒ cq]w sImSp-°p∂ ]Xn-I-cW kn≤n-bm-bn-´mWv _ntl-hn-b-dnkw a\x-km-£nsb ImWp-∂-Xv. Cu kn≤m¥w a\x-km-£nsb `b-hn-Im-cm-Zn-I-fpsS Dev]-∂hpw H∏w ]tbm-‡m-hp-am°n Xcw XmgvØp-∂p. kzb-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-\p≈ Ign-hpw,bp‡nbpw Xptemw Xp—-amWv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ a\x-km-£n-bn¬.

a\x-km-£n-bpsS efn-X-am-b, hnizm-km-[n-jvTn-X-am-b, Hcp\n¿∆-N\w ""ssZh-Øns‚ kzcw'' F∂-Xm-Wv. hnti-j-W-c-ln-X-ambn Cu \n¿∆-N-\sØ kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. Imc-Ww, [m¿ΩnI ]m[m-\y-ap≈ ]e ]iv\-ßƒ°pw hnhn[ Bfp-Iƒ hnhn[ Xo¿∏p-I-fmWv Iev]n-°p-∂-Xv. Htc Imcy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ssZh-kz-c-Øn\v Cßs\ hyXykvX--am-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°ptam? F√m \∑-I-fp-sSbpw Dd-hn-S-amb ssZh-Øns‚ kzcwa\x-km-£n-bn¬ ]Xn-[z-\n-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. F∂m¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, A≤ym-]-I¿, a‰v ][m\ hy‡n-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-cpsS kzc-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cn-°Ww AXn\v aq¿Ø-cq]w ssIh-cp-∂-Xv.

[m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn a\x-km-£nsb\n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂Xv Hcm-fp-sS ]hrØn-bpsS [m¿Ωn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mtbm-KnI _p≤n-bpsS hn[n-\n¿Æbw F∂m-Wv. CX-\p-k-cn-®v, a\x-km£n ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Hcp hn[n-Xo¿∏mWv(judgement), bp‡n- -Z-amb Hcp ]hrØn-bm-W-Xv. ]mtbm-KnI_p≤n-bpsS hn[n-Xo¿∏v ]hrØyp-∑p-J-am-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, hn[n°p-∂ hy‡n bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-tXm, Dƒs∏-Sm≥t]mIp-∂tXm Bb GsX-¶nepw ]hrØnsb-°p-dn-®m-bn-cn-°Ww hn[n \n¿Æ-bw. As√-¶n¬, hn[n ssk≤m-¥nIw amX-am-bn-cn-°pw. IqSm-sX, hn[n-Xo¿∏v ]hrØn-bpsS [m¿Ωn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®v, AXm-bXv AXns‚ \∑-Xn-∑-sb-°p-dn-®v, Bbn-cn-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, bp≤-Øn\v ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂c≠v ssk\n-I¿ BW-h-bp-≤-Øns‚ \∑- -Xn-∑-sb-°p-dn®v N¿®sNbvXv hn[n-Xo¿∏n-se-Øn-bm¬ (i-cn-sbt∂m sXs‰t∂m Bbn-s°m-≈-s´) AXv a\x-km-£n-bpsS ]hrØn-bm-Wv. t\sc adn-®v, CtX ]iv\-sØ-°p-dn-®v, c≠v [m¿Ωn-I-ssZ-h-imkvXhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ XXzm-[n-jvTn-X-ambn N¿®-sNbvXv (i-cn-sbt∂m

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

42 43

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

sXs‰-t∂m) hn[n-®m¬ AXv shdpw ssk≤m-¥nI hn[n-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Imc-Ww, Ah¿ bp≤-Øn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn CS-s]-Sm≥ t]mIp-∂n-√. a\x-km-£n-bpsS hn[n-\n¿Æbw Ah-\-hs‚]hrØn-sb-°p-dn-®m-sW-∂pw, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ]hrØn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈-X-s√-∂pw, CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ H¿Øn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F¶n-epw, ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Xe-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ssk≤m-¥nIw [m¿ΩnI Adn-hns‚Xehpw a‰Xv ]mtbm-K-Øns‚ Xe-hp-amWv; BZy-tØXv c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p.

apI-fn¬ \mw I≠ a\x-km-£n-bpsS ]c-º-cm-KX \n¿∆-N\wIrXy-X-bp≈Xpw icn-bm-b-Xp-amWv; F¶nepw AXn_u≤n-I-am-bn-t∏mbn F∂v ]d-bmw. Imc-Ww, hy‡n-]-c-amb [m¿Ωn-Im-\p-`-h-Øns‚ tkmXv F∂ \ne-bn¬ hn[n-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\v]pdsa Npa-X-e-t_m-[-hpw, kt¥m-jw, bw, e÷, Ip‰-t_m[wXpS-ßnb [m¿ΩnI hnIm-c-ßfpw a\x-km£n Dƒs°m-≈p∂pF∂v km[m-cW A\p-`-h-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. [m¿ΩnI a\-imkvXw a\xkm-£n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse Xnhn-[-am-\-ß-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. [m¿ΩnI Nn¥, hn[n-\n¿Æbw F∂n-h-b-S-ßp∂ Adn-hns‚ am\w, apIfn¬ kqNn-∏n® hnhn[ hnIm-c-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ sshIm-cn-I-am-\w, hn[n-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amtbm ]Xn-Iq-e-amtbm ]Xy-£-Øn¬ sNøp∂ hnhn[]hrØn-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ "s]cp-am-‰-Øns‚ am\w' F∂n-h-bm-W-h. Npcp-°-Øn¬, Xs‚ aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw BZ¿i-ß-fp-sSbpw shfn-®-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p-hm\pw ]Xn-I-cn-°p-hm\pw]h¿Øn-°phm\pw a\p-jys\ k÷-am-°p∂ am\-knI ˛Bflob Ign-hmWv a\x-km£n F∂p ]d-bmw.

2. a\x-km£n: ss__nƒ ho£Ww

]g-b-\n-baw:- [m¿ΩnI a\x-km-£nsb kqNn-∏n-°p∂ IrXy-amb Hcp ]Zw ]gb \nb-a-Øntem lo_q-`m-j-bntem C√.F∂n-cp-∂mepw a\x-km-£n-sb∂ bmYm¿∞yw ]gb \nb-a-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-ep-S-\ofw ]Im-in-X-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. CXns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ a‰p ]e ]Z-ß-fpw, ]tXy-In®v "lrZbw' F∂ ]Zw,D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "bqZm-bpsS ]m]w Ah-cpsSlrZ-b-`n-Øn-I-fn¬ sImØn-h-®n-cn-°p∂p'sh∂v Psd. 17, 1 ¬]d-bp-∂p. tPm_v 27,6; sPsd. 23,9˛10; k¶o. 26 F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw CtX A¿∞-Øn¬ "lrZbw' F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-

°p-∂Xv ImWmw. CØcw ]tbm-K-ß-fn¬ "lrZ-b'-Øn\p ]Icw"a\x-km£n' D]-tbm-Kn-®mepw C∂v A¿∞-hy-Xym-k-sam∂pwD≠m-Ip-∂n-√. [m¿anI then-tb-‰n-d-°-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p∂ a\x-km-£n-sb∂ bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°p-dn-°p-hm≥ efn-X-amb lo_p-`mj hnIm-c -ß-fp -sSbpw `mh-ß-fp -sSbpw Ccn -∏n -S -amb"lrZb'sØ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn¬ AXn-i-tbm-‡n-sbm-∂p-an-√. F¶n-epw, ]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ Hcn-SØv "a\x-km£n' F∂v A¿∞-ap≈ Ko°v ]Zw Syneidesis D]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. "Xn∑ ocpXzw\nd™XmWv; AXv Xs∂-Øs∂ in£n-°p-∂p. a\x-km-£n-bpsS kΩ¿±-Øn¬ AXv ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf ]¿∆-Xo-I-cn-°p∂p'(hn-⁄. 17, 11). hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]pkvXIw Ko°v `mj-bn¬Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xn-\m-emWv Cßs\ kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]g-b-\n-baw a\x-km-£nsb kqNn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Hcp ]hrØn-sb-Øp-S¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-c-ßƒ°mWv (`-bw, Ip‰-t_m-[w,e÷ apX-em-b-h) ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂Xv; a\x-km-£n-bpsS"am¿§\n¿t±-iI' kz`m-h-Øn\v X° ]m[m\yw \evIp-∂n-√.

]pXnb \nb-a-w:--- ˛ a\x-km£n F∂ ]tbmKw kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, A∏-kvtXm-e-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ,teJ-\-ßƒ, ]tXy-In®v hn. ]utem-kns‚ teJ-\-ßƒ, F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ "knss\-tZ-knkv' (a-\x-km-£n) hfsc ]mhiywD]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. ]pcm-X\ Ko°v `mj-bn¬ knss\-tZ-knkvF∂ ]Z-Øns‚ apJym¿∞w "am\-kn-Im-h-t_m[w' (Conscious-ness) F∂Xmbn-cp-∂p. Ita-W-bmWv Cu hm°n\v [m¿ΩnIa\-m£n (Conscience) F∂ A¿∞w ssIh-∂-Xv.

a\x-km-£n-bpsS [m¿Ωn-Im¿∞-Øn\v ]Nmcw kn≤n-®Xv hn.]utemkv hgn-bm-sW-∂mWv ]fin-X-a-Xw. At±lw a\x-km-£n-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp-hm-bn v amX-a-√, "\√ a\x-km£n' (1 Xntam. 1,5) Zp¿∫-e-a-\x-km£n (1 sImdn. 8, 7), sX‰mb a\x-km£n (Xn-tØm. 1, 15), ip≤-a-\x-km£n (1 Xntam. 3, 9) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pwkwkm-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. a\x-km-£n-bpsS km¿∆-Xn-I-X-sbbpw (tdm-a. 2, 14), B¥-cnI t]cI kz`m-h-sØbpw (tdm-a. 13, 5) At±lwNq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]utem-kn\v lo_p ˛ Ko°v `mj-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Adnhpw blq-Z-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ kz¥-am-bn-cp∂Ah-Km-lhpw ssIkvXh hnizm-k-Øn¬ e`n® Bghpw Xo£vW-Xbpw a\x-km-£n-bpsS D]-tbm-KsØ kº-∂-am-°m≥ At±-lsØ klm-bn-®p.

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c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬:˛ Iu¨kn¬ hfsc efn-Xhpw AP-]m-e-\-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c-W-amWv a\x-km-£n-sb-°p-dn®v \evIp-∂-Xv. Hcp a\p-jy-hy-‡n-bpsS "AI-°mºpw hnip≤IqSm-c-hp-amWv a\x-km-£n. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]-cn-bmbn ssZh-sØbpwa\p-jy-s\bpw kvt\ln-®p-sIm-≠v, Xn∑sb Hgn-hm°n \∑ sNøp-hm≥ £Ww \evIp∂ ssZh-kzcw ChnsS ]Xn-[z-\n-°p-∂p.Aßs\ ssZhsØ I≠p-apń kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw [m¿ΩnIDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ B¥-cnI thZn-bm-Ip∂p a\x-km-£n. kXyw At\z-jn-®-dn™v icn-bmb a\x-km£n cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Kuc-h-amb IS-a-sbbpw Iu¨kn¬A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂p. PmK-X-tbmsS kXyw At\z-jn-°p∂ a\p-jy-cpsS ]cn-i-a-sØ, Ah¿ AXv s]s´∂v Is≠-Øp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ IqSn, ]tXyIw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p (k` B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬ 16).

3. a\xkm£n-bpsS hnhn[ apJ-ßƒ

a\xkm£n "GI'amsW-¶nepw (H-cmƒ°v Hcp a\x-km-£n)sshhn-[y-ßƒ AXn¬ IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂p. Cu sshhn-[y-Øns‚shfn-®-Øn¬ ]e-Xcw a\x-km-£n-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°m-dp-≠v. ASn-ÿm\ a\x-km-£nbpw ]mtbm-KnI a\x-km-£n-bp-amWv Hcp ]mY-anI hn`-P-\w. CXn¬ BZy-tØXv a\p-jys‚ASn-ÿm\ [m¿ΩnI Ign-hns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. \∑ Adn-bm-\pw, Adn-bp∂ \∑sb Bt«-jn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ign-hpw, H∏w \∑sNø-W-sa∂pw Xn∑ Hgn-hm-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ IS-∏m-Sns‚ Ah-t_m-[hpw CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Ignhv Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw, kml-Ncy kº¿°-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-XmWv ]mtbm-KnI a\x-km-£n. ]mtbm-KnI_p≤n-bpsS hn[n-Xo¿∏v F∂v t\csØ \n¿∆-Nn-®Xv k∑m¿§hgn-Im-ń-bmb Cu a\x-km-£n-sb-bm-Wv.

ASn-ÿm\ a\x-km-£n-bn¬\n∂v ]mtbm-KnI a\x-km£nhnI-kn-°p-∂Xv aÆn¬ hnX® hnØv s]mń apf®v hf-cp-∂-Xn-t\mSv D]-an-°mw. sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°vaÆns‚ KpWw \n¿Æm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]Iz-amb a\x-km£n cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v kmaqly [m¿ΩnI kml-N-cy-ßfpwA\p-`-h-ßfpw hfsc ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Xmsg hnh-cn-°p∂]mtbm-KnI a\x-km-£n-bpsS hnhn[ Xc-ßsf cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]kvXpX kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v henb ]¶p-≠v. Hmtcm a\x-

km-£n-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-amb ]Xn-I-cW coXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv AXns\ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂Xpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xpw.

arZp-ehpw Ab-™Xpw (tender - lax) k∑m¿§ \nb-a-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-_-≤-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu c≠p a\x-km-£n-Iƒ Gsd hyXym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. arZpea\x-km£n[m¿ΩnI DØchmZn-Xz-ßƒ hniz-kvX-X-tbmSpw IrXy-X-tbmSpwIqSn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ ian-°p∂ Bflm¿∞-amb a\x-km-£n-bm-Wv. Ab™ a\x-km£n CXns‚ hn]-co-Xhpw; DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-sf-°p-dn®v i≤-bn-s√∂v amX-a-√, AXv ewLn-°p-∂-Xn¬hnj-a-hp-an-√. Cu c≠p a\x-km-£n-Ifpw hyXykvX hy‡n-I-fn¬ hyXykvX tXmXn¬ ]I-S-am-IpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. H∏w,c≠pw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS GsX-¶nepw Ht∂m ct≠m Iev]-\-Isf tIµo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v `mKn-I-tam, F√m Iev]-\-I-sfbpwtIµo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]q¿Ætam BImw. arZpe a\x-km£nhy‡nsb kkq£vaw [m¿ΩnI ]mX-bn-eqsS \bn°p-sa-¶nepwAanX arZp-eX Akz-ÿ-X-bp-f-hm-°mw. kz¥w [m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-cw, t]mcm-bva-Iƒ, hogvN-Iƒ, apX-em-bhNn¥bv°pw DXv°-WvTbv°pw Imc-W-am-Imw. Bflob D]-tZ-ihpw Iu¨kn-enwKpw hgn Cß-s\-bp≈ ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw. Ab™ a\x-km£n°mc≥ kaq-l-Øn\v`mchpw D]-Z-hhpw BIpw. kzbw Xncp-Øm-\p≈ ISa Bhy‡n-°p≠v; H∏w, Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h¿ (am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ, sshZn-I¿....) Bh-iy-amb am\-knI Bflob klm-b-Øm¬ AØ-c-°msc t\¿h-gn°p sIm≠p-h-cm≥ i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

N©-ehpw kwi-bhpw (perplexed - scrupulous) Ch c≠pwAkzÿ a\x-km-£n-I-fm-Wv. [m¿ΩnI IS-a-tbmSv hniz-kvXX]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Hmtcm∂pw AX-Xns‚ hgntb t]mIp-∂p. BZy-tØXv Hcp Imcy-Øns‚ Ccp-h-iØpw Xn∑ ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬kz¥w DØ-c-hm-ZnXz-sØ-°p-dn®v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""sNIp-Øm\pw IS-en\pw \Sp°v'' F∂v ]d-™-Xpt]m-se. DZm-l-c-Ww, bph-Xn-bmb HcΩ tcmKn-bmbsIm®ns\ ]cn-N-cn®v hoń¬ Ccn-°-Wtam AtXm sIm®ns\aqØ-Iq- nsb Gev]n-®n v Rmb-dmgvN Ip¿_m-\bv°v t]mI-WtamF∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ km[n-°msX Dg-ep-∂p. km[m-cW Bfp-Iƒ°v CØcw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-Im-dn-√. F∂m¬ N©e a\x-km-£n-°m¿°v CXv Zpjv°-c-am-Wv. Bfl-hn-izm-k-°p-d-hn-s‚, ]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wn-Xv. ""C∂Xv

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sNøpI'' F∂v B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp≈ Bsc-¶nepw ]d-™m¬_p≤n-ap´p IqSmsX Ah-cXv sNøp-Ibpw sNøpw. Aßs\ Hmtcm]mh-iyhpw ""Iev]-\-Iƒ'' sImSp-°m-sX Bflob sshIm-cnIXe-Øn¬ Ahsc i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ klm-b-ßƒ (spiritualguidance & counselling) \evIpI-bmWv DØ-aw. N©e a\x-km-£n-sb-°mƒ Akz-ÿX krjvSn-°p-∂-XmWv kwi-b-a-\x-km-£n. Aan-X-amb Bi¶, Xs‚ [m¿Ωn-Im-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈kwi-bw, Fhn-sSbpw ]m]w ImWm-\p≈ ]h-W-X, Ip‰-t_m[wapX-em-b-h-bm¬ a¿±n-°-s∏-Sp∂ a\x-km-£n-bmWv kwi-b-a-\x-m-£n. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Bh¿Øn-®p≈ Ipº-km-cw, ]mb-›nØw, ]m¿∞\ F∂n-h-bneqsS kzbw ip≤o-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. At±lw Xs‚ Ah-ÿ-sb Hcp[m¿ΩnI ]iv\-am-bn-´mWv a\-nem°p∂-sX-¶nepw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ AXv Hcp ssh-Im-cnI ]iv\-am-Wv. "H_vkkohvIº¬kohv' F∂ am\-kn-Im-kz-ÿ-X-bpsS Hcp ]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wn-Xv.

]e Imc-W-ßƒ Hcmsf kwi-b-a-\x-km-£n-bn-te°v \bn-°m-sa-¶n-epw, A¥¿ap-J-X-bpw, Ip´n-°m-esØ I¿°-i-ambhf¿Ø-epw, hy‡-amb [m¿ΩnI Adn-hns‚ Ipdhpw ][m-\-s∏´ Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv. kwib a\x-km£n mKn-Ihpw ]q¿ÆhpwBImw. Ht∂m ct≠m [m¿ΩnI ]am-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v amXw""kwi-b-]iv\w'' D≈-h-cmWv BZy-tØ-Xv. F√m ]am-W-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v ""kwi-b-]iv\w'' D≈-h-cmWv c≠m-a-tØ-Xv. c≠m-asØ Iq´-cmWv IqSp-X¬ Akz-ÿ-Xbpw hyYbpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂v hy‡-am-W-t√m. kwib a\x-km-£n-°m¿ Gsd-bn-s√-¶nepw D≈-h¿ AP-]m-e-I-cn¬\n∂v ]tXyIw i≤bpw]cn-K-W-\bpw D]-tZ-ihpw A¿ln-°p-∂p. Nne¿°v Cu Zpc-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v tamN\w t\Sm≥ hnZ-Kv≤-amb Iu¨k-enwKvklm-bhpw th≠n-h-cpw.

icn-bm-bXpw sX‰m-bXpw (right and erroneous): icnbmb[m¿ΩnI ]mX-bn-eqsS Hcp-hs\ \bn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv a\x-km-£n-bpsS ][m\ ZuXyw. AXn\v Hmtcm Ah-k-c-Ønepw Xs‚DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v IrXy-amb hn[n-\n¿Æbw \S-Øm≥a\x-km-£n°v km[n-°-Ww. F¶nepw km[m-cW A\p- -h-Øn¬\mw ImWm-dp-≈-Xp-t]mse [m¿ΩnI hn[n \n¿Æbw Nne-t∏mƒsX‰n-t∏m-Imw. icn-bmb a\x-km£n F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈

hn[n \n¿Æ-b-am-Wv. [m¿Ωn-I-\n-b-a-ßƒ°v tNcmØ hn[n-Xo¿∏mWv sX‰mb a\-m-£n. AXm-b-Xv, icn-bmb a\x-km-£n-bpsS am\-Zfiw hn[nbpw hy‡n-bpsS Adnhpw XΩn-ep≈s]mcp-Ø-a√; ]ns∂-tbm, hn[nbpw [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-Øns‚ A\p-im-k-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Ø-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v sX‰mbAdn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ hn[n-\n¿Æbw icn-bmb a\-xkm£n BIn-√. Hcmƒ DØa t_m[y-Øn-emWv A]-Imcw sNøp-∂-sX-¶n-epw, B a\x-km£n sX‰mb a\x-km-£n-Xs∂; DØ-a-t_m[yw aqew Abm-fn¬ Ip‰w Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√ F∂p-am-Xw.

Xo¿®-bm-bXpw kµn-Kv≤hpw (certain and doubtful): Xs‚hn[n icn-bm-sW∂v kmam\y Dd∏v (moral certainty) F¶nepwD≈ a\x-km-£n-bmWv Xo¿®-bmb a\x-km£n. Xs‚ hn[n°vhn]-co-X-amb H∂v kw`-hn-°p-sa∂ bp‡n-k-l-amb `bw Chn-sS-bn-√. Hcp tcmKn tUmIvSsd hniz-kn-°p-∂Xpw, bmX-°m¿ssUhsd hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xpw, Ab¬°m¿ ]c-kv]cw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xpw Aßs\ A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse Ht´-sd-°m-cy-ßƒCXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kmam-\y-amb Cu Dd-∏mWv A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hmtcm Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A\m-h-iy-amb kwi-bhpwAt\z-j-W-hp-an-√msX Pohn-XsØ kpK-a-am°n aptºm´v \bn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Dd∏v F¶nepw C√mØ a\x-km£n kµnKv≤a\x-km-£n-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww, hn]-co-X-am-bXv kw`-hn-°m-sa∂\ymb-amb `bw CXn-ep-≠v.

IS-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ a\x-km£n (Binding Conscience): A\p-k-cn-°m≥ ~Hcp hy‡nsb IS-s∏SpØp∂ a\xkm-£n-bm-Wn-Xv. As√-¶n¬, Hcmƒ A\p-k-cn-°m≥ IS-s∏´ a\x-km-£n. CXn-s\-Xnsc t]mIp-∂Xv a\x-km-£n-bpsS ewL-\hpw ]m]-hp-am-Ipw. \∑ sNøm\pw (command) Xn∑ h¿÷n-°m\p (prohibi-tion) amWv a\x-km£n Iev]n-°p-∂-Xv. kmam\y Xo¿®-tbmsSa\x-km£n Hcp Iev]-\tbm hnet°m \evIn-bm¬ AXv ]men-°m≥ Hcph≥ ISs∏-´-h-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xo¿®-bmb a\x-km£n Xs∂-bmWv IS-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ a\x-km-£n. AtX kabw\∑tbm Xn∑tbm Dƒs∏-SmØ Imcy-ßƒ kz¥w CjvS-a-\p-k-cn®v sNøm≥ a\x-km£n Hcp-hs\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. DZm: hymbm-a-Øn\v \S-t∏m, Ifn-tbm, \o¥tem F¥v thW-sa∂v Hcmƒ°v CjvSw-t]mse \n›-bn-°m-a-t√m.

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Xo¿®-bmb a\x-km£n Ft∏mgpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn icn-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. icn-bm-sW∂ Dd-∏n¬ sNbvX ImcywsX‰m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]n∂oSv a\-n-em-°nb Ah-k-c-ßƒ F√m-h¿°pw Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm-≠v, Xo¿®-bmb a\x-km£n sX‰p-]-‰m≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xs√-¶nepw IS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv (a certain conscience is binding, though not infallible).

XXzØns‚ kqNn-Xm¿∞-ßƒ (implications): apI-fn¬]d™ XXz-Øns‚ aq∂v ][m-\-s∏´ kqNn-Xm¿∞-ßƒ Xmsghni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

1. a\x-km--£n-bpsS al-Xzw. hn[n-\n¿Æbw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn sX‰m-Im-sa-¶n¬Iq-Sn, Hcp hy‡n hy‡n-\n-jvT-ambn icn-sb∂v Xo¿®-bp≈ a\x-km-£nsb A\p-kn-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-Wt√mXXzw. kz¥w ]cn-an-Xn-°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v hniz-kvX-X-tbmSpw Bflm¿∞-X-tbmSpw IqSn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ a\x-m-£n-bpsS al-Xz-Øn\p≈ AwKo-Im-c-am-Wn-Xv. A√msX hy‡nhmZ-Øn-\p≈ AwKo-Im-ctam Hmtcm-cp-Ø\pw CjvSm-\pk-cWw]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ hmZtam A\phmZtam A√.

2. A]-cs‚ a\-xkm-£n-tbm-Sp-≈ BZ-chv. F√m-hcpw kz¥wXo¿®-bp≈ a\x-km-£n-b-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ IS-s∏-´-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm≠v \mw ]c-kv]cw a\x-km-£n-sb _lp-am-\n-°m≥_m≤y-ÿ-cm-Wv. CXv [m¿ΩnI ]Iz-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-hp-am-Wv.H∏w, hf¿® ]m]n® a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw sshhn-[ym-flI kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw kpK-a-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v AXym-h-iy-hp-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, kz¥w a\x-km-£n-bpsS t]cn¬ s]mXp-\-∑bv°vFXncv \nev°m≥ B¿°pw Ah-Im-i-an-√. AYhm Aßs\kw -hn-®m¬ AXn-s\-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-chpwIS-abpw _‘-s∏´ A[n-Im-cn-°p-≠v.

3. icn-bmb a\x-km£n cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ IS-a. ]Iz-X-bm¿∂, icn-bmb a\x-km£n [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ß-fnepw aqey-ß-fnepw ASn-ÿm-\-an-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. A]-Imcw icn-bmb a\x-km£n cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-amWv; ]tXy-In-®v,hf¿®bpsS BZy-L- -ßfn¬. A√m-Ø-]-£w, a\p-jy¿ Xn∑sb\∑-bmbn [cn-°p-I-bpw, Ip‰-t_m-[-an-√msX Xn∑ sNøp-IbpwsNøp∂ ""aqV-kz¿§-Øn¬'' hym]-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. AXp-sIm≠v a\x-km-£n-bpsS al-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒXs∂ icn-bmb a\x-km£n cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw

FSpØp Imt´-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ ]Iz-X-bm¿∂ CS-s]-Sepw]c-kv]c _lp-am-\hpw IqSp-X¬ kpK-a-am-Ipw.

Xo¿®-bn-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ: Hcp Imcy-sØ-°p-dn®v kmam\y Dd-∏p≈ hn[n\n¿Æbw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXvkµnKv≤ a\x-km£n (doubtful conscience) BWt√m. kµnKv≤a\x-m-£nsb [m¿ΩnI ]mX-bnse ""Nph∂ hnf°v'' (red light)F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Imc-Ww, CXv Xn∑-sN-øm-\p≈ A]-IS km≤y-Xsb Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. kµnKv≤ a\x-km-£n-bpsSkqN-\-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-°mØ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ “km[n°p∂X Xn∑ Hgnhm°pI” F∂ ASnÿm\ [m¿ΩnI ]am-WsØ Ah-K-Wn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠v, aptºm´pt]mIp-∂-Xn\v apºv e`y-amb CS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Adnhpw hnh-chpw t\Sn kwibw Zqco-I-cn-°m≥ ian-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. C]-Im-c-ap≈ kwi-b-Zq-co-I-c-WsØ ""]Xy-£-amb ]cn-lmcw'' (di-rect solution) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. ]s£, ]Xy£ ]cn-lmcwFt∏mgpw km[n-®p-sh∂v hcn-√. DZm. Bh-iy-amb Adn-hns‚Dd-hnSw e`y-a-√msX hcmw. CØcw Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ km[y-sa-¶n¬ kz—Xm XØz-ßƒ (reflex principles) Dƒs°m≈p∂ ]tcm-£-amb ]cn-lmcw ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu XXz-ß-fm-Is´[m¿ΩnI˛ ss\bm-anI ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ AwKo-Imcw t\Snbbp‡n `Z-ß-fmb ]am-W-ß-fm-Wv. Cu XXz-ßƒ ktµ-l-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Dd∏v (certainty) Xcp-∂-h-b-s√-¶n-epw, icn-bm-Im≥ IqSp-X¬ km≤y-X-bp-≈Xpw AXn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-X-hp-amb ]hrØn GsX∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.

][m-\-s∏´ kz—Xm XXz-ßƒ

1. (]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-ImØ kwibw D≈-t∏mƒ) ssIh-im-h-Imiw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. \oXn-bpsS LS-I-ß-fmb DS-a-ÿ-X,ssIh-im-h-Imiw CXym-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn®v kwibw Db-cp-tºmƒCu XØzw ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ bYm¿∞DS-a-ÿ-X-sb-°p-dn®v kwibw D≈-t∏mƒ ssIhiw h®n-cn-°p-∂-bm-fmWv \nb-a-]-c-ambn DS-a-ÿ≥ F∂v Cu XXzw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.

2. sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc bmsXm-cp-h\pw Ip‰-hm-fn-b-√.CXv s]mXp-hn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp XØz-am-Wv. Ip‰w kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Btcm-]-W-hn-t[-b≥\nc-]-cm[n Bbn-cn-°pw.

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3. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn\v ap≥Xq-°w. A[n-Im-cnbpwIogvs∏-´-hcpw XΩn¬ GsX-¶nepw Imcy-Øn¬ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-bm¬ A[n-Im-cn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn-\mWv ]m_-eyw. AXv Ghcpw A\p-k-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

4. adn®v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc ]hrØn km[p-hm-Wv.Bflm¿∞-amb kΩXw Cs√-¶n-epw, Ia-]-Imcw \S-Ø-s∏´]hrØn-Iƒ (D-`-b-k-Ω-Xw, hnhm-lw, Icm-dp-Iƒ apX-em-b-h)adn®p sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc km[p-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

5. km[m-c-Whpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-bXv IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-I.Xs‚ Hcp DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ]q¿Øn-bm-°ntbm C√-tbm-sb∂vkmam-\yambn \n›-bn-°m≥ km[n-°msX hcp-tºmƒ, km[m-c-W-bmbpw ]Xn-hmbpw CØcw Imcy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂pt≠mC√tbm F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-hp-∂-XmWv (D-Zm. ISw Xncn-®-S-bv°¬, Rmb-dm-gvN-bm-N-cWw apX-em-b-h).

Hcp hkvXp-X-sb-°p-dnt®m Hcp \nb-a-sØ-°p-dnt®m D≈ktµlw aqew a\x-km£n kµn-Kv≤-am-Imw. hkvXp-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kwi-b-Øn¬, Hcmƒ°v \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-sØ-°p-dn®vDd-∏p-≠v. (D-Zm. Hcp hkvXp AXns‚ DS-a-ÿ\v XncnsI sImSp-°-Ww). F∂m¬, bYm¿∞ DSa Bsc∂v Adn-bn-√. As√-¶n¬, Hcp Ip‰-Øn-\p≈ in£ Fs¥∂v Adn-bmw. ]s£, BƒIp‰-hm-fn-bmtWm F∂-dn-bn-√. apI-fn¬ ]d™ kz—Xm XXz-ßƒ F√mw Hcp hkvXp-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kwi-b-\n-hm-c-W-Øn-\p-≈-h-bm-sW∂v Ah ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\-n-em-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hcp ]tXyI \nbaw \ne-hn-ept≠m F∂ ktµ-l-amWv"\nb-a-sØ-°p-d-n®p≈ kwibw’ sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv. DZm. Hcp]tXyI Xncp-\mƒ IS-ap-≈-XmtWm? Hcp ]tXyI ZnhkwD]-h-kn-°m≥ IS-a-bpt≠m? apX-em-b-h. \nb-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈kwibw s]mXp-hmb kwi-b-a-s√-¶n¬ AXn\v \ne-\n-ev]n-√-t√m. \nb-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kwi-b-L-´-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p∂kz—Xm XXz-amWv "kwi-b-I-c-amb \nbaw A\p-k-cn-°m≥ IS-a-bn√' F∂-Xv. a\p-jy≥ ]IrXym kzX-¥-\m-Wv, H∏w \nb-a-cq-t]W \evI-s∏-Sp∂ [m¿ΩnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw Ah-\p-≠v.AXn-\m¬, \nb-a-Øns‚ AkvXnXzw Xo¿®-bn-s√-¶n¬ AX-\p-k-cn-°m≥ Hcp-h\v IS-a-bn√ F∂-XmWv ]kvXpX XXz-Øns‚kmcw. At∏mƒ Xs‚ kzmX-¥y-a -\p -k-cn®v Hcp -h\v

]h¿Øn°mw.

F¶n-epw, Cu XXz-Øns‚ ]tbmKw AX eLp-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Gsd hnhm-Z-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°n-b-XmWv Cu XXzw. Hcp-h\v CjvSm-\p-k-cWw s]cp-am-dm≥ \nb-a-Øns‚ AkvXnXz-sØ-°p-dn®v FX-amXw kwi-b-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p hnhm-Z-Øns‚tIµ-_n-µp. Cu tNmZy-Øn\v 5 DØ-c-ßƒ D≠v, [m¿ΩnIhyh-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ (moral systems) F∂v Ah Adn-b-s∏´p t]m∂p.Ch c≠v tNcn-I-fn-embn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bmw. ""\nbaw\ne-hn-en√'' F∂-Xn\v Gsd km[y-X-bp-s≠-¶nte ""kwi-b-I-c-amb \nbaw'' F∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ ]‰q F∂v iTn-°p∂ I¿°-i-hm-Zhpw (rigorism) ""\nbaw \ne-hn-en√'' F∂-Xn\v sNdnb km[y-X-sb-¶n-ep-aps≠¶n¬ AXn\v kwi-b-I-c-amb \nb-a-ambn Icp-Xm-sa∂v hmZn-°p∂ "Ab™ hmZhpw' (laxism) c≠-‰-ß-fn-embn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. F∂m¬, Xoh-kz-`m-h-ap≈ (extremes)Cu c≠p \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw k` Xnc-kvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Cu c≠p [ph-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ a‰v aq∂v \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ IqSn-bp-≠v. 1. Probabiliorism \nbaw kwi-b-I-c-am-sW-¶n¬, \nb-a-ap≠v F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ km[yX \nb-a-an√ F∂-Xn\vthWw. 2. Equiprobabilism \nb-a-ap≠v F∂-Xn\pw "C√' F∂-Xn\pw Xpeykm[y-X-bp-s≠-¶nte \nbaw kwi-b-I-c-am-hp-I-bp-≈q. 3. Probabilism F∂n-h-bm-W-h. Ch-bn¬ kPo-h-am-bXpwC∂v IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw kw`-hy-Xm-hmZ(probabilism) amWv.

kw`-hy-Xm-hmZw. Hcp \nb-a-Øns‚ AkvXn-Xzw, hym]vXn,km[yX F∂n-h-bvs°-Xnsc ]_-e-amb Hcp hmZ-K-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ ]kvXpX \nbaw kwi-b-I-c-amb \nb-a-ambn Icp-Xm-sa-∂pw, hy‡n°v kzmX-¥y-a-\p-k-cn®v s]cp-am-dm-sa∂pw kw`-hy-Xm-hmZw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]_-e-amb hmZw (solid argument)D∂-bn-t°-≠Xv km∑m¿§nI hnj-b-Øn¬ ]mho-Wy-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. \nbaw Xo¿®-bn-s√-¶n¬ ]fin-X-cpsS ]_-e-amb A`n-]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v s]cp-am-dm-sa∂v kmcw.

\nb-X-amb [m¿ΩnI \nbaw \¬I-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ As√-¶n¬hy‡-a-√mØ ]hrØn-Iƒ°mWv kw`-hy-Xm-hmZw ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xv. AXn-thKw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-Ibpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ C∂sØ temIØv [m¿ΩnI ktµ-l-ßfpw

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]iv\-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ D≠m-Imw. t¢mWn-ßv, Po\nI NnIn-’,aqe-tImi Kth-jWw, Pnt\mw ]≤Xn apX-em-bh Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ssPh kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS taJe \s√m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Cß-s\-bp≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ k` [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßfpw\n¿t±-i-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Nne-t∏mƒ Ime-Xm-a-khpwAIr-Xy-Xbpw D≠m-Imw. AØcw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ kam\ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k`-bpsS ]t_m-[-\w, kzm`m-hnI \nb-aw, kml-Ncy bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ]_-e-amb As√-¶n¬ kzoIm-cy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Im-dp-≠v. hnhn[ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS CØcw\n¿t±-i-ßƒ XΩn¬ Nne hyXym-k-ßfpw D≠m-Imw. CXn\vImcWw hyXykvX ho£-W-ßfpw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-hp∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fp-am-Wv. Chsb [m¿ΩnI hnth-N\ ]In-b-bp-sSbpwhf¿®-bp-sSbpw `mK-ambn IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.

Nne-t∏mƒ, k`-bpsS B[n-Im-cnI ]T-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ssZh-imkvX N¿®-Iƒ (D-Zm. IrXnaP\\ \nb-¥-Ww, `qW-l-Xy) hnhm-Z-ßƒ Db¿Øm-dp-≠v. Aßs\ ]kvXpX ]T\wtNmZyw sNø-s∏´ ]T-\hpw Xo¿®-bn-√mØ \nb-ahpw (uncer-tain law) Bbn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AhnsS kw`-hy-Xm-hmZw]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬, k` kwi-b-I-c-amb\nb-a-a√ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb \nb-a-amWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ apI-fn¬]-d™ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kw`-hy-Xm-hmZw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv icn-b-√. k`-bpsS ]T-\-ßsf Kth-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Inbm-flI hna¿i-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS ZuXy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ hnhm-Z-Ønepw hna¿i-\-Ønepw k`-bpsS ]t_m-[-\sØ tIh-e-samcp ssZh-imkvX A`n-]m-b-ambn Xcw-Xm-gvØm-sXbpw k`-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb BZ-cn-®p-sIm≠pw thWw Aßs\ sNøm≥.

Ah-km-\-ambn hkvXp-X-sb-°p-dnt®m \nb-a-sØ-°p-dnt®mD≈ kwibw ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm ]cn-l-cn-°m≥km[n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Hcp-h≥ ""Ipd™ Xn∑'' (lesser evil) Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn\v Hcp hy‡n ktµ-l-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Xs‚ apºn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø\ km≤y-X-Iƒ aqew krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ \∑bpw Xn∑bpw hne-bn-cpØn Xn∑sb Ign-hXpwHgn-hm-°m-\p≈ Ah-km\ ]cn-iaw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ipd™Xn∑-bm-b-Xns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-Ww.

4. ]Iz-amb a\x-km-£n-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww

]Izamb InkvXob a\x-km-£n-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw cq]o-I-c-Whpw a\x-km-£n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bnse Hcp ][m-\-s∏´ ]cn-K-W-\-bm-Wv. ]Iz-amb a\x-km-£n-bpsS \nc-h[n khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ km[n-t®-°pw. H∏w Ahsb]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-ßsfbpw. F¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Nne Imcy-ßƒ amX-amWv ChnsS N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

4.1 \nb-a-ß-sfbpw aqey-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ icn-bmb Adn-hv.

Hcphs‚ icn-bmb [m¿ΩnI Xocp-am-\-Øn\pw Pohn-X-Øn\pwhgn-Im-ń-bm-IpI F∂-XmWv a\x-km-£n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\[¿Ωw. CXn\v Bh-iy-I-amb Hcp ][m\ Imcyw [m¿ΩnI\nb-a-sØ-°p-dn®pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ icn-bmbAdn-hm-Wv.

Adnhv hyXykvX Xc-Ønepw Bg-Øn-ep-ap-≈-Xm-Imw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v hmNn-I-amb Adn-hv, Bi-b-]-c-amb Adnhv, aqeym-[n-jvTnX Adnh.v "I≈w ]d-b-cpXv' "Is´-Sp-°-cpXv' Fs∂ms°sIm®p Ipń-Iƒ a\x-]m-T-am°n h®n-cn-°p∂ D]-cn-π-h-amb Adn-hmWv BZy-tØ-Xv. \nb-a-Øns‚ A¿∞-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipd-s®ms° Kmly-ap-≈-XmWv c≠m-a-tØ-Xv. Iuam-c-L-´-Øn\vapºp-≈-h¿ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Adn-hm-Wn-Xv. [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-Øn¬AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ aqeysØ tIµo-I-cn®v Nn¥n-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ Ignhv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv aq∂m-a-tØ-Xv.Aaq¿Ø-ambn Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv, Imcy-Im-c-W-_-≤-ambNn¥, bp‡n-]-cX F∂nh Cu Adn-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn Cu Adnhv Iuam-cm¥y-Øn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip-Ibpw ItaW Bg-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]Iz-amb a\x-km-£n°vaqeym-[n-jvT-nX Adnhv Bh-iy-am-Wv.

Bcpw aqeym-[n-jvTnX Adnhv Hcp- Zn-h-kw-sIm≠v t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂n-√. ]mY-an-I-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂v Ita-Wtb AhnsSFØp-I-bp-≈q. CXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]Iz-amb a\x-km£n cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb kabw thW-sa-∂m-Wv. hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ipń°v Ahs‚ Kl-W-i-‡n-°-\p-k-cn®v [m¿Ωn-I- A-dnhv ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ItaW Ipń-Iƒ°v\nb-a-Øns‚ A¿∞w Kln-°m\pw aqey-ßƒ kzmwio-I-cn-°m\pw IqSp-X¬ Ah-k-c-ßfpw am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw \evtI-

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≠-Xm-Wv. km[m-cW ]d-bm-dp-≈-Xp-t]mse "aqey-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv' (values arecaught than taught). AXn-\m-h-iy-amb kml-N-cy-ßfpw klm-b-ß-fp-ap-≠m-IWw.

Adnhv ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, \nb-a-Øns‚e£yhpw hy‡-am-°-s∏-S-Ww. hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øns‚bpw ka-K-amb \∑-bmWv Cu e£yw. \nb-a-ßƒ AXn-\p≈ klm-bn-I-fm-Wv. tbip ]Tn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse "km_Øva\p-jy-\p-th-≠n-bmWv; a\p-jy≥ im_Øn\pth-≠n-b√'(a¿t°m.2,27). \nb-a-Øns‚ A¥-xk-Øsb ad∂v _mly-amb]I-S-\-ßƒ°v ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p∂ ss\bm-anI at\m-`m-hsØ \nb-¥n-°m\pw CXm-h-iy-am-Wv. IqSm-sX, Hcp hy‡nkz¥w BK-l-ßfpw CjvS-ßfpw A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-tºm-g-√, adn®v ssZh-Z-Ø-amb [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßƒ am\n®v Pohn-°p-tºm-gmWv bmYm¿∞-amb \∑ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv F∂pw]kvXpX hm°p-Iƒ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. km_Øv a\p-jy-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ km_-Øns\ AhKWn®psIm≈m\√, A¿∞w a\-n-em°n A\p-k-cn-°m-\mWv tbip]d-bp-∂-Xv. \nXy-Po-h≥ At\z-jn®p h∂ bphm-hn-t\mSpw Iev]-\-Iƒ ]men-°m-\mWv tbip Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (aØm.19,16).

4.2 kzX-¥-am-b, kz¥-amb t]cIw

a\xkm£n-bpsS t]cI (motive) amWv ]Iz-Xsb \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ as‰mcp LS-Iw. [m¿ΩnI hyh-lm-c-Øn\v hnj-bhpwt]c-Ihpw D≠v˛ F¥v sNøp∂p; F¥n\v sNøp∂p? bw aqewtamjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-h\pw A]-cs‚ Ah-Im-isØ am\n®vtamjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-h\pw XΩn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-k-ap-s≠-∂Xv \msa-√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-a-t√m. CXn¬ c≠m-a-tØ-XmWvBZy-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Izhpw hniz-k-\o-b-hpw. Adnhvhnj-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ t]cIw ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. CXn¬ c≠m-a-tØXv [m¿ΩnI a\x-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnj-b-am-Wv. [m¿ΩnI t]c-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hfsc kw£n-]vX-ambHcp Ah-X-c-Wta ChnsS km[n-°q.

hnim-em¿∞-Øn¬ aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ t]c-I-ß-fp-≠v. ]q¿∆-˛-km-am\yw (preconventional) kmam\yw (conventional) D]cnkmam\yw (post conventional). CXn¬ H∂mw-X-ew, Gsd-°psdGgv hb-p-h-scbpw, c≠m-atØXv Ggp apX¬ ]Xn-\©v

hscbpw aq∂mw-Xcw ]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-h-scbpw \o≠p-\n¬°p-∂p. L´w-L- -ambp≈ hnIm-kw, AXn-\m-h-iy-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS kwe-`y-Xsb Bi-bn-®n-cn-°pw. AXn-\m¬,]mbhpw [m¿Ωn-I-X-ehpw XΩn¬ IrXy-amb _‘w D≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√. Imc-Ww, Hmtcm-L-´-Øn-s‚bpw hnIm-k-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kml-Ncyw A∏-g-t∏mƒ In´n-sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√-t√m.

H∂mw-X-e-Øns‚ ][m\ t]c-I-L-SIw in£-tbm-Sp≈ bw,in£ Hgn-hm-°¬, Bh-iy-]q¿Øo-I-cWw (]-Xn-^-teNvO,sshIm-cn-I-kw-Xr-]vXn, apXn¿∂-hsc ]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I) F∂n-ßs\bp≈ kzm¿∞-]-c-amb Nn¥-I-fm-Wv. A]-c-t\m-Sp≈ ]Xn-_-≤-Xtbm ]cn-K-W-\tbm C√. AXp-sIm≠v bYm¿∞ [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS KpW-hn-tijw CXn-\n-√. F¶nepw t]cIw ]IzX]m]n-°p-∂Xv kzm¿∞-]-c-amb Cu ]mX-bn-eqsS \oßn-s°m-≠m-Wv. ]mc-kv]cyw, \nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw\n¿t±-i-ßƒ, kmaq-lnI hnizm-k-ßƒ F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv c≠mw Xew \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. BZysØ Xe-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ c≠mw L´w IqSp-X¬\nkzm¿∞-am-Wv. F¶nepw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS (D-Zm. A[n-Im-cn, \nb-aw) kzm[o-\-Øn\v Gsd hnt[-b-amWv Cu Xew. A]-cs‚\∑ Bflm¿∞-ambn Imw£n-°p-Ibpw Ah-Im-i-ßsf am\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv aq∂m-asØ Xew; aq∂n¬ G‰w ]Iz-am-bXpw CXp-X-s∂. A]-c-t\m-Sp≈ BZ-chpw i≤bpw ChnsSkzmb-Ø-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠v, _mly kΩ¿±-ß-fn¬\n∂v hfsc kzX-¥-am-Wv. H∏w Cu [m¿Ωn-IX km¿∆-Xn-I-amb XXz-ß-fnepw aqey-ß-fnepw A[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-Wv.

Cu Xe-Øn¬ Hcp-hs\ \bn-°p∂ ImgvN∏mSv \oXn-bm-Imw.F√m-hcpw a\p-jy-hy-‡n-I-sf∂ \nebv°v Xpey-cm-Wv; F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-ßƒ am\n-°-s∏-S-Ww F∂ Nn¥ As√-¶n¬ A]-c-t\m-Sp≈ Icp-X¬ BImw ˛ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´v]h¿Øn-°p∂ hy‡n-I-fm-bpw, ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p-∂-h-cmbpw F√m-h-scbpw ImWm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw. CtXm-sSm∏wssIkvXh hnizm-khpw ImgvN-∏mSpw F√m-h-sc-bpw, Hmtcmhy‡n-sb-bpw, ssZh-Øns‚ Omb-bnepw kmZr-iy-ØnepwkrjvSn-°-s∏- -h-cmbn ImWm≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬, Ah¿Gsd BZ-chpw \nkzm¿∞-amb kvt\lhpw A¿ln-°p-∂p.

t]c-I-ß-fpsS hf¿® Gdn-b-]¶pw Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ]Iz-

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amb t]c-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmaq-ly-[m¿ΩnI hyh-lm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Adnhpw A\p-`-hhpw e`n-°p-∂Xn-s\-bm-Wv. DZmlc-W-Øn-\v, F√m-‰n\pw in£n-°p∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ah-cpsSa°sf H∂m-asØ L´-Øn¬Øs∂ Xf-®n-Sm-\m-Wv km≤y-X.Cu Ipń-Iƒ ]mb-Øn¬ hf¿∂mepw [m¿ΩnI ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬]Y-a-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. amXm-]n-Xm-°sf Aan-X-ambn Bi-bn-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ, Ah-cpsS CjvSm-\n-jvS-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v hf-tc-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, sshIm-cnI[m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS apI-fn-te°v hf-cpI ]bm-k-am-Wv. \nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-k-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw IWn-i-X-bn¬ hf¿Ø-s∏´ Ipń\nb-am-[n-jvTnX [m¿Ωn-I-X- B¿÷n-°pw. kmaq-ly-k-º¿°w,Pohn -Xm -\p -` -hw, hy‡n -] -c -amb hnNn -¥-\w,kz¥Xocpam\ßsfSp°m\p≈ Ahkcßƒ, Bhiyamb D]-tZi ˛ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ F∂nh e`n-°p-∂-h¿°v ]Iz-amb Xe-Øn-te°v hf-cm≥ Ffp-∏-am-Ipw. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬, ssIkvX-h-hn-izmkw Bg-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠pw kphn-tij aqey-ßƒkzmwio-I-cn-®p-sIm≠pw ssIkvXh t]c-I-Øns‚ hf¿® kpK-a-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

kzm`m-hnI am\p-jnI ]hW-X-I-tfmSpw CjvSm-\n-jvS-ß-tfmSpw tN¿∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]Y-a-X-e-Ønse hf¿® henb _p≤n-ap-ń-√msX \S-°pw. F∂m¬, IqSp-X¬ ]Izhpw \nkzm¿∞-hp-amb a‰p Xe-ß-fnse hf¿®bv°v A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-ßƒ ki≤w e`y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿, Kpcp-`q-X¿, Bflob]me-I¿ F∂n-h¿ ]tXyIw i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. Xß-fpsS Bh-iy-ß-sfms° ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-´v, COm-`w-K-ßƒ H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√m-sX, amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv Hń hf-cp∂C∂sØ Ipń-I-fn¬ ‘sshIm-cnI t]cIw’ ]_-e-ambn\nev°m≥ Gsd km≤y-X-bp≠v.

[m¿ΩnI t]c-I-sØ-°p-dn®v apI-fn¬ ]d-™-Xn-e-∏pdw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°m≥ ÿe-]-cn-an-Xn, A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. F¶nepw Cu hni-I-e\w a\-xkm-£n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ t]c-I-Øn-\p≈]m[m-\y-sØbpw AXns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ hy‡n°p e`n-°p∂ kmaq-ly- -[m¿ΩnI A\p- -h-ß-fp-sS ]k-‡n-sbbpw ]I-S-am-°p-∂p-≠v. hy‡n-kzm-X-¥ysØ hfsc hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw,A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ i‡n £bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ C∂sØkwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ]Izhpw kzb-in-£n-X-hp-amb a\xkm£n cq]-

s∏-tS-≠Xv k∑m¿§ Pohn-X-Øns‚ Dd-∏n\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

4.3 ka-\zbw (integration)[m¿ΩnI Adn-hn-s‚-bpw, hnIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ([m¿ΩnI kwXr-

]vXn, kt¥m-jw, Ip‰-t_m-[w, `bw e÷...) _mly-s]-cp-am-‰-ß-fp-sSbpw Xe-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv a\xkm£n. Chaq∂n-s‚bpw s]mcp-Ø-amWv ka-\zbw sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Hcp hy‡n \∑-Xn-∑-Isf \∂mbn hnth-Nn-®v, IS-a-Isf a\-n-em°n AX-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. XXv -e-ambn At±lw kt¥m-jhpw kwXr-]vXnbpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.t\sc adn-®v, Hcp-h≥ \∂mbn IS-asb a\-n-em-°p-IbpwF∂m¬ hn]-co-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ s]mcp-Ø-t°Sv ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. sX‰v sNøp-Ibpw F∂m¬ Ip‰-t_m[wD≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xpw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-X-s∂. \nm-c-sX-‰n\v henb Ip‰-t_m[w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xpw icn-b-√. Xn∑ ]cn-h¿÷n-®-Xp-aqew ssIhn-´p-t]mb em`w, kt¥mjw F∂n-Xym-Zn-I-sf-∏‰n k¶-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw, ka-\z-b-Øns‚ t]mcm-bva-bm-Wv.DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n-®n´p Imcy-an-√-t√m. a\-xkm-£n-bpsS]h¿Ø\ LS-I-ßƒ XΩn-eq≈ tN¿® (harmony) BWv ka-\z-bw. [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ßsf°pdn®pw aqey-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈icn-bmb Adn-hv, Ah-tbm-Sp≈ BZ-c-hv, ]men-°m-\p≈ Inbm-fl-I-amb ]tNm-Z-\w, ewL-\-ßsf \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂n-hbv°v ]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ k¥p-en-X-amb ]cn-io-e\w a\-m-£n-bpsS ka-\z-b-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

4.4 hnth-Ihpw Xpd-hpw

Cu c≠p LS-I-ßfpw [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-]m-c-º-cyØn¬ khn-tij i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]k-‡-ambLS-I-ß-sf-sbms° IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v, Hmtcm Ah-k-c-Ønepw Hcp-hs‚ IS-asb IrXy-ambn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWvhnthIw sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu Ignhv ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂e`n-°p-I-bn-√. Pohn-Xm-\p-`-hhpw, A\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v ]Tn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hpw, B Adnhv Ah-k-c-Øn-s\mØv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ ]mS-hhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXv Hcp kzm`m-hnI ]pWy-am-Wv; \mev apJy (cardinal) ]pWy-ßfn-sem-∂pw. H∏w, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Zm\-amb Btem-N\ (counsel) bpambn hfsc _‘-

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s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ hnt[-b-Xzhpw ]m¿∞-\bpw ]Iz-amb InkvXob a\x-km£n cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

Xpdhv F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in -°p-∂Xv kXy-tØm-Sp≈Bflm¿∞-amb Xpd-hm-Wv. kXy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]q¿Æ AdnhvB¿°pw C√-t√m. kXyw At\z-jn-°p-I, I≠p-ap- p∂ kXysØAwKo-I-cn-°pI, kzbw hna¿i\Øn\v k∂≤\mIpI, A]cscihn°pI F∂nh Xpd-hn-s‚ e£-W-ß-fm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ ]Iz-amb a\-m-£n-bpw ]Iz-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ a\-m-£nbpwkz¥w Dƒt]-c-W-Iƒ amXw ihn-®m¬ t]mc, a‰p-≈-h-scbpwihn-°-Ww. hnizm-k-sØbpw hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah-sb-°p-dn®v B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ k`sb ihn-°p-I-sb-∂XvHmtcm hnizm-kn-bp-sSbpw IS-a-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v k`m-]-t_m-[-\-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≠p-thWw InkvXob a\x-km£n cq]o-I-cn-°m≥.

4.5 a\-xkm£n kwL-´\w

Hcp-h-i-Øv, hy‡n kz¥w a\xkm-£n-bm¬ \bn-°-s∏tS-≠nbncn°p∂p; adp-h-i-Øv, Abmƒ k`-sbtbm a‰v A[n-Im-cn-I-sftbm A\p-k-cn-°m\pw IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒhy‡nbpw A[n-Im-cnbpw XΩn¬ s]m-cp-Ø-t°-Sp-≠m-Imw.At∏mƒ F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂-XmWv Chn-SpsØ ]iv\w. Hcpkaq-l-Øn¬ ]c-kv]c kw`m-j-W-Øn-\p≈ A¥-co-£-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Kuc-h-amb A`n-]mb hyXym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Npcp-°ta D≠m-Iq. D≠m-bm¬Øs∂, ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ k∑\ns‚bpw kl-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw _e-Øn¬ _p≤n-ap-ń-√msX]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw km[n-°pw. CØcw ]iv\w Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ kwPm-X-am-bm¬ \mw t\csØ I≠-Xp-t]mse A[n-Im-cnsb AwKo-I-cn®v (reflex principle) ]h¿Øn-°-Ww. \b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ, A`n-]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ F∂n-h-sbm∂pw AXn¬Xs∂ a\-xkm£n kwL-´-\-ß-f-√.

Xs‚ a\xkm£n \evIp∂ Xo¿®-bmb hn[n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp hy‡n°v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS Iev]\ A\p-k-cn-°m≥km[n-°msX hcp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv a\-xkm£n kwL-´\w(conflict of conscience). A[nImcn-bm-Is´, kz¥w a\-m-£n-

bpsS kzc-a-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿ-\p-am-Ip-∂p. c≠vBflm¿∞-am-b, Xo¿®-bm-b, a\-xkm-£n-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m-hmsX G‰p-ap-´p∂ Ah-ÿ. CXv km[m-cW kw`-ha-s√-¶nepw i≤m-]q¿∆w ssIImcyw sNtø≠ Kuc-h-ambHcp Imcy-am-Wv.

a\-xkm£n kwL-´-\-Øn¬, Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hyhÿIƒAwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v, Hcmƒ kz¥w a\-m-£nsb A\p-k-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 1) hntbmPn∏v XnI™ t_m≤y-Øn¬ \n∂vhcp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. A[n-Im-cn-tbmSv hntbmPn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºvhnj-b-Øns‚ Kuc-h-a-\p-k-cn®v AsX-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-Ibpw D]-tZiw tXSp-Ibpw ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. 2) `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ°v At±lw Xs∂ DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. s]mXp\∑ kwc-£n-t°-≠-h\pw kz¥w a\-m-£n-b-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-t°-≠-h-\p-amb A[n-Im-cn, hntbm-Pn-°p∂ hy‡n-s°-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-Øm¬, AXv kzoI-cn-t°≠n hcpw. Hcp-h≥ kz¥wa\xkm-£n-bpsS hnebpw al-Xzhpw ImØp kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v\evIp∂ hne-bmbn CXns\ Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 3) hntbm-Pn∏vC√mØ F√m-°m-cy-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-cnsb A\p-k-cn-°p-IbpwAt±-l-tØmSv kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw (Cu A[n-Im-cn-bpsSXs∂ Iogn¬ XpS-cp∂ ]£w). 4) c≠v hy‡n-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw_lp-am-\-tØmsS s]cp-am-d-Ww. kz¥w a\-xkm-£n-b-\p-k-cn®vBflm¿∞-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p-sh∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Hcp hy‡n-tbmSpw A\p-Nn-X-ambn s]cp-amd-cpXv. ImcWw, a\-xkm-£n-b-\p-k-cn®v s]cp-am-dp-I-sb-∂Xv Hmtcm hy‡n-bp-sSbpw (A-[n-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw Iogvs∏-´-h-s‚-bpw) IS-abpw Ah-Im-i-hp-am-Wv.

KŸkqNn

1. P. Delhaye, The Christian Conscience ( New York: Desclee, 1968). 2. R. M. Gula, Reason Informed by Faith (New York: Paulist Press, 1989).3. T. Kennedy, Doers of the Word (Slough: St. Pauls, 1996).4. T. Srampickal, The Concept of Conscience(Innsbruck:: Resch Verlag, 1976).5. D. Wright, The Psychology of Moral Behaviour (Hamondsworth: Penguia,1971); 1. P. Delhaye, The Christian Conscience ( New York: Desclee, 1968).

tUm. tXmakv kmºn°¬

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Hcp [m¿ΩnI hnNn-¥\w

04

[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ Gsd ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Hcp taJ-e-bmWv am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn. hfsc hnim-e-amb ImgvN∏m-Sn¬ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS GsXmcp ]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw am\p-jn-I-]-hr-Øn-bmbn ]cn -K-Wn-°m-sa-¶nepw \njvIr-jvSm¿∞-Øn¬ Aßs\ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. ImcWw [m¿Ωn-I-ssZ-h-imkvXw\∑-Xn-∑-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS Kuc-h-sØbpw a\-n-em°n hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ ssZh-im-kvX-ta-J-ebm--Wv. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ Hcp ]hr-Øn-bpsS hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ, coXn-Iƒ, kml-N-cy-ßƒ,hy‡n-Iƒ, F√mw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v.C∆n[w Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ am\p-jnI ]hrØn IrXy-ambn a\-kn-em-°ntb ]‰q.

¢n]vXm¿∞-Øn¬ hy‡n Xs‚ _p≤nbpw kzX-¥-a-\pw D]-tbm-Kn®p sNøp∂ ]hr-Øn-bm-Wvam\p-jnI ]hr-Øn. ChnsS _p≤n-bpsS kzm`m-hn-

I-amb ]h¿Ø-\-hpw, a\-ns‚ bYm¿∞ kzmX-¥yhpwDƒs°m-≈p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ _p≤n-ÿn-c-X-bn-√mØ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\sØ [m¿Ωn-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-ØpI A]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-Wv. ImcWw Hcp Imcy-sØ-°p-dn®p X\n°p Inń-bn-cn-°p∂ Adn-hns‚ shfn-®-Øn-emWv Hcp hy‡n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xpw AXp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xpw.

k`m-]n-Xm-hmb hn. Ft^-ans‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ Hcp ]hrØnsNøp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Hcmƒ a‰p aq∂p L´-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-I-Ww. BZysØ L´w Hcp hkvXp As√-¶n¬ Hcp hy‡n-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ BI¿j-Ww (attraction). Cu BI¿jWw lrZ-b-sØ-tbm, ]t©-µn-b-ß-fn¬ H∂n-s\tbm kzm[o-\n-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp-hs‚ ]qt¥m-´-Øn¬hncn™p \nev°p∂ ]pjv]w AXp Z¿in-°p∂ hy‡n-bn¬Nne A\p-c-W-\-ßƒ Df-hm-°p-∂p. ]pjv]-Øns‚ \ndhpw]In´pw hy‡n-bpsS lrZ-b-sØbpw IÆp-I-sfbpw BI¿jn-°p-∂p. Cuhn[w Hcp-h-\n¬ Df-hm-°p∂ BI¿jWw c≠mwL´-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p. kw`m-jWw AXm-bXv Cu ]pjv]wRm≥ ]dn-s®-Sp-Øm¬ \√-X-t√, AXp-i-cn-bm-Ip-tam, as‰m-cm-fpsS ]qt¥m-´-Øn-te-XmWv ]kvXpX ]pjv]-sa-¶n¬ AXphgn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ ]Xn-I-cWw F¥m-bn-cn-°pw, ]kvXpX ]hrØnicn-bm-tWm, sX‰mtWm CXym-Zn-Nn-¥-Ifpw a‰pw hy‡n-bn¬D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu c≠m-asØ L´w apX¬ [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS L´wIS∂p hcn-I-bm-Wv. Xm≥ sNøm≥ t]mIp∂ ]hr-Øn-bpsSaqey-sØ-°p-dn-®pw, AXp-hgn D≠m-Ip∂ ê-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw,Xs‚ ]hrØn hgn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ aqey-kw-c-£-W-sØ-°p-dn-®pw,aqey-Nyp-Xn-tb-°p-dn®pw Hcp-h-\n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ B¥-cn-I-N-e-\-ß-fmWv kw`m-jWw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-I. C]-Im-c-ap≈ kw`m-j-W-L-´-Øn¬ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS [m¿Ωn-Im-h-t_m-[hpw aqey-ti-Wnbpw Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-ØpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Cu kw`m-j-W-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-amWv aq∂mw L´-ambXocp-am-\-Øn-se-ØpI. ChnsS Hcp hy‡n Hcp Imcyw sNø-W-tam, th≠tbm F∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. apºv ]d™DZm-l-c-W-Øn¬ A]-cs‚ ]pt¥m-´-Ønse ]pjv]w ]dn-°-W-tam, th≠tbm F∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. Cu Xocp-am\w [m¿Ωn-I-X-bn¬ hfsc ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ImcWw Hcphy‡n-bpsS Adn-hn-s‚bpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚bpw ê-am-Wn-Xv. amX-hp-a√ kzm`m-hnIambn GsXmcp Xocp-am-\-Ønepw Hcp

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kzoI-c-Whpw Hcp \ncm-I-c-Whpw D≠v F∂ Imcyw \mw hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv. amX-hp-a√, Cu kzoI-c-W-˛-\n-cmIcW-Øn¬ Hcphy‡n-bpsS [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS Af-hptIm-embn Xocp-am-\sØ]cnKWn°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ic-W-]-In-b°v AXn-t‚-Xmb Imcy-Im-c-W-ßƒ t_m[n-∏n-°m-\p-ap-≠m-Ipw. Cu L´-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcmƒ \memw L´-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te-s°-Øp-∂p. Xocp-am\w \S-∏n-em-°p∂L´-am-Wn-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw ]h¿Ø-\sØ amXw tIµo-I-cn®vHcp hy‡n-bpsS [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb hne-bn-cp-Øm-dp-≠v. AXv FX-amXw bmYm¿∞y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv F∂pw CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

\njvIr-jvSm¿∞-Øn¬ ta¬]-d™ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬c≠pw aq∂pw L´-ßƒ Gsd ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. ImcWwa\p-jy-\nse c≠p kp]-[m-\-L-S-I-ßƒ G‰-a-[nIw ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-Ip∂ L´-ß-fm-W-h. Cu c≠p LS-I-ßƒ _p≤nbpwa\-p-am-W-v. _p≤n-sIm≠v Adnhp kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw Imcy-Im-c-W-]-cym-tem-N\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ a\-p-sIm≠v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v am\p-jnI ]hrØn F∂-Xp-sIm≠v a\p-jys‚ F√m ]hrØn-I-tfbpw hnim-em¿∞-Øn¬hnh-£n-°p-sa-¶nepw ¢n]vXm¿∞-Øn¬ _p≤nbpw kzX-¥-a-\pw D]-tbm-Kn®v a\p-jy≥ sNøp∂ ]hrØn-bm-W-Xv.tXmakv AIzo-\mkv hnh-£n-°pw-t]mse, am\p-jnI ]hrØnkzX-¥-a-\-ns‚ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p.

km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-]-Y-Øn-em-°nb Hcp -Xo-cp-am-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\-Øn-tem, Xo-cp-am-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hns‚ Xe-Øntem Hcp-hy-‡n-bpsS [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb hne-bn-cp-Ømw. ImcWw Hcp ]hrØn sNøp-∂-Xn\p apºv Xm≥ sNøp∂]hrØn hgn D≠m-Ip∂ aqey-kw-c-£-W-tam, aqey-\n-cm-I-c-Wtam Hcp hy‡n Adn-bp-Ibpw a\-n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.AXm-bXv Adn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ChnsS am\p-jn-I-]-hrØn cq]w ]m]n-®-Xv. AXp-hgn B ]hrØnbpsS aqeysØ(Value) hy‡n-bpsS a\v AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ am\p-jnI ]hrØnbpw (Actus Humanus)a\p-jys‚ ]hr-Ønbpw (Actus Hominis) hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. H∂m-a-tØ-Xn¬ _p≤nbpw a\pw ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-sW-¶n¬ c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ _p≤n-sIm≠p≈ Adnthm a\-psIm≠p≈ Xocp-

am-\tam Bh-iy-an√. Hcmƒ hogm≥ t]mIp-tºmƒ ssIIp-Øp-∂-tXm, IÆp NnΩp-∂-tXm, izmtkm-—zmkw sNøp-∂tXm _p≤n-bp-sSbpw a\-n-s‚bpw ]h¿Ø-\-Øm-e-√. kzm`m-hnI ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ amXta BIp-∂p-≈p.

1. Adn-hns‚ LSIw

am\p-jnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ H∂m-a-Xmbn\mw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv Adn-hns‚ Xe-am-Wv. ]mtbm-KnIambn\mw Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ F√m Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]q¿Æ-ambAdnhv a\p-jy\pw A]m-]y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ A¿∞-am-°pI Hcp Imcy-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]q¿Æ-amb Adn-h√ (absoluteknowledge) ]ns∂tbm DNn-X-amb hnNn-¥\w \SØn Xocp-am\w FSp-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb Adnhv F∂-XmWv (sufficientknowledge)

hy‡n Hcp Imcy-Øn-\p-th≠n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXvBK-ln-°pIbpw sNøp-∂Xv B Imcy-sØ-°p-dnt®m hkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dnt®m Adnhp t\Sn Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv. Cu Adnhv KŸ-ß-fpsS ]mcm-b-W-Øn¬ \nt∂m, Adnhp≈ hy‡nIfpambp≈klhmkØn¬ \nt∂m, kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ \nt∂m, Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m BImw. Cu Xnhn-[-am¿§-ß-fn¬ GXn¬\ns∂-¶nepw DNn-X-amb Adnhp In´p-tºmƒ Hcp Imcy-tam,hkvXpthm tkz—tbm BK-ln-°p-∂p. Cu Adn-hn¬ BK-ln-°p∂ ImcysØ Ipdn-®p≈ Adnhp amX-a-√. AXp ]m]y-am-Im≥ Bh-iy-amb ]hr-Øn-sb-°p-dn-®pw, AXns‚ aqey-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v. \mw BZyw ]d™DZm-l-c -W-Ønse ]pjv]-sØ-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ]kvXpX ]pjv]-Øns‚ tijvT-X-sb-°p-dn®pw AXp kz¥-am-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb ]hr-Øn-sb-°p-dn®pw B ]hr-Øn-bpsSaqey-sØ-°p-dn®pw am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-bn¬ hnNn-¥\w \S-°p-∂p-≠v. ImcWw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn \∑-bn-te°v Xncn-bp∂a\v Hcp hkvXphpw ]hr-Ønbpw [m¿Ωn-I-ambn \∑-bm-sW-¶nte AXp sNøp-hm-\m-K-ln-°p. AXp-sIm≠v Adnhp kºm-Z-\-L-´-Øn¬ \∑-Xn-∑-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhpw hni-I-e-\hpw\nc-¥-c-ambn \S-°p∂p F∂p Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Xe-Øn¬]cym-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ Adnhv kºm-Z\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v shdpwBi-b-]-c-amb Adnhp kºm-Z\w amX-a√ hy‡n-bpsS Xocp-

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am-\sØ kzm[o-\n°pw hn[-ap≈ hnNn-¥-\m-fl-I-amb Adnhpkmºm-Z\w F∂mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Adnhv hy‡n-bpsS lrZ-b-sØbpw a\-n-s\bpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-IbpwsNøpw. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂-bmWv Cu Adnhv aqey-ßsf Zo]vX-am-°p-∂-XmWv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Hcp hy‡n-bpsS ]hr-Ønsb am\p-jn-I-]-hrØn Bbn I≠vAXnse \∑-Xn-∑-Isf th¿Xn-cn -°p-∂Xv ]hr-Øn-bpsSGsXms° taJ-e-Isf kw_-‘n®v Adnhv D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pIqSn a\-n-em°ns°m-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tamj-W-i-a-Øns‚ `mK-ambn sshZn-I-\m-sW-∂-dn-bmsX Hcmsf D-]-Z-hn-°m-\n-S-bm-bm¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]hrØn ssZh-\n-µm-I-c-ambn (Sacrilege) Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-\m-hn√. h[-i-a-am-tbm,Ip‰-I-c-amb apdn-th-ev]n-°-emtbm amXta ]cn-K-Wn-°m-\m-hq.AXp-t]mse tamjvSn-®-Xm-sW-∂-dn-bmsX Hcp hkvXp HcmƒkzoI-cn-°m-\n-S-bm-bm¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]hrØn A⁄-X-bpsSASn-ÿm-\-Ønte hne-bn-cp-Øm-\m-Ip.

2. tkz—m-L-SIw

tkz—bm sNøp∂ GsXmcp ]hr-Øn-bnepw \∑bv°pth≠nbp≈ XzcbpsS LS-Ihpw (kzX-¥-L-SIw) AXm-bXvHcp Imcy-Øn¬ \∑ Is≠-Øp∂ (BK-l-Øns‚ ]Zm¿∞LS-Iw) LS-Ihpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. BKlw km£m-XvIr-X-am-Ip-∂Xv c≠m-asØ ]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-amb sXsc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsSBI-bm¬ tkz—bm sNøp∂ ]hr-Ønsb ChnsS am\p-jnI]hr-Øn-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. ChnsS hy‡n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ L´-Ønepw AXp ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p∂ L´-Øn-ep-ap≈kzmX¥yw Gsd ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hcp hy‡n°v GsX-¶nepw Imc-W-Øm¬ kz`o-jvS-a\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]hrØn sXc-s™-Sp-°m-t\m, AXn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°mt\m km[n-°m-sX-h-cn-I-bpw, At±-l-Øns‚ a\-n\p hncp-≤-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ CS-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXm¬]kvXpX ]hr-Ønsb kzX-¥-amb ]hrØn F∂p hnfn-°m≥km[y-a-√. c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ aX-kzm-X-¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]am-W-tc-J-bn¬ C]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p (DH.2):“hy‡nI-fn¬ \nt∂m, kap-Zm-b-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m at‰-sX-¶nepw a\p-jym-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬\nt∂m D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ kΩ¿±-ß-fn¬\n∂v F√m a\p-jycpw hnap-‡-cm-bn-cn-°pI F∂-Xn-emWv

kzmX-¥yw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXm-bXv a\-xkm-£n°p hncp-≤-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Bcpw \n¿_-‘n°s∏S-cp-Xv. AXp-t]mse \ymb-amb ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v cl-ky-amtbm]c-ky-amtbm X\nt®m Iq´p-tN¿t∂m kz¥w t_m[y-a-\p-k-cn®v hym]-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Bscbpw XS-bm≥ ]mSn-√. CX-\p-k-cn®v Hcm-fpsS kzX-¥-amb Xocp-am-\-sØtbm ]hr-Øn-sbtbm XS--s∏-Sp-Øp∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ HcmƒFs¥-¶nepw sNbvXm¬ AXv am\p-jnI ]hrØn BIp-∂n-√.DZm-l-c-W-ambn _u≤n-I-k-¥p-e-\an-√m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cntem am\-knI hn`m-¥n-aq-etam Hcmƒ Fs¥-¶nepw sNbvXm¬ AXvam\p-jnI ]hrØn BIp-∂n-√. Hcp ]t£ At±-l-Øn\v Xm≥sNøp∂ ]hr-Øn-bpsS A¿∞-an-√mbva Adn-bm-sa-¶n¬Xs∂bpw B ]hrØn sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-Ip-IbpwAXn¬\n∂pw hnap-‡n-t\-Sm-\p≈ am\-knI ssÿcyw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mImw Cßs\ sNøp-∂-Xv.XpS¿®-bmbn ssII-gp-Ip-I, \nc-¥-c-ambn apdnbpw ]mX-ßfpwhrØn-bm-°pI, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ASp-°n-sh-bv°pI F∂o]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw Hcp-Xcw am\-kn-I-t]-c-W-sIm≠psNøp∂p F∂-√msX ]tXyI ]k-‡ntbm, Bh-iy-tam, \oXn-I-c-Wtam H∂pw Xs∂ D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. AXpt]mseXs∂ Hcp]hrØn am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-bmbn ]cn-KWn°W-sa-¶n¬ B¥-cn-I-kzm-X¥yw t]mse Xs∂ _mly-kzm-X-¥yhpw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn°v B¥-cn -Ihpw _mly-hp -ambkzmX¥yw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\p ImcWw Chhgn Hcp hy‡n°v kzX-¥-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w icn-bm-bp-≈Xpw \∑-bp-≈Xpw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ a\-ns\ F√m t]c-W-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°p-hm\pwkm[n-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXns‚[m¿Ωn-I-aq-ey-sØ-°p-dn®pw D≈ bp‡y-[n-jvTnX Adn-hn\pwa\-p-sIm-≠p≈ AwKo-Imcw ChnsS e`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. a\-p-sIm-≠p≈ AwKo-Im-c-Øn¬ ]kvXpX aqeyØns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, Is≠-Ø¬, aqey-tØm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyw, kvt\lw,F√mw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. aqey-tØm-Sp≈ Cu B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬Hcp hy‡n-bpsS IpSpw-_-]-›m-Ø-ew, ]kvXpX hy‡nsbkzm[o-\n® Bfp-Iƒ, hnZym- ym-kw, kaqlw, kwkvImcw F∂n-h-sb√mw ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. AtX kabw ta¬ ]kvXm-hn®

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LS-I-ßƒ amX-amWv Hcm-fpsS aqey-ti-Wnsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xpw \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xpw F∂p ]d-bp-hm-\m-hn-√. hy‡n-]-c-amb A\p-`-h-ßƒ, hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Bi-b-ßƒ, t_m[y-ßƒ F√mw [m¿Ωn-I-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-b-Øn¬ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

3. tkz—m-]-hr-Ønbpw ehpw: hn -P\w

3.1 ]q¿Æ-amb tkz—m-]-hrØnbpw A]q¿Æ-amb tkz—m-]-hr-Ønbpw

hy‡nbpsS ]q¿Æ-amb i≤-tbm-Spw,- a-\-ns‚ ]q¿Æ-ambkΩ-X-tØmSpw IqSn sNøp-∂-XmWv ]q¿Æ-amb tkz—m]hrØn. F∂m¬ A]q¿Æ-amb tkz—m-]-hrØn F∂-Xp-sIm≠p A¿∞-am-°pI a\-ns‚ kΩXw, i≤, F∂n-h-bn¬GsX-¶n-ep-tam, c≠pw Xs∂tbm Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂h F∂mWv.s]mXpth ]d-™m¬ A]q¿Æ-i-≤bpw, A]q¿ÆkΩ-Xhpwkzm`m-hn-I-ambn kw -hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ImcWw, sNøm≥ CjvS-an-√mØ ]hrØn sNøp-tºmƒ AXn¬ Bh-iy-amb i≤ImWn®p F∂p hcn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, CjvS-an-√msX ¢mkn-en-cn-°p∂ Ipń icn-bmb i≤ sImSp-°-W-sa-∂n-√. AtXkabw Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ `bw-sImt≠m at‰m Hcp ImcywsNøp-tºmƒ a\-p-sIm≠v ]q¿Æ-amb kΩXw sImSp-Øn-s√-¶n¬ Xs∂ ]q¿Æ-amb i≤ sImSpØp F∂p hcmw. IW-°p-sN-øm≥ CjvS-an√ F¶n¬t]mepw sX‰n-bm¬ D≠m-Ip∂ `hn-jy-Øns\]Xn i≤n®p IW°p sNøp-∂ hnZym¿∞n CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

3.2 ]Xy-£-˛-]-tcm£ tkz—m-êw

Hcp ]hr-Øn-bpsS ew AXn¬Xs∂ e£y-sa∂ \ne-bn¬BK-ln-®-Xm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\ ]Xy-£-tkz-—m-^-e-sa∂phnfn-°mw. ]Xn-Im-c-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcmsf sIm√p-I, As√-¶n¬tamj-W-e-£y-Øn-\mbn Hcmsf BI-an®p apdn-th-ev]n-°pIF∂o ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfms° Cu KW-Øn¬ s]Spw. AtXkabw ]tcm-£-amb tkz—m-êw F∂p ]d-™m¬ as‰mcp]h¿-Ø-\-êw BK-ln-°p-Ibpw ]kvXpX ê-km-≤y-Øn-\m-bp≈ ia-Øn¬ Hcp Imcyw A\n-hm-cy-ambn kw -hn-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂-h-tb-bmWv. Hcp kvXobpsS Poh-c-£m¿∞w AhsfHm∏-td-j\p hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ ê-ambn K¿`-ÿ-inip acn-°m-\n-S-bm-IpIbpw sNøp-tºmƒ, AXp ]tcm-£-tkz-

—m- -e-am-Ip-∂p. ChnsS Hcmƒ a\-p-sIm-≠p kΩ-Xn-°p-IbpwBK-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv K¿`-ÿ -in-ip-hns‚ ac-W-a√]ns∂tbm tcmKn-Wn-bpsS c£-bm-Wv. km[m-c-W- m-j-bn¬ C]-Imcw kw`-hn-°p-∂-hsb ]m¿iz-^-e-ßƒ F∂mWv hnfn-°p-I. Im≥k¿ tcmKn°v tdUn-tb-j≥ \evInbXns‚ ê-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ apSn-sIm-gn-®n¬, Xe-I-d°w F∂n-h-sbms° C]-Im-c-ap≈ ]tcm£ tkz—m-^-e-ß-fm-Wv.

3.3 Inbm-flI ˛ \ntj-[m-flItkz—-mêw

a\v Nne e-ßƒ Df-hm-°p-hm\pw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm\pwInbm-fl-I-ambn Nne Imcy-ßƒ sNøp-I-bpw C]-ImcwsNbvXh D≠mb ê-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒAhsb Inbm-flI tkz—m-^-e-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcmƒ Xs‚Ab-ev°m-cs\ hnj-an-∏n-°p-hm\pw A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p-ambnAbm-fpsS h-\-Øn\p Xosh-bv°p-∂p. As√-¶n¬ Hcp ssUh¿kl-bm-Xn-Is\ ]cn-t°-ev]n-°p-hm-\mbn hml\w CSn-∏n-°p-∂p. Chn-sS-sb√mw H∂m-aXv ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Bfns‚]h¿Ø\w c≠m-asØ Bfn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ hnj-a-Xbv°p Imc-Wambn `hn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ CØcw ]hr-Øn-bpsSêsØ Inbm-flI tkz—m-êw F∂p hnfn-°mw. AtXkabw Hgn-hm-°m-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp \ntj-[m-fl-I-^-ew Hcm-fpsSDt]-£-sIm≠v Hgn-hm-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXp \ntj-[m-fl-I-^-e-Øn¬s]-Spw. DZm-l-c-Wambn \n¿Øn-bn-ń-cn-°p∂h≠n Cd-°-Øn¬ Dcp-fpsa∂pw AXp-hgn A]-I-S-km-≤yXDs≠∂pw a\-n-em-bn´pw H∂pw sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw, Xo IØp-∂-Xp-I-≠n´pw AXp AW-bv°m≥ ian-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw AXp-hgn A]-I-S-ap-≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ AXns\ \ntj-[m-flItkz—m-êw F∂p ]d-bmw.

4. kzmX-¥yhpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw

[m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv kzmX¥yw. hyXy-kvXhpw sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-hp -ambhymJym\ßƒ°v hnt[-b-amb Cu ]Zw [m¿Ωn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬c≠v A¿∞-ß-fn-emWv a\-n-em-°p-I. H∂v: ASn-ÿm-\-kzm-X¥yw As√-¶n¬ kzbw \n¿Æ-b-Øn-\p≈ kzmX¥yw; c≠vsXc-s™-Sp-∏n-\p≈ kzmX¥yw. ASn-ÿm-\-kzm-X-¥y-Øn¬Xm≥ Bcm-IWw, F¥m-IWw Fs∂ms° Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈kzmX-¥y-am-Wp-≈-Xv. c≠m-asØ Xe-Øn¬ Xs‚ e£yw Xm≥

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GXp hn[-amWv ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p-∂-Xv, AXn-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ]Ÿm-sh¥v F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fmWv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xv. H∂m-asØ Xe-Øn¬ Hcm-fpsS Pohn-XsØ kw_-‘n® s]mXp-hm-bp≈ Imcy-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ c≠m-asØ Xe-Øn¬ e£y-km-[y-Øn-\m-bp≈ \njvIr-jvS-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. c≠m-asØ Xe-Øn¬ A\p-Zn-\-Po-hn-XØnse Hmtcm kw`-hhpw Xocp-am-\-hpw, kml-N-cy-hpw, A\p-`-hhpw F√mw ]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xpw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Hmtcm hy‡n-bp-sSbpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn\pw Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-Øn\pw Cu Xe-Øn¬ ]m[m-\y-ap≠vF∂p ]d-bmw.

hn. KŸ-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kzmX¥yw F∂ bmYm¿∞yw]T\ hnjb-am-°p-tºmƒ a\-n-em-hp∂ Hcp kXy-ap-≠v. kjvSm-hmb ssZhw a\p-jys\ kzbw \n¿Æ-b-kzm-X-¥y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv krjvSn-®Xv F∂v. Cu kzmX-¥y-Øn¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏pkzmX¥yw Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \∑sb Xnc-s™-Sp-°pI Xn∑sb Xnc-kv°-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu ssZh-Zm-\-Øns‚ A¥xkØ. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ a\p-jys‚ Xocp-am-\-Øn\pw Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n\pw ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw Hcph≥ DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-∂p. Cu XXz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ°-\p-krXw A\p-K-ltam in£tbm e`n-°p-sa∂v hn. KŸw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

ssZhw a\p-jys\ Xs‚ Omb-bnepw kmZr-iy-Ønepw krjvSn-®p. H∏w X\n-°p-th≠n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX¥ywAh\p \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \∑-Xn-∑-Isf°pdn-®p≈ hr£-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ êw Xn∂pI hgn Ah¿ ssZhw \evInbkzmX-¥ysØ Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw AXp-hgn GZ≥ tXm´-Øn¬ \n∂pw \njv°m-kn-X-cm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ]kvXpX kzmX-¥y-sa∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am\w\mw hn.-K-Ÿ-Øns‚ BZym-[ym-b-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wv. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ ssZhw a\p-jy\p\evInb kzmX-¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ \mw ImWp-∂p-≠v. ]`m-j-I≥ C]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p: “BZn-bn¬ I¿Ømhva\p-jys\ krjvSn-®p. Ah\p kzmX-¥yhpw \evIn. a\-p-h-®m¬ \n\°v Iev]-\-Iƒ ]men-∏m≥ km[n-°pw. hniz-kvXXm-]q¿∆w ]h¿Øn-°-W-tam th≠tbm F∂p Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv

\obmWv. A·nbpw Pehpw Ahn-Sp∂v \ns‚ apºn¬ sh®n-cn-°p-∂p. CjvS-ap-≈Xv FSp-°mw. PohnXhpw ac-Whpw a\p-jys‚apºn-ep-≠v. CjvS-ap-≈Xv Ah\p e`n-°pw.” (]`m. 15,14˛17). \nb-am-h¿Ø-\-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw \∑bpw Xn∑bpw Poh\pw ac-WhpwF√mw a\p-jys‚ apºn¬ h®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXn¬ F¥p-th-W-sa-¶nepw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ah\p kzmX-¥y-ap-s≠∂pw]d-bp-∂p. “AXp-sIm≠v \obpw \ns‚ k¥-Xn-Ifpw Pohn-t°-≠-Xn\v Poh≥ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I (\n-ba 30:14˛20). CXp-t]msekzmX-¥ysØ Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-sX∂pw \∑-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-\mbn AXp D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ amXta bYm¿∞ kzmX-¥y-am-Ip-∂p≈p-sh∂pw ]hm-N-I-∑mcpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p (G-i. 1,19 Psd 11, 6˛8, Fk. 18, 21˛28).

]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ Cutim Pdp-k-te-ans\ Hm¿Øphne-]n-°p∂ thf-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. “... ]nS-t°mgn Ip™p-ßsfNnd-Ip-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ ImØp-sIm-≈p-∂-Xp-t]mse \ns‚ k¥-Xn-Isf Hcp-an-®p-Iq-´p-hm≥ Rm≥ FXtbm ]mhiyw BK-ln-®p. ]t£, \nßƒ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.” (aØm 23, 37). AXp-t]mseXs∂ injy-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®pw InkvXz-m\p-I-c-WsØ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ka-bØpw Ahn-Sp∂p ]d-bp-∂p. “HmtcmcpØ¿°pwXm¥m-ß-fpsS ]hr-Øn-°-\p-k-cn®v ]Xn- ew \evIpw” (aØm17,27). Cutim-bpsS Cu ]kvXm-h-\-I-sf√mw a\p-jy\p \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ kzmX-¥y-sØ-°p-dn®pw kzbw \n¿Æ-bm-h-Im-i-sØ-°p-dn®pw sXc-s™-Sp∏p kzmX-¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®pap≈ ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°mw. BZn-a-k-`-bpsS Nn¥-bnepw a\p-jy\p \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ kzmX-¥yhpw \∑-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-∏pw Xn∑-bpsS \ncm-I-c-Whpw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. ]utemkv«olm tImdn-t¥m-knse k`sb C]-Imcw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p.: “HmtcmcpØ\pw Xß-fpsS imco-cn-I-X-bn¬ sNbvXn-´p≈\∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ°p ]Xn-êw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xn\p \msa-√m-hcpwInkvXp-hns‚ \ymbm-k-\-Øn\p apºn¬ hc-Ww (2 tImdn. 5,10). AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Ft^-tkm-knse k`-tbmSv At±lw]d-bp∂p: “HmtcmcpØ¿°pw kzX-¥t\m ASn-atbm Bbn-s°m-≈s´ \√ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ°p X° ]Xn-êw I¿Øm-hn¬ \n∂ve`n-°p-sa∂p Hm¿Øp sIm≈p-hn≥” (Ft^. 6,8). Chn-sS-sb√mwkzmX¥yw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp BK-ln-°p-∂-Xpw, Nn¥n-°p-∂Xpw F¥pw \n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂-X√ ]ns∂tbm \∑-bpsSXnsc-s™-Sp-∏n\pw AXns‚ \n¿∆-l-W-Øn-\pw-th-≠n-bp≈

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kzmX-¥y-amWv. ImcWw \∑-bn-te°p B`n-ap -Jy-ap -≈-a-\v \∑-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ amXta bYm¿∞ kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°p IS∂p hcp∂p F∂p ]d-bm-\m-hq.

ta¬]-kvXm-hn® hn. KŸmSnÿm-\-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒa\p-jy≥ kzX-¥-\m-sW-∂pw, Cu kzmX¥yw ]I-S-am-IpIHcp-hs‚ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-epw, kzX¥]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw BWvF∂pw hcp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-Iƒ Hcphs‚C—-bp-sSbpw t_m[y-Øn-s‚-bpw, kzmX-¥y-Øn-s‚bpw ]I-S-\am-Wv. X∑qew C]-Im-c-ap≈ ]hr-Øn-I-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-™p-am-dp-hm≥ B¿°pw km[y-a-√. AXp-t]msekzmX-¥y-sa∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ \∑-Xn-∑-I-tfm-Sp≈ \nw-KXmat\m-`m-h-a√ \∑-tbm-Sp≈ tN¿∂p-\nev]pw, AXns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏pw, AXns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-h-ev°-cn-°-ep-amWv. c≠mwhØn-°m≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ `mj-bn¬ kzX-¥-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ amXta \∑-bn-te°p Xs∂Øs∂ Xncn-°m≥ a\p-jy\p Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p (k` B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øn¬ 17). CukzmX¥yw ssZhn-I-Om-b-bpsS ]I-S-\-am-Wv. AXv bYm-hn[nD]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. ssZh-ln-X-tØmSp tN¿∂p \n∂p D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Cu ssZhnI Omb IqSp-X¬ ]Im-i-am-\-am-IbpwsNøp-∂p. C∆n[w am\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-bn¬ a\p-jy-\nse ssZhn-I-X- ]-I-S-am-Ip∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. CjvS-ap-≈-sX-¥pw, Xn∑-bm-bn-´p-≈-Xp-t]mepw sNøm-\p≈ Hc-\p-hm-Z-sa-∂-Xp-t]mseAXns\ A\m-im-ky-ambn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. icn-bmbkzmX-¥ytam, F∂m¬ a\p-jy-\n-ep≈ ssZhn-I-Om-b-bpsSA\ym-Zr-i-amb Hcp AS-bm-f-amWv. ImcWw kz¥w Xocp-am-\-ß-fpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ hym]-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWvssZth-jvSw.” (k` B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øn¬ 17).

5. am\p-jn-I-]-hr-Ønsb XS--s∏-Sp-Øp∂ LS-I-ßƒ

s]mXp-[m-c-W-bn¬ ]tXy-In®v \nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ am\p-jnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XS--am-bn-´p-f-f-h-bn¬ G‰w ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂Xv Akzm-X-¥y-am-Wv. Hcmƒ Xocp-am-\-ßƒFSpØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ icn-bmb kzmX-¥y-an-√m-bn-cp∂pF∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ km[n-®m¬ \nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ ]kvXpXXocp-am-\w aq-e-ap-≠mb e-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pwhnap-‡-\m-Ip-∂p. ChnsS _mly-amb Akzm-X-¥y-amWv ]cm-a¿i-\-hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ [m¿Ωn-IX _mlyhpw B¥-

cn-I-hp-amb hnhn[ LS-I-ßƒ°v ]m[m\yw \evIp∂p; A⁄-X, sX‰mb Adn-hv, i≤-°p-d-hv, hnIm-cw, `bw, kmaq-lnIkΩ¿±w, ]oU\at\m-`m-h-ßƒ, Xg-°-ßƒ F∂n-hbv-s°√mwam\p-jn-I-]-h¿Ø-\-\n¿Æ-b-Øn¬ kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. Ch-bn¬BZysØ aqs∂Æw Hcp-hs‚ Adn-hns\ _m[n-°p-tºmƒ a‰p-≈h Hcp-hs‚ Xocp-am-\-]-In-bsb _m[n-°p-∂p.

5.1 Adn-hns\ XS--s∏-Sp-Øp-∂h

HcmfpsS Adn-hmWv icn-bmb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-Ip∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-Øm\pw Hcp Imcy-Øns‚ \∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Hcp-hs\ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠vAdnhv kºm-Z-\-ta-J-e-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Ipd-hp-Iƒ, A⁄-X,sX‰mb Adn-hv, i≤-Ip-d-hv, adhn F∂nhs°√mw am\p-jn-I-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ AXn-t‚-Xmb ]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Ch-sb-°p-dn®v Aev]-sa-¶nepw Adnhv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

A⁄X: A⁄X F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hcp ]hr-Øn-sN-øp-hmt\mHcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hmt\m Bh-iy-amb Adn-hns‚ A`mhwF∂m-Wv. A⁄-Xsb c≠mbn Xncn-°mw. Pøamb A⁄-X,AP-ø-amb A⁄X.

AP-ø-amb A⁄X F∂p ]d-™m¬ Hcp-hs‚ iawsIm≠p bmsXmcp hnt[-\bpw Pbn-°p-hm≥ km[y-a-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. C]-Im-c-ap≈ A⁄Xsb Pbn-°pI Akm-[y-am-I-bm¬ C∆n-[-ap≈ A⁄-X-aqew Hcmƒ sNøp-∂Xv am\p-jnI]hrØn BIp-∂n-√. AXns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-°m≥Abmƒ A]m-]y-\m-Wp-Xm-\pw. ChnsS Hcp hy‡n Xs‚A⁄X am‰p-hm≥ km[y-amb am¿K-ßƒ Bcm-bp-Ibpw AXn-\p-th≠nbp≈ ia-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw Ah ^e-h-Øm-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ icn-bm-bXv a\-n-em-°m-\p≈ hy‡n-bpsSi≤ ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Kƒ^n¬ tPmen-sN-øp∂t\gvkv K¿`-OnZw sX‰mWv F∂p Adn-hn-√msX AXn¬ kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Cu hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n®v Adnhv t\Sm≥ km[y-am-b-hn-[-sa√mw ]cn-i-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw km[n-°msX hcn-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ]kvXpX A⁄-Xsb APø-amb A⁄-X-bpsS KW-Øn¬s∏Sp-Ømw.

Pøamb A⁄-X F∂-Xp -sIm≠v kzm`m -hn -IhpwBflm¿∞-hp-amb iaw sIm≠v am‰p-hm≥ km[n-°p∂ A⁄X

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F∂m-W¿∞w. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A⁄-X-aqew Hcmƒ sNøp∂]hr-Øn-bpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn™p amdp-hm-\m-In-√. ImcWw At±-l-Øns‚ A⁄-X-bpsS ImcWw At±-l-Øns‚ Dt]-£bpw a\-kn√m-bva-bp-amWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ GsX-¶nepw ]hr-Ønbpw AXns‚ êhpw At±lw]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm A\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm sNbvXp F∂mWv Icp-tX-≠Xv. apºp-]-d™t\gvkns‚ Imcyw Xs∂ FSp-°mw. Ah¿ ]h¿Øn-°p∂Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂ t\gvkp-am¿°p-th≠n ]tXyI skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]kvXpX hnhcw Adn-™n´pw t]mIm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tijw X\n°v Adn-hn-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p]d™p DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v amdn-\n-ev°m≥ Bhn-√.

sX‰mb Adnhv: Hcp Imcy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w H∂m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ bmYm¿∞yw as‰m-∂m-bn-cn-°p-IbpwsNøp∂ ÿnXn-bmWv sX‰mb Adnhv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°pI. ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ, sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ, hnI-e-amb A`n-]m-b-ßƒ XpSßnbh-sb√mw sX‰mb Adn-hns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fm-Wv. hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ A`m-hw, sX‰mb Iq´p-sI- ns‚ kzm[o-\w, hnI-e-amb Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpsSbpw km∂n≤yw F∂n-h-sb√mw sX‰mbAdn-hn\p Imc-W-am-Imw. ]e-t∏mgpw Aev]-k-Xy-ßfpw A¿≤-k-Xy-ßfpw hnI-e-amb Nn¥-I-fn-te-°pw, t_m[y-ß-fn-te-°pw,]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°pw \bn-°pI kzm`m-hn-I-am-W-t√m. Bi-b-ta-J-e-bnepw ]h¿Ø-\-ta-J-e-bnepw C]-Im-c-ap≈ hnI-e-amb Adnhv Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p-≠v. cmjvSob˛a-X -Xo-h-hm-Z-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw sX‰mb Adn-hn¬ \n∂pwcq]w sIm≠-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v icn-bmb [m¿ΩnI]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v DNn-X-amb icn-bmb Adnhv A\n-hm-cy-amWv.CXv Hmtcm a\p-jy-s‚bpw Ah-Im-ihpw IS-abpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-am-Wv. “DNn-X-amb am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v kXy-am-cm™pI≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ IS-abpw Ah-Im-ihpw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°p-ap-≠v'' (a-X-kzm-X¥yw 3).

-i-≤-°p-dhv: A⁄-Xbpw sX‰mb Adnhpw Adn-hns‚ ÿnc-amb A`m-h-am-sW-¶n¬ i≤-°p-dhv Xmev°m-enI ]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. s]mXpth ]d-™m¬ CXp ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-sfbpw _m[n-°-W-sa-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw i≤-°p-dhv \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXp

am\p-jn-I-]-hr-Øn-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I Akm-[y-am-bn-hcpw. Nne]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Hcmƒ IØn® Xos∏ńs°m≈nt]m°-‰n-en-Sp-Ibpw Xos∏ń ]pdtØ°p hen-s®-dn-bp-IbpwsNbvXm¬ i≤-°p-dhv kw`-hn® ]kvXpX ]h¿Ø-\sØam\p-jnI ]hr-Øn-bpsS KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. aZy-e-l-cn, ab-°p-a-cp-∂ns‚ ASn-aØw F∂n-h-aqew sNøp∂]hrØn F∂n-hbpw C]-Im-cta ]cn-K-Wn-°m-\m-hp. F∂m¬ap≥Iqń Xocp-am-\n-®-tijw aZy-]n®v Hcmƒ Hcp hkvXp \in-∏n-°p-Itbm BI-aWw \S-Øp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ AXns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬\n∂pw Hgn-™p-am-dm-\m-hn-√.

AtX kabw Hcp ]hr-Øn-bn¬ ]q¿Æ-i-≤- sIm-Sp-°msXsNbvXm¬ Ahsb A]q¿Æ-am-\p-jn-I-]-hr-Øn-I-fpsS KW-Øn¬s]-Sp-Ømw. ]mXn Dd-°-Øn-tem, Aev]w aZy-e-l-cn-bn-tem, Aan-X-a-√mØ hnIm-c-hn-t£m- -Øntem sNøp∂ ]hrØn-Iƒ C]-Im-c-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv, ImcWw ChnsS hy‡n°v Xm≥sNøp∂ ]hr-Øn-bn¬ ]q¿Æ-ambn i≤n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√. Htc kabw c≠p ]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ C]-Im-c-ap≈ i≤-°p-dhv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. sNøp∂ ]hr-Øn-bpsSKuc-h-a-\p-k-cn-®p-thWw CØcw ]hr-Øn-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥.

5.2 a\-ns‚ AwKo-Im-csØ XS--s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Imcy-ßƒ

hnIm-c-ßƒ: Nn¥-bm-tem, `mh-\-bmtem hy‡n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ B¥-cn-I-amb hnt£m-`-ß-fmWv hnIm-c-ßƒ. ChInbm-fl-I-ßtfm \ntj-[m-fl-I-ßtfm BImw. s]mXpth hnIm-c-ßƒ \√-hbpw \∑-bv°mbn t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. F∂m¬F√mw Aßs\ Bh-W-sa-∂n-√. hnIm-c-ßsf hnthIw sIm≠p\nb-¥n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv Ah tZmj-I-c-ambn `hn-°p-∂-Xv. ]kvXpX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ah a\pjys‚ hnth-N-\-i-‡nsb Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw tkz—-bmtem B¥-cn-I-\n-b-¥-W-Ømtem ]h¿Øn°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw Hcp-hs\ XS-bp-IbpwsNøpw. C∆n[w C—m-i-‡nbpw Bfl-\n-b-¥-Whpw \jvS-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ah A]-I-S-I-chpw ]m]-I-c-hp-am-tb-°mw. hnIm-c-ßƒ c≠p-hn-[-am-Imw. H∂m-a-tØXv ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v apt∂m-Sn-bmbn kwPm-X-am-Ibpw a\-ns\ kΩ-X-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. cpNn-I-c-amb £Ww ImWp-tºmƒ AXn-t\mSptXm∂p∂ B`n-apJyw C]-Imcap≈-h-bm-Wv. c≠m-a-tØ-Xm-Is´

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a\-ns‚ Xncp-am-\-]-Imcw Df-hm-Ip-I-tbm, Ipd-™-]£w A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-tbm, kΩ-Xn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Nne hnIm-c-ßƒ Adn™psIm≠p Df-hm-°n-b-h-bm-Imw. `‡n-Km-\-ßƒtIƒ°p∂ hy‡n-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ ssZhn-I-Nn-¥-Ifpw `‡-hn-Im-c-ßfpw Cu KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\papt∂m-Sn-bmbn D≠m-Ip-∂h tkz—-sb Ipd-bv°p-∂-htbm ]q¿Æ-ambn C√m-Xm-°p-∂-htbm BWv. ImcWw ]kvXpX hnIm-c-ß-fn¬ _p≤n-bpw, bp‡nbpw ]e-t∏mgpw ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√.AtX-k-abw hnIm-c-ßƒ hnt£m-`-Øn¬ a\-ns\ kΩ-X-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AhnsS kzX-¥-amb Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw _p≤n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\hpw C√m-Xm-Ip∂p F∂pIcp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtX kabw tkz—m-]-c-ambn DS-se-Sp-°p∂hnIm-c-ß-sf-bpw, X∑q-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw \∑Xn∑-I-fpsS KW-Øn¬s∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.ImcWw Ah kzX-¥-ambn Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-h-tbm, kΩ-X-tØm-Sp-IqSn DS-se-Sp-Ø-h-tbm, Adn-thm-Sp-IqSn cq]-h-ev°-cn-®-htbmBImw.

`bhpw kmaq-ly-k-Ω¿±hpw: hcm-\n-cn-°-p∂ A]-I-S-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-¶-bm¬ Dt±-in® Imcy-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ a\-ns‚]n≥hm-ß-emWv `bw. _u≤nI `bw sshIm-cnI `b-Øn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. sshIm-cn-I- bw a\pjys‚ Xocp-am-\-]-In-bsb XS--s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw DNn-X-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ A]m-]y-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ _u≤n-I-`bw Nn¥-tbbpw a\-n-s\bpw \njvIn-b-am-°p-∂h BI-W-sa-∂n-√. ]e-t∏mgpw _u≤n-I- -b-Øn¬ hy‡n-bpsS `bw kzmX-¥y sØ]q¿Æ-ambpw l\n-°-W-sa-∂n√ F∂¿∞w. X\n-°p-X-s∂tbmkplr-Øp-°ƒt°m, _‘p-an-Xm-Zn-Iƒt°m, Xt∂mSp tN¿∂p\nev°p∂ B¿s°-¶n-eptam D≠m-Im-hp∂ A]-I-S-sØ-°p-dnt®m,CXc Akz-kvYX-I-sf-°p-dn-t®m D≈ Bi-¶-bm-bn-cn°pwbYm¿∞ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw Hcmsf XS-bp-∂-Xv.

kmaq-ly-k-Ω¿±-ßfpw ]e-t∏mgpw C∆n[w hy‡n-bpsSkzmX-¥ysØ l\n-°p-Itbm kzm[o-\n-°p-Itbm sNøm-dp-≠v.kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-Nn-¥bv°pw ssien°pw tNcmØ hn[-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw ]d-bp-Ibpw ]h¿Øn-°p-IbpwsNbvXm¬ AXp-hgn D≠m-Ip∂ `hn-jy-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈Nn¥bpw Bi-¶-bpw hy‡n-kzm-X-¥y-sØ-bpw, ]h¿Ø-\-

sØbpw _m[n-°pI kzm`m-hn-I-amWv. a\p-jys‚ BK-l-ß-fpw, A`n-em-j-ßfpw kz]v\-ßfpw kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-[m-c-tbmSp tN¿∂p \n¬°m≥ Hcp-hs\ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. s]mXpshkaq-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-K-Xn-Ifpw ]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Ifpw \nw-K-am-sW-¶nepw Nne L´-ß-fn-se-¶nepw [m¿Ωn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Øh-t]mepw FXn¿°m≥ km[n-°mbvI kmaq-lnIkΩ¿±-Øns‚ AXn-]-kcw aqetam `bw aqetam BWv. CuL´-Øn¬ a\p -jys‚ bYm¿∞-kzm -X - ¥ysØ `bw,kmaq-lnI kΩ¿±w F∂nh l\n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv.

Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw Xs‚ iaw aqew Hgn-hm-°m≥ ]‰n-√mØITn-\-amb Xn∑, Aev]-i-a-Øn-eqsS Hgn-hm-°m-hp∂ i‡-a-√mØ Xn∑, ia-Øn-eqsS Hgn-hm-°m-hp∂ ITn-\-amb Xn∑F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw Hcp-h\v `b-ap-≠m-Imw. Hcp-hs‚ GIPohn-X-am¿Kw \jvS-am-Ip-I, ITn-\amb ]oU-\-Øn\v Cc-bm-hp-I, acWw Xs∂ kw`-hn-°pI F∂o Imcy-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah kzmX-¥y-sØbpw am\p-jnI ]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw l\n-°p-∂ i‡-amb b-amWv F∂p IcpXmw. AtXkabw km[m-c-W-ambn henb i‡-a√ F¶nepw hy‡n-bpsSkz`m-h-Øns‚ ]tXy-IX A\p-k-cn®v AXp-i-‡-am-sb-∂p-h-cmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Ccp-ńs\ `b-ap≈ Ipńsb `qK¿`-ap-dn-bn¬ AS-®p-]q-ń-bn-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv B Ipń-bpsS tkz—-tbbpw kzX-¥-]-h¿Ø-\-sØbpw l\n-°p∂ hn[-ap≈ `b-Øn-te°p \bn-°mw. Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp hy‡n-tbm-Sp≈ _lp-am-\-Øns‚ ê-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ hm°p-I-tfbpw ]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw FXn¿°m\pw \ncm-I-cn-°m\pw `bw tXm∂m-dp-≠v.s]mXpth CXv i‡-amb `b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-X-s√-¶nepw Nne-cn¬ tkz—sb l\n°pw hn[-am-Im-dp-≠v. kaq-l-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ henb Akz-kvYX-Iƒ Df-hm-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ C]-Im-c-ap≈ `bsØ i‡-amb `b-Øn¬ s]Sp-tØ-≠n-h-cpw.

ta¬]-kvXm-hn®hIqSmsX \oXn -]q¿∆-I-amb `bw,A\o-Xn-]q¿∆-I-amb `bw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-t°-≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcmƒ sNbvX Ip‰-Øns‚ ê-am-bp≈ `bw,AXn\v e`n-°m-hp∂ in£-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ `bw F∂nh \oXn-]q¿∆-I-amWv. Ip‰w sNbvXn´v ]ng AS-®n-s√-¶n¬ Pbn¬ hmkwA\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcpw F∂p≈ `bw \oXn-]q¿∆-I-am-Wv.F∂m¬ Hcmsf AIm-c-Wambn `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sX‰mb

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]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Iq´p \nev°m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬ ]oUn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp hgn Df-hm-°p∂ bw A\ym-b-amb b-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-Wv. cmjvS-\n-b-a-ßfpw k`m\nb-a-ßfpw Ip‰hpwin£bpw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn Hcp-h-\n¬ b-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ahsb \ymb-amb `b-Øns‚ KW-Øn¬ s∏Sp-Ømw.ImcWw kaq -l-Øn¬ Ip‰ -ßƒ Ipd -b v°p -Ibpwkaq-l-Po-hnXw kzkvYam-°p-I-bpw, P\-Po-hnXw kpK-a-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂ \ymbo-I-cWw Ch-bv°p-≠v.

`b-Øns‚ [m¿Ωn-I-kzm-[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v C\n ]c-am¿in-°mw.hnim-em¿∞-Øn¬ `bw hy‡n-bpsS tkz—sb ]q¿W-ambnC√m-Xm-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ah ]hr-Øn-bpsS \∑-bpsS `mK-Øn\pw Xn∑-bpsS mh-Øn\pw Ipdhp hcp-Øp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬Hcph\nse `bw At±-l-Øns‚ tkz—-tbbpw kzX-¥-Xo-cp-am-\-sØbpw C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw AXn≥ -e-ambn ]h¿Øn-t°-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ]kvXpX ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ \∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw At±-l-Øn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-hm\mhn-√. AtXkabw At±lw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-K-ln-°p∂ Hcp Xn∑ ]q¿Æ-kzm-X-¥y-an-√msX ]h¿Øn-t°-≠n-h-∂p-sh-¶n¬ tkz—-bpsS`mK-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬t]mepw am\p-jnI ]hrØn A√m-Xmbn ImWp-hm-\m-In-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv bw-aqew hnizm-k-XymKw sNbvX-h¿°v Hgn-hp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Im-Ø-Xv. AtX-k-abw ]hr-Øn-bn¬ a\-ns‚ kΩ-X-Øn-s‚-bpw, tkz—-bp-sS-bpw, kzX-¥-Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-t‚bpw Ipdhv D≠vF∂v kΩ-Xn-°msX hø. ImcWw `b-Øns‚ LSIw C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]kvXpX hy‡n adn-s®mcp Xocp-am\w FSp-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]m]-Øns‚ ImTn\yw Ipd™pw Ccn-°p-∂-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w Kuc-h-amb `bw k`m-\n-b-a-ß-fp-sSbpw, cmjvS-\n-b-a-ß-fpsSbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fnepw \n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-∂p. Imc-Ww,[m¿Ωn-I-amb Akm-[y-X- \n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°p∂p F∂ XØzw Xs∂. F∂m¬ \nb-a-\n¿∆-l-W-Øn¬\n-∂p-ap≈ Hgn-hm-°¬ s]mXp\-∑bv°p Kuc-h-amb £Xw Gev]n-°p-sa-¶n¬ ]kvXpX XXzw _m[-I-a-√. DZm-l-c-W-ambn bmsXmcpImc-W-h-imepw Hcp sshZn-I≥ Ipº-km-c-c-lkyw shfn-hm-°m≥]mSn-√.

]oU\w: i‡-amb _mly- C-S-s]-S¬ aqew Hcp-hs‚ a\-ns‚ tkz—m-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\sØ XS-bp-Itbm XS---s∏-

Sp-Øp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ AXns\ ]oU\w F∂p hnfn-°mw.CXp am\-kn-Itam imco-cn-Itam BImw. Hcp Imcyw ]oU-\-Øns‚ KW-Øn¬ s]S-W-sa-¶n¬ B¥-cn-I-amb FXn¿∏v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ _mly-am-bXp Ft∏mgpw thW-sa-∂n-√.F∂m¬ _mly-amb FXn¿∏phgn A]-ISw C√m-Xm-°mt\mB¥-cnI kΩ-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°m≥ km[n-°m-t\m,kΩXw \evIn F∂v a‰p≈h¿°p D≠m-Im-hp∂ sX‰n-≤m-cWHgn-hm-°mt\m km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ _mly-amb FXn¿∏v Bh-iy-ambn hcpw.

]oU\w A]-cn-an-X-am-Ip-∂Xv a\-ns‚ FXn¿∏v ]q¿Æhpwhnk-Ω-Xw ]c-am-h-[n-bpw, ]kvXpX at\m-`m-h-ßƒ A¿∞-h-Øp-am-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv. F∂m¬ a\-ns‚ hnk-ΩXw `mKn-I-hpw,_e-lo-\-hpw, _mly-amb FXn¿∏v Ai-‡-hp-am-Ip-tºmƒ]oU\w Bt]-£n-I-am-Ip-∂p. BZysØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ _e-]-tbm-K-Øm¬ sNøn® ]hr-Øn-bn¬ tkz— ]q¿Æ-ambn C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. BI-bm¬ am\p-jn-I-]-hrØn Akm-≤y-am-°p-Ibpwhy‡nsb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬\n∂pw X∑q-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Btcm-]-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw kzX-¥-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ tkz—-]q¿Æ-ambn C√m-Xm-Ip-∂n-√. AXns‚tXmXp Ipd-bv°pI amX-amWv sNøp-I. a\-ns‚ `mKn-I-ambkΩXw ChnsS Ds≠∂v k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p. tkz—- Ip-dbv-°p∂pF∂-Xn-\p-Im-cWw Bt]-£n-I-]o-U\w C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬hy‡n as‰mcp hn[w s]cp-am-dp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv.

at\m-`m-h-ßfpw Xg-°-ßfpw: B¿÷nX KpW-ß-fp-sSbpwkz`m-h-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp Imcy-tØmSv kz`m-hnI ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ°p t]cn-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-am-Wv at\m-`m-hw. Ch-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-]-›m-Ø-ew, kwkv°m-cw, BNmcw, hnZym- ym-kw, Pohn-Xm-\p- hw F∂n-h-sb√mw ][m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv. Ch hy‡n-bpsS Nn¥-I-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpwkzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ ]I-S-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc tkz—m ]h¿Ø-\-sØbpwkzX-¥-Xo-cp-am-\-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-hm≥ Ch ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. Nne Imcy-ß-tfmSp tXm∂n-°p∂ ]Xn-]Øn As√-¶n¬Nmbvhv ]kvXpX ]h¿Ø\w Ffp-∏-am-°p-∂p. CXp ÿnc-ambnXpS-cp-tºmƒ Ah Xg-°-ß-fmbn hf-cp-∂p. Xg-°-sa∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Hcp Imcy-tØmSv XpS¿®-bmb Bh¿Ø\w hgn D≠m-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

78 79

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Ip∂ B`n-ap-Jyhpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ ]Xn-]-Øn-bpw, sNøm-\p≈Ffp-∏hpw F∂v s]mXpsh a\-n-em-°mw.

t_m[-]q¿∆w cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Xg-°-ßƒ tkz—sb C√m-Xm-°p-∂n√. ImcWw ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn \nev°p-∂Xv a\-ns‚ kΩ-Xhpw AwKo-Im-c-hp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ t_m[-]q¿∆-a-√msX cq]-s∏-´h hy‡n-bpsS tkz—-tbbpw kzX-¥-]-h¿Ø-\-sØbpw C√m-Xm-°p-Itbm Ipd-bv°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p-≠v. ImcWw AXv _p≤n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw a\-ns‚kΩ-X-sØbpw l\n-°p∂p F∂-Xp-X-s∂. ÿnc-amb im]-hm-°p-Iƒ Dcp-hn-Sp∂ hy‡n \nc-¥-c-amb ]cn-i-a-ti-jhpw Adn-bmsX CØcw hN-p-Iƒ \mhn¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏-´m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]hr-Øn-bpsS ImTn\yw Ipd-™n-cn°pw F∂mWva\-n-em-t°-≠-Xv.

6. [m¿ΩnI]hrØnbpsS DdhnSßƒ

]q¿Æamb Adnhpw kzX¥amb kΩXhpap≈t∏mgmWvam\pjnI ]hrØnsb∂v ]dbp∂Xv. ChnsS \mw hnebncpØp∂Xv [m¿ΩnI]hrØnIsf°pdn®mWv. F√m am\pjnI]hrØnIfpw [m¿ΩnI]hrØnbmtWm? [m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIƒ°v Fs¥¶nepw LSIßƒ BhiyamtWm? [m¿ΩnIIatØmSv tbmPn®pt]mIp∂ ]hrØnIsf \∑]hrØnIsf∂pw AXns\Xncmbhsb Xn∑ ]hrØnIsf∂pw]dbp∂p. ChnsS Fßs\bmWv am\pjnI[m¿ΩnI]hrØnIsf hnebncpØp ∂Xv. ChnsSbmWv [m¿ΩnIDdhnSßfpsS ]m[m\yw. tXmakv AIzn\mkns‚A`n]mbØn¬ hnjbw (object), Dt±iyw (intention),kmlNcyßƒ (circumstance) F∂o LSIßfpsSASnÿm\ØnemWv am\pjnI]hrØnIsf [m¿ΩnIambpwicnbmtWm As√¶n¬ sX‰mtWm F∂v hnebncpØphm≥Ignbp∂Xv. Cu LSIßfmWv [m¿ΩnI]hrØnIfpsSDdhnSßƒ. ImcWw, ChbpsS shfn®Øn¬ sX‰pw icnbpw\n›bn°mw.

6.1 a\pjy ]hr-Øn-Iƒ: [m¿ΩnI hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

ItØm-en°m [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ a\pjy ]hr-Øn-IfpsS [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv hnj-bw, Dt±iyw,kmlNcyßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS shfn-®-Øn-em-Wv.

hnjbw (Object): a\pjy]hrØnIsf [m¿ΩnIambnhnebncpØp∂Xn\p≈ BZysØ LSIw hnjbw Xs∂bmWv.]hrØn°v AXn\m¬ Xs∂ \∑bptStbm Xn∑bptStbmêw ]pds∏Sphn°phm≥ Ignbpw. CXv ]hrØnbpsSA¥yêamWv. DZmlcWambn, Hcp tamjvSmhv ]≈nbnset\¿®s∏ńbn¬ \n∂pw 10,000 cq] tamjvSn°p∂p. Cu]hrØnbpsS hnjbsa∂v ]dbp∂Xv A\ymbambncq]sbSp°p∂psh∂-Xm-Wv. ]hrØnbpsS kmlNcywhnip≤ÿeØv \n∂pamWv tamjvSn®Xv F∂-XmWv.tamjvSmhns‚ Dt±iyw Zhym-K-l-amImw. CXn¬ \n∂pwhnjbw, ]hrØntbmSv tN¿∂ncn°p∂psh∂v a\-n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw. ]hrØnIƒ AXn\m¬Øs∂ \∑tbm ˛Xn∑tbm As√¶n¬ \njv]£tam Bbncn°mw. \√]hrØnIƒ \∑bpsS êw ]pds∏Sphn°p∂p. Xn∑ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ Xn∑-bpsS êw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p. \njv]£]hrØnIƒ AXn¬Øs∂ \∑bptStbm Xn∑bptStbm ew]pds∏Sphn°p∂n√.

ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXØn¬ Nne]hrØnIƒ AXn\m¬Xs∂ B¥cnIambn Xn∑IfmWv(intrinsece malum). kXyØns‚ ]` (80) F∂ NmInIteJ\Øn¬ tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿]m∏ C]ImcamWvhnhcn°p∂Xv: “am\pjnI ]hrØnbpsS Nne hnjbßƒkzm`mhnIambn ssZhØnte°v IahXvIcn°s∏Sphm≥km[ya√. AØcw Nne hnjbßƒ D≠v F∂v _p≤nXs∂km£yw \¬Ip∂p. ssZhOmbbn¬ krjvSn°s∏´hy‡nIfpsS \∑sb Ah auenIambn FXn¿°p∂XpsIm≠mWv Ah Aßs\bmbncn°p∂Xv. AØcw ]hr-Øn-Isf k -bpsS [m¿ΩnI ]mc-ºcyw B¥-cn-I-ambnØs∂-bp≈Xn∑-Iƒ (intrinsece malum)AYhm kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-Øs∂-bp≈Xn∑-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Ah Ft∏mgpw kzm`mhnIambnØs∂(pre se) AØcØnep≈XmWv. XXvêambnkzm`mhnIambn, AXn¬ Øs∂, kmlNcyßsfbpwDt±iyßsfbpw Bibn°msX, hnjbwaqew Ft∏mgpwKuchmhlamb sX‰mbncn°p∂ ]hr-ØnIfp≠v F∂v k`]Tn-∏n-°p∂p''. c≠w hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ (Gaudium et Spesno. 27) CØcw ]hr-ØnIƒ°v [mcmfw DZmlcWßƒ\evIp∂p≠v. GXv XcØnepap≈ sIme]mXIw,

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

80 81

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

hwi\ioIcWw, K¿`OnZw, ImcpWyh[w, a\dn™p≈BfllXy, AwKhnt—Zw, icocØntem a\ntemGev]n°p∂ ]oU\w, ASnaØw, thiymhrØn, kvXoIsfbpwIp™pßsfbpw hnev°p∂Xv, a\ptjymNnXa√mØ sXmgn¬sNøn°p∂Xv a\pjyhy‡nXzØn\v FXncmb ]hr-ØnIfmWv.Npcp°Øn¬ hnjba\pkcn®v ]IrXym Xn∑bmbn´p≈ Hcp]hr-Ønsb kmlNcyßfpsStbm Dt±iyßfpsStbmshfn®Øn¬ km[qIcn°m≥ km[ya√ (kXyØns‚ ]` no.81).

Dt±iyw (Intention or End of the agent - ]h¿ØIs‚ e£yw): CXvA¿∞am°p∂Xv ]hr-ØnbpsS e£yambn As√¶n¬Dt±iyambn ]h¿Øn°p∂ hy‡nbpsS a\n¬F¥mWp≈sX ∂mWv. B¥cnIamb ]hr-ØnIfpsS[m¿ΩnI DØchmZnXzw Dt±iysØ Bkv]Zam°nhnebncpØmhp∂XmWv. hnjbw ]hr -ØnbpsS]cam¥yamsW¶n¬, Dt±iyw (e£yw) ]h¿Øn°p∂hy‡nbpsS ]cam¥yamWv.

Dt±iyw ]hrØnsb [m¿ΩnIambn hnebncpØm≥ klmbn°pw. Dt±iyw HcmfpsS a\nemWv ]nd°p∂Xv.AXpsIm≠v, Kuchamb Xn∑]hrØnIƒ \√ Dt±iywsIm≠v\∑bm°n am‰phm≥ km[n°pIbn√. Aßs\bp≈]hrØnIƒ Ft∏mgpw Xn∑bmbnXs∂ \ne\nev°p∂p (tdma3,8). \njv]£amb ]hrØnIƒ Dt±iyØns‚ shfn®Øn¬\∑]hrØnItfm, Xn∑]hrØnItfm B°nam‰mw. Dt±iywHcp ]hrØnbpsS \∑sb Iq´pItbm Ipdbv°pItbm sNømw.Dt±iyw AXpt]mse Xs∂ Hcp ]hrØnbpsS Xn∑sbIq´pItbm Ipdbv°pItbm sNømw. sX‰mb Dt±iyw\∑]hrØnbpsS \∑sb Ipdbv°p∂p. DZmlcWambnkaqlØn¬ ÿm\w In´phm≥ th≠n Zm\[¿Ωw sNøp∂Xv.sX‰mb Dt±iyw Xn∑ ]hrØnIsf IqSpX¬ Kuch ambXn∑bm°p∂p (thiymhrØn °pth≠n tamjvSn°p∂Xv).ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXa\pkcn®v hy‡nbpsS,]hrØnsNøm\p≈ Dt±iyw kwip≤ambncn°Ww (CCC 1753).

kmlNcy-ßƒ (Circumstance): hnhn[ kmlNcyßfnemWv]hrØn sNøp∂Xv. F¥v? F¥n\v? F∂o tNmZyßƒbYmIaw hnjbsØbpw Dt±iysØbpw A¿∞am°ptºmƒ

Ft∏mƒ? FhnsS? Fßns\? F∂o tNmZyßƒ ]hrØnbpsSkmlNcysØ A¿∞am°p∂p. kmlNcyßƒ Ft∏mgpw]hrØn sNøp∂ hy‡nbpsS Ahÿ hy‡am°p∂p. AXv]hrØnsb [m¿ΩnIambn kzm[o\n°p∂p. km[mcW Hcmƒas‰mcmsf ASn°p∂Xpw, aI≥ A∏s\ ASn°p∂Xpw XΩn¬hyXymkw D≠v. ChnsS ]nXmhpw aI\pw XΩnep≈ _‘w]hrØn-bpsS [m¿ΩnIXsb hyXymks∏Sp Øp∂p. CXv\oXn°pw \memasØ ]amWØn\psaXncmb ]hrØnbmWv.Hcp tamjvSmhv ssZhmebØn¬ \n∂pw Imk tamjvSn°p∂]hrØn ssZh\nµbmWv. CXn¬\n∂pw kmlNcyw]hrØnbpsS [m¿ΩnIXsb \n›bn°p∂psh∂Xvhy‡amWv.

Nne kmlNcyßƒ ]hrØnbpsS \∑-bp-sStbm Xn∑-bp-sStbm Afhns\tbm ssZ¿LysØtbm Iq´pItbmIpdb v°p Itbm sNømw . Xn∑bpsS Afhns\Ipdbv°p∂ps≠¶nepw [m¿ΩnIambn AXns‚ Ahÿam‰p∂n√. CXv Nnet∏mƒ ]hrØnsb eLp]m]Øntet°mamcI]m]Øntet°m sIm≠phcp∂p. C\nbpw NnekmlNcyßƒ ]hrØnbpsS Xn∑sb Iq´pIbmsW¶n¬AXns‚ [m¿ΩnI Ahÿsb Xs∂ am‰p∂p.

\√ kmlNcyßƒ \√ ]hrØnbpsS \∑sb Iq´p∂p;Xn∑ ]hrØnbpsS ImTn\ysØ Ipdbv°p∂p, \njv]£]hrØnIsf \∑bm°p∂p. Xn∑bpsS kmlNcyßƒ \√]h¿ØnbpsS \∑ Ipdbv°p∂p, Xn∑ ]hrØnbpsS Xn∑Iq´p∂p, \njv]£]h¿Øn Xn∑bm°p∂p. ItØmen°mk`bpsS ImgvN∏mSn¬ am¿§-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw kwip-≤-am-bn-cn-°Ww (CCC 1754).

Npcp°Øn¬ ItØmen°mk`bpsS Img vN∏mSn¬[m¿ΩnIamb \√ ]hrØnIfpsS hkvXp]camb Ahÿ,Dt±iyw, kmlNcyw F∂nh \√Xmbncn°Ww (CCC 1755).IqSmsX Dt±iytam, am¿§tam \√Xmbncn°p∂XpsIm≠v Xn∑]hrØnsb \ymboIcn°phm≥ km[n°pIbpan√ (CCC 1756).]hrØn AXn\m¬Xs∂bpw \√Xmbncn°Ww.

D]-kw-lmcw

InkvXob [m¿Ωn-IX hy‡n-bpsS A\p-Zn-\-Pn-hn-X-]-h¿Ø-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

82 83

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

\-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bm-Wv. ChnsS a\p-jys‚ Nn¥bpwa\pw ]h¿Ø-\hpw F√mw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. A\p-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Cu aq∂p bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw ktΩ-fn-°p-Ibpw]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºm-gmWv icn-bmb am\p-jnI ]h¿Ø\w kwPm-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu aq∂p LS-I-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-a-s√-¶n¬ AXv CX-c-L-S-I-ßsf kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw \∑-Xn-∑-I-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv [m¿ΩnI hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp∂psh-¶n¬ Hcphy‡n°v _u≤nI ˛ am\-knI k¥p-e\w Bh-iy-sa∂vInkvXob [m¿Ωn-IX \n_-‘\ \evIp-∂-Xv. kz¥-sa-∂Xpt]mse A]-cs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ [m¿Ωn-IX hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmgpw Cu XØzw ]men-®n-cn-t°-≠XmWv. Adn-hv, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, kΩ-Xw, ]h¿Ø\w Cu L´-ß-fn-se√mw G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Imw. AXv bYm-hn[n a\-n-em-°p-tºm-gmWv \njvIr-jvSm¿∞-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ BXy-¥nI e£yw km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn Bh-iy-amb kXy-ßsfbpw am¿§-ß-sfbpw bp‡n-bp-sSbpw hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°p-I-bpw, ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ssZh-im-kvX-ta-J-e-bm-Wv In-kvXob [m¿Ωn-IX F∂ \n¿∆-N\w A\z¿∞-am-°p-I.

KŸkqNn

1.Joseph Koikakudy (Ed), In-kvXob [m¿Ωn-IX (Kochi: P.O.C, 2002).2. Heribert Jone, Moral Theology ( Illinois: Tan Books and Publishers, 1993).3. Karl H. Peschke, Christian Ethics: Moral Theology in the Light of VaticanII (Bangalore: TPI, 1999).4. R.M. Gula, Reason Informed by Faith: Foundations of Catholic Morality(New York: Paulist, 1989).5. Emmanuel E. James, Ethics: A Biblical Perspective (Bangalore: Theologi-cal Book Trust, 1992).6. Michael C. Elliot, Freedom Justice and Christian Counter Culture (Lon-don: SCM, 1990).7. P.E. Hughes, The True Image: The Origin and Destiny of Man in Christ(Michigan: Grand Rapids, 1989).

tUm. tPmkv IqS∏pg

kaKXØzhpw Zznêkn≤m¥hpw

05

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXØn¬ \∑Xn∑Iƒ]hrØnIfpsS ASnÿm\ØnemWv hnebncpØs∏Sp∂Xv. HcmfpsS kmlNcyØn\pw e£yØn\pw AXoXambn AXn\m¬Øs∂ \∑tbmXn∑tbm Bb ]hrØnIfps≠∂v ItØmen°mk` ]Tn∏n°p∂p. DZm: ]Xy£amb K¿ÒnZw,sIme]mXIw. IqSmsX hkvXphpw kmlNcyhpwe£yhpw \∂mbncp∂mte Hcp ]hrØnItØmen°mk`bpsS ZrjvSnbn¬ \√]hrØnbmIq. F∂m¬ Htckabw \∑bpsSbpwXn∑bp sSbpw êßƒ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ Nnea\pjy]hrØnIsf hnebncpØm≥ Cu XØzwA]cym]vXamWv. CØcw kµ¿`ßfn¬D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂ XØzßfmWv kaKX Øzw,Zz nêkn≤m¥w, Xn∑ ]hrØnIfnep≈klIcWw, Ipd™ Xn∑ Xncs™Sp°¬F∂nh. kaKXØzhpw Zznê kn≤m¥hpamWvCu A[ymbØn¬ N¿®sNøp∂Xv.

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

84 85

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

1. ka-K-XØzw (The Principle of Totality)

Ah-b-h-Zm-\w, Hm∏-td-j≥ XpS-ßn-bh ka-K-XXzw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv [m¿Ωn-I-ambn \ymbo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ F√m LS-I-ßfpw AXns‚ ka-K-Xsb e£y-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv F∂-Xm-Wv ka-K-X-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-tabw. DZm-lcWambn ico-c-Ønse F√m Ah-bhßfpw ico-c-Øns‚samØ-Øn-ep≈ ka-K-Xsb e£y-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. ChnsSka-K-X-sb∂ ]Zw A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv ico-c-Øns‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ k¥p-e-\mh-ÿbmWv. AXn-\m¬ Hcp Ah-b-h-Øns‚tcmKw ico-c-Øns‚ ka-K-Xsb \in-∏n-°p∂p F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ B Ah-bhw apdn®p am‰p-∂-Xns\ Cu XXzw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

ka-KX c≠p coXn-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv: imco-cnI ka-K-Xbpw (anatomical integrity) ]h¿Ø-\-k-a-K-X-bpw (functionalintegrity). ]h¿Ø-\-k-a-K-Xbv°v tIm´w hcp∂ ]hr-Øn-IƒsNøm≥ ]mSn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v c≠p hr°-I-fn¬ H∂v Zm\wsNbvXmepw ]h¿Ø-\-k-a-KX \jvS-am-hp-I-bn-√. Hcp hr°-sIm≠v ]h¿Ø\w \S-°pw. F∂m¬ Hcmƒ Xs‚ lrZbwZm\w-sN-bvXm¬ ]h¿Ø\ ka-KX C√m-XmIpw; ac-W-am-bn-cn°pw êw.

1.1 NcnXw

Acn-tÃm-ń-en-s‚bpw AIzo-\m-kn-s‚bpw Fgp-Øp-I-fn-emWvka-K-XØzw BZy-ambn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. LS-I-ßƒ (part)Ft∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv samØsØ (whole) Bi-bn®msW∂v Acn-tÃm-ńepw, LS-I-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw samØ-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-Xsb e£y-am-°n-\o-ßp∂p F∂v tXmakv AIzo-\mkpw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. LS-I-ßƒ°v ]q¿ÆX In´p-∂XvsamØsØ Bi-bn-®mWv F∂-Xn-\m¬ ico-c-Øn\p lm\n-I-c-am-hp∂ Ah-b-hw apdn-®p-\o-°p-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-sW-∂mWvAIzo-\m-kns‚ ]£w.

tXmakv AIzo-\m-kns‚ Cu Nn¥ ]n∂oSv h∂ F√m ItØm-en°m ssZh-im-kvX-⁄cpw AwKo-I-cn-®p. 17,18,19,20 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ]e ][m\ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-cp-sSbpw (Boneventure,L. Molina, L. Leonardur, J. De Lugo, P. Layman) IrXn-I-fn¬ CuBibw ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. samØ-Øn-\mbn LS-I-ßƒ

XymKw sNøp-∂-Xns\ Ch-sc√mw [m¿Ωn-I-ambn \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv ka-K-X-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿iw ImWp-∂Xv]Xn-s\m∂mw ]obqkv am¿∏m-∏-bpsS ‘ImkvXn sImÆp_o’(No 23) F∂ NmIn-I-te-J-\-Øn-em-Wv. am¿]m∏ ]d-bp∂p:Xs‚ ico-c-Ønse Ah-b-h-ßsf \in-∏n-°m≥ a\p-jy\v Ah-Im-i-an√; AXns‚ kzm`m-hnI ]h¿Ø-\sØ Ah≥ C√m-Xm-°-cp-Xv. ico-c-Øns‚ ka-K-X-bv°p-th≠nb√msX Ah-b-h-ßƒ\in-∏n-°-cp-Xv. AIzo-\m-kns‚ Nn¥m-KXnbmWv- C-hnsS ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv.

ka-K-XØzw AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn¬ \mw I≠p-ap-´p-∂Xv]¥≠mw ]obqkv am¿]m-∏-bpsS Fgp-Øp-I-fn-em-Wv. Btcm-Ky-cw-KØv ka-K-XØzw HutZym-Kn-I-ambn am¿]m∏ D]-tbm-Kn®p. 1952 sk]v‰w-_¿ 13 \v C‰-en-bnse tUmIvS¿am-tcm-Sp≈(Histopathologist) ]kw-K-Øn-em-Wv ka-K-XØzw F∂ ]ZwAt±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. Acn-tÃm-ń-en-s‚bpw AIzo-\m-kn-s‚bpw XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠m-WvAt±-lhpw Cu XØz-sØ-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn-®-Xv. 1944 apX¬1958 hscbp≈ am¿]m-∏-bpsS Fgp-Øp-I-fnepw ]kw-K-ß-fnepwCu XØzw hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-´p. ]¥≠mw ]obqkvam¿]m-∏-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ Ah-b-h-ßƒ°v Hcn-°epwsamØ-Øn-ep≈ ka-K-Xbv°p ]pdØv A¿∞-an√; LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v samØ-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ amXta Nn¥n-°m-dp-ap-≈q. kaq-lhpw hy‡n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw Cu XØz-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ ImWm≥ am¿]m∏ ian-°p-∂p-≠v. hy‡nkaq-l-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv, LS-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬ CXv ico-chpwAh-b-h-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w-t]mseb√. Cu _‘-Øn\vs]mXp-hmb e£y-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ap≠v; CXv a\p-jys‚\∑-bv°p-th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv cmPyw a\p-jy-\p-th-≠n-bmWv, a\p-jy≥ cmPy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b√ F∂v am¿]m∏]d-bp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Ønse Hmtcm-AwK-Øn\pw Xt‚-Xmb \ne-\nev]pw ÿm\hpw Ds≠∂v At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

1.2 ka-K-\n-baw: hyXykvX ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ ka-K-\n-b-asØ ]e coXn-bn¬hymJym-\n-®p. samØ-Øns‚ \∑ F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv ico-c-Øns‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ \∑-b√, adn®v hy‡n-bpsS apgp-h-\m-bn-´p≈ \∑-bm-Wv. sPdm¿Uv sI√n-bpsS A`n-

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]m-b-Øn¬ ka-K-XØzw ico-c-Øns‚ apgp-h-\m-bn-´p≈ ka-K-X-sb-bmWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v kz¥w ico-c-Øns‚ ka-K-Xbv°v AXo-X-ambn Ah-b-h-ßƒ apdn-®p-\o-°p-∂Xv Hcn-°epw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. Cu hn[-Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ ka-K-XØzw Ah-b-h-Zm-\-Øn\pw ikvX-Inbbv°pwFXn-cm-Ipw. F∂m¬ ico-c-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-Xbv°v tIm´whcp-ØmØ Hcp ikvX-In-bbv°pw Ah-b-h-Zm-\-Øn\pw k`FXn-c-√.

1.3 ka-K-XØzw: C∂sØ ]k‡n

BtcmKy cwKØpw Poh-s\-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw ka-K-XØzw hfsc ][m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv. ka-K-X-Øz-Øn¬imco-cnIXehpw B≤ym-fln-I-X-ehpw Ds≠-∂mWv ]¥≠mw]obqkv am¿]m∏ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ sX‰mb Bh-iy-Øn-\p-th≠n hy‡nsb Hcn-°epw Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-°-cpXv F∂p hy‡-am-°pI hgn ka-K-XØzw a\p-jys\ A\o-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p. IqSmsX a\p-jy-Po-hs\ AXns‚ Bcw- w-ap-X¬ Ah-km\w hsc _lp-am-\n-°-W-sa∂ XØzhpw ka-K-X-ØzØn¬AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ h‘oIc-W-i-kvXIn-bbv°v ka-K-XØzw FXn-cm-Wv.

ItØm-en-°mk` Ah-b-h-Zm-\hpw ikvX-In-bbpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv ka-K-X-Øz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬tcmKn°v as‰m-cm-fpsS Ah-bhw AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bnte Ah-b-h-Zm\w \S-Ømhq F∂v s_\-UnIvS vBjvenbpw sIhn≥ kn. Hdp¿t°hpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Ah-bhw Zm\w sNøp-∂Xv Ft∏mgpw ZmXm-hns‚ Btcm-Ky-Øn\vB\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn-´m-bn-cn-°-Ww. ZmXm-hns‚ kzX-¥-a-\pwkΩ-Xhpw CXn\v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ ka-K-XØzwD]-hnbn-¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂v hy‡w.

2. Zzn -e-kn-≤m¥w (The Principle of Double Effect)

km[m-cW ikvX-In-b-Isf ka-K-XØzw F]-Imcw \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂p \mw I≠p. F∂m¬ ]Xy-pev]m-Z\ Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS ikvX-Inb ka-K-XØzw D]-tbm-Kn®v \ymb-oI-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. ico-c-Øns‚ \∑-bv°p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°pI, hwisØ \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂o c≠p e£y-ßƒ ]Xyp-

ev]m-Z\ Ah-b-h-ßƒ°p-≈-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS ikvX-Inb\ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ as‰mcp XØzw Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ItØm-en°m [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ Zzn -e-kn-≤m¥w ]tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂-Xv. Htc kabw \∑-bp-sSbpwXn∑-bp-sSbpw ê-ßƒ Df-hm-Ip∂ ]hr-Øn-I-fnt∑¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ Zznêkn≤m¥w \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

2.1 NcnXw

]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ a°-_m-b-cpsS H∂mw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬(1 a° 6) Zznê kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepwCXns‚ hy‡-amb cq]w tXmakv AIzo-\m-kn-em-Wv \ap°vImWm-\m-hpI (Summa Theologiae II-II q-64a-7). Zznê kn≤m-¥-Ønse \mep-X-Øz-ßƒ Hcp ]t£ 16,17 \q‰m-≠pIfnse[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\- -e-ambn cq]w-sIm-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. C∂p \mw ImWp∂ coXn-bn¬ Zzn^-e-kn-≤m¥w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv 1850 ¬ Po≥ ]nbdv Kpdn (Jean PierreGury) F∂ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-\m-Wv. tXmakv AIzo-\m-k-√,tPm¨ Hm v sk‚ v tXmakv Xs‚ (De bonitate et Malitia) KŸ-Øn-emWv BZy-ambn Zzn^-e-kn-≤m-¥sØ∏‰n hy‡-ambnkwkm-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v sP. Kqkpw (J. Ghoose) A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

2.2 \mep LS-I-ßƒ

Zznê kn≤m-¥-Øn\v ssZh-im-kvX-PvR-∑m¿ ]e hymJym-\-ßfpw \evIn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS ]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ \mev ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

i) ]hr-Øn \√-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww; As√-¶n¬ \n£v]£]hrØnbmbncn°Ww.

ii ) Xn∑-bpsS ê-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ \∑-bpsS êhpwe`n-°-Ww.

iii ) e£yw \√-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

iv) Xn∑-bpsS am¿K-ßƒ \∑-bv°p-th≠n B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambnamXta kzoI-cn-°m-hq.

Zzn^-e-kn-≤m¥w ][m-\-ambpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ c≠v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv K¿`-]mXw \o°p∂Xpw AWvUhmln\n°pgepIƒ apdn®p am‰p-∂-Xpw. Im≥k¿ _m-[n® K¿`nWn-bmb

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Hcp kvXosb NnIn-’n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ê-ambn Hcp ]t£ Ipńacn-t®-°mw. Cu kw`-hsØ Zznêkn≤m-¥-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ ian-°mw. H∂m-asØ XØz-a-\p-k-cn®v]tcm£ K¿`-—nZw Htc kabw \∑-bp-sSbpw Xn∑-bp-sSbpwêw \¬Ip∂ ]hr-Øn-bm-Wv. c≠m-asØ XØz-a-\p-k-cn®vinip-hns‚ ac-Whpw Im≥k-dn¬\n∂p-≈ tamN-\hpw Htc ka-bØv kw`-hn-°-Ww. inip-hns‚ acWw \S∂v Iptd-tbsd Ign-™n-´mWv Im≥k¿ amdp-∂-sX-¶n¬ Zzn^-e-XØzw AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bm-sXh-cpw. AΩ-bp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿am-cp-sSbpwa‰p-≈-h-cpsSbpw e£yw kwip-≤-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v aq∂mwXØzw hmZn-°p-∂p. \mem-asØ XØz-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ AΩbpsS NnIn-’bv°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂am¿§-ßƒ B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn-cn-°Ww. Ip™ns\ sIm√p-hm-\p≈ am¿§-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬, e£y-hp-ambnAh B\p-]m-Xn-I-a-s√∂v ]d-bmw.

2.3 hna¿i-\-ßƒ

]e ]iv\-ß-fnepw Zzn -e-kn-≤m¥w ]mtbm-Kn-I-a-s√-∂mWvNne [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑mcpsS A`n-]m-bw. Xn∑-bpsS êhpw \∑-bpsS êhpw XΩn¬ _‘w ImW-W-sa-∂n√ F∂v Ch¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. Cu XØz-Øns‚ BZy-c≠pLS-I-ßƒ Ah-bhßfpsS ]h¿Ø\ e£y-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ a\p-jys‚ s]mXp-\-∑-sb-°mƒ ico-c-Øns‚]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mWv CXv ]m[m\yw \evIp-∂-Xv. \mep LS-I-ß-fp-sSbpw shfn-®-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-ØmsX ]hr-Øn-Isf\ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂-XmWv Cu XØz-Øns‚ as‰mcpt]mcm-bva.

2.4 Zzn^-e-X-Øz-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

Htc-k-abw \∑-bp-sSbpw Xn∑-bp-sSbpw ew \¬Ip∂ ]hr-Øn-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ G‰hpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-amb XØz-am-Wn-Xv. \ΩpsS ]hr-Øn-Iƒ F]-Imcw ssZh-Øns‚ ]hr-Øn-Iƒt]mse Bbn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv Cu XØzw ]d-bp-∂-Xv.K¿`-—nZw, Imcp-Wy-h-[w, NnIn’ \ndp-Øn-h-bv°¬, kzbwc£, bp≤w XpS-ßnb ]iv\-ß-fn¬ F¥mWv icn F¥mWvsX‰v F∂v Cu XØzw hyIvX-am-°p-∂p. ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS Cu XØzw a‰p k -Ifpw kaq-l-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p≠v.

D]-kw-lmcw

]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ a\p-jy-]-hr-Øn-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ c≠p XØz-ß-fmWv ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-®Xv. ka-K-X-Øz-Øns‚ XXz-im-kvX-]-chpw ssZh-im-kvX-]-chpamb ASn-ÿm-\w, AXn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ hyXykvX A`n-]m-b-ßƒ, C∂Xns‚ ]k‡n F∂nh \mw N¿®-sN-bvXp.imco-cnI˛am\-knI˛kmaq-lnI˛B≤ym-flnI Xe-ß-fp≈ ka-K-XØzw a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy-Po-h\pw FXn-cmb F√m Xn∑-Ifpw sX‰m-sW∂v ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. ikvX-In-bbpw Ah-b-h-Zm-\hpw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v Cu XØz-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ k` ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hfsc ]pcm-X-\hpw ]gb \nb-am-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb Zzn^-e-X-Øz-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, \mev LS-I-ßƒ, hnhn[ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ,C∂sØ ]k‡n F∂n-hbpw \mw I≠p. Htc kabw \∑bpwXn∑bpw ]pd-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ F]-Imcw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏SW-sa-∂mWv k` Cu XØz-Øn-eqsS ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.]hrØn, kml-N-cyw, e£yw F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øphm≥ CuXØzw klm-bn-°p∂p. IqSmsX _p≤n-ap- p≈ [m¿ΩnI ]iv\-ßƒ°v CXv hy‡-amb DØcw \evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Npcp°Øn¬ [m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIsf icnbmb hn[Øn¬hnebncpØphm≥ kaKXØzhpw ZznêXØzhpw Hcphs\klmbn°p∂p. CXns‚ XpS¿®bmbmWv Ipd™ Xn∑Xncs™Sp°epw Xn∑]hrØnIfnep≈ klIcWhpwASpØ A[ymbØn¬ N¿® sNøp∂Xv.

KŸkqNn

1. A. M. Hamelin, “Man’s Rights over his Body and the Principle of Totality,”Concilium 15 (1966) 89-101.2. J. M. Cox, A Critical Analysis of the Roman Catholic Medico-MoralPrinciples of Totality and Its Applicability to Sterilizing Mutilations(Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Religion, ClaremontGraduate School, Claremont, 1972).3. K. D. O’Rourke & P. Boyle (ed.), Medical Ethics: Sources of CatholicTeachings (St. Louis: The Catholic Health Association of the United States,1989).

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4. M. Nolan, “The Positive Doctrine of Pope Pius XII on the Principle ofTotality,” Augustinianum III/1 (1963) 28-44; III/2 (1963) 290-324; IV/3 (1964)537-559.5. D. K. Chan, “Intention and Responsibility in Double Effect Cases,” EthicalTheory and Moral Practice 3 (2000) 405-434.6. J. Berkman, “How Important is the Doctrine of Double Effect for MoralTheology? Contextualizing the Controversy,” Christian Bioethics 3/2 (1997)95-105.7. J. Boyle, “Intentions, Christian Morality, and Bioethics: Puzzles of DoubleEffect,” Christian Bioethics 3 (1997) 87-88.8. J. Mangan, “A Historical Analysis of the Principle of Double Effect,”Theological Studies 10 (1949) 41-61.9. J. Selling, “The Problem of Reinterpreting the Principle of Double Effect,”Louvain Studies 8 (1980) 47-42.10. L. Iwejuru Ugorji, The Principle of Double Effect, European UniversityStudies XXIII/245 (Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang, 1985).11. L. J. McNamara, Direct and Indirect: A Study in the Principle of DoubleEffect in Roman Catholic Moral Theology (Unpublished DoctoralDissertation, Faculty of Theology, University of Oxford, Oxford, 1980).12. P. Knauer, “The Hermeneutic Function of the Principle of Double Effect,”in C. E. Curran & R. A. McCormick, Readings in Moral Theology No. 1(New York, Ramsey, Toronto: Paulist Press, 1979) 1-39.13. R. McCormick, “Double Effect, Principle of,” in J. F. Childress & J.Macquarrie (eds.), A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (London: SCMPress, 1967).14. S. Kanniyakonil, The Fundamentals of Bioethics (Kottayam: ORSI, 2007).

tUm. kvIdnbm I\ymtImWn¬

ùXnI kl-I-c-W kn≤m¥w

06

tdmanse hnizmk Imcymebw 1975- ¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® “h‘yw-I-cWw I-tØm-en°m Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬” F∂ tdma≥ ]amW tcJ-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: “ ùXn-I-k-l-I-cWw F∂ ]c-º-cm-KXkn≤m¥w btYm-NnXw A\n-hm-cyhpw kzX-¥hpw, ASp-ØXpw AI-∂-Xp-amb AXns‚ hyXn-cn-‡-X-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn km[p-hmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p” .1\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn [m¿anI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿Hcp ùXnI Xn∑-bn-tem, [m¿anI Xn∑-bntemklm-b-I-amb (Iq-Sn-t®-cp-∂) Hcp ]hr-Øn-bpsSkZm-Nm-c-]-c-amb A\n-hm-cy-X-tb-∏‰n aq∂p kn≤m-¥-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. ZznXz-ê kn≤m-¥w, (principle of double effect), \yq-\tZmjX-Øzw(principle of lesser evil), \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb uXnIkl-I-cW kn≤m-¥w. (principle of legitimate materielcooperation). 1958-˛¬ sl≥Sn tUhnUv kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ F√m [m¿anI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑mcpw tbmPn-°p∂p: Xn∑-bn-ep≈

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

kl-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \nb-a-ßƒ, Hcp ]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°pI F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hnjaw ]nSn® hnjbw[m¿anI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ C√” .2 \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb uXnIkl-I-cW kn≤m¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xn\v 18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬Pohn-®n-cp∂ A¬t^m≥kv entKm-cntbmSmWv (1696-˛1787) \mwIS-s∏-´ncn°p-∂-Xv.

Ak-∑m¿KnI ]hr-Øn-I-fnse kl-I-cWw kw_‘n®[m¿ΩnI ]T-\-ß-sf-bpw km∑m¿KnI XØz-ß-sfbpw kv]jvS-am-°p-Ibpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv Cu teJ-\w.

1. Xn∑-bn-ep≈ kl-I-c-Ww

1.1 k`-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

Ak-∑m¿KnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse kl-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v][m-\-ambpw Bdp tcJ-I-fmWv ]pd-Øn-dßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.3 AhXmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bmWv:

1. Ata-cn-°-bnse saXm≥ kan-Xn, ItØm-en°m Bip-]Xn-Iƒ°pw BXpcipiqjm cwKØpw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿°p\¬Inb AP-]m\ am¿K-tcJ (1973).

2.hnizmkXncp-kwLw, “h‘y-wI-cWw ItØm-en°m Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬“ F∂ hnjbw kw_-‘n®v Xøm-dm-°nb tcJ(1975).

3.Ata-cn-°≥ saXm≥ kan-Xn,- “h‘y-wIcWw ItØm-en°mBip-]-Xn-I-fn¬“ F∂ tdma≥tcJ-bv°v \¬Inb hymJym\w(1977).

4.Ata-cn-°≥ saXm≥ kan-Xn,- kvXoI-fnse h‘yw-I-c-W-w F∂ hnjbsØ-°p-dn-®v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ]kvXm-h\ (1980).

5.Ata -cn -°≥ saXm≥ kan -Xn , - ItØm-en°mBXpcipiqjm cwK-Øp-≈-h¿°v \¬Inb [m¿ΩnIhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb am¿K-tc-J- (1994).

6. tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m-∏m-bp-sS ‘Pohs‚ kphn-tijw’ F∂ NmInI teJ\w (1995).

`mKykvac-W-m¿l-\mb Itcmƒ thmbv‰ohm-bpsS ‘Pohs‚kphn-tijw’ F∂ NmInI teJ-\-Øn¬ C∂sØ temI-I-

a-Øn¬ A-∑m¿KnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-se klI-cWw hgntemI-Øns‚ hio-I-c-W-Øn\pw kzm[o-\-Øn\pw \mw Adn-bmsX Xs∂ Cc-bm-Im-sa∂pw AXp-hgn ac-W-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn Øocm-sa∂pw Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p.

1.2 Xn∑-bn-ep≈ kl-I-cWw:˛ D]-hn-s°-Xncmb ]m]w

Ab¬°m-c-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\l-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ]m]-am-bn-´mWv]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Xn∑-bn-ep≈ kl-I-c-WsØ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv.Xn∑tbmSv kl-I-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ, kml-N-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v D]-hn-s°-Xn-cmbpw a‰p InkvXob aqey-ßƒs°Xncmbpw ]m]w sNøp-∂p. tamjvSm-hp-ambn kl-I-cn-®v, Hcp-h≥ tamjvSm-hns‚ Xs∂km∂n[yw aqSn-h-bv°p-hm≥ th≠n BW-bn-Sp-tºmƒ At±lwI≈-kXyw F∂ Xn∑-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂p. Xn∑bv°p Imc-W-amb apJy-I¿Ωn -(Principal agent) bpsS Xn∑ AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ As√-¶n¬ Xn∑bv°p Imc-W-amb apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS Xn∑]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ uXn-I-ambn klm-bn-°p-tºmƒ, Xn∑-bn¬kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n (Cooperator in evil act), D]-hn-s°-Xn-cmbn]m]w sNøp-∂p. Xn∑-tbmSp kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n, BXn∑bv°p Imc-W-amb apJy I¿Ωn-bpsS sX‰v tkmZ-c-_p≤ymXncp-Øp-hm-\p≈ Xs‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ hogvN hcp-Øp-I-bm-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øns‚ ewL-\-ambn Nne KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ Cu Xn∑sb ImWp-∂p.4

1.3 a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Xn∑bn-ep≈ kl-I-cWw

[m¿anIimkvX-Øns‚ ]mcw -` -Imew apX¬Øs∂k∑m¿Kn-I-amb ]hr-Øn-I-fn-ep-ff ]¶p-tN-c¬ F∂Xv Xoh-amb ]cn-Nn-¥\Øns‚bpw X¿°-Øn-s‚bpw ][m\ hnj-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. F.-Un.165-˛¬Øs∂ A\y-tZ-h-∑msc Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ \ymbhpw A\ym-b-hp-amb kl-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®pw,InkvXym-\n-Iƒ A\y-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS hnK-l-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xns\°pdn®pw, \mS-I-im-e-tbm-Sp≈ ssIkvXh at\m-`m-hw,ssk\nI tkh\w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®psa√mw c‡-km-£n-bmbhn.-P-Ãn-\pw XpS¿∂v hn.- kn-]n-bm-≥, Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse¢a‚ v, sX¿Øp-ey≥, Hcn-P≥ F∂n-hcpw ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.

[m¿anI]¶m-fnØw \nd™ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Hcp-hs‚ Xn∑-tbmSv A]-c≥ ]pe¿tØ≠ kZmNmc]camb AI-ew ]pcm-X\ ImesØ∂t]mse C∂pw kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Øn\v temI-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cn¬ 25% t]cpw -X-ß-fpsS _p≤n-i‡n BWh D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.temI-Øn¬ GI-tZiw \mep-e£w F©n-\o-b¿am-cpw, imkvX-⁄-∑mcpw ssk\nI tkh-\-Øn¬ t\cn´v apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.Ch-sb-√mw -Xn-∑-bn-ep≈ kl-I-c-W-Øns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. K¿ -OnZw \S-Øp-hm-\p-≈ t]m’m-l-\-ßƒ, Zbm-h-[-Øn-ep≈ tUmIvS¿am-cpsS kl-I-c-Ww, ssUh¿am¿°v aZyw\¬I¬ XpSßn, [m¿ΩnI]¶m-fnØw \nd™ At\Iw taJ-e-Iƒ C∂p-≠v. Hcp tUmIvS-tdm, \gvtkm K¿`-OnZw \S-Øp∂tUmIvS-tdmSp kl-I-cn®p ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ, Hcp tUmIvS¿As√-¶n¬ \gvkv “F¥m-bn-cn-°-Ww“ F∂ ]mh\ k¶-ev]Øn\v FXn-cmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. C∂v, ]tXy-I-ambpwBXp-c-ip-iq-jm-cw-KØv ItØm-en--°m tUmIvS¿am¿ InkvXobaqey-ß-fp-sSbpw imkvXo-b-amb km[y-X-I-fpsSbpw CS-bn¬s∏ń-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v BXp-c-ip-iq-jm-cw-KsØ XXz-Nn-¥-I\pw nj-Kz-c-\p-amb FUva≠v Un.- s]-√-Knt\m ]d-bp-∂p.5

AXp-sIm≠v, Xn∑-bn-ep≈ kl-I-cWw F∂Xv ]mT-]p-kvX-Ißƒ k¶-ev]n-°p∂ Hcp A]q¿h kwK-X-n-b√, ]XypX AXvapI-fn¬ kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øns‚ Xs∂`mKamWv.6 Cu temI-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcm-sSm∏w \mw Pohn-°p∂pF∂ H‰°mc-W-Øm¬Øs∂ ]e Xn∑-I-fnepw \mw kl-ImcnIfm-Ip-∂p.

kl-I-cWw ]q¿W-ambpw Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠v, Akm-∑m¿KnI]h¿Ø-\ß-fnse ]iv\-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hn-√. Nne kµ¿ -ßfn¬ kl-I-cWw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hm-ØXpw Hcp-hs‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øns‚ mK-hp-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Xn-∑-tbmSv kl-I-cn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcp-∂p. C∂sØ ]iv\-k-¶o¿WambtemIØv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Xn∑-tbm-Sp≈ ùXnIkl-I-cWw(material cooperation) IqSmsX \∑ ]h¿Øn-°pI Akm-[y-am-Wv. A«oe kmlnXyw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ t]mÃvam≥kl-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ BWh \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepwa‰p Xn∑-I-fnepw \nIpXn sImSp-°p-tºmƒ P\-ßƒ kl-I-cn-°p∂Xpw DZm-l-cW-ß-fm-Wv. Nne-t∏mƒ Nne \n¿_-‘-ßƒ°p hgßn Xn∑-tbmSp kl-I-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬ tPmen \jvS-s∏-Smw. X∑qew IpSpw-_sØ ]pe¿Øm≥ ]‰mØ AhÿD≠m-Imw.

[m¿ΩnI-amb Hcp Xn∑-bn¬ kl-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWvhkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn Am-∑m¿KnI ]hr-Øn-I-fn-ep≈ kl-I-cWw F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. [m¿ΩnI-ambn Xn∑-bm-sW-∂-dn-™n-´pw, B Xn∑ sNøp∂ hy‡n-bp-am-bp≈ ]¶p-tN-c-em-Wn-Xv. Cu ]¶p-tN-c¬ AYhm kl-I-cWw F∂-Xv,Xn∑ sNøp∂ hy‡n \¬Ip∂ bYm¿∞-amb kl-I-c-W-am-Imw, ùXn-I-amb kl-I-c-W-am-Imw, As√-¶n¬ am\-kn-I-amb]n¥p-Wtbm kzm[o-\tam BImw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Am-∑m¿KnI]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep≈ kl-I-cWw F∂Xv ]hrØn sNøp∂apJyI¿Ωn°v (principal agent) imco-cn-I-amtbm am\-kn-I-am-tbm\¬Ip∂ klm-b -am -Wv .6 apJy -I¿Ωn -bpsS ]hrØntkmt±iytam (formal), uXnItam (material) Bb sX‰m-bn-cp-∂mepw B Xn∑-bn¬ kl-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿ [m¿ΩnI-ambn sX‰p-Im-c-\m-sW∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

kl-IcWØn\p apºp-Xs∂ apJy-I¿Ωn ap≥Iqń Xocp-am-\n-®pd® sX‰mb ]hrØn ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ \¬Ip∂ kl-I-c-WamWv Xn∑-bn-ep≈ kl-I-c-W-sa∂v s_¿Wm¿UvtldnwKv ]d-bp-∂p.7 A]-Imcw, Xn∑ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈kl-I-c-Whpw AXns‚ Xpey DØ-c-hm-Zn -Xzhpw (Co-responsiblility) XΩn¬ hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Xn-∑-tbmSv kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n Hcn-°epw Xn∑bv°v Imc-W-°m-c-\mbapJyI¿Ωntbm-sSmØv Xn∑-bpsS KqVm-tem-N-\-bn¬ ]¶p-Im-c-\m-hp-∂n-√, adn®v kl-I-c-W-tam, kΩ-Xtam As√-¶n¬ uXn-I-amb klm-btam amXta \¬Ip-∂p-≈p.8 kzX-¥-amtbm, bw\nan-Øtam Kh¨sa‚ns‚ `mKØp-\n-∂p≈ kΩ¿±w aqetamHcp-h≥ Xn∑-tbmSv kl-I-cn-°p-∂p.

2. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb uXnI kl-I-cWkn≤-m¥w (Theprinicple of legitimate material cooperation)

tkmt±iyhpw (formal) ùXn-I-hp-amb (material) kl-I-cWØns‚ hyXym-k-Øn¬\n∂mWv ‘ùXnI kl-I-cWw’F∂ XØzw Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. Xn∑bv°p Imc-W-amb apJyI¿Ωn-bpsS Dt±-iy-Øn¬ (intention) ]¶pt≠m C√tbm F∂-Xns\Bi-bn-®mWv ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn tkmt±iyw, ùXnIw F∂hyXymkw a\-kn-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS Dt±-iy-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂p-sh∂p hcp-tºmƒ kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS Ad-nhpw, kΩXhpw Ds≠∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.9

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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2.1 -k-l-I-c-W-Ønse th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ

_mlyamb ]hrØnbpsStbm B ]hrØn sNbvXcoXnbpsStbm AXpfhm°p∂ [m¿ΩnI DØchmZnXzØns‚tbm AXns‚ A\¥c^eßfpsStbm ASnÿm\ØnemWv CØcØnepff th¿XncnhpIƒ \mw \SØp∂Xv.

`mhflI (Positive) klIcWhpw \ntj-[mflI (Negative)kl-I-c-Whpw: kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n ]Xy-£-am-bpw, kzX¥a\tmSpw IqsS B⁄m-]n-°p-I-bpw, D]-tZ-in-°p-I-bpw, hio-I-cn-°p-Ibpw, A`bw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°p-∂Xp hgn apJy-hy-‡n-bpsS sX‰mb ]hr-Ønsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-XmWv mhm-fl-I-amb kl-I-c-Ww. mhflI klIcWwam\knIhpw imcocnIhpamIpw.

kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb A[n-Imcap]-tbm-Kn®v apJy-I¿Ωnsb Xncp-Øp-hm-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzwAbmƒ Ah-K-Wn-°ptºmƒ \ntj-[mflI kl-I-c-Wambn.imkn-°m\pw XncpØm\pw In´p∂ kµ¿`w t_m[-]q¿hw Ah-K-Wn-°p-tºmgpw, Ah-kcw In´n-bn-´pw Xncp-Øm≥ IS-s∏-´-h-\m-bn-cp-∂n´pw AXp sNømsX hcp-tºmgpw klImcn kza-\mse ]tcm£ambn Xn∑ (indirectly voluntary) ]hrØnbn¬]¶pImc\mIp∂p. t]meo-kpw Imh¬°m-cpw Xn∑sb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ IS-s∏-´-h-\m-bn-cp-∂n´pw Poh\p lm\n hcmsX BXn∑ ]hrØn XS-bp-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.10

A\ym-b- (Unjust) kl-I-cWhpw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤- (Unlawful)kl-I-cWhpw: aq∂masXmcmƒ°v tZmlw hcpØpItbmAXns‚ A]cm[Øn¬ ]¶p]‰pItbm sNøp-∂-Xn-\mWvA\ymb klIcWw F∂v ]dbp∂Xv. Cßs\bp≈AhkcØn¬ AdnthmSpw a\tmSpw (knowingly, willingly) IqSnsNbvX F√mw tZmlßƒ°pw \jvS]cnlmchpw ]mb›nØhpw sNøm≥ IS∏mSp≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v sIm≈-ap-X¬kzoI-cn°p∂ hy‡n B Xn∑-bn¬ klImcnbmhp∂p.A]Imcap≈ bYm¿∞ DS-a-ÿ\v sIm≈apX¬ Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Abmƒ _m[y-ÿ-\m-Wv.

Xn∑bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂-XmWv \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb kl-I-c-Ww.X¬^-e-ambn aq∂m-a-sXmcp hy‡n°v A\oXn sNøp-∂n-s√-

¶nepw Xs‚ ]hr-Øn-tbm¿Øv A\p-X-]n-t°-≠-Xpw DX-∏n\v]cn-lmcw sNtø-≠-Xpw CØcØnep≈ F√m A]-ISßfpwHgn-hm-°p-Ibpw in£-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-\m-IpIbpw sNtø-≠-XmWv. DZm-l-c-WØn\v \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb hnhm-ltØmSv kl-I-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ, A«oe kmlnXyw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-bmƒ

2.2 tkmt±iykl-I-cWw (Formal Cooperation)

Xn∑-bn-ep≈ tkmt±iykl-I-cWw F∂m¬ Xn∑bv°p Imc-W-amb apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS Dt±-iy-Øn¬, kl-Im-cn- ]¶p-tN-cp∂pF∂-Xm-Wv. kl-I-c-W-Øn¬, _mly-am-bn sX‰mb]hr-Øn-bn¬ ]s¶Sp°p-Ibpw, B¥-cn-I-ambn sX‰mb Dt±-iy-Øn¬kΩ-Xw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh∂v ]c-ºm-c-KX ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p. apJy-I¿Ωn-tbmSv kl-I-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ kzX-¥-ambn B [m¿ΩnI Xn∑ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒtkmt±iykl-I-cWw Zriy-am-Wv.11 Dt±iyØn-\mWv (intention)tkmt±iykl-I-cWw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS[m¿ΩnI-ambn sX‰mb ]hrØn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw, klm-bn-°p-Ibpw AXns\ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ, kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS `mKw tkmt±iyam-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. apJyI¿Ωn-bpsS Xn∑-bmb C—-bn¬ ]¶p-Im-c-\m-Ip-∂-Xn-s\ -Xn-∑bnep≈ tkmt±iy-k-l-I-cWw F∂v hn.-A¬t^m≥kventKmcn \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p. kl-I-cWw tkmt±iy-am-Ip-∂Xv as‰m-cp-hs‚ sX‰mb C—-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-tºm-gmWv; AXv Xn∑ \nd™-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.12 tkmt±iy kl-I-c-Whpw uXn-I-kl-I-c-WhpwXΩn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\-hy-Xymkw hn.- en-tKm-cn-bpsS \n¿hN\why‡-am-Ip-∂p.

tkmt±iykl-I-c-W-ß-fpsS F√m kµ¿`-ß-fnepw kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS Dt±-iy-tØmSpw C—-tbmSpwXmZm-fly-s∏-Sp-∂p. sX‰mb Dt±-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ tkmt±iyk-l-I-cWw AXn¬Øs∂ [m¿an-I-amb Xn∑-bm-Ip-∂p. CXv[m¿ΩnI-ambn Xn∑-bm-Ip -∂Xv c≠v coXn -bn -em-Wv. (1)A[m¿ΩnI ]hr-Øn-bn¬ kl-I-cn-°p-∂p, (2) apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsSA[m¿ΩnI ]hrØn AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw, Ahs‚ C—-bn¬kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

kv]jvShpw (Explicit) A¥¿eo-\-(Implict)hp-ambtkmt±iykl-I-cWw: tkmt±iykl-I-c-WsØ ]Xy£hpw

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(explicit) ]tcm£hp amb (implict) kl-I-cWw F∂v c≠mbnXncn-°mw. kv]jvS-amb Hu]-Nm-cnI kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ (explicitformal cooperation) kl-I-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ°v as‰m-cm-fpsS Xn∑]hr-Øn-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cm-\p≈ Dd-®Xpw ]I-S-hp-amb Dt±iy-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ ]tcm£amb tkmt±iykl-I-c-WØn¬ (implicitformal cooperation) Xn∑-tbmSv hy‡n t\cn-t´m, ]Xy£amtbmXn∑bv°v Imc-W-amb apJyI¿Ωn-bpsS Dt±-iyØn¬ ]¶pImc-\m-Ip-∂n-√. F¶nepw Nne Xm¬]-cy-Øn-s‚tbm t\ -Øn-s‚tbmt]cn¬ apJyhy‡nbpsS _mly-amb ]hr-Øn-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂p. A¥¿eo-\amb tkmt±iykl-I-c-Whpw t\cn-´p≈ùXnIkl-I-c-Whpw (immediate material cooperation) XΩn¬henb hyXym-k-an-√.13

2.3 ùXn-I-kl-I-cWw (Material Cooperation)

apJyI¿ΩnbpsS Xn∑]hrØnbn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂ klImcnbpsS ]hrØnsbbmWv ùXnIklIcWw kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.F∂m¬ apJyI¿ΩnbpsS ]hrØn°pw klImcnbpsS]hrØn°pwIqSn s]mXphmbn´p≈ sX‰mb Dt±iyw C√.AXmbXv apJyI¿ΩnbpsS Dt±ißfn¬\n∂pw hyXykvXamWvklImcnbpsS Dt±iyw. Xn∑ ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ, kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n B ]m¿iz-êw ap≥Iqń ImWp∂ps≠¶nepwDt±-in°p-∂n-√.14 hn.- en-tKmcn ùXnI kl-I-c-WsØ C]-Imcw \n¿h-Nn-®n-°p-∂p. “Xn∑- ]h¿Øn°p∂ hy‡nbpsSDt±-iy-Øn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb Dt±iytØmSpw Xn∑ ]hr-Øn-tbmSv tbmPn-°p-∂-Xns\ ùXnI kl-I-cWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p''.15 kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n, apJy I¿Ωntbm-sSm∏wimcocnIamb ]hrØnbn¬ ]¶p-Im-c\m-Ip-∂ps≠¶nepwX¬ -e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Xn∑-bpsS e-ßƒ BK-ln-°m-sXbpwDt±-in-°m-sX-bp-amWv AXn¬ ]¶p-Im-cm-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu coXn-bn¬t\m°p-tºmƒ ùXn-I-amb kl-I-cWw B¥-cn-I-ambn(intrinsically) sX‰-√. F∂-m¬ kl-Icn°p∂-bm-fpsS kXy-k-‘hpw \n£v]-£-hp-am-b Dt±iyamWv apJyhy‡n Xs‚ Xn∑-]-hr-Øn°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xpw.

tkmt±iykl-I-c-W-Øn¬, apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS (principal agent)sX‰mb Dt±-iy-Ønepw (bad intention) sX‰mb ]hr-Øn-(badaction) bnepw kl-Imcn ]¶m-fn-bmIp-∂p. F∂m¬ ùXn-I-k-l-I-c-W-Øn¬ sX‰mb ]hr-Øn-bn-ep≈ kl-I-cWw amX-ta-

bp-≈p. ùXnIkl-I-c-Ww-hgn Nne hy‡n-KX t\´-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂Xp sIm≠v, ùXnIkl-Imcn apJy-I¿Ωn°v Nne klm-b-ßƒ ]Icw sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ùXnIkl-I-c-W-Øn¬kl-Imcn°v sX‰mb e£y-ß-fn√; F∂m¬ apJy-I¿Ωn Abm-fpsS kl-I-c-WsØ NqjWw sNøp-∂p. ùXnIkl-I-c-W-Øn¬ kl-ImcnbpsS ]hrØn AXn¬Øs∂ as‰m-cm-fpsSXn∑bv°v ImcWamIp∂n√, As√¶n¬ klmbIcam-Ip-∂n-√.”Hcp-h≥ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ, Nne]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬, CXv as‰m-cmƒ Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ ùXnI kl-I-c-W-am-bn.16

ùXnIkl-I-c-W-Øn¬, t\cn-´p≈ (immediate ) kl-I-c-Ww, CS-\n-e-°m-c-\mbn (mediate) ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kl-I-cWw Fs∂mcp th¿Xn-cn-hp-≠v. ]hr--Øn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu hyXym-kw.

t\cn- p≈ kl-I-cWw (Immediate Cooperation): Hcm-fpsS[m¿an-I-ambn sX‰mb ]hr-Øn-bn¬Øs∂ tN¿∂p ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ AXv t\cn- p≈ uXnI kl-I-c-W-am-bn (immediatematerial cooperation). ChnsS Xn∑ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-bm-fpsS]h¿Ø-\-hpw, Xn∑-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂-bm-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\hpwth¿Xn-cn°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p. kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n ]Xy-£-ambpw t\cn´pw as‰m-cp-hs‚ sX‰mb ]hr-Øn-bn¬ ]¶p-Im-c\m-Ip-∂p.17 C]-Im-c-ap≈ ]hr-Øn, apJy-I¿Ωn Dt±-in®sX‰m-b-êw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ Dƒs°m-≠n-cn-°p∂Dt±iyw \nanØw CXns\ ‘A¥¿eo\amb tkmt±iykl-I-cWw’ F∂v hnfn-°pw. CXv bYm¿∞-Øn¬, tkmt±iykl-I-c-Wambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.18

CS-\n-e-°m-cmbn ]h¿Øn®p-sIm-≠p≈ kl-I-cWw(Mediate Cooperation): ChnsS Hcp hy‡n-bpsS kl-I-cWwAXn¬Øs∂ \√-Xpw, \njv]-£-hp-am-bn-cn-°mw. ]t£,apJyI¿Ωn sX‰mb ]hr-Øn-°mbn B kl-I-cWsØ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.19 DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp \gvkv, Hm∏-td-j-\mbnD]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n tUmIvS¿°v ssIamdpIbpw,tUmIvS¿ AXv h‘yw-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ, t\gvkv CS-\n-e-°m-cnbm-bn -]-h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂p. ChnsS apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS sX‰mbDt±-iy-tØmSv kl-I-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ tbmPn-°p-∂n-√. Hcp-h≥

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

100 101

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

\√Xpw, \njv]-£-hp-ambn sNbvX ]hr-Øn, apJy-I¿Ωn Xn∑]hr-Øn--bm°n am‰n. ChnsS kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS Dt±-iyhpw BK-lhpw apJyI¿ΩnbpsS sX‰mb Dt±-iy-Øn¬\n∂pw hyXykv-X-am-Wv.

C]-Im-c-ap≈ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ apJyI¿Ωn-bpsS ]hr-Øn-bn-te°v \bn-°p∂ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn-epw, kml-N-cy-ß-fnepw kl-Im-cn-]-¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂p.20 kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS ]hrØnAXn¬Øs∂ Ip‰-I-c-a-√. ImcWw apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS ]hrØn\√-tXm, \njv]-£tam BIp-s∂-¶n¬ kl-Im-cn-bpsS ]hrØnXn∑-bm-Ip-∂n-√. Hcp A[m¿an-I -]-hr-Øn-°p-th≠n Xs‚klmbw apJyI¿Ωn D]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øp-sa-∂v ap≥Iqń a\-kn-em°n AXn-t\mSv kl-I-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv AsXmcp [m¿anI]iv\-ambn amdp-∂-Xv. kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-bp-sS ]hr-Øn-bpsS ImTn\yw \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]tXyI kml-N-cy-ßsfBkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv. ]hr-Øn-bpsS LS-\-bn-te°v Bgv-∂n-d-ßphm\pw as‰m-cm-fpsS Xn∑-bpsS k¶o¿WX Iq´p-hm\pw kml-N-cy-ßƒ°p Ign-bpw.21 Nne hyh-ÿ-I-tfmsS CS-\n-e-°m-cm-bp≈ kl-I-cWw \ymbo-I-cn°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v [m¿ΩnIssZhim-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. apJyI¿ΩnbpsS sX‰mb]hrØnbnte°v \bn-°p∂ GsXmcp klm-bhpw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-X-s√∂v a‰p Nne [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p. Hcp-hs‚ ]hrØn AXn¬Øs∂ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-am-sW-¶n-epw, a‰p-≈-hsc Xn∑-bn-te°p t]cn-∏n-°p-∂XpsIm≠pw, D]-hn-s°-Xn-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠pw, AXp Xn∑-bmWv.22

sX‰mb amXrI \¬Ip--∂-Xn-\m-epw, kXysØ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw D≈-Xn-\m-epw... sX‰mb ]m¿iz-^-e-ßƒ Df -hm -°p -∂-Xn -\mepw ùXnIkl-I-cWsØ,[m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ CXns\ FXn¿°p-∂p.23

ASpØXpw (Proximate) AI-∂-Xpamb (Remote) kl-I-cWw24: Chn-SpsØ ]k‡amb tNmZyw CXmWv: apJyI¿ΩnbpsS ]h¿Ø\ e£y-Øns‚ e-Zm-b-IXz-Øn\v, kl-Im-cn-bpsS ]hr-Øn-bpsS ASp-∏hpw AI-ehpw FX-amXwkzm[o-\n°pw? As√-¶n¬ D]-I-cn°pw?

apJy-I¿Ωn-bpw klImcnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv ASp-Ø kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ (proximate cooperation) ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. apJyI¿Ωn-bpsS sX‰mb ]hr-Øn-tbmSv kl-I-cWw FX-

amXw ASpØv _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂pthm, AXmWv ‘ASpØ kl-I-c-Ww’ (proximate cooperation). DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, A[m¿ΩnIHm∏-td-j≥ \S-Øp∂ tUmIvS-¿°v, AXn-\m-h-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ t\gvkv \¬Ip-∂Xv.

ùXnIkl-I-cWw AI-∂- (remote) Xm-Ip-∂Xv apJyI¿ΩnbpsS ]hr-Øn-tbmSv klmb ]hrØn°v t\cn v, ASpØv _‘-an-√m-Xm-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v K¿ -OnZw \S-Ønb `qW-Ønse sk√p-Ifpw tImi-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ]e hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp hgn kzta-[-bm-ep≈K¿Òn-Z-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂p.

kzX-¥hpw (free) A\n-hm-cy- (necessary) hp-amb kl-IcWw: Chn-SpsØ ]k-‡-amb tNmZy-an-Xm-Wv: apJy-I¿Ωn-bpsS ]h¿Ø\ e£y-Øn-s‚ ê-Zm-b-I-Xz-Øn\v kl-I-mcn-bpsS ]hrØn-bpsS Bh-iy-IX FXamXw kzm[o-\o°pw?ùXnIklIcWw kzX¥klIcWamIp∂Xv Xn∑-tbmSvkl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS klmbw kzoI-cn-°s∏- n-s√-¶n-epwXn∑ kw`-hn°ptºmgmWv. Cu kl-Im-cn- Iq-SmsX Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßƒ \¬Im≥ Ign-hp≈ a‰p klImcnIƒDs≠∂¿∞w. kl-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂Xv kl-I-cn-°p∂hy‡n-bpsS klm-b-]-hrØn IqSmsX apJy-I¿Ωn°v Xn∑]hrØn sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°mØ AhkcØnemWv.

3. hnhn[ kl-I-c-W-ß-fpsS [m¿Ωn-IXbpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-Xbpw

A-∑m¿KnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse tkmt±iykl-I-cWw(formal cooperation) F√m-bvt]m-gpw ]m]-am-Ip-∂p; ImcWwapJyI¿Ωn-bpsS sX‰mb Dt±iyw (bad intention) kl-Im-cnbpwkzoI-cn-°p-∂p. t\cn-´p≈ (immediate) kl-I-c-Ww an°-hmdpwka-bØpw sX‰v Xs∂bm-Wv. Xn∑ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw]n≥Xmß-s∏-Sm≥ km[y-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Akm-∑m¿KnI]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse ùXn-I-k-l-I-cWhpw km[m-c-W-bmbn\nb-am-\p-kr-X-a-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah ]Xn-tcm-[n-°s∏tS≠Xpw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-tS≠-Xp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ C∂sØtemI-Øn¬ henb Xn∑sb Hgn-hm°p-∂-Xn\pw, henb DØ-c-hm-ZnXz \n¿h-l-WØn\pw ùXn-I-k-l-I-cWw IqSntb Xocq.C]Imcap≈ AhkcØn¬, ùXnI kl-I-cWw [m¿ΩnI-ambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ hn. A¬t^m≥kv -en-tKmcn c≠p hyh-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

102 103

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

ÿ-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p:25

a. klImcnbpsS ]hrØn AXn¬Øs∂ \√-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ \njv-]-£-am-bn-cn°-Ww.

b. kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n°v Aßs\ ]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈Hcp Imc-W-ap-s≠-¶n¬, B ImcWw apJyI¿ΩnbpsS Xn∑-bpsS ImTn-\y-Øn\v, Xn∑ ]hr-Øn-°v A\pkrXhpw kl-I-c-W-Øn\v B\p-]m-XnIhpw \oXo-I-c-W-ap-≈-Xpam-bn-cn-°-Ww.

CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff Hcp uXnIkl-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Imc-W-ß-fpsS ]cym-]vXX hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ \mep LS-I-ßƒ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p.

1. apJyI¿ΩnbpsS ]hr-Øn-bpsS Kpcp-Xzw: If-hn¬kl-Im-cn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-t\-°m-ƒ IqSp-X¬ ]_-e-amb ImcWwsIme-]m-X-I-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂-Xn-\p-th-Ww.

2. apJyI¿Ωn-bpambn kl-I-cn®p ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmgp≈ ASp-∏w: DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v If-hn\p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p Im¿ sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°m-ƒ IqSp-X¬ ]_-e-amb ImcWw If-hn\v IS-bpsS]q´p-Xp-d∂p sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≠v.

3. kl-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-IX: Hcp \gvkv amXwD≈t∏mƒ klIcn°p∂Xnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ Ip‰IcwIqSpX¬ \gvkpamcp≈t∏mƒ K¿ÒnZw F∂ sX‰n¬klIcn°p∂XmWv.

4. Xn∑sb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw: Hcp km[m-cW tPmen-°m-c-t\-°mƒ Iº-\n-bnse kma-Kn-Iƒ kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ IS-a, Ahn-SpsØ Imh¬°m-c-\p≠v.

kl-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n \√ êw D≠m-I-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS ]h¿Øn°p-tºmƒ, apJyI¿Ωn tami-amb ê-amWvDt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS kl-I-mcn- apJyI¿Ωn-bpsS sX‰mbDt±iyw a\-kn-em-°m-sX-bmWv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw BXn∑-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂p. [m¿ΩnI-ambn \njv]-£-amb Hcp]hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂v \√-tXm, tamitam Bb ew D≠m-bmepwB ]hr-Øn°v A\p-kr-X-amb Hcp B\p-]m-XnI Imc-W-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ah \oXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Xn∑bpsS Kpcp-Xz-kz- m-hw, kl-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-XbpwZrV-X-bpw, Xn∑ ]hr-Øn-tbm-Sp≈ ASp-∏w, a‰p-≈-h¿°v DX-∏m-Ip-sa-∂p≈ A]-I-Sw, kaq-l-Øn-\p≈ \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ, Xn∑]hrØn XS-bp-hm-\p-≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw; henb Xn∑ Hgn-hm-°m≥ sNdnb Xn∑ A\p-h-Zn-°¬, ktlm-Z-c-kvt\lw ˛ apX-emb F√m LS-I-ßfpw A\p-]mXw \n›-bn-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu hyXykvX LS-I-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒAXns\ Af-°p-hmt\m Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-hmt\m ]bm-k-amWv.X¬ -e-ambn ‘B\p-]m-XnI ImcWw’ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xpw hfsc]bm-k-amWv.26

kl-I-cn-°phm-\p≈ ImcWw apJyI¿ΩnbpsS Dt±iyØn¬\n∂pw hyXn-cn-‡-am-hWw. kl-I-cn-°p∂ ]hr-Øn-°-\p-k-cn®v B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb Kuc-h-amb Imc-W-ans√¶n¬ t\cn-´-√mØ ùXnI kl-I-cWw tkmt±iy kl-I-c-W-am-Im-sa∂vHm¿hns√ sKbvkv ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.27

3.1 ùXnIkl-I-cWw F∂ XXzsØ°p-dn-®p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

A-∑m¿KnI ]hrØn-I-fnse kl-I-cWw F∂ k¶o¿W-amb ]Xn-k-‘nsb XcWw sNøm≥ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambùXnIklIcW kn≤m¥w Xo¿®-bmbpw Hcp apX¬°q´mWv.BcpsS ]hr-Øn-bmWv [m¿ΩnI-ambn Akzo-Im-cy-am-Ip-∂-Xv,Hcm-fpsS Dt±iyw GXp ]cn-[n-hsc ]h¿Øn-°mw, sX‰mbn]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-tcm-sSm∏w FX-amXw kl-I-cn°mw F∂nha\knem°m\pw Cu XØzØn\v Ign-bpw. kl-I-c-W-Øn¬A¥¿eo\amb kml-N-cy-ßsf AXns‚ th¿Xn-cn-hp-I-tfmsSa\-kn-em-°m\pw Cu XØzw \sΩ klm-bn-°-p∂p. klmbw\¬Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS uXnIkl-I-c-W-Ønepw, Dt±-iy-Øn¬ ]¶ptNcp-∂-Xp-hgn tkmt±iykl-I-c-W-Ønepw Ch XΩn-ep≈hyXymkw AXns‚ [m¿ΩnI-Xsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw][m\ ]¶p hln°p-∂p.

\ymbo-I-cn-°m-h-p∂ Imc-W-ßƒ IW-°p-Iq-ń-bpw, AXns‚kz`mhw ]cn-K-Wn-®pw, apJy-]-hr-Øn-bpsS Kuc-h-a-\p-k-cn-®pw,kΩ¿±-kz- mhw (duress) a\nem°nbpw, aq∂m-a-sXmcp hy‡n-°p≈ t\´hpw D]-Zhhpw, a‰p-≈-h¿°v DX∏p \¬Ip-∂pt≠mF∂nßs\-bp≈ -L-S-I-ß-sf√mw ]cn-tim-[n-®mWv Cu

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

XØzØns‚ [m¿ΩnI IW-°p-Iq-´-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

ùXn-I- kl-I-cWw F∂ -X-Øzhpw AXns‚ th¿Xn-cn-hp-Ifpw Akm-∑m¿KnI ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fnse kl-I-c-W-Øns‚[m¿an-I-Xsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. kl-I-cn-°p∂ ]hr-Øn-I-fpsS k¶o¿W-kz-`m-hw,AXnse ]iv\-ßƒ, hy‡nsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ ùXn-Ihpw]tXy-I-hp-amb kml-N-cy-ßƒ, B\p-]m-XnI Imc-W-ßƒF∂nh a\knem°phm\pw Xocpam\n-°phm\pw Cu XØzwklm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ B[p-\nI temIØv h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ A-∑m¿KnIXn∑Ifnse kl-I-cWw F∂ k¶o¿WX \nd™]Xn`mksØ Xc-Ww sNøm≥ Cu ta¬]d™ XØz-ßƒA]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. Cu XØz-ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ [m¿ΩnI-ambnicn-bmb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ s]mXp-hmb \n¿t±iwXcp∂p. F∂-m¬ ]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ FSp-t°≠ \ne-]m-Sp-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂n-√. Hmtcm tIkn-s‚bpw KpW-ßfpw tZmj-ßfpw Xocp-am-\n-®-Xn\p tij-am-bn-cn-°Ww kl-I-c-W-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnIX Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv.

Cu \nb-asØ hni--Ie\w sNøp-tºmƒ \ap°v Is≠-Øm≥km[n-°p-∂-Xv, CXp hfsc I¿°-i-amb \nb-a-ß-tfmsS \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. ]hrØntIµo-Ir-X-amWo XØzw.]hr-Øn°p ]n∂nse Dt±-iy-hpw, ]hr-Øn-bpsS kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv CXns‚ Hcp _e-lo-\-X-bm-Wv. ]h¿Øn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS a\x-km-£n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Bfl-\n-jvTX-bpw, ]hr-Øn-tI-µo-IrX kZm-Nmc imkvX-Øn¬ (act centred ethics) \jvS-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. hy‡n-]-chpw am\p-jnI bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm-bn-cn-°Ww ‘Xn∑-bn-ep≈ uXn-I-k-l-I-cWw’ F∂ ]Xn-k-‘nsb hne-bn-cp-Øm≥F∂XmWv CX¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv. kZm-Nmc _lp-Xz-ap≈ B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb a\x-km-£n-bpsS]h¿Ø-\Øn\v ap≥Xq°w \¬tI-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.28

ù-XnI kl-I-cWw F∂ XØz-Ønse Ipd-hp-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ]e XXz-ßfpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p.- ¢mhpkv sUtΩ-gvkns‚‘kln-jvWp-X- kn≤m-¥hpw’ (Doctrine of Tolerance)29 NmƒkvIdWns‚ ‘HØp-Xo¿∏v kn≤m-¥hpw’ (Docrine of Compromise)30

Ch-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. A]-cs‚ a\xkm£nsb _lp-am-\n-°p∂

at\m-`mhØn\pw Xn∑\nd™ Cu temIØns‚ Ahÿbv°pamWv -Cu c≠p XØz-ßfpw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. hy‡n-bpsS alXzhpw a\-xkm-£n-b-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]h¿Ø\hpw kXy-Øns‚ Ncn-Xm-fl-I-Xbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ hy‡n-tI-µo-IrX XXzhpw, \mw Pohn-°p∂ Xn∑ \nd™ temI-Øns‚kΩ¿±hpw ùXnI kl-I-cWkn≤m-¥sØ IqSp-X¬ a\-kn-em-°m≥ \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ‘Pohs‚ kphn-tijw’Cu Nn¥sb X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p. A]-cs‚ kzmX-¥yw am\n-®v....kl-I-c-WsØ Hcn°epw \oXo-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.31

3.2 kl-I-cWkn≤m-¥hpw Imcym-Imcy hnth-N-\hpw(Principle of Cooperation and Vir tue of Discernment)

‘A-∑m¿KnI ]h¿Ø\ßfnse kl-I-cWw’ F∂ ]bm-k-ta-dnb tNmZy-Øn\v [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ ]pXnbcoXn ka¿∏n°p-∂p≠v. ]hrØntIµo-Ir-X-hpw(act centred),\nb-a-tIµoIrXhp-amb (law centred) kZm-Nm-c-kw-ln-Xbv°v]Icw hy‡n tIµo-IrX (person-centerd) aqey-ß-fpsS kZm-Nmc kwln-XIƒ°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂- ]cn-i-a-ßƒ Ah¿\-SØn. Hcp XØzw cq]o-I-cn®v AXv A\p-tbm-Py-amtWm F∂p]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hy‡n-Iƒ°v \¬I-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂kpIrX]c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Isf (virtuous dispositions) °pdn-®mWvAh¿ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂-Xv.

[m¿ΩnI- XØz-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv s]mXp-hmbn Bh-iy-am-sW-¶nepw Ah ]cym-]vXam-Ip-∂n-√. hnth-Iw, a‰p auenI]pWy-ßƒ, ssZhnI ]pWy-ß-fmb hnizm-kw, kvt\lw, D]hnF∂n-h-bn-eq-sSbpw hy‡n-bpsS kZm-Nmc]-c-amb at\m-`m-h-Øn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv ‘ImcymImcyhnthN\w’ thcp-d∏n°p-∂XpwhnI-kn-°p-∂-Xpw.32 Xn∑-tbmSv kl-I-cn-t°-≠-nh-cp∂ N©e-a-\x-km-£n-bpsS kµ¿`-Øn¬ [m¿ΩnI-amb "Imcym-Imcyhn-th-N-\-'amWv Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. [m¿ΩnI-ambn kzoIm-cy-hpw, Akzo-Im-cy-hp-am-b-Xns\ ImcymImcyhnthN\Øn\v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p∂p. kpIrX[m¿anIX F∂-m¬ hy‡ntIµo-IrX [m¿anIX-bm-Wv. ChnsS ]hr-Øn sNøp∂hy‡nbpsS kz`mhØn\mWv ]m-[m\yw. icn -bm-bXpsNøphm≥ Fß-s\-bp≈ hy‡n-bm-IWw F∂-XmWv tNmZyw.

“lrZ-b-Øns‚ bp‡n-hn-Nmcw” (Reasoning of Heart) F∂kw⁄-bmWv ImcymImcyhnthN\Øn\v hneyw kn. kvt]m¨

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

106 107

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

\¬Ip-∂-Xv. aq¿Ø-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ [m¿ΩnI-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm-\p≈ Ign-hmbn´mWv At±lw ImcymImcyhnthN\sØ \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂-Xv.33 Veritatis Splendor-se hm°p-Ifn¬ ]d-bp-tºmƒ, “\∑-bm-bn-´p-≈-Xn-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\l-hpw, \mY-\mbnlrZbw am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-amWv ImcymImcyhnthN\w.”34 kZm-Nm-c -]-c -amb hy‡nsb ]cn -ip -≤m-flmhv klm-bn -°pw.ImcymImcy hnthN\sa∂ ]pWyw Hcp hy‡n-bpsS a\-kns\DPz-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-hgn ssZh-ln-Xhpw ssZth-jvShpw a\-kn-em-°m≥ Abmƒ°v I-gn-bpw. ImcymImcyhnthN\-sa∂ ssIkvX-h-]pWyw a‰p aqey-ßsf Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ImcymImcyhnthN\wF√m kw`-h-ß-fnepw A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ At\z-jn-°p-I-bpw, [m¿ΩnI-X-Xz-ßsf H∂n-∏n-°p-I-bpw, kml-N-cyLS-I-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ [m¿ΩnI-ambn icn-bmbn hn[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ImcymImcyhnthN\w hgn bYm¿∞-ambXnc-s™-Sp∏p \S-Ønb hy‡n, [m¿ΩnI-ambn icn-bm-Wv.

`uXnIkl-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ Dg-ep-tºmƒAXns‚ sNdnb sNdnb hn`-P-\-ßƒ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ klm-b-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬ hnth-I-]q¿h-I-amb ImcymImcyhnthN\amWv Ah-km-\-ambn Hcp-hs\ \bn-t°-≠-Xv. Dt±-iyw,kΩ¿±-ßƒ, Bh-iy-I-X, Kpcp-Xz-kz-`m-hw, ASp-∏w, t\´-ßƒ,D]-Z-h-ßƒ, DX-∏p-Iƒ F∂o Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-em-°p∂ LS-I-ßsf H∂n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Xn∑-bn-ep≈`uXnIkl-I-c-W-Øns‚ aq¿Ø-amb ]tXyI kwK-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Dƒ°mgvN \¬Ip∂ [m¿ΩnI-amb hn[n \S-Øp-hm\pwImcymImcyhnthN\Øn\p Ign-bp-∂p. C]-Im-c-ap≈ [m¿ΩnIXnc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øp-tºmƒ ImcymImcyhnthN\sØIas∏Sp-Øp-∂Xpw Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-∂Xpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambnssIkvX-h-kvt\lw (A-Km-s∏) BWv.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. CDF, “Reply on: Sterilization in Catholic Hospitals” (Mar. 13, 1975), inCatholic Identity in Health Care: Principles and Practice, Orville N. Griese(Braintree, Massachusetts: The Pope John Center, 1987) 422.2. Henry Davis, Moral and Pastoral Theology (London: Sheed and Ward,1959) 1: 342.

3. NCCB, “Pastoral Guidelines for the Catholic Hospital and Catholic HealthCare Personnel” (Apr. 11, 1973), in Medical Ethics: Sources of CatholicTeachings, 2nd ed. Kevin D. O’Rourke and Philip Boyle (Washington, D.C.:Georgetown University Press, 1993), 486-488.4. Heribert Jone, Moral Theology (Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1963),no. 144.5. Edmund D. Pellegrino, “Catholic Identity in Medical Schools,” HealthProgress 74 (1993): 73.6. Edwin F. Healy, Medical Ethics (Chicago: Layola University Press, 1956)101.7. Bernard Häring, Free and Faithful in Christ (Homebush, NSW: St. PaulPublications, 1979) 2: 479.8. Germain Grisez, The Way of the Lord Jesus, vol. 3, Difficult MoralQuestions (Quincy, IL: Franciscan Press, 1997) 872.9. Charles J. McFadden, Medical Ethics, 5th ed. (Philadelphia: F.A. DavisCompany, 1966) 329.10. Stephen Chirapanath, An Ethics of Cooperation in Health Ministry:The Catholic Physician and Sterilization Procedures (Secunderabad:HAFA, 1998) 129.11. McFadden, Medical Ethics, 387.12. Alphonsus Maria de Liguori, Theologia moralis, ed. Leonardus Gaude(Rome: Ex Typographia Vaticana, 1905-1912) 1: 357.13. Chirapanath, An Ethics of Cooperation in Health Ministry, 123-124,141-144.14. Grisez, Difficult Moral Questions, 873.

15. Alphonsus de Liguori, Theologia moralis, 1: 357.16. Häring, Free and Faithful in Christ, 2: 481-482.17. Benedict M. Ashley and Kevin D. O’Rourke, Health Care Ethics: ATheological Analysis, 3rd ed. (St. Louis, MO: CHA, United States, 1989)188.18. Häring, Free and Faithful in Christ, 2: 479.19 . McFadden, Medical Ethics, 329.20. Chirapanath, An Ethics of Cooperation in Health Ministry,133.21. Häring, Free and Faithful in Christ, 2: 480.22. Francis J. Connell, Outlines of Moral Theology (Milwaukee: The BrucePublishing Company, 1960) 93.23. Germain Grisez and Russell Shaw, Fulfillment in Christ: A Summary ofChristian Principles (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press,

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

108 109

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

]m]w:

X-I¿®bpw AI¬®bpw

07

D]-tbm-Khpw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-hpw sIm≠v hm°p-I-fpsS A¿∞w tNm¿∂p-t]m-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v. K_n-tb¬ am¿k¬ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse hm°p-Iƒ A¿∞-h-Ømbn Ah- tZym -Xn -∏n -°p∂bmYm¿∞y-ßsf Bhn-jv°-cn -°-W-sa-¶n¬Ahsb \ho-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. aX-Øn-t‚bpw ssZh-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fnepw \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-hpw-sIm≠v A¿∞w tNm¿∂p t]mb-h-bm-bn-´p≠v. ]m]w F∂ ]Zhpw CXn\v A]-hm-Z-a-√.Cu hm°v C∂v hfsc \n¿÷o-hhpw A]-cym-]vX-hp-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AtX-k-abw AXv tZymXn-∏n-°p∂bmYm¿∞y-am-Is´ ]q¿∆m-[nIw i‡hpw kPo-h-hp -ambncn°p -∂p. AXp -sIm -≠v ]m]-sa∂bmYm¿∞ysØ A¿∞-h-Ømbpw kXy-k-‘-ambpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI F∂Xv ssZh-im-kvX-Nn¥-bpsS hfsc Kuc-h-amb Npa-X-e-bm-Wv.

1991), 148; Germain Grisez, The Way of the Lord Jesus, vol. 1 Living aChristian Life (Illinois: Franciscan Press, 1993) 442.24. Chirapanath, An Ethics of Cooperation in Health Ministry, 134-137.25. Alphonsus de Liguori, Theologia moralis, 1: 357.26. George Therukattil, “Cooperation in Unethical Practices,” in CatholicContributions to Bioethics: Reflections on Evangelium Vitae, Baiju Julianand Hormis Mynatty (Banglore: ATC, 2007) 396.27. Orville N. Griese, Catholic Identity in Health Care: Principles andPractice (Braintree, Massachusetts: The Pope John Center, 1987) 388.28. Therukattil, “Cooperation in Unethical Practices,” 400.29. Klaus Demmer, “Der Anspruch der Toleranz: Zum Thema ‘Mitwirkung’in der Pluralistilischen Gesellschaft,” Gregorianum 63 (1982): 701-720;Chirapanath, An Ethics of Cooperation in Health Ministry, 187-196.30. The recentness of the debate on moral compromise in Catholic moraltheology is proved by the absence of its inclusion even in the late dictionariesof moral theology. The elaboration of Charles E. Curran on the theory ofcompromise in Catholic moral sphere is treated in his book: A New Look atChristian Morality (Notre Dame, IN: Fides/Claretian, 1968) 169-173, 232-233. He believes that the theory of compromise is in continuity with thetradition of Catholic moral theology. Chirapanath, An Ethics of Cooperationin Health Ministry, 196-206.31. John Paul II, Evangelium vitae (Encyclical Letter on the Value andInviolability of Human Life, Mar. 25, 1995), no. 74, AAS 87 (1995) 487-488.32. John Paul II, Veritatis splendor (Encyclical Letter Regarding CertainFundamental Questions of the Church’s Moral Teaching, Aug. 6, 1993), no.64, AAS 85 (1993) 1183.33. William C. Spohn, “The Reasoning Heart: An American Approach toChristian Discernment,” in The Reasoning Heart: Toward A North AmericanTheology, ed. Frank M. Oppenheim (Washington, D.C.: GeorgetownUniversity Press, 1986) 52. However, it is not the antonym of a “reasoninghead.” It makes judgements of affectivity. As Rahner says, the discerner“will not only nor ultimately make his decision by a rational analysis but bywhether he feels that something “suits him” or not.” See also Karl Rahner,The Dynamic Element in the Church, trans. W.J. O’Hara (New York: Herderand Herder, 1964).34. John Paul II, Veritatis splendor, no. 64, AAS 85 (1993) 1183.

tUm.- Ão-^≥ Nnd-∏-WØv

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

110 111

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

“]m]-Øn\v F¥p kw`-hn®p?” F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ GXm\pwh¿j-ßƒ°p apºv Ata-cn-°≥ a\x-im-kvX-⁄≥ tUm. Imƒsa\n¶¿ cNn® KŸw A∂v hf-sc-tbsd i≤n-°-s∏-´p.1 P\-ß-fn¬ ]m]-t_m[w hf-sc-tbsd Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw]m]w F∂ bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah¿°v Ipd-®p-IqSn Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cu temIw Xs∂ hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p F∂pw A∂v At±lw A`n-]m-b-s∏- p. AtX kabw]m]sØ bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-tØmSpw kXy-k-‘-X-tbm-Spw-IqsSAh-X-cn-∏n-°m\pw P\-ßsf Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°m\pw ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-tcmSv At±lw Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw hfsc kPo-h-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞y-amWv ]m]w. AXv a\p-jys‚ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Hcp km≤y-X-bm-Wv. kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Zpcp-]-tbm-KamWv ]m]-Øn-te°pw XpS¿∂v XI¿®-Ifn-te°pw A\y-h-ev°-c-W-Øn-te°pw a\p-jys\ \bn-°p-∂-Xv. ]m]-sa∂bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°p-dn®v kºq¿Æhpw ka-K-hp-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Bh-iyw. ]m]w ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn _‘-ß-fpsSXI¿®-bm-Wv. AXv _‘--ßƒ Adp-Øp-ap-dn®v Hcmƒ X∂n-te°pXs∂ Dƒh-en-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcmƒ Xt∂mSpw Xs‚ Ab-ev°m-ct\mSpw ssZhtØmSp-ap≈ hy‡y-¥c-_‘w Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ \n∂pw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ IS-a-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ kzm¿∞-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-fn¬ apgp-Ip-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xm-Wv ]m]w.2

1. D¤-h-]m-]hpw temI-Øns‚ ]m]hpw

]m]w Fßns\ Cu temI-Øn¬ Bhn¿`-hn®p F∂ At\z-j-W-tØm-sS-bmWv hnip-≤-KŸw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂. AXvssZh-Øn¬\n-∂-s√∂pw a\p-jys‚ krjvSn-bm-sW∂pw Dev]-Øn-∏p-kvXIw hmZn-°p-∂p. hfsc kwip-≤-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-emWv ssZhw a\p-jy\v AkvXnXzw \evInbsX¶nepw Ah¿B kzm-X¥yw Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn®v ssZh-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- Xn-cn™p.ssZh-sØ-Iq-SmsX kºq¿ÆX ssIh-cn-°m≥ ian® a\p-jy≥ssZh-Øn\p ]Icw krjvSnsb tkhn®v Xn∑-bn¬ \n]-Xn-®p.AtXmsS Ah≥ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p-am-X-a-√, Xß-fn¬\n∂pwa‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂pw krjvS-h-kvXp-°-fn¬\n∂pw A\y-h-ev°-cn-°-s∏-´p. Ah-cpsS \m\m-hn-[-_-‘-ßƒ inYn-e-am-bn. c≠mw

hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]m]-Øns‚^e-ambn X∂n¬Øs∂ Hcp A¥x-OnZw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xmbna\p-jy\v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-amsI \∑bpw Xn∑-bp-am-bp≈ kwL-´-\-cw-K-ambnXo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AtX-k-abw Xn∑sb hnP-b-]-Z-ambnt\cn-Sm≥ Xm≥ Ai-‡-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ A\p-`-h-amWv a\p-jy-\p-≈-Xv. P\\w hgn F√m-h-cpw a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bn-te°p ]th-in-°p∂ Cu bmYm¿∞ysØbmWv D¤-h-]m-]w-sIm≠p hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS ]m]-sa∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Be-¶m-cn-I-am-bn- mWv. AXv hy‡n- sN-øp∂ ]m]-a-√, adn®v Ah≥ P∑\mkzoI-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. (GS 13, CCC 404). F¶nepwAXn-eqsS a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn°v apdn-th-‰n-cn-°p-∂p. XXv^-e-ambna\p-jy≥ ]IrXym ]m]-Øn-te°v Nmbvhp-≈-h-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

D¤-h-]m-]hpw a\p-jy-cpsS hy‡-n]-c-amb ]m]-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-sa√mw tN¿∂v kaq-l-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ Hcp ]m]-I-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bp-≠v. CXn-s\-bmWv temI-Øns‚ ]m]w (Sin of the world) F∂v tbml-∂ms‚ mj-bn¬hnfn-°p-∂Xv (tbm-l 1,29). CØcw Hcp -]m-]m-hÿ kaq-l-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm≠p Ign-™m¬ AXv ho≠pw ]m]w sNøm≥hy‡n-Iƒ°v t]c-I-am-Ipw (CCC 408).3 hy‡n D-¤-h-]m-]-tØmsS P\n-°p-Ibpw temI-Øns‚ ]m]-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn¬hf-cp-Ibpw Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh-¶nepw bYm¿∞-Øn¬DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-∂Xv Ahs‚ kz¥w sXsc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS kw -hn-°p∂ ]m]-ßƒ°m-W-v. AXp-sIm≠v ChnsS ][m-\-ambpw\mw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv X\-Xmb ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv (actualsin)

2. ]m]w hnip≤KŸ-ho-£-W-Øn¬

]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]m]-sa∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ kqNn∏n-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn -°p∂ ]Z-ß-sf√mw a\pjy_‘ßsfkqNn∏n°p∂ ]ZßfmWv. lo_p-`m-j-bn¬ ]m]w F∂Bibw ]Im-in-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ lØ (hata) F∂hm°n-\¿∞w e£yw sXd-dp-I, ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpI Fs∂m-s°-bm-Wv (\ym-bm[n 2,16; kp`m- 8,36; Dev] 20,6; tPm_v 16,24; k¶o25, 8; Gi 65,20). Bthm≥ (awon) F∂ ]Z-Øn\v A¿∞wAIr-Xy-ßƒ F∂mWv (P-sd 30,15; Psd 33,8). s]j (pescha)F∂ ]Zw hfsc hnc-f-am-bn-´mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw

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XI¿∂ _‘sØ Ipdn-°m≥ G‰hpw i‡-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-am-W-v. ssZh-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ P\-Øns‚ adp-X-en-°-emWv (revolt) AXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv (Gi 1,24 tlmkn8,1; Fk-°n 21,1 k¶o 32,16; Fi 43,24).

]hm -N -I -∑m -cmWv ]m]-sØ-°p -dn -®p≈ icn -bmbAh-t_m[w Ckmtb¬ P\-ß-fn¬ DW¿Øp-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsSho£-W-Øn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-XmWv ]m]w. ]hm-N-I-`m-j-bn¬ AXv Ahn-iz-kvX-XbmWv, A‘-X-bm-Wv, lrZbw ITn-\-am-°-em-Wv, ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ DS-º-Sn- a-d-°-em-Wv.

]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ ]m]sØ kqNn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂lam¿Ønb (hamartia) F∂ Ko°p ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞hpwe£yw sX‰p-I, ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpI Fs∂-√m-am-Wv. [q¿Ø-]p-Xs‚]m]w ][m-\-ambpw kºØp [q¿Ø-Sn®tXm Akm-∑m¿§nIPohnXw \bn-®tXm A√, AXn-ep-]cn ]nXmhpw IpSpw-_-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w \in-∏n-®-Xm-Wv, DS-ºSn ewLn-®-Xm-Wv. tbml-∂ms‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ F√m A[¿Ωhpw ]m]-am-Wv. F∂m¬ac-Wm¿l-amb ]m]-ap-≠v, ac-Wm¿l-a-√m-Ø-Xp-ap≠v (1 tbml-5,16˛17). ]pXn-b-\n-ba ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ F√m ]m]-ßƒ°pw HtcKuc-h-a√ D≈-Xv. H∂m-a-Xmbn; ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-Xn-cmb]m]w, F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ £an-°-s∏-SmØ ]m]-ap-≠v. ImcWw Cu ]m]w sNøp-∂-h¿ am\-km-¥-c-Øn-\p≈km≤yX ]q¿Æambpw Xnc-kv°-cn-°p∂p (a-Øm 12,31- 32; a¿t°m3,28-˛30; eq° 12,10; 1 tbml 5, 16-˛17), c≠m-a-Xm-bn- Nm¿®-°m-cp-am-bp≈ Ahn-ln-X-_-‘-ßƒ (incest) t]mep≈ Kuc-h-amb]m]w sNbvXXp-sIm≠v kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-tS≠h¿ (1 sImdn 5, 1˛5), aq∂m-a-Xmbn kulm¿±-]-c-ambXncp-Ø¬ Bh-iy-amb amc-I-a-√mØ ]m]-ßƒ (K-em-Øn-6,1;tbml- 5,16), \mem-a-Xmbn a\p-jys‚ _e-lo-\-X-bn¬ \n∂pwBhn¿`-hn-°p∂ A\p-Zn-\-]m-]-ßƒ. _¿WmUv tldn-ßns‚A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ F√m Kuc-h-amb ]m]-ß-tfbpw amc-I-]m-]-ß-fmbn ImWm-t\m, F√m eLp-]m-]-ß-sfbpw Kuc-h-ambnImWmt\m Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnip-≤-K-Ÿ-ho-£WwA\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.5

3. ssIkvX-h-]m-c-ºcyw

BZn-a-k- -bn¬ sIme-]m-XIw, Aip-≤n, Zhym-K-lw, tamj-

Ww- Xp-S-ßnb Xn∑-Iƒ ITn-\-]m-]-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v c≠mw \q‰m-≠n-se-gp-X-s∏´ UnUm-s°-bn¬ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. Cu -tc-J- hn-Nm-c-Ømepw ]hr-Øn-bmepw sNbvX]m]-ß-sf- th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. ssIkvX-hs‚ apºn¬ c≠v km≤y-X-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. H∂p-In¬ Poh-\n-te°v \bn-°p∂ \oXn-ams‚hgn kzoI-cn°mw. As√-¶n¬ ac-W-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ ]m]-Øns‚ hgn kzoI-cn°mw. GXm≠v Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂cNn-°-s∏´ sl¿Ωm-kns‚ CS-b≥ (Sheperd of Hermas) F∂]am-W-tcJ ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ BZna-ssI-kvXh k`-bpsSho£Ww Ipsd-°qSn hn]p-e-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. hy`n-Nm-cw, aZy-]m-\w, A\o-Xn, Aan-X-amb Zhym-K-lw, hnj-bm-k-‡n, Akq-b, ssZh-Zq-j-Ww, tamj-Ww, Nqj-Ww, I≈-km-£yw, A-∑m¿§n-I-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w F∂nh Kuc-h-amb]m]ßfmbn A°m-eØv IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ A\p-c-RvP-\-Iq-Zm-i-bpsS ]c-ky-ambkzoI-c-W-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ ssZh-im-kvX-Nn¥ hf¿∂p-h-∂p. hn.-kn]nb≥ tamjWw, kºØv\in-∏n-°¬, Aan-X-]-en-i, A\o-Xn, NqjWw apX-em-bh Kuc-h-amb ]m]-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°n. Hcn-P≥ hy`n-Nm-cw, Zhym-K-lw, hnK-lm-cm-[-\, aZym-k‡n XpS-ßn-bh Hcp-hs\ ssZh-cm-Py-Øn¬\n∂pw AI-‰p∂ ]m]-ß-fmbn NnXo-I-cn-®p. CuIme-L-´-Øn¬ Cu ]m]-ß-sf√mw ]c-ky-amb ]mb-›nØwBh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ ITn\ ]m]-ß-fmbn a\-n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p.6

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ hn. AK-kvXn-t\m-kns‚, ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ho£-W-amWv ]nev°m-esØ k`-bpsS ]T\ßsf-Imcyambn kzm[o\n®Xv. A-t±lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfwssZhn-I-\n-b-a-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn BK-ln-°p-∂Xpw Nn¥n-°p-∂Xpw]h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv ]m]w. ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v AI∂vkrjvShkvXp-°-fn¬ A`bw tXSp∂ ]In-bmbn (aversio adeo, conversio ad creaturam) ]m]-sØ- At±lw \n¿∆-Nn-®p.7

At±lw ]m]sØ ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w hnt—-Zn-°p∂ amc-I-]m-]-sa∂pw (sin ad mortem), £an-°-s∏-Sm-hp∂ eLp-]m-]-sa∂pw (veniabiliora) Xcw Xncn-®p. Cu hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n® k`-bpsS ]nev°me ]T-\-ß-fn¬ AK-kvXo-t\m-kns‚kzm[o\w hfsc i‡-am-bn-cp∂p.

cl-ky-Ip-º-km-c-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-Sq-IqSn ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp ]tXyI ho£Ww hf¿∂p hcm≥ CS-bm-bn.

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BZna k -bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A\p-c-RvP-\-Iq-Zm-i-bpsS I¿°-ihpw ]c-ky-hp-amb A\p-jvTm\w B coXn-tbmSv kmh-ImiwXmev]cyw Ipdbp-∂-Xn\pw kmh-Imiw cl-ky-Ip-º-km-c-Øns‚coXn hf¿∂p hcp-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°n. cl-ky-Ip-º-km-c-°m-c-t\mSv cl-ky-ambn G‰p-]-d-b-Ø-°-hn[w ]m]-ßsf \n¿∆-Nn-°pI Bh-iy-am-bn-h-∂p. AtXmsS ]m]-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-bp-am-bmWv Hcmƒ Ipº-km-c-Øn-\-W-bp-∂-Xv. 8˛mw \q‰m-t≠msS cl-ky-Ip-º-kmcw ]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂-tXmsS Ipº-km-c-°m-cpsSklm-b-Øn-\mbn ]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ KŸ-ßƒ(Penitential books) ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu kao-]-\sØ Gsdt]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu KŸ-ßƒ A\p-Xm]nIpº-km-c-°m-c-t\mSv G‰p ]d-tb≠ ]m]-ß-fpsS ]ń-Ibv°pwAhbv°v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Ipº-km-c-°m-c≥ \evtI≠ ]mb-›n-Ø-ßƒ°pw ]mapJyw \evIn. hnip≤ KŸ-Ønepw BZna-k-`-bnepw ]m]sØ A\p-Xm-]-Øn-t‚bpw am\-km-¥-c-Øn-t‚bpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv a\-n-em-°m≥ ian-®-sX-¶n¬Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ B bmYm¿∞ysØ Ipº-km-c-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-ØnemWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ Nne hnI-e-X-Iƒ IS∂p IqSm≥ CXv Hcp Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v.

hn. tXmakv AIz-o-\mkv ]m]sØ icn-bmbn \n¿∆-Nn-°m≥ian-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ icn-bmb [m¿ΩnIPohnXw hy‡n-bpsS BXy-¥nI e£y-amb ssZh-hp-ambnsFIy-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp ]hrØn AXv sNøp∂hy‡nsb BXy-¥nI e£y-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬AXv [m¿Ωn-I-ambn icnbpw A√m-Ø-]£w sX‰p-am-Wv. CuImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ sX‰m-bn- p≈ ]hrØn-I-fn-eqsS BXy-¥nI e£y-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI-ep-∂-Xm-Wv ]m]w. Hcp-h≥ ]m]w sNøp-∂-Xn-eq-sS, Ahs‚ BXy-¥n-I-e-£y-amb ssZh-Øn¬\n∂pw]q¿Æ-ambpw AI-∂p-t]m-Im≥ CS-bm-bm¬ AXv amc-I-]m-]-am-Wv. Hcmƒ sNøp∂ ]m]w ssZh-Øn¬\n∂pw Ahs\ ]q¿Æ-ambpw AI-‰m≥ ]cym-]vX-a-s√-¶n¬ AXv eLp-]m-]-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. ImcWw eLp-]m-]-Øn-eqsS ]m]w sNøp∂ hy‡n-bpsSssZh-hp-am-bp≈ sFIy-tam, \nXy-c-£tbm \jvS-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bn-√. ]m]sØ kw_-‘n® hnip≤ AIz--o\m-kns‚ Cu \ne-]m-SmWv ]nev°m-eØv k -bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-\n-e-]m-Smbn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv.8 ]t£ ]nev°m-eØpw hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ]mtbm-

KnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bXpw ]Nmcw t\SnbXpwCuIm-gvN-∏m-Sn-s\-°mƒ Ipº-km-c-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬hf¿∂p h∂ ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® Nne[mcWIfm-Wv.

3.1 sS‚ v kq\-l-tZmkv

t]m´Ã‚ v \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \evInb am¿ń≥eqY-dn-t‚bpw Im¬hnt‚bpw a‰pw A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ D¤-h-]m-]-Øns‚ ê-ambn a\p-jy-\n¬ IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂, ]m]-I-c-ambBk-‡n-I-fpsS ê-am-bn-´m-Wv hy‡n-Iƒ A\p-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]m]-ßƒ sNbvXp t]mIp-∂-Xv. ssZh-Ir] H∂p-sIm≠pamXta Ahsb AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈p. eqY-dn-t‚bpwa‰pw Cu \ne-]m-Sns\ I¿i-\-ambn FXn¿ØpsIm≠v D¤-h-]m]w a\p-jys‚ kzmX-¥ysØ \in-∏n-®n-ń-s√-∂pw, D¤-h-]m-]-Øns‚ ê-ßƒ amtΩm-Zo-km-bn-eqsS D∑q-e\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂psh∂pw sS‚ v Iu¨kn¬ hmZn-®p. AXp-t]mseXs∂Ipº-km-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ t]m´-Ã‚p-Im-cpsS hna¿i-\sØt\cn-Sm≥ B hn-j-bsØ kw_-‘n®v hfsc hni-Zhpw I¿i-\-hp-amb ]T\w Cu kq\-l-tZmkv \evIn. Cu Iu¨kn-ens‚14-˛m-asØ ktΩ-f-\-Øn\v Ipº-km-c-Øn\v Hcp-°-ambn hni-Z-amb Bfl-]-cn-tim-[-\ -\-S-Ø-W-sa∂pw AXn-\p-tijw Hm¿Ωn-°p∂ amc-I-]m-]-ßƒ F¶nepw, Ah-km-\sØ c≠p ]am-W-ßƒs°Xn-cmbn sNbvX hnNm-c-Øm-ep≈ ]m]-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬t]mepw, FÆhpw Xchpw kml-N-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn Ipº-km-c-°m-c-t\mSv G‰p-]-d-b-W-sa∂pw \njvI¿jn-®p.9 eLp]m-]-ßƒHcmsf ssZssh-Iy-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI-‰p-∂n-s√-¶nepw AhbpwG‰p-]-d™p Ipº-km-cn-°p-∂Xv D]-Im-c-]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]t£Ah -G‰p]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv Ip‰-I-c-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√.

sS‚ v Iu¨kn-ens‚ Imew apX¬, Ipº-kmcw hmkvX-h-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Kuc-h-amb ]m]-ß-sf√mw kml-N-cy-ßfpwFÆhpw Xchpw ]d™p Ipº-km-cn-°-W-sa∂ \n_-‘\k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI ]T-\-Øn-s‚bpw Imt\m-\-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚bpw mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.10 sS‚ v kp\-l-tZm-kn-\p-tijw Bcw-`n® sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ [m¿Ωn-I-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Ønepw ]m]sØ \n¿∆-Nn-®Xv Ipº-km-c-Øns‚]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. Ipº-km-c-°m-c≥ ][m-\-ambpw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xv Hcp ]m]n G‰p-]-d-bp∂ ]m]-ßƒ amc-I-amtWm

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A√tbm F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]m]-sa∂bmYm¿∞ysØ ]m]-]-hr-Øn-Ifpw \nb-a-ew-L-\-ß-fp-ambnXmZm-fly-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. ]m]sØ°pdn®v hnip≤ tXmakvAIz-o-\mkpw a‰pw hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp Z¿i\w hf¿∂p h∂p. _¿WmUv tldnßv A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse BZna \q‰m≠p apX¬ k -bn¬ F√m ]m]-ß-sfbpw Hcp t]mseb√ ho£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]Icw Ah-bpsSKuc-h-Øn\v hyXym-k-ap-s≠∂v AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Ipº-km-c-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ IWn-i-ambn amcI]m]w, eLp-]m]w F∂v c≠mbn amXw ]m]sØXcw Xncn-®-t∏mƒ Kuc-h-]m-]-ß-sf√mw amc-I-]m-]-ß-fm-sW∂pw eLp-]m-]-ß-sfm∂pw Kuc-h-ap-≈-h-b-s√-∂p-ap≈ sX‰n-≤m-cW ssIkvX-h-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ hf¿∂p h∂p. ItØm-en-°-cpsS mK-Øp-\n∂pw Pm≥k-\n-khpw t]m -Ã‚ v ]£-Øp-\n∂pIm¬hn-\n-khpw Cu Im¿°-iy-kz-`m-h-Øn\v B°w-Iq-´n. Cu]h-WX ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ icn-bmb Hcp ImgvN-∏mSv \jvS-s∏-Sm\pw ]m]-sØ-°p-dn®v hnizm-kn-I-fn¬ AIm-c-W-amb Ip‰-t_m-[w P\n-∏n-°m\pw CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v F∂v Nne ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.11

3.2 ]m]sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k`-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-]-T\w

GsX¶nepw krjvS-h-kvXp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ A\-[n-Ir-X-ambXmev]-cy-Øns‚ t]cn¬ icn-bmb ssZh-kvt\-l-Ønepw ]c-kvt\-l-Ønepw ]cm-Pbw kw -hn-°p-∂-XmWv ]m]w. AXv ssZh-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Xn∑-bm-Wv. ImcWw AXv ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn¬\n∂pw \sΩ AI-‰p-I-am-X-a-√, Ahn-SpsØ Xnc-kv°-cn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw FØp∂ ISpØ kzm¿∞-X-bpamImw. ]m]-Øns‚ Kuc-h-a-\p-k-cn®v Ahsb amc-I-]m-]-ß-sf∂pw eLp-]m-]-ß-sf∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

amc-I-]m]w: k`m ]t_m-[\ßf\pkcn®v ssZh-]-am-W-ß-fpsS L\-amb ewL-\-Øn-eqsS Hcmƒ°v ssZh-hp-am-bp≈sFIyw \jvS-s∏-Sp-tºm-gmWv AXns\ amc-I-]m-]-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ BXy-¥n-I-e-£y-amb ssZhsØ ]cn-Xy-Pn®v Hcp XmXvIm-en-I-e-£y-Øn\v Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]mapJyw\evIp-∂-Xm-WXv (CCC 1852). amc-I-]m]w sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Bhy‡n°p X∂n-ep≈ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Bhmkw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw B≤ym-flnI acWw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Hc¿∞-

Øn¬ B≤ym-fln-I-amb Bfl-l-Xy-bm-W-Xv. ImcWw ]m]-Øn-eqsS Xs‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬\n∂pw ssZhsØ \njvIm-k\wsNbvXv as‰mcp krjvS-h-kvXp-hns\ AhnsS ]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂p.Hcmƒ t_m[-]q¿∆w ssZh-ln-X-Øn-s\-Xn-cmtbm ktlm-Z-cs\Xncmtbm X\n-°p-Xs∂ tZmj-I-c-amtbm Kuc-h-amb HcpImcyw sNøp-tºm-gmWv AXv amc-I-]m-]-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.amc-I-]m-]-ambn k` ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ Nn¥-bm-tem,hm°m-tem, ]hr-Øn-bmtem, Dt]-£-bm-tem, Hcp hy‡n- am-c-I-]m]w sNøm≥ CS-bp-≠v. Hcp amc-I-]m]w sNøp-∂-tXmsSB hy‡n ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hcp ]m]m-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-t®-cp-∂p.-hn-Klmcm-[-\, ]mj-WvU-X, ssZh-Zq-j-Ww, ssZh-\m-a-Øn¬sX‰mb e£y-tØmsS BW-bn-Sp-I, Rmb-dm-gvN-Ifpw IS-ap≈Znh-k-ßfpw hnip-≤-ambn BN-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI XpSßn sIme-]m-XIw, Bfl-lXy, Kuc-h-ta-dnb If-hp-Iƒ, tXtPm-h[wsNøpI apX-em-b-hbpw amc-I-]m-]-ßƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.12

F√m amc-I-]m-]-ßfpw Kuc-h-ta-dnbhbm-sW-¶nepw k`m]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Ah-sb√mw Xpey-am-b√ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-Xn-cmb ]m]-ß-fmWv G‰hpw\oN-am-b-h. ASp-Øp-h-cp∂hbm-Wv ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ ]Xn-Im-c-Øn-\mbn Ic-bp∂ sIme-]m-X-Iw, ]mh-s∏-´-hsc ]oUn-∏n-°¬, the-°m¿°v Iqen-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°¬, kzh¿§-cXn apX-em-bh. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Hcp Imcyw amc-I-]m-]-amtWm F∂v]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ ]hr-Øn-bpsS Kuchw(gravity of matter), Bhiyamb Adnhv (sufficiency of reflection),]q¿Æ-amb kΩXw (fulness of consent) F∂n-h-bmWv(CCC1856). ]m]]hr-Øn-bpsS Kuchw t\m°n Hcp ImcywhkvXp \njvT-ambn Kuc-h-ap-≈-Xmbn IW-°m-°m-sa-¶nepw a‰pc≠p am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw Ds≠-¶nte AXv sNbvX hy‡n amcI]m]-Øn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I-bp-≈p. AXp-t]mseXs∂ F√mamc-I-]m-]-ßfpw Kuc-h-am-b-h-bm-sW-¶nepw Xpey-a-√. CXv eLp]m]-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw icn-bm-Wv.

amc-I-]m]w \ΩpsS kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Hcp km≤y-X-bm-Wv.amc-I-]m]w sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS hy‡n-bpsS ssZh-hp-am-bp≈kvt\l-_‘w ]q¿Æ-ambpw hntO-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXv \sΩssZh-cm-Py-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pd-¥-≈p-Ibpw \nXy-\-c-Im-·n°v Cc-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw (CCC 1861). CØcw Hcp ]m]-Øn-eqsS

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

118 119

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

]m]n ssZh-h-c-]-kmZw \ntj-[n-°p-I amX-a-√, ssZh-Øns‚B Zm\w \µn-c-ln-X-ambn ssZh-Øns‚ apJØv hen-s®-dn-bp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Hcn-°¬ ssZh-h-c-]-kmZw \Ωƒ [n°m-c-]q¿∆w \nc-kn-®m¬, \ΩpsS ]m]-ßƒ tamNn-°-s∏-SmsX AXvhos≠-Sp-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-bp-I-bn-√. amX-a-√, ssZh-Øn¬\n∂pwAI-ep∂ a\p-jy≥ Xs∂-Øs∂ ss]im-NnI i‡n°vGev]n®psImSp-°p-∂p. AXv Ahs\ \nXy-\m-i-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-Ibpw \nXy-\-c-Im-·n°v A¿l-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kz¿§o-b-Po-hs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]m]n- ar-X-\mbn XpS-cp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv amcI]m]w. AXv Hcp ]m]-]-hrØn amX-a-√,AXn¬\n∂pw D¤-hn-°p∂ Hcp ]m]m-h-ÿ-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.13 amc-I-am-bn-ap-dn-th-‰ -hy‡n hfsc kmh-Imiw amXw kpJ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv amc-I-]m]w sNbvX hy‡n-bpsS ÿnXnbpw.ssZhw Xs‚ kvt\lw \Ωp-sS-ta¬ Hcn-°epw ASn-t®-ev]n-°p-I-bn-√.

eLp-]m]w: ]m]Øns‚ Kuc-h-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv Ahsb amc-I-sa∂pw amc-I-a-√m-Ø-h-sb∂pw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. eLp ]m]-ßƒ ]m]-sa∂ \ne°v ssZth-jvS-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-b-h-bm-sW-¶nepw ssZh-a-\p-jy-_‘w ]q¿Æ-ambpw hntO-Zn-°m≥ Ah]cym-]vX-a-√. k`-bpsS ]T-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Kuc-h-a-√mØ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcmƒ Hcp ]m]w sNøp-I-tbm, Kuc-h-amb Imcy-Øn¬]q¿Æ Adnhpw kΩ-X-hp-an-√msX sX‰p sNøp-Itbm sNøp-tºm-gmWv AXv eLp-]m-]-am-Ip-∂Xv (CCC 1862). ]e-t∏mgpwamc-I-]m-]-ßƒ°p amXw ]m[m\yw \evIp-Ibpw eLp-]m-]-ßsf A]-[m-\-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp ]mc-º-cy-am-Wp-≈-Xv. eLp-]m-]-ßƒ amcI]m]w-t]mse Kuc-h-ap-≈-h-b-s√-¶nepw t_m[-]q¿∆hpw XpS¿®-bmbpw sNøp-∂AØcw ]m]-ßƒ amc-I-]m-]-Øn-\v hgn-sX-fn-°m\nS-bp-≠v(CCC 1863). Ipsd eLp-]m-]-ßƒ tN¿∂-X√ Hcp amc-I-]m-]w. Ah XΩn¬ hep-∏-Øns‚ hyXym-k-a√ KpW-Øns‚ hyXym-k-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Ah XΩn-ep≈ icn-bmb hyXymkw Ah-bpsSBg-Øn-emWv (intensity). AtX-k-abw Ah XΩn¬ At`-Zy-amb _‘-ap-≠v. Hcmƒ eLp-]m-]-ßƒ XpS¿®-bmbn sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS amc-I-]m]w sNøm-\p≈ Hcp- a-t\m-`mhw Abm-fn¬kmh-Imiw cq]wsIm≈p-∂p, sNdnb tcmK-ßƒ amc-I-tcm-K-ßƒ°v hgn-sX-fn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se. AXp-sIm≠v eLp-]m-]-ßƒamc-I-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v ]m]-a-s√t∂m A]-I-S-I-c-a-s√t∂m ]d-

bm-\m-hn-√.14

4. ssZhimkvX-cw-KsØ \qX-\m- n-ap-Jy-ßƒ

Ipº-km-c-sØ-amXw ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ ]m]-Øns‚\n¿∆-N-\hpw Xcw-Xn-cnhpw Cu bmYm¿∞ysØ AXns‚]q¿Æ-X-bnepw kXy-k-‘-ambpw a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂n√ F∂ Ah-t_m[w kmh-Imiw hf¿∂p-h-∂p. amc-I-]m-]hpw eLp-]m-]hpw F∂ hn`-P\w ]k-‡-am-sW-¶nepw]m]sØ shdpw \nb-a-Øns‚ ewL-\-ambn ImWm≥ ]ecpwhnk-Ω-Xn-®p. Nmhp-tZm-j-Øn≥ Iogn¬ IS-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠vhnizm-kn-Isf IS-a-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂ coXn NnessZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS hna¿i-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bn. shdpwss\bm-an-Ihpw bm¥n-Ihpw ]hr-Øn-b-[n-jvTn-X-hp-ambn]m]sØ ho£n-°p∂ coXn-tbmSv s]mXpsh D≠mb A`n-]mbhyXymkw Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn\vB°w-Iq- n. Kuc-h-amb ]m]-ß-sf√mw amc-I-]m-]-ß-fm-sW∂pweLp]m]-ß-sf√mw Kuc-h-an-√m-Ø-h-bp-am-sW∂ ]c-º-cm-KXNn¥ AwKo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-X-s√∂v ]ecpw Nq≠n-°m-´n.15

CXn-\p-]p-dsa c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ hn. KŸ-Øns‚bpw ssZh-im-kvX-Øn-t‚bpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, [m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvXsØ imkvXo-b-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p.16 [m¿ΩnI Pohn-XsØ Hcp ssZh-hn-fn-bmbn ImWp-Ibpw shdpw \nb-a-ß-fpsS A\p-k-c-W-tØ-°mƒ InkvXm-\p-I-c-W-Øn\pw injy-Xz-Øn\pw, c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬,[m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]mapJyw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AØcwkao-]-\-Øn¬ ]m]w shdpw [m¿ΩnI \nb-a-ß-fpsS ewL\wF∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \nXy-c-£-bpsS ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂-Øs∂ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hy‡n°v hcp∂ ]cm-P-b-ambn a\-n-em-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. AtXmsS sNø-cp-Xm-ØXv sNøp-∂Xv amX-a√ sNtø-≠Xpw sNøm-am-bn-cp-∂Xpw ]m]-ambn ImWm≥ XpS-ßn. ssIkvX-h-Nn-¥-bn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw hnkva-cn-°-s∏´ AØcwDt]-£-bpsS ]m]-ßfpw Xpey-]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-h-bmbn. injy-Xz-Øn-tebv°p≈ hnfn ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn ssZh-hp-ambpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bpw D≈ icn-bmb _‘-Øn¬ hfcm\pw \ne-\n-ev°m-\p-ap≈ Blzm-\-am-Wv. F¶n¬ ]m]w Cu _‘-ß-fn¬ hcp∂Xf¿®bpw XI¿®bpw ]cm-P-b-hp-am-Wv. H‰-hm-°n¬ ]d-™m¬kvt\ln-°m-\p≈ ssZh-hn-fn-bpsS t_m[-]q¿∆-amb \ntj-[-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

120 121

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

amWv ]m]w. AXpw shdpw Hcp \nbaw ewLn-°p-∂-XntemsX‰p sNøp-∂-Xntem Ah-km-\n-°p∂ H∂-√. AXv ][m-\-ambpw “ ssZhhpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bp≈ ]m]n-bpsS _‘w hntO-Zn-°-em-Wv.” 17 Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv kmh-Imiw ]m]-tØbpw am\-km-¥-c-tØbpw ItØm-en-°m-ssZ-h-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ Hcp ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n-bXv.

4.1 ]m]w: Hcp ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥\w

]m]-sØbpw am\-km-¥-c-tØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn\v ImX-emb am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ][m-\-ambpw Imc-W-am-bXv [m¿ΩnI ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ ]hr-Øy-[n-jvTn-X-k-ao-]\w (act-oriented) hy‡y-[n-jvTnX kao-]-\-Øn\v(Person -oriented) hgn-am-dn-b-Xm-Wv. ]m]hpw ]pWyhpw ]hrØn-bpsS hnti-j-W-ß-fm-Wv F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hy‡n-bpsS hnti-j-W-ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. ]m]w ][m-\-ambpwhy‡n-bn-emWv A√msX ]hrØn-bn-e√ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.]hrØn sXt‰m icntbm F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ AXv hy‡n-bnepwAhs‚ BXy-¥nI e£y-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Ønepw F¥v am‰whcp-Øp∂p F∂-Xn-\mbn Du∂¬. Cu ho£-W-Øn¬ Xs‚Xocp-am-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Dt]-£-I-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡n- ]m-]-Øntem ]pWy-Øntem ZrV-s∏-Sp-∂p.AXp -sIm≠v F¥p-sNbvXp F∂-Xn -t\ -°mƒ, hy‡nBcmbnØocp∂p F∂ hkvXpX [m¿ΩnI ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬]mapJyw t\Sp-∂p. Cu kao-]-\-Øn¬ BXy¥nI e£y-tØm-Sp≈ (ssZhw) hy‡n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ (fundamental option)]m]-Øn-s‚tbm ]pWy-Øn-s‚tbm BXy-¥nI am\-Z-WvU-ambnImWm≥ XpS-ßn.

a\p-jy-Po-hnXw H‰-s∏´ Ipsd ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-a-√. A\p-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Ønse \nc-h[n Xocp-am-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw BWv hy‡n-bn¬ ÿmbn-bmb Hcp\ne-]mSv shfn-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. CXm-Is´ kmh-Imiw hy‡n-bn¬cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ Hcp auen-I-amb \ne-]m-Sm-Wv.(fundamentalstance).18 Cu ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb sXc-s™-Sp∏v Hcp-hs‚ BXy-¥n-I-e-£y-amb ssZh-Øn\pw ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°pw temI-Øn\pwA\p-Iq-etam ]Xn-Iq-etam BImw. Cu \ne-]m-SmWv Ahs‚\nXy-c£ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ ][m-\-L-SIw. AXp-sIm≠v ÿmbn-bmb Cu \ne-]m-SmWv hy‡n-bpsS [m¿Ωn-IX AYhm ]pWy-

]m-]-ßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ BXy-¥n-I-amb am\-ZWvUw. Cukao-]-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ ssZthm-∑p-Jtcm (state of grace) kzm¿t∞m-∑p-Jtcm (state of sin) Bbn-Øo-cm≥ CS-bp-≠v. BXy-¥n-I-amb Cu \ne-]m-Sns\ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m\pw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂-Xns‚ tXmX-\p-k-cn-®mWv ]hrØn-I-fpsS [¿Ωm-[¿Ω hnth-N\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Hcp-hs\ ssZthm-∑p-J-X-bn¬ hf-cm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Xocp-am\ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw [m¿Ωn-I-ambn icnbpw, Ahs\ssZthm-∑p-J-X-bn¬\n∂pw hyXn-N-en-∏n-°p-Itbm kzm¿t∞m-∑p-J-X-bn¬ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøp-∂h sX‰p-am-bn-cn-°pw.

4.2 amc-I-]m-]m-h-ÿ-bn¬ Kuc-h-amb ]m]-ßƒ

[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ ]e-cp-sSbpw A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ amc-I-]m]w H‰-s∏´Kuc-h-amb Hcp Xn∑-]-hrØn F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Hcmƒ ssZh-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn kzoI-cn-°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb PohnX- \n-e-]m-SmWv (negative fundamental option).19 \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-°-gn-™m¬, Pohn-X-ØnseXocp-am-\-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-sa√mw km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ CXns‚ ]Im-i-\-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. Cu Ahÿ Npcp-ßnb ka-bw-sIm≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√. Hcn-°¬ CØcw Hcp]m]m-h-ÿ-bn¬ Hcm-sf-Øn-bm¬ AXn¬\n∂pw ]km-Z-hcm-hÿ-bn-te°v Xncn-bpI Akm-≤y-a-s√-¶nepw t¢i-I-c-amWv. hc-]-km-Zm-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂p ]m]m-h-ÿ-bn-te°pw adn-®p-ap≈ am‰wZnh-kw-tXmdpw \S-°p∂p F∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv bmYm¿∞y-Øn\vtN¿∂-X-√. ImcWw Hcm-fpsS Pohn-X-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb \ne-]mSv \√tXm NoØtbm BIs´, ÿmbn-bm-bn-cn-°pw.Nne L´-ß-fn¬ Kuc-h-amb Hcp ]m]]hrØn-sIm≠v HcmƒamcI ]m]m-h-ÿ-bn¬ A[x]-Xn-°m-sa-¶nepw km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Hcp ]hrØn-sIm≠v Hcp hy‡nbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sn¬ apgp-h-\mbpw am‰w kw`-hn-°pI km[y-a-√.20

AØcw Hcp ]m]]hrØn hy‡nbpsS ssZhm`napJyw]q¿Æambpw \jvSs∏SpØm≥ ]cym]vXa√. AXpsIm≠vAØcw Hcp ]m]]hrØn KuchambXmsW¶nepw AXns\amcI]m]sa∂v hnfn°p∂Xv icnbs√∂pw, Ahsb Kuch]m]sa∂v hnfn°pIbmWv DNnXsa∂pw ]e ItØmen°mssZhimkvX⁄∑mcpw A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p.21 eLp]m]ßƒ

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

122 123

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

F∂v ]cºcmKXambn hnfn°p∂h Hcp hy‡nbpsSssZthm∑pJXsb ÿmbnbmbn kzm[o\n°m≥ ]cym]vXa√.AtXkabw Bh¿Øn°s∏Sp∂ Kuch]m]ßfpw eLp]m]ßfpw AXnt\°mƒ D]cnbmbn Dt]£bpsS ]m]ßfpwHcmfpsS ssZhm\pIqeamb \ne]mSns\ £bn∏n°pIbpwamcI]m]mhmÿbnte°v hy‡nsb kmhImiw \bn°pIbpwsNøpw. AXpsIm≠v Ahsb \nmcambn ImWm≥ Cukao]\w A\phZn°p∂n√.22

ItØmen°m ssZhimkvXw amcI]m]sØ \n¿∆Nn°p∂Xv hy‡nbpsS ssZhhpambp≈ _‘Øns‚ ]q¿Æhpwÿmbnbpamb hntOZambn´mWv. ]t£ ]cºcmKXambnamcI ]m]ßƒ F∂v hntijn∏n°p∂ ]e ]hrØnIfpwKuchtadnb hbmsW¶nepw ssZhhpambp≈ _‘Øns‚]q¿ÆhntOZ \Øn\pw a\pjys‚ \nXy\miØn\pwImcWamIp∂p F∂v AwKoIcn°m≥ _p≤nap´p≠v F∂v ]essZhimkvX⁄∑mcpw hmZn°p∂p. AXpsIm≠v Ah¿AØcw H‰s∏´ ]m]]hrØn Isf amcI]m]sa∂v hnfn°m≥hnapJX ImWn°p∂p. km[mcW Hcmƒ Kuchamb Hcp ]m]wsNøptºmƒ B ]hrØnbn¬ ]m]sa∂ bmYm¿∞ywapgph\pambn D≠v F∂mWv hnh£. F∂m¬ AXpicnbmIWsa∂n√. AØcw ]e ]m]]hrØn Ifnepwhnip≤ KŸØn¬ ]dbp∂ ]m]sa∂ bmYm¿∞yw (hattah)]q¿Æambpw D≠mIWsa∂ns√∂v Ah¿ A`n]mb s∏Sp∂p.23

apIfn¬ kqNn∏n® ho£WØn¬ amcI]m]w Hcp]hrØnsb∂Xnt\°mƒ hy‡nbn¬ kmhImiw cq]wsIm≈p∂ ]m]mhÿbmWv. (negative fundamental option or astate of sin).24 AhcpsS A`n]mbØn¬ Hcp hy‡n°v Xs‚\nXyc£sb kw_‘n® Xocpam\w H‰ \nanjwsImt≠m H‰]hrØnsImt≠m FSp°m≥ km[mcWKXnbn¬ km[ya√.AtX kabw CØcw Hcp Ahÿbnte°v hy‡n FØp∂XvKpcphpw eLphpamb ]m]]hrØnIfneqsSbmsW∂Xn\vkwiban√. Cu ]cnKW\bn¬ ]m]]hrØnIƒ t]mseXs∂ ][m\s∏´ hbmWv Dt]£bpsS ]m]ßfpw. ImcWwssZthm∑pJXbn¬ A\pkyqXw hfcm\pw i‡ns∏Sm\pwian°mØ hy‡nbn¬ Ahs‚ ssZthm∑pJXbpsSi‡n£bn®v hn]coXamb \ne]mSv kmhImiw cq]wsIm≈pI kzm`mhnIamWv.

Cu kao]\Øn¬ Kuchamb ]m]ßƒ amcI]m]ßfs√¶nepw, Ah ssZha\pjy_‘sØ £bn∏n°p∂XpsIm≠v B¿°pw Ahsb AhKWn°m\mhn√. AØcwAhkcØn¬ Hcp ]cn[nhscsb¶nepw [m¿ΩnImht_m[ap≈h¿°v Xs‚ D≈ns‚ Xocpam\ßƒ Xs‚ BXy¥nIe£yØn\v hncp≤amsW∂v a\nem°m≥ Ignbpw. ]t£,Ft∏mgmWv AXv amcI]m]amIpI F∂v ]dbpI Ffp∏a√.CXpt]mse Xs∂ eLp]m]ßƒ°v ssZha\pjy_‘sØXI¿°m≥ Ignbns√¶nepw AXn¬ inYneoIcWw hcpØm\pwsX‰mb Znibnte°p≈ BI¿jWw h¿≤n∏n°phm\pwIgnbpw. AXpsIm≠v eLp]m]ßsf s]mXpsh Kuchan√mØhbmbn ImWp∂Xpw icnb√.

amcI]m]sØ hy‡n kmhImiw FØnt®cp∂]m]mhÿbmbn ImWp∂ ssZhimkvXho£WØn¬amcI]m]w hfsc Ffp∏Øn¬ XpSsc XpSsc kw`hn°p∂Hcp bmYm¿∞yambn ho£n°p∂Xv hkvXpXIƒ°v\nc°p∂X√.25 hc]kmZmhÿbn¬ \n∂pw amcI]m]mhÿbnte°pw AhnsS\n∂v Xncn®pw \oßm\p≈ km[yXhy‡nbpsS PohnXØneps≠¶nepw B hy‡nbpsSt_m[]q¿∆amb sXcs™Sp∏neqsS ssZhtØmSpwktlmZcßtfmSpw Cu temItØmSp Xs∂bpap≈ AbmfpsSASnÿm\]camb \ne]mSpXs∂ amdptºmgmWv CXvkw`hn°p∂Xv. a\pjys‚ kzmX¥yØns‚ khntijXa\nem°ptºmƒ AØcw ASnÿm\]camb am‰w \ntXy\\S°p∂ Hcp ]Xn`mkamIm≥ ]‰n√. AtXkabw ]m]wa\pjykz`mhØns‚ ASnÿm\ ]camb Hcp km≤yXbmbnF∂pw \nesIm≈p∂p.

5. kao]Ime k`m]t_m[\ßfpsS ]XnIcWw

hy‡nbpsS [m¿ΩnIX \n¿Æbn°p∂Xv ][m\ambpwBXy¥nI e£yamb ssZhtØmSp≈ Ahs‚ ASnÿm\]camb \ne]mSmWv (fundamental option) F∂ ssZhimkvXho£Ww C∂v k`m]t_m[\ßfpw AwKoIcn°p∂p.26

AtXkabw ]m]sØ°pdn®v apIfn¬ kqNn∏n® ssZhimkvX⁄∑mcpsS ho£Ww apgph\mbpw AwKoIcn°m≥k`m]t_m[ \ßƒ hnkΩXn°p∂p. ImcWw amcI]m]sØ Hcp ]m]mhÿbmbn a\nem°ptºmƒ H‰s∏´

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Kuchamb ]m]ßƒ AhKWn°s∏Sm\pw AhsbA][m\ambn IW°m°m\pw km[yXbp≠sX. Cu`bwaqew Kuchamb H‰ ]m]]hrØnbneqsS hy‡nbpsSASnÿm\]camb \ne]mSn¬ am‰w hcmsa∂pw AXvamcI]m]ambnØocmsa∂pw k`m]t_m[\ßƒ kqNn∏n°p∂p.27

1983 se saXm∑mcpsS kn\Un¬ B[p\nIssZhimkvXho£Ww AwKoIcn®psIm≠v ]m]sØ eLp]m]w,Kuchamb ]m]w, amcI]m]w F∂nßs\ Nne saXm∑m¿Xcw Xncn®Xns\ ]cma¿in®psIm≠v tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠ma≥am¿]m∏ kn\Uv tcJbn¬ C]Imcw ]XnIcn°p∂p.]m]sØ°pdn®p≈ AØcw XcwXncnh v Kuchamb]m]ßfn¬Øs∂ NneXv Kuchap≈Xpw a‰pNneXvA][m\hpamsW∂ sX‰n≤mcWbv°v CSw \¬Ipw.At±lØns‚ ho£WØn¬ ]m]w c≠pXctabp≈p. \ΩpsSAXnkzm`mhnI Poh≥ \jvSs∏SpØp∂Xpw \jvSs∏SpØmØXpw. At±lØns‚ A`n]mbØn¬ Hcmƒ ]q¿ÆambAdnthmSpw kΩXtØmSpwIqsS Kuchamb HcpsX‰psNbvXm¬ AXv amcI]m]amIpw28. amcI]m]sØhy‡nbpsS BXy¥nI e£ytØmSp≈ ASnÿm\]camb\ne]mSpambn XmZmflys∏Sp ØmXncn°m≥ i≤n°Wsa∂vHm¿Ωn∏n®psIm≠v Cu hnjbØn¬ ]cºcmKXamb \ne]mSvAt±lw Du∂n∏dbp∂p. kao]Ime ssZhimkvX ho£WwAwKoIcn°m≥ am¿]m∏m hnkΩXn°p∂Xn\v ][m\ImcWw At±lw kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v. ]m]sØ°pdn®p≈kao]Ime ssZhimkvXho£Ww hnizmknIfpsS]m]t_m[w C\nbpw Ipdbv°m≥ ImcWamIp sa∂v At±lw`bs∏Sp∂p.29

6. kmaqly]m]hpw kmaqlntImØchmZnXzhpw

ap≥Imeßfn¬ ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXwhy‡nbpsS s]cpam‰ßsf hfsc kq£vaXtbmsS AhtemI\w sNøpIbpw AhcpsS hy‡n]camb ]m]Øn\pwam\km¥c Øn\pw ]ca]m[m\yw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXncp∂p.F∂m¬ [m¿ΩnI]cnKW\bn¬ Xpey]m[m\yap≈hy‡nIfpsS kmaqlyhym]mcßsf [m¿ΩnIambn A]KY\wsNømt\m, kmaqlnI Xn∑Ifnep≈ AhcpsS `mK`mKnXzw

hniIe\w sNømt\m AXnt\mS v InbmflIambn]XnIcn°m\p≈ AhcpsS kmaqlntImØchmZnXzØn\vDu∂¬ \¬Imt\m Imcyambn ian®ncp∂n√. AXns‚]cnWX^eambn hy‡n]cambn hfsc \√ [m¿ΩnI PohnXw\bn°p∂p F∂v A`nam\n°p∂ ssIkvXh¿t]mepwkmaqlnIXn∑Ifnep≈ XßfpsS ]¶mfnØsØ°pdn®vNn¥n°mt\m, XßfpsS kmaqlntImØchmZnXzßƒ\ndth‰mt\m ian°msX ]et∏mgpw \n¿÷ohamb kmaqlnIa\xkm£nbpsS (dormant social conscience) DSaIfmbnPohn°p∂Xv k¿∆km[mcWamWv.

\∑bpw Xn∑bpw C∂v G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xpw\ap°v A\p`thZyamIp∂Xpw hy‡n_‘ßfnse∂Xnt\°mƒ kmaqlnI hyhÿnXnIfneqsSbmWv. CØcwhyhÿnXnIfpw ]pWy]m]ßfpsS am[yaßfmImw.hy‡nIfpsS hnhn[XcØn ep≈ ]¶mfnØØneqsS\ne\n¿Øs∏Sp∂ kmaqlnI hyhÿn XnIƒ hy‡nIfpsSA`yp∂Xn°v klmbn°p∂ \oXnbpsSbpw hntamN\Øns‚bpw tkmXpIfmsW¶n¬ Ah \ne\n¿Øp∂ hcpsSssZthm∑pJXbpsS sXfnhmWXv. adn®v Ah ]oU\Ønt‚bpw kl\Øns‚bpw am[yaßfmsW¶n¬, Ahbv°vDØc hmZnIfmbhcpsS ]m]mhÿsbbmWv AhkqNn∏n°p∂Xv. ImcWw AØcw kmaqlykmlNcyßƒktlmZcßfpw ssZhhpambp≈ _‘Øns‚ inYneoIcWØnt‚bpw ssZhcmPy Øns‚ A`mhØns‚bpw sXfnhmWv.30

kaqlØn¬ A\oXnbpsSbpw a¿±\Øns‚bpw kmlNcyßfpw kwhn[m\ßfpw cq]w sIm≈p∂Xn\pw \ne\nev°p∂Xn\pw hy‡nIƒ ImcW°mcmWv. hy‡nIfpsS kzm¿∞Xbpw ]m]ßfpw AhbpsS ]cnWX^eßfpw ssZthjvSØn\p hncp≤amb kmaqlnIkwhn[m\ßƒ cq]wsIm≈p∂Xn\pw hym]Iambn Xn∑ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂Xn\pwImcWamImdp≠v. AØcw Xn∑ \nd™ hyhÿnXnIƒ cq]wsIm≈pIbpw \ne\n¿Ø s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂ kmlNcyØn¬,hy‡nIƒ Adnt™m AdnbmsXtbm Ahbn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIpIbpw Ah IqSpX¬ ]m] Øn\v t]cWbmbnØocpIbpwsNøpw. hy‡n]camb ]m]hp ambn XmcXays∏SpØptºmƒAhsb kmaqlnI]m]w (social sin) F∂p hnfn°mw(CCC1869).

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿]m∏m ]dbp∂Xpt]mse,hy‡nIfn¬ Bcw`n°p∂ ]m]w ImeItaW kmaqlnIhyhÿnXnIsf Po¿Æn∏n°pIbpw kaqlØn\v lm\nIcamhpIbpw sNømw. amXa√, AXv XpS¿∂v hy‡nIfpsS s]cpam‰sØtZmj Icambn kzm[o\n°pIbpw IqSpX¬ ]m]Øn\vt]cIambn ØocpIbpw sNøpw. AØcw kmaqlnIhyhÿnXnIsf am¿]m∏m hnfn°p∂Xv “ ]m]Øns‚kwhn[m\ßƒ (structures of sin) F∂mWv.31 AØcwkmaqlnIkwhn[m\ßƒ a\pjys‚ ]cnanXnIfn¬ \nt∂m,kzm¿∞Xbn¬\nt∂m, Xn∑bn¬ \nt∂m, cq]wsIm≠hbmhmw. Ah ImeIaØn¬ hy‡nIfpsSbpw kaqlØns‚bpwkpÿnXnsb tZmjIcambn _m[n°pIbpw hym]IambXn∑bpsS tkmXpIfmbn amdpIbpw sNømw. hy‡nIfpwkaqlhpw Adn™pw AdnbmsXbpw CØcw hyhÿnXnIfn¬]¶mfnIfmIpIbpw Ahsb \ne\n¿Øm≥ klmbn°pIbpwsNømdp≠v. C]Imcw Gsdt∏cpsS DØchmZn XzØn¬D¤hn°pIbpw \ne\n¿Øs∏SpIbpw \nch[nt]¿°v]oU\ImcWamhpIbpw sNøp∂ hyhÿm]nXamb Xn∑sbkaImenI ssZhimkvX⁄∑m¿ kmaqly]m]w (social sinor structural sin) F∂p hnfn°p∂p.32

a\pjyPohnXwXs∂ Zplam°p∂ kmaqlnI kwhn[m\ßƒ Ds≠∂Imcyw B¿°pw \ntj[n°m\mhn√. DZmlcWØn\v, hfscb[nIw t]sc \nXyZmcnZyØn¬ \ne\n¿Øp∂kmºØnIhyhÿnXn, Nne kmaqlnIkwhn[m\ßfpsSê ambn Nne hn`mKw P\ßƒ A\p`hn°p∂ AhKW\,kvXo[\w \¬Im\n√mØXns‚ t]cn¬ hnhmlPohnXwkz]v\wImWm≥ t]mepw IgnbmØ ZcnZIpSpw_ßfnses]ÏpńIƒ. Hcp kmaqlykwhn[m\w Hcp hn`mKØn\vt\´ßƒ°pw as‰mcp hn`mKØn\v ISpØ A\oXn°pwAhKW\bv°pw ImcWamIp tºmƒ Ahsb ]m]IcambhyhÿnXnIƒ (sinful social structures) F∂v hnfn°p∂Xn¬sX‰ns√∂v Nne ssZhimkvX ⁄∑m¿ A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p.33

CØcw ]m]Icamb kwhn[m\ßƒ At\Iw t]¿°vXn∑bv°pw A\oXnbv°pw ImcWamIp∂p F∂dn™n´pwXßfpsS t\´ßƒ°mbn Ah t_m[]q¿∆w \ne\n¿ØpItbm, Ahbn¬ am‰w hcpØm≥ Ignbpambncp∂n´pw, AXn\vXp\nbmXncn°pItbm sNøptºmƒ Hcmƒ kmaqlnI

]m]Øn¬ (social sin) ]¶mfnbmhp∂p. ]m]Icamb kmaqlnIkwhn[m\ßfnse HcmfpsS ]¶mfnØw Ip‰IcamIp∂Xv AXvt_m[]q¿∆hpw kz¥w CjvSØmsebpw (conscious and willfulparticiaption) sNøptºmgmWv 34.

\nehnencn°p∂ kmaqlnIhyhÿnXnItfmSv klIcn°mØ Hcmƒ°v B kaqlØn¬ Pohn°m\mhn√.AXpsIm≠p ]et∏mgpw hy‡nIƒ hnhn[ kwhn[m\ßsfhna¿i\_p≤n IqSmsX kzmwioIcn°pIbpw AhA\pimkn°p∂X\pkcn®v s]cpamdpIbpw sNømdp≠v.Nnet∏mƒ A\oXn \nd™ hyhÿnXnbmsW∂dn™n´pw\nhrØn tISpsIm≠pw Ahbn¬ Nne¿°v ]¶mfnIfmtI≠nhcmdp≠v. ChcpsSsbm∂pw `mK`mKnXzw ]m]IcamIWsa∂n√35. Ip‰t_m[tØ°mƒ D]cn kmaqlnI Xn∑Iƒ\ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\p≈ AhcpsS mK`mKnXzsØ°pdn®pw AhC√mbva sNøm\p≈ iaßfn¬ ]¶ptNcm\p≈ AhcpsSkmaqlntImØchmZnXzsØ°pdn®pw Ahsc t_m[hm∑mcm°pIbmWv th≠Xv.

km[mcW [m¿ΩnI ]cnKW\bn¬ \ΩpsS ]hrØnbpsStbm Dt]£bpsStbm ap≥Iqń ImWp∂tXm ap≥IqńBKln °p∂tXm Bb ]XymLmXßƒ°mWv \ap°vIp‰ap≈Xv (guilt). F∂m¬ ap≥Iqń BKln°mØtXm,ImWmØtXm Bb ]XymLmXßƒ \ΩpsS ]h¿Ø\ßƒhgn D≠mImdp≠v. Ahtbbpw ]cnlcn°m≥ \ap°vDØchmZnXzap≠v. AØcw DØchmZnXzamWv ]m]IcambhyhÿnXnIfpsS ImcyØn¬ hy‡nIƒ°p≈Xv. F∂p]d™m¬ Ah \ne\n¿Øp∂hcpw AhbpsS Xn‡êßƒA\p`hn°p∂hcpw Hcpt]mse Ahbn¬ am‰w hcpØm≥DØchmZnXzap≈hcmWv. A\oXn \nd™ hyhÿnXnIƒkaqlPohnXsØ apgph≥ tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂pF∂XpsIm≠v kaqlØnse F√m AwKßƒ°pw Ah]p\xkwhn[m\w sNøm≥ ISabp≠v. [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvX⁄\mb tPmk^v ^pIvkv A`n]mbs∏Sp∂Xpt]mse,kaql Øns‚ t£aØnepw hnIk\Ønepw \njvInbXzw]men°p∂Xv A[m¿ΩnIhpw \oXoIcn°m\mhmØXpamWv.CtX ImcWØm¬ kmaqlnI hnIk\Øn\v lm\nIcamIp∂hyhÿnXnIfpsS hf¿®bv°v Iq´p\nev°p∂Xpw Ahbn¬

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

am‰w hcpØm≥ hnapJX ImWn°p∂Xpw A[m¿ΩnIhpw]m]IchpamWv.36

A\oXn \nd™ kmaqlnIkwhn[m\ßsf ]p\xIaoIcn°pI F∂Xv GsX¶nepw hy‡n°v X\nsb \n¿hln°mhp∂H∂√. adn®v kaqlØnse _lp`qcn]£w t]cpsS klIcWØneqsS amXw km[n°p∂ H∂mbXn\m¬ CXvkmaqlntImØc hmZnXzw (social responsiblility) Bhiys∏Sp∂~Hcp ISabmWv. AtXkabw Hmtcm hy‡n°pw AhchcpsSIgnhn\\pkcn®v Cu ]Inbbn¬ klIcn°phm≥ISabp≠v.37 AXn\m¬ kmaq lnI ]m]sØ°pdn®p≈[m¿ΩnI ˛ ssZhimkvX ]cnNn¥ \ßƒ P\ßsf IqSpX¬Ip‰t_m[Ønte°v \bn°p∂Xn\p ]Icw AhcpsSkmaqlntImØchmZnXzsØ°pdn®v Ahsc IqSpX¬t_m[hm∑mcm°p∂XmIWw. hy‡nIfpsS hy‡n]c amb]m]ßtfmsSm∏w kmaqly]m]ßfnse XßfpsS ]¶mfnØsØ°pdn®pIqSn t_m[hm∑mcmIm\pw XßpsS kmaqlntImØchmZnØsØ°pdn®v Ahsc ]tNmZn∏n°m\pwBhiy amb Hcp [m¿ΩnI ]cnioe\amWv P\ßƒ°v C∂vBhiyw. F¶nte hy‡n]camb a\xkm£ntbmsSm∏w]XnIcW tijnbp≈ Hcp kmaqlya\xkm£n Ahcn¬ cq]wsIm≈pIbpffp.

]m]sØ°pdn®p≈ kXyk‘amb Hcp hnNn¥\wHcn°epw P\ßfpsS ]m]t_m[w \jvSs∏SpØp∂ H∂mhn√,adn®v icnbmb ]m]t_m[w Ahcn¬ P\n∏n°p∂ H∂mIpw.icnbmb ]m]t_m[w F∂Xv ]ecpw IcpXp∂Xpt]mseAImcWamb Ip‰t_m[a√ (guilt feeling). icnbmb]m]t_m[Øns‚ ASnÿm\w ssZhamWv. A√msX hy‡nXs∂b√. ssIkvXh ho£WØn¬ ]m]t_m[w ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ êßfmb D]hnbptSbpw, kt¥mjØnt‚bpw,kam[m\Øns‚bpw ]cnlmcØnt‚bpw êßƒ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂XmWv. AImcWamb Ip‰t_m[w sIm≠p≠mIm≥ t]mIp∂Xv CXns\√mw ISIhncp≤amb êßfmWv. AXv hy‡nbpsS B≤ymflnI hf¿®sb achn∏n°mt\D]Icn°pIbp≈q.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. K. Menninger, Whatever Became of Sin?(New York: Hawthorn Book, Inc.Publishers, 1973).2. M. Oraison, H.Niel et al, Sin (New York: Macmillam Company, 1962) 10.3. J. Gaffney, Sin Reconsidered (New York: Paulist Press, 1983) 45-52; P.Achoonenberg, Man and Sin (London: Sheed and Waed, 1965) 177-191.4. A. Gelin & A. Descamps, Sin in the Bible (New York:Desclee Company,1964) 17-18; J.Gaffney Sin Reconsidered, p.16-24; M.J. Taylor (ed.), The Mysteryof Sin and Forgiveness (Bombay: St.Paul Publications, 1970) 24-34.5. B. Häring, Free and Faithful in Christ, Vol. 1 (Middlegreen: St. PaulPublications, 1978) 399-400.6. H.Conolly, Sin ( London: Continuum, 2002) 42-48.7. St. Augustine, 22nd Book of Contra Faustum; De Libero Arbitrio, 2ndChapter; See also H. Connolly, Sin, p.48-50; J.Mahony, The Making of MoralTheology, A Study of Roman Catholic Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987)43.8. ST.I-II, q.72, a.5; John Paul II, Reconciliation et Paenitentia, (Vatican:1984) n.17.9. H.J. Schroeder (ed.), Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (London:B.Herder Book Co., 1941) Fourteenth Session, Chapter V, p.93.10. J. Mahony, The Making of Moral Theology: A Study of Roman CatholicTradition, 30-31.11.B.Häring, Sin in the Secular Age (St.Paul Publications: Slough, 1974) 156.12. R.F. Clarke (ed.), The Catechism Explained: An Exhaustive Exposition ofthe Christian Religion (New York: Benziger Brothers, Inc., 1927) 452-461.13. Ibid., 462-465.14. P. Schoonenberg, Man and Sin, 37-38.15. B.Häring, Sin in the Secular Age,158.16. Optatam Totius, n.16.17. H. Connolly, Sin, 63-80.18. L. Monden, Sin, Liberty and Law (Kansas City: Sheed and Ward, 1965)30-34; B.Häring, Free and Faithful in Christ, Vol.1, 191-195; P. Fransen, “Towardsa Physchology of Divine Grace” in W.Birmingham & J.E,. Cunneen (eds.),Cross Currents of Psychiatry and Catholic Morality (New York: RandonHouse, 1964) 36-37.19. J. Fuchs, “Sin and Conversion,” Theology Digest 14 (1966) 292-301, 292;J.Gaffney, Sin Reconsidered, 57; T.E.O’Connell, Principles for CatholicMorality (San Fransisco: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1976) 70-78; D.F. Kelly,“Aspects of Sin in Today’s Theology,” Louvain Studies 9 (1982) 191-197.20. B.Häring, Free and Fithful in Christ, Vol.1, 212-213.21. F.J. Heggen, Confession and the Service of Penance (Notre Dame: NotreDame University Press, 1968) 74.

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

130 131

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

22. B.Häring, Free and Faithful in Christ, Vol. 1, 392-394.23. M.J. Taylor (ed.), The Mystery of Sin and Forgiveness, 98.24. D.F.Kelly, “Aspects of Sin in Today’s Theology,”191-197; W.Cosgrave,“A Christian Understanding of Sin,” Doctrine and Life 26 (1976) 34-46, 39-40.25. T. E. O’Connell, Principels for Catholic Morality, 2; B.Häring, Free andFaithful in Christ, Vol.1, 212.26. CDF, Certain Questions Concering Sexual Ethics (Persona Humana)(Vatican: 1975) n.10; John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor (Vatican: 1993) ns.65,66.27. CDF, Persona Humana, n.10; John Paul II, Reconciliatio et Penitentia,n.17; John Paul II, Veritatis Spelendor, n.68.28. John Paul II, Reconciliatio et Penitentia, n.17; John Paul II, VeritatisSplendor, n.70.29. John Paull II, Reconciliatio et Penitenia, n.17.30. L. Boff & C.Boff, Salvation and Liberation : In Search of a Balancebetween Faith and Politics (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1979) 17-19.31. John Paul II, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (Vatican: 1987) n.36.32. M. Vidal, “Structural Sin : A New Category in Moral Theology,” in R.Gallagher & B.McConvery (eds.), History and Conscience (Dublin: Gill andMacmillan, 1989) 181-198; J.Sobrino, Christology at the Crossroads (NewYork: Orbis, 1978) 54.33. R.A.McCormick, “The Social Responsibility of the Christian,” TheAustralasian Catholic Record 53 (1975) 253-263, 258; F. M. Rejon, “Seekingthe Knigdom and its Justice,” Concilium 172 (1984) 35-41, 40; P. Henriot, “ATheology of the Church’s Social Involvement”, in W.E. Conn (ed.),Conversion: Perspectives on Personal and Social Transformation (NewYork: Alba House, 1978) 315-326, 319.34. H. Mynatty, “The Concept of Social Sin,” Louvain Studies 16 (1991) 3-26,14-18.35. J.Fuchs, Personal Responsibility and Christian Morality, (GeorgetownUniversity Press: Washington, 1983) 183; D.F. Kelly, “Aspects of Sin inToday,” 195.36. J. Fuchs, Human Values and Christian Morality (Gill and MacMillian:Dublin, 1970) 186.

37. H. Mynatty, “The Concept of Social Sin,” 20-26.

tUm. tlm¿Ωokv ssa\m´n

hyXykvX [m¿ΩnI ho£Wßƒ

08

ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnIssZhimkvXØn¬hnizmkØn e[njvTnXamb Img vN∏mSpwXØzßfpamWv [m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIsfhnebncpØp∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\w. F∂m¬XØzimkvX ]camb Nn¥IfpsStbm atXXckm∑m¿KnI BibßfpsStbm shfn®Ønepw[m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIƒ icntbm sXt‰m F∂phnebncpØs∏Smdp≠v. C°mcWØm¬ ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXsØ Nne¿hna¿i\]cambn ImWp∂p. AXn\m¬ ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnIcoXnbpw a‰p coXnIfpw XΩnep≈hyXymkw a\knem°p∂Xn\mbn ][m\s∏´[m¿ΩnI ho£Wßƒ AhXcn∏n°pIbmWv CuA[ymbØn¬.

[m¿ΩnIcoXnIsf ][m\ambpw aX]cw,atXXcw (XØz imkvX]cw) F∂v c≠mbnXncn°mw.

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

132 133

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

XØzimkvX kn≤m¥ßƒ

]n≥kn∏enkw

s]mXp [m¿ΩnIX (Common Morality)

kzX¥[m¿ΩnIX (Autonomy Ethics)

]pWyØne[njvTnXamb [m¿ΩnIX (Virtue Ethics)

kw`h ]cºc[m¿ΩnIX (Narrative Ethics)

]cnKW\ [m¿ΩnIX (Care Ethics)

kvXoXz [m¿ΩnIX (Feminist Ethics)

]iv\]cnlmc coXn (Casuistic Model)

ssPhkwkv°mc coXn (Geocultural)

]IrXn \nba coXn (Natural Law)

XØzimkvX

kn≤m¥ßƒ

sa‰ FØnIvkv

t\m¿a‰ohv FØnIvkv

AssπUv FØnIvkv

atXXcw

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

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è

è

è

è

è è

I ¿ Ø h y ( [ ¿ Ω )

imkvXw (Deontology)

è e£yhmZw (Teleology)

]tbmP\hmZw

(Utilitarianism)

blqZ¿

]uckvXy

InkvXym\nIƒ

ItØmen°¿

s]m´Ã‚ v k`

Bw•n°≥ k`

lnµp°ƒ

ap…oßƒ

]hrØn, am¿§w, e£yw

aX]cw

Zzn^e kn≤m¥w

kaKXØzw

Ipd™ Xn∑ Xncs™Sp°¬

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

è

Xn∑ ]hrØnIfn¬ klIcWw

]n≥kn∏enkw

B\p]mXnI [m¿ΩnIX (Propotionality)

kzmX¥yw (Autonomy)

Xn≥a sNømXncn°pI (Non-maleficane)

\∑ sNøpI (Beneficene)

\oXn (Justice)

hy‡nKX [m¿ΩnIX (Personalistic Ethics)

è

è

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è

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[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

134 135

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Hmtcm aXØn\pw AhbptSXmb [m¿ΩnI ho£WßƒD≠v. AXpsIm≠v Nne aXßƒ icnsb∂p IcpXp∂Xv a‰paXßƒ°v sX‰mbncn°mw. ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvX Øn¬ hnizmkØn¬ A[njvTnXambn ]hrØnIƒ,am¿§w, e£yw F∂nh Ft∏mgpw \√Xmbncn°Ww. a‰p≈Ahkcßfn¬ Zznêkn≤m¥w, kaKXØzw, Xn∑]hrØnIfnep≈ klIcWØn\p≈ XØzßƒ F∂nhbpsSshfn®ØnemWv [m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIsf hnebncpØp∂Xv.C∂v ]e ]pXnb [m¿ΩnIcoXnIfpw AhXcn∏n°p∂p≠v. Nne[m¿ΩnI coXnIsf (Utilitarianism, Teleology, Propotionality, SitutionEthics ) “kXyØns‚ ]`” F∂ NmInIteJ\Øn¬ k`\ncmIcn°p∂p (No. 74,79,90). atXXc [m¿ΩnIXbn¬ [mcmfwcoXnIfp≠v. Ahbn¬ ][m\s∏´hbmWv Xmsg hnhcn°p∂Xv.

1. XØzimkvX kn≤m¥ßƒ

hnhn[ XØzimkvX⁄cpsS Nn¥Isfbpw XØzßsfbpwASnÿm\am°n [m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIsf hnebncpØp∂coXnbmWnXv. sa‰m FØnIvkv, t\m¿a‰ohv FØnIvkv,AssπUv FØnIvkv F∂nßs\ aq∂p hn`mKßfmbnXØzimkvX kn≤m¥ßsf Xncn°mdp≠v. [m¿ΩnIXØzßƒ FhnsS \n∂phcp∂p; Ah F¥mWv A¿∞am°p∂Xv F∂o Imcyß fmWv sa‰m FØnIvkv N¿® sNøp∂Xv.t\m¿a‰ohv FØnIvkn¬ ]mtbmKnI hiØn\mWv ]m[m\yw.[m¿ΩnI ]iv\ßfmWv AssπUv FØnIvkns‚ hnjbw(DZm. K¿ÒnZw, arKßfpsS AhImiw). sa‰m FØnIvkpwt\m¿a‰ohv FØnIvkpw D]tbmKn®v [m¿ΩnI ]iv\ßƒ°vChnsS ]cnlmcw Is≠Øp∂p. t\m¿a‰ohv FØnIvkn¬I¿Øhy [m¿ΩnIX, ]tbmP\hmZw, e£yhmZw F∂oD]hn`mKßfp≠v.

1.1 I¿Øhy [m¿ΩnIX (Deontology)

Ko°p`mjbnse ‘Untbm≥’ (ISa), ‘temtKmkv’ (hm°v,]T\w, imkvXw) F∂o ]Zßfn¬ \n∂mWv Unbt¥mfPnF∂ hm°v D≠mbXv. kn.Un.t_mUns‚ A`n]mbØn¬ Nne]hr ØnIƒ ]cnWnXêØn\v AXoXambn AXn\m¬ Xs∂\∑tbm Xn∑tbm Bbncn°pw. I¿Øhy [m¿ΩnIX][m\ambpw c≠p XcamWp≈Xv: ]hrØnI¿Øhy

[m¿ΩnIXbpw \nbaI¿Øhy [m¿ΩnIXbpw. ]hrØnI¿Øhy [m¿ΩnIXb\pkcn®v Hcp ]hrØn icntbm sXt‰mF∂v hnebncpØp∂Xn\v B ]hrØnbpsS F√m hißsfbpwa\nem°Ww. A¥¿ ⁄m\Øn¬ (intuition) \n∂pamWvChnsS Xocpam\saSp°p∂Xv. Hmtcm ]hr Ønbpw ]tXyIambnChnsS hnebncpØs∏Sp∂p. \nbaI¿Øhy [m¿ΩnIXb\pkcn®v Hmtcm kmlNcyßfn¬ Hmtcmtcm coXnbnembncn°pw\mw ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. IqSmsX Nnet∏mƒ Hcp XØzØns‚shfn®Ønepw a‰pNnet∏mƒ H∂ne[nIw XØzßfpsSshfn®Ønepw icnbpw sX‰pw hnebncpØs∏Smw.

I¿Øhy[m¿ΩnIX ]men°p∂h¿ ]hrØnIsf hnebncpØm≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ am\ZWvUßƒ ]eXmWv. aXhnizmknIƒ ssZhnI\nbaw am\ZWvUam°ptºmƒ a‰p Nne¿ ]IrXn\nbaw kzoIcn°p∂p. thsd Nne¿ A¥¿⁄m\amWv (intu-ition) ASnÿm\ambn kzoIcn°p∂Xv. XØzNn¥IcmbCΩm\ph¬ Im‚ v, kmaph¬ ¢m¿°v, dn®m¿Uv ss]kv, tXmakvdoUv, Uªp. Un. tdmkv XpSßnbh¿ I¿Øhy[m¿ΩnIcoXnA\pIqen°p∂hcmWv. I¿Øhy[m¿ΩnIXbnse ]eXØzßfpw ItØmen°m [m¿ΩnI imkvXtØmSv tN¿∂pt]mIp∂hbpamWv.

1.2 ]tbmP\hmZw (Utilitarianism)

Bwt•b XØzimkvX⁄\mb Pdan _¥mamWv CXns‚D]⁄mXmhv. tPm¨ Ãph¿ v an¬, sl‚n knUvhnIv F∂nh¿]tbmP\hmZØns‚ hf¿®bn¬ klmbn®n´p≠v. “G‰hpwIqSpX¬ \∑ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ t]¿°v; G‰hpw Ipd®p Xn∑G‰hpw Ipd®p t]¿°v” F∂XmWv ]tbmP\hmZØns‚ASnÿm\ XØzw. ]hrØnbne[njvTnXw, \nbaØne[njvTnXw F∂nßs\ c≠mbn ]tbmP\hmZsØ XcwXncn°mdp≠v. ]hrØnbne[njvTnXamb ]tbmP\hmZØns‚ ho£WØn¬ ]tbmP\ Øns‚ ASnÿm\ØnemWv Hcp ]hrØn icntbm sXt‰m F∂v Xocpam\n°s∏Sp∂Xv. GXp \nbaamWv G‰hpw IqSpX¬ \∑ sNøm≥klmbn°p∂Xv F∂XmWv \nbaØne[njvTnXamb]tbmP\hmZØn¬ N¿® sNøs∏Sp∂Xv.

B[p\nI km∑m¿§nI XØzßƒ A\pkcn®v ]tbmP\hmZØn\v \mep imJIƒ D≠v. (a) t£aØne[njvTnX XØzw

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

136 137

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

(welfarism) : ChnsS a\pjys‚ t£aamWv G‰hpw ][m\w.(b) ]cnWnXêXØzw (consequentialism): ChnsS Hcp ]hrØnicntbm sXt‰m F∂p hnebncpØs∏Sp∂Xv AXns‚êsØ Bkv]Zam°nbmWv; e£ysØtbm ]hrØnsbtbmASnÿm\ am°nb√. (c) H∂n®p≈ XØzw (aggregative):ChnsS Hcp a\pjys‚ ]hrØnbnep≈ kt¥mjhpw ZpxJhpwHcpan®p tN¿Øv samØØn¬ B ]hrØnsb hnebncpØp∂p. (d) ]camh[nXØzw (maximum): ChnsS G‰hpwIqSpX¬ kt¥mjw ]Zm\w sNøp∂ ]hrØnbmWv \√]hrØn.

ItØmen°mk` ]tbmP\hmZsØ Hcn°epw AwKoIcn°p∂n√ (VS 74). ]tbmP\hmZw a\pjys‚ ]cam¥ysØAhKWn°p∂p; ]pWyßƒ°pw aqeyßƒ°pw ]m[m\yw\evIp∂n√; IpSpw_ _‘ßƒ AhKWn°p∂p.

1.3 e£ym[njvTnX coXn (Teleological Ethics)

Ko°p`mjbnse ‘ sXtemkv ’ (e£yw, Dt±iyw),‘temtKmkv’ (]T\w, hm°v, imkvXw) F∂o ]Zßfn¬\n∂mWv s‰etbmfPn F∂ hm°p≠mbXv. Hcp ]hrØnicntbm sXt‰m F∂v e£ysØ ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbmWvChnsS hnebncpØp ∂Xv. Hcp ]hrØn°v Ht∂mAXne[nItam e£yßƒ D≠mhmw.

Nne XØzimkvX⁄∑mcpw ssZhimkvX⁄cpw CucoXnsb A\pIqen°p∂p≠v. DZmlcWambn AcntÃmńens‚A`n]mbØn¬ \∑bmWv BXy¥nIe£yw. eqbnkvPm≥k¨, dn®m¿Uv atIm¿anIv, Nmƒkv Id≥ F∂nhcpsSIrXnIƒ Cu coXnsb \ymboIcn°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ItØmen°m k` Cu coXnsb Hcn°epw AwKoIcn°p∂n√.“kXyØns‚ ]`” F∂ NmInIteJ\Øn¬ (No. 78) tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿]m∏m e£ykn≤m¥sØ ]q¿Æambpw\ncmIcn°p∂p.

]tbmP\hmZhpw e£yhmZhpw XΩn¬ hyXymkw D≠v.]tbmP\hmZØn¬ êØn\mWv ]m[m\yw. e£yhmZw]hrØnbpsS Dt±iØn\mWv, e£yØn\mWv ]m[m\ywsImSp°p∂Xv. Cu e£yw \∑bn¬ A[njvTnXhpamWv.e£yhmZØns‚ c≠v D]hn`mKßfmWv B\p]mXnI

kn≤m¥hpw hy‡nKX [m¿ΩnIcoXnbpw.

B\p]mXnI [m¿ΩnIcoXn (The Principle of Proportional-ity): A\p]mXw F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w c≠p `mKßƒXΩnep≈ XmcXaysa∂mWv. k∑m¿§ imkvXØn¬B\p]mXn IXzw. am¿§ßfpw e£yhpw XΩnep≈B\p]mXnI_‘hpw, ]hrØnbpsS \∑bpw Xn∑bpwXΩnep≈ B\p]mXnI _‘hpw hnebncpØp∂p.B\p]mXnIbp‡n (Proportionate Reasoning) F∂m¬ Hcp]hrØn sNbvXm¬ D≠mImhp∂ \∑bpw Xn∑bpwB\p]mXnIambn hnebncpØnbXn\ptijw B ]hrØnsNøm≥ Xocpam\n°p∂ AhÿbmWv. C\nbpw Hcp ]hrØnbnse \∑ As√¶n¬ aqeyw F∂p ]dbp∂Xv ]eXmbncn°pw;Nnet∏mƒ kXyamImw; a‰p Nnet∏mƒ kzmX¥ytam,_lpam\tam BImw. dn®m¿Uv atIm¿an°ns‚ A`n]mbØn¬B\p]mXn Ibp‡n \mepcoXnbn¬ a\nem°m≥ km[n°pw(1) am¿§hpw e£yhpw hncp≤amIcpXv. (2) e£yØn\vBhiyamb am¿§w amXta D]tbmKn°mhq. (3) am¿§hpwe£yhpw XΩn¬ B\p ]mXnI _‘w D≠mbncn°Ww. (4)am¿§w e£yØn\v FXncmIcpXv.

e£ym[njvTnXcoXnt]mse B\p]mXnIcoXnbpw ItØmen°mk` AwKoIcn°p∂n√ (VS 79). ItØmen°m ssZhimkvXØn\v FXncmb coXnbmWnXv. sP¿abn≥ Knskbvkns‚ A`n]mbØn¬ B\p]mXnIkn≤m¥w kzoIcn°p∂h¿XßfpsS sshImcnI Ahÿbpw hy‡nKXXmXv]cyhpwA\pkcn®mWv Xocpam\saSp°p∂Xv. [m¿ΩnI ]iv\ßƒ°vDØcw \evIphm≥ B\p]mXnIcoXn°v km[n°p∂n√.

hy‡nKX[m¿ΩnIX (Personalistic Ethics): hy‡nKX[m¿ΩnIX ]e XcØnep≠v. ChnsS [m¿ΩnI Xocpam\ßfpsS tIµw hy‡nbmWv. ephbv≥ ItØmen°mbqWnthgvkn‰nbnse [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvX⁄\mb eqbnkvPm≥k≥kv AhXcn∏n® ephbv≥ hy‡nKX [m¿ΩnIcoXnbmWv ChnsS ]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv. aX]chpw atXXchpambXØzßfpsS ASnÿm\ØnemWv ChnsS ]hrØnIƒhnebncpØs∏Sp∂Xv.

eqbn Pm≥k≥kns‚ A`n]mbØn¬ hy‡nKX [m¿ΩnIX DØchmZnXz]q¿Æamb coXnbmWv. c≠mw hØn°m≥

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

138 139

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Iu¨knens‚ ‘k` B[p\nIbpKØn¬’ (GS 51) F∂]amWtcJbn¬ \n∂pw ]tNmZ\apƒs°m≠mWv At±lwCu coXn cq]oIcn®Xv. Iu¨kn¬ ]dbp∂p: “km∑m¿§nIkz`mhw \n›bnt°≠Xv shdpw \njvIf¶amb Dt±iyip≤nsbtbm t]cWbpsS hnebncpØens\tbm amXwBibn®√. ]XypX hy‡nbpsSbpw Ahs‚ ]hrØnIfpsSbpw kz`mhØn¬ ASnbpd® hkvXp\njvTamb am\ZWvUßƒ°v A\pkrXambn´mWv.” AXn\m¬ a\pjy]hrØnIsfhnebncptØ≠Xv Ahs\ kaKambpw ]q¿Æambpwa\knem°ns°m≠mbncn°Wsa∂v Pm≥kkv hmZn°p∂p.At±lw ]dbp∂p: (1) a\pjy≥ hkvXph√, hy‡nbmWv. (2)icoctØmSpIqSnb hy‡nbmWv (3) icocw ùXnIambXn\m¬ \ΩpsS kØ (being) Cu temIØnemWv (4) a\pjy≥a‰p≈hcpambn _‘s∏ńcn°p∂p (5) a\pjy≥ kaqlPohnbmWv. kaqlw Ah\v hy‡amb \n¿t±ißfpw D]tZißfpw\evIp∂p≠v. (6) a\pjya\v ssZhØnte°v Xpd∂ncn°Ww.Cu Xpdhv a\pjys‚ F√m ]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw kzm[o\n°p∂p (7) Hmtcm a\pjy\pw Aht‚Xmb NcnXw D≠v. (8)F√m a\pjycpw XpeycmWv. AtXmsSm∏w F√mh¿°pwAhchcptSXmb A\\yX D≠v. ta¬]d™ LSIßfpsSshfn®ØnemWv a\pjys\ ]q¿Æambpw kaKambpw a\nem°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv.

hy‡nKX [m¿ΩnIcoXnbn¬, B\p]mXnI coXnbmWv[m¿ΩnI Xocpam\saSp°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. eqbnkvPm≥k≥kv, dn®m¿Uv atIm¿anIv, _qtWm jp≈¿, NmƒkvId≥ F∂nhcpsS A`n]mbØn¬ hy‡nsb ]q¿ÆambpwkaKambpw a\nem°ptºmƒ Ah≥ sNøp∂ ]hrØnIsfm∂pw sXs‰∂v ]dbphm≥ IgnbpIbn√. hy‡nKX[m¿ΩnI coXnbn¬ Nne [m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIƒ ]mKv[m¿ΩnIXn∑Ifpw (Pre moral evil) a‰p Nneh ]mKv[m¿ΩnI \∑Ifpw(Pre moral good) BWv. ChcpsS A`n]mbØn¬ hy‡nsb]q¿Æambpw a\nem °msX ]hrØnIƒ AXn¬ Xs∂sXs‰∂v (intrinsically evil act) ]dbphm≥ Ignbn√.ItØmen°mk` Cu hmZsØ i‡ambn FXn¿°p∂p.“kXyØns‚ ]`”bn¬ Cßs\ ]dbp∂p: Nne ]hrØnIƒ,]h¿Øn°p∂hs‚ Dt±iyßsfbpw kmlNcy ßsfbpwhnebncpØmsX Xs∂, AXn¬ Xs∂ Xn∑bmWv (intrinsece

malum). sIme]mXIw, hwi\ioIcWw, K¿ÒnZw,ImcpWyh[w, a\dn™p≈ BfllXy F∂nh Chbv°vDZmlcWßfmWv.

atXXc [m¿ΩnI coXnbn¬ hcp∂ a‰pNne kn≤m¥ßsf°pdn®mWv XpS¿∂v Npcp°ambn ]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv.

2. ]n≥kn∏nenkw (Principlism)

BtcmKycwKsØ [m¿ΩnI ]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°m≥]m›mXytemIØv \ne\n¬°p∂ Hcp coXnbmWv ]n≥kn∏nenkw. Atacn°bnse t‰mw _°mw, sPbnwkv NnƒUkv F∂oc≠p XØzimkvX⁄cmWv Cu coXn°v cq]w \¬InbXv.I¿Øhy \n¿∆lWcoXnbpw ]tbmP\coXnbpw Iqńt®¿ØmWv CXnse \mep XØzßƒ cq]s∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv.a‰p≈hcpsS kzmX¥ysØ _lpam\n°pI, lm\nIcambXvsNømXncn°pI, \∑ sNøpI, \oXn sImSp°pI F∂nhbmWvB XØzßƒ. Chsb ]mtbmKnI [m¿ΩnI \nbaßƒF∂pw hnfn°mdp≠v. c≠p hyXykvX XØzimkvX coXnIƒIqńt®¿Øv cq]s∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xn\m¬ hy‡Xbn√mbvabpw ]ckv]chncp≤amb XØzßfpw CXn¬ ImWm≥Ignbpw. Atacn°bnse an° Bip]XnIfpw Cu coXnbmWvkzoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv.

3. s]mXp[m¿ΩnIX (Common Morality)

]n≥kn∏nenkØns\Xncmbn sI.Un.t¢mk¿, _n.P¿´vF∂nh¿ cq]s∏SpØnb coXnbmWnXv . \nbaßfpwBZ¿ißfpw a\pjys‚ kz`mhØn¬\n∂p cq]s∏SpØWsa∂pw, [m¿ΩnIX bp‡n]chpw \njv]£hpw s]mXphyhÿIƒ A\pkcn®p ≈Xpw Bbncn°Wsa∂pw Ah¿hmZn°p∂p. CXv ]IrXn\nba tØmSv tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂coXnbmWv.

4. ]IrXn \nbaw (Natural Moral Law)

CXv s]mXp[m¿ΩnIXbpambn H∂n®p t]mIp∂ coXnbmWv.Cu XØza\pkcn®v a\pjys‚ kz`mhØn¬ Xs∂ [m¿ΩnI\nbaßƒ ASßnbncn°p∂p. a\pjy\v kØm]cambpwAdnhp]cambpw Xs‚ ]hrØnIƒ icntbm sXt‰m F∂vhnebncpØphm≥ km[n°pw. tÃmbnIv XØzimkvX⁄cpw

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Cu Bibw AhXcn∏n®hcmWv (B.C.5). kz`mhØn\\pkcn®vPohn°m≥ Ah¿ \tΩmSv Blzm\w sNøp∂p. ]IrXn Xs∂[m¿ΩnI hyhÿnXnsb°pdn®pw a\pjys‚ kz`mhsØ°pdn®pw ]Tn∏n°p∂ps≠∂mWv AhcpsS ]£w. ]IrXn\nbaw ]mtbmKn Iamb Xocpam\saSp°m≥ a\pjys\klmbn°p∂p F∂v tXmakv AIzo\mkv ]dbp∂p.hkvXp\njvTamb s]mXp[m¿ΩnI XØzßsf AhXcn∏n°p∂ ]IrXn\nbacoXn F√m aXßƒ°pw, hnizmkan√mØh¿°pt]mepw kzoImcyamWv. Npcp°Øn¬ ]mtbmKnIbp‡nbpw a\pjykz`mhØn¬ A[njvTnXamb [m¿ΩnIXbpamWv ]IrXn\nbaØnse ][m\ LSIßƒ.

5. kzbw cWcoXn (Autonomy)

Atacn°bnse k∑m¿§ XØzimkvX⁄\mb TristramEngelhardt BWv BtcmKycwKØv Cu coXn sIm≠phcp∂Xv.ChnsS hy‡nbpsS kzmX¥yØn\v As√¶n¬ Xocpam\Øn\mWv ]m[m\yw; hy‡nsb Hcn°epw am¿§ambn D]tbmKn®pIqSm.

6. kZvKpW[m¿ΩnIcoXn (Vir tue Ethics)

ChnsS aqeyßfpw ]pWyßfpamWv [m¿ΩnI ]hrØnIfpsS ASnÿm\w ˛ \∑bne[njvTnXambn Hmtcm kmlNcyØnepw ]h¿Øn°phm≥ Cu coXn hy‡nsb t]cn∏n°p∂p.][m\ambpw A©pImcyßfmWv ChnsS ]cnKW\mhnjbamIp ∂Xv: (1) Hcp hy‡n Hcp kmlNcyØn¬kZvKpWØn\\pkrXambn ]h¿Øn°ptºmgmWv AXv \√]hrØnbmIp∂Xv (2) \∑sbt∏mgpw icnbmb Xocpam\sØ°mfpw ap≥]nembn cn°pw (3) ]pWyßƒ ]e \∑IfpwkzoIcn°p∂p (4) ]pWyßƒ hkvXp\njvTambpw \∑bmWv(5) icnbmb ]hrØnbn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ \∑ D≠mbncn°Wsa∂n√.

kZvKpW [m¿ΩnIcoXn amXrIm]camb coXnbmWv. ImcWwkaqlw Ft∏mgpw BKln°p∂Xv a\pjy≥ ]pWyØn\pwaqeyßƒ°pw A\pkcn®v Xocpam\saSp°Wsa∂mWv.F∂m¬ F√mhcpw ]pWyØn\\pkcn®v Xocpam\saSp°p∂n√, kz¥w kz`mhØn\\pkcn®mWv Xocpam\saSp°p∂XvF∂ hkvXpX henb t]mcmbvabmbn \nesIm≈p∂p. CXv

kaqlPohnXw _p≤nap´m°pIbpw sNøpw.

7. BJym\[¿Ω coXn (Narrative Ethics)

Ign™Ime kw`hßfpsS IrXyamb hnhcWw [m¿ΩnIXocpam\ßsfSp°m≥ klmbn°psa∂v Cu coXn Dd∏pXcp∂p.IY, IhnX, \mSIw, t\mh¬ F∂nhbneqsS Ign™Imew]p\chXcn∏n°phm≥ Ignbpw. Hmtcm IYbv°pw NcnXhpwkwkvImchpambn At`Zyamb _‘ap≠v. ]gbImeL´hpw,A∂sØ a\pjys‚ PohnXhpw IYbneqsSbpw a‰pw BJym\wsNøs∏Sptºmƒ, Ah hmbn°p∂ \mapw AXnseIYm]mXß fmIp∂p. \ΩpsS Xs∂ NcnXØnte°pw \mwIS∂pt]mIp∂p. CXv \ΩpsS [m¿ΩnI kz`mhcq]oIcWØn\vklmbIamhp Ibpw AXphgn \√ Xocpam\ßsfSp°m≥\ap°v km[n°pIbpw sNøpw. F∂m¬ hy‡n FXamXw[m¿ΩnI aqeyßsf kzmwio Icn°p∂p F∂Xns\Bibn®mbncn°pw \√ Xocpam\ßƒ FSp°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv.CXv kZvKpW [m¿ΩnIcoXnbpambn tN¿∂p t]mIp∂XmWv.

8. ]cnKW\[¿ΩcoXn (Care Ethics)

ChnsS [m¿ΩnI Xocpam\ßfpsS ][m\ XØzw]cnKW\bmWv. ]men°pI, kwc£n°pI, \∂mbn kq£n°pI F∂XmWv ]cnKW\bpsS s]mXpkz`mhw. kvt\lw,hnizkvXX, kulrZw F∂nhbv°mWv ChnsS ]m[m\yw.

XØzimkvXkn≤m¥ßƒ Ft∏mgpw \oXnbn¬A[njvTnXamWv. \nbaßƒ kmlNcyßƒ°v AXoXambn\oXnbp‡ambn Xocpam\saSp°p∂p. Ign™ \q‰m≠n¬Atacn°bn¬ Pohn®ncp∂ a\ximkvX⁄bmb Carol GilliganXs‚ “In a Different Voice” F∂ KŸØn¬ ]cnKW\bv°v]m[m\yw sImSpØp sIm≠p≈ Hcp [¿ΩcoXn Bcw`n°pIbp≠mbn. a‰p≈hcpsS Bhiyßƒ°v ]m[m\yw sImSp°Wsa∂mWv Cu coXn Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv. a‰p≈h¿°v ]cnKW\sImSp°phm\p≈ \ΩpsS kzm`mhnI Ignhv \mw hf¿ØnsbSp°Ww. ]pcpj∑msc At]£n®v kvXoIƒ°mWv ]cnKW\\evIm\p≈ Ignhv IqSpX¬. ]pcpj∑mcpsS Xocpam\ßƒbp‡n bn¬ \n∂phcptºmƒ kvXoIfpsS Xocpam\ßƒsshImcnI amWv. Cu coXn ]Ncn∏n® a‰p hy‡nIfmWv NelNoddings, Sandra Bakty, Rita Manning, Grace Clement, Eva Feder

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Kittay, Virginia Held F∂nh¿.

]cnKW\ [¿ΩcoXn A©v LSIßfn¬ ASnÿm\s∏ńcn°p∂p. (1) [m¿ΩnI i≤ (Moral Attention) : Hcp hy‡nbpsSkmlNcyw i≤n°p∂p (2) klXm]w (Sympathetic Understanding) : A\ycpsS hnImcßfpambn XmZmflyw ]m]n°p∂p(3) hy‡n_‘w (Relationship Awareness): a‰p≈hcpambn \√kulrZw ÿm]n°p∂p. (4) Dƒs°m≈¬ (Accomodation) :a‰p≈hcpsSbpw Fs‚bpw Bhiyßƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂p. (5)]Xn IcWw (Response) : ]cnKW\bpsS [m¿ΩnIX \Ωn¬Ft∏mgpw ]XnIcWw Dfhm°p∂p.

CsXmcp \√ coXnbmWv. F∂m¬ aqeyßƒ°pw XØzßƒ°pw AXoXambn ]cnKW\bv°v ]m[m\yw \evIptºmƒHmtcmcpØ¿°pw XßfpsS CjvSwt]mse ]h¿Øn°m\pwXocpam\ßsfSp°m\pw Ahkcap≠mIp∂p.

9. kvXoXz]camb [m¿ΩnIX (Feminist Ethics)

CXv ]cnKW\m [¿ΩcoXntbmSv tN¿∂p t]mIp∂ coXnbmWv. ]pcpj∑msc At]£n®v kvXoIfpsS XmXv]cyßƒ°pw AhImißƒ°pw hfsc°pd®p ]m[m\yta ]m›mXy[¿Ω imkvXw \evInbncp∂p≈q. ]mNIw, IpńIsfbpwhr≤scbpw tcmKnIsfbpw ipiqjn°¬, hoSv hrØnbmbnkq£n°¬ XpSßnb tPmenIƒamXw kvXoIƒ°mbn\evInbncp∂p. IqSmsX [m¿ΩnIambpw kvXoIƒ]pcpj∑m¿°v IognemWv F∂ Nn¥bpw hf¿∂ph∂ncp∂p.]pcpj∑m¿°p≈ sXmgn¬, kvXoIƒ°p≈ sXmgn¬ F∂th¿Xncnhpw D≠mbn. ]pcpj Nn¥bv°v A\pkrXambn\nbaßƒ, s]mXp[m¿ΩnIX, \njv]£X F∂nhbv°v Gsd]m[m\yw \evIs∏´p; kvt\lw, ]cnKW\ apXembhAhKWn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu kmlNcyØnemWvkvXoXzØn\v ]m[m\yw \evIns°m≠p≈ hnhn[[¿ΩcoXnIƒ D¤hn®Xv.

C∂v hnhn[ XcØnep≈ kvXoXz [¿Ω coXnIƒ D≠v.Ahbn¬ ][m\s∏´hbmWv sân\n≥ (Feminine) sat‰W¬(Maternal), sekv_nb≥ (Lesbian) coXnIƒ. Chbnse√mwkvXoIƒ°mWv tIµÿm\w. ]pcpj∑mcpw kvXoIfpwXΩnep≈ _u≤nI, kmaqlnI, [m¿ΩnI hyXymkßfmWv

ChnsS AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv. h¿§ XpeyXbv°pw,]cnKW\bv°pw Ch ]m[m\yw \evIpIbpw sNøp∂p.

kvXoXzsØ _lpam\n°pIbpw, AhcpsS AhImißsfAwKoIcn°pIbpw, A\oXn]camb ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ \n∂vAhsc tamNn∏n°pIbpw sNøWsa∂v ItØmen°mk` hmZn°p∂p. F∂m¬ h\nXm ]utcmlnXyw, K¿ÒnZw, sekv_nb\nkw XpSßnbhsb t]m¬kmln∏n°p∂ kvXoXz[¿ΩcoXnIƒ°v k` FXncmWv.

10. ]iv\]cnlmc [¿ΩcoXn (Casuistic Model)

s]mXp[m¿ΩnI XØzßfpsS shfn®Øn¬ ]iv\ßƒ°vDØcw Is≠Øp∂ coXnbmWnXv. ChnsS ]pXnb ]iv\ßƒIgn™Ime ]iv\ßfpambn XmcXays∏SpØpIbpw hyXymkßfpw kam\XIfpw a\knem°n [m¿ΩnI XØzßƒ°\pkcn®v Xocpam\saSp°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Ign™Ime]iv\ßfpw AhbpsS DØcßfpw ]pXnb ]iv\Øn¬amXrIbmbnØocp∂p. BtcmKycwKØv Xnc°p≈ tUmIvS¿am¿°v ]pXnb ]iv\ßƒ hcptºmƒ Ffp∏Øn¬ Xocpam\saSp°m≥ Cu coXn klmbn°p∂p. F∂m¬ hy‡n°pwAhs‚ ]iv\Øn\pw A¿lamb ]cnKW\ Cu coXnbn¬e`n°p∂n√. Ign™Ime ]iv\ßfpsS shfn®Ønep≈Xocpam\ambXpsIm≠v ]ptcmKXntbm hyXykvX Xocpam\ßtfm D≠mIphm\pw hgnbn√.

11. aX]camb [¿ΩcoXnIƒ

ta¬∏d™ atXXc [¿ΩcoXnIƒ IqSmsX aX]camb[¿ΩcoXnbn¬ am‰w hcpØWsa∂v hmZn°p∂hscbpwImWm≥ Ignbpw. aXØns‚ D≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠pXs∂[¿ΩcoXnbn¬ am‰w hcpØWsa∂v ]dbp∂ Nne ]pXnbcoXnIfmWv Xmsg ]dbp∂Xv.

kmµ¿`nI [¿ΩcoXn (Situation Ethics): hy‡n]cambCjvSa\pkcn®v Xocpam\saSp°Wsa∂mWv ChnsS ]dbp∂Xv.kvt\lamWnhnsS [m¿ΩnIXbpsS ASnÿm\w. tPmk^v^vf®dmWv Cu coXnbpsS D]⁄mXmhv. ]tXyI klmNcyØnepw kabØpw FSpØ Xocpam\w ap≥Iqń FSp°p∂Xocpam\sØ°mƒ DØaamsW∂v C°q´¿ hmZn°p∂p.kvt\lw kµ¿`ßfn¬ \n∂pap≠mIp∂psh∂pw AX\pkcn®v

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\mw Xocpam\saSp°Wsa∂pw Ah¿ ]Tn∏n®p. F∂m¬k\mX\ [m¿ΩnI \nbaßƒ°v ]m[m\yw \¬ImØXpsIm≠v ItØmen°mk` Cu coXn AwKoIcn°p∂n√.

]›mØem[njvTnX coXn (Contextual Method):]›mØeØn\mWv [m¿ΩnI Xocpam\ßfn¬ ]m[m\ysa∂pw A\p`hßfmWv [m¿ΩnI Nn¥sb kzm[o\n°p∂sX∂pw Cu coXn Dd∏n®p ]dpb∂p. \nbaßƒ°v AXoXambn]›mØew a\knem°nthWw ssZhkvt\lw Fßs\bmhWsa∂p \n›bn°ms\∂v C°q´¿ IcpXp∂p. t]mƒ teams‚KŸßfn¬ Cu coXnsb°pdn®v ]Xn]mZn®n´p≠v.

DØchmZnXz]camb coXn (Responsibility Ethics):[m¿ΩnI Xocpam\ßƒ DØchmZnXz]cambncn°Wsa∂pwAXmWv icnsb∂pw Cu coXn ]dbp∂p. DØchmZnXzßƒ\n¿∆ln°p∂Xphgn \mw ssZhØns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßtfmSvA\pcq]s∏Sp∂p. \ncpØchmZ]camb ]hrØnIƒ Xn∑bnte°v \bn°p∂p. Richard Niebuhr Xs‚ “Responsible Self” F∂]pkvXIØn¬ hy‡nbpsS DØchmZnXzsØ°pdn®v]dbp∂p≠v.

hntamN\coXn (Liberation Ethics): a\pjys‚hntamN\amWv ChnSpsØ ][m\ Bibw. A\oXn, AkaXzwF∂nh kaqlØn¬ \n∂v \n¿Ωm¿P\w sNbvXv \oXnkwÿm]n°Wsa∂v Cu coXn Bhiys∏Sp∂p. ssZhwhntamNI\mIbm¬ kvXohntamN\w, IdpØ h¿§°mcpsShntamN\w, ZpxJnXcpsS hntamN\w XpSßnbh AXy¥mt]£nXambn Ch¿ ImWp∂p. KpkvXmthm Kp´nbdmWvhntamN\ ssZhimkvXØns‚ D]⁄mXmhv. em‰n\tacn°bnse sImtfmWnb¬ ]›mØeØn¬ \n∂pamWv Cu Z¿i\wcq]s∏´Xv. hntamN\w F∂ e£yw kz¥am°m≥ GXpam¿§hpw kzoIcn°p∂Xp sIm≠v ItØmen°mk` Cu coXnAwKoIcn°p∂n√.

Bt]£nIhmZw (Relativism): k\mX\ aqeyßsf\ncmIcn°p∂ GsXmcp kn≤m¥sØbpw Bt]£nIhmZsa∂v ]dbp∂p. Adnhv, kXyw, [m¿ΩnIX F∂nh Bt]£nIambXn\m¬ Hcp kaqlØn\pw hkvXp\njvTtamkm∑m¿§nItam Bb \nbaßfns√∂v Ch¿ hmZn°p∂p.[m¿ΩnIXbpw [m¿ΩnI \nbahpw kmlNcyw, hy‡nIƒ,

Np‰p]mSpIƒ F∂nhb\pkcn®v hyXymks∏´p sIm≠ncn°p∂p.

hnizmkw, hkvXp\njvTamb [m¿ΩnIX, k\mX\ \nbaßƒ F∂nhbv°v FXncmbXn\m¬ ItØmen°mk` Cu[m¿ΩnI coXn AwKoIcn°p∂n√. s_\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma≥am¿ ]m∏m Bt]£nIhmZØns‚ t]mcmbvaIsf°pdn®vhy‡ambn ]Tn∏n°p∂p≠v (_\UnIvS v ]Xn\mdma≥am¿]m∏bpsS [m¿ΩnI Z¿i\w F∂ `mKw ImWpI).

ta¬∏d™ [m¿ΩnI coXnIƒ IqSmsX C∂v [m¿ΩnIssZhimkvX⁄¿ sIm≠phcp∂ Hcp coXnbmWvA\pIºm¿Z DØchmZnXz [m¿ΩnIX. CXns\°pdn®mWvASpØ A≤ymb Øn¬ ]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv.

D]kwlmcw

k∑m¿§ imkvXØnepw [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXØnepw\ne\nev°p∂ Nne coXnIfmWv ChnsS ]Xn]mZn®Xv.Chbn¬ I¿Øhy[m¿ΩnIX, s]mXp[m¿ΩnIX, ]IrXn\nbaw, kZvKpW [m¿ΩnIX XpSßnbh ItØmen°m[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXtØmSv tN¿∂pt]mIp∂XmWv. F∂m¬Cu A≤ymbØn¬ ]Xn]mZn®ncn°p∂ a‰pcoXnIsfm∂pw k`C∂phsc AwKoIcn ®n´n√. Ch a\nem°p∂XphgnItØmen°mk`bpsS [m¿ΩnI ]t_m[\Øns‚khntijX \ap°v Xncn®dnbm≥ Ignbpw.

KŸkqNn

1. Joseph Fletcher, Situation Ethics (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1966).2. Richard Niebuhr, The Responsible Self: An Essay in Christian MoralPhilosophy (New York: Harper & Row, 1963).3. Scaria Kanniyakonil, The Fundamentals of Bioethics (Kottayam: ORSI,2007).4. George Olivera, Vir tue in Diverse Traditions (Bangalore: Asian TradingCorporation, 1998).5. A. Maclntyre, After Vir tue (South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press,1981).6. Samuel Gorovitz, “Bioethics and Social Responsibility,” The Monist 60(1977) 3.

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7. K.D.Clouser, “Common Morality as an Alternative to Principlism,”Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5 (1995) 219-1368. E. Pellegrino & D. C. Thomasma, For the Patient’s Good: The Restorationof Beneficence in Health Care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).9. C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’sDevelopment (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).10. A. R. Jonsen, “Casuistry, an Alternative or Complement to Principles,”Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5 (1996) 237-251.11. K. Baier, “Ethics: Deontological Theories,” in W. T. Reich (eds.),Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Vol.1 413 (1978) 413-417, 413.12. T. A. Salzman, Deontology and Teleology (Leuven: University Press,1995).13. G. Scarre, “Utilitarianism,” in R.Chadwick (ed.), Encyclopedia of AppliedEthics, Vol.4 (New York: Academic Press, 1998).14. S. Scheffler, The Rejection of Consequentialism (Oxford: Claredon Press,1982).15. C. D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory (London: Routledge & KeganPaul, 1967).15. T. L. Beauchamp & J. F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics (NewYork : Oxford University Press, 2001).16. A. Z. Newton, Narrative Ethics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1995).17. B. Hoose, Proportionalism (Washington D.C: Georgetown UniversityPress, 1987).18. L. Janssens, “Artificial Insemination: Ethical Consideration,” LouvainStudies 8 (1980).

tUm.kvIdnbm I\ymtImWn¬

[m¿Ωn-I-Z¿i\w ˛

]uc-kvXy-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øn¬

09

`mKy-kva-c-Wm¿l-\mb tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏m ""]uckvXyk`-bpsS Im\≥ \nb-a-kw-lnX'' ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p-sIm≠v C]-Imcw FgpXn:""ssZh-Øns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb ]cn-]m-e-\-bn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Ir]-bm¬ H∂n-®p-Iq-´-s∏´ Xncp-k` ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-am-Ip∂ c≠p izmk-tIm-i-ß-fm¬ izkn-°p-Ibpw AtX-k-abw ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-am-Ip∂ c≠v Ad-I-tfm-Sp-IqSnb GI-lr-Z-bw-sIm≠v ssZh-kvt\-l-Øm¬\nd™v hym]-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.'' ItØm-en-°m-Xn-cp--`-bpsS Iq´m-bva-bn¬ ]uckvXy ]m›m-Xy-ssZh-imkvX ]mc-º-cy-ß-fpsS Xpey-Xbpw ]m[m-\yhpw \sΩ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ncn-X-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ Cu ]kvXm-h-\-bn-eqsS ]cn.]nXmhv. kwkvIm-c-ßƒ, Bcm-[-\-I-a-ßƒ, ssZh-im-kvX-Z¿i-\-ßƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ GIo-I-c-W-tØ-°m-fp-]cn sshhn-[ysØ hf¿tØ-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏‰n \sΩ At±lw ChnsS

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

148 149

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-c-p-∂p. Xncp--`-bpsS ImtXmenI`mhwAh-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw ssZh-im-kvX-Z¿i\-ß-fp-tSbpw]t_m-[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw F√m Xe-ß-fnepw ]I-S-am-I-W-sa-∂p-≈-XmWv k -bpsS henb BK-lhpw a\-pw. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvXsØ kw_-‘n®v CXv Gsd ]k-‡-am-Wv.

hnhn-[-ß-fmb ssZh-im-kvX-im-J-I-fn¬ ]uc-kvXy-k-`-Iƒ°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Z¿i-\-ßfpw ssien-I-fp-ap-≠v. km¿∆-Xn-I-k` C°mcyw ]e Ah-k-c-ß-fn-embn AwKoI-cn-®p-d-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-cw-KØpw ]uc-kvXy-k--Iƒ°v X\-Xmb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw Ds≠∂p hy‡-

am-°p-I-bmWv Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-]-t_m-[\ßƒ AXns‚ D≈-S-°-Ønepw Ah-X-c-W-Ønepw ImtXm-en-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬, AhXncp--`-bnse hnhn[ k`-I-fpsS sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ ssZh-im-kvX-ß-tfbpw hnhn-[-ß-fmb kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°mt≠aXn-bm-Iq.

[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn\v Hcp ]uc-kvXy-k-ao-]\wF∂Xv ItØm-en°m ssZh-im-kvX-cw-KsØ Hcp ]pXnbNn¥m-k-c-Wn-bm-Wv. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ tdmanse ""A¬t^m≥kn-b≥ A°m-Uan''bn¬A[ym-]-I-\mb _ko-entbm s]Xm F∂ sshZn-I-\mWv CucwKØv it≤-b-amb ]e ]T-\-ßfpw Cu ASp-Ø-Im-eØv \S-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. XpS¿∂v ]uc-kvXy-k- -I-fn¬s∏´ ]e hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw Cu cwKØv IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw ]_-‘-ßƒ c-Nn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fpsS]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Cu cwKØv [mcmfw ]T-\-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p≠vF∂p-≈Xpw ipt`m-Z¿°-amb kqN-\-I-fm-Wv.

lkz-amb Cu teJ-\-Øn¬ aq∂v mK-ß-fn-embn ]uckvXy[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ßƒ A\m-h-cWwsNøp-I-bm-Wv. BZy- m-KØv ]uc-kvXy[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS km[yX hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v ]uckvXy[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS GXm\pw Nne s]mXp]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. aq∂mw `mKØv ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS [m¿ΩnI Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS Nne ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw FSp-Øp-Im- p-∂p.

1. [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXØnse ]uc-kvXy-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsSkm[yX

c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨knepw XpS¿∂p≈ k`m-]-t_m-[-\-ßfpw ]uc-kvXy-cpsS X\-Xmb ""InkvXob Pohn-X-ssien''sb°p-dn®pw ""Bflob ss]XrI''sØ-°p-dn®pw]tXyIw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p-≠v (LG, 23; OE, 1-3; UR, 14-17; OrientaleLumen, 5-6). ]uckvXy Im\≥ \nbakwlnX AXns‚ 28-˛masØ Imt\m-\-bn¬ doØns\ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂Xv Gsd ]k-‡-am-Wv: Bcm-[-\-I-aw, ssZh-im-kvXw, B≤ym-fln-I-X, in£-W-Iaw Ch-bn-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xpw P\-]-Z-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fmepw kwkvIm-c-Ømepw hyXn-cn-‡-am-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xpw Hmtcm kzbm-[n-Im-c-k-`bpw Xß-fp-tS-XmbcoXn-bn¬ hnizmkw Pohn-®p-sIm≠v shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xp-ambss]Xr-I-amWv doØv. Hmtcm hy‡n-k-`bpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv ss«ln-I-amb anin-lm-\p-`hw Hcp ]tXyI kmaq-lnIkmwkvIm-cnI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw [m¿ΩnI kwkvImcw (ethos)B kwkvImcw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hy‡n-k-`-bpsS [m¿Ωn-I-kw-kvIm-csØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb ""hnizmk Pohn-X-ssien''Ifpw X\-Xmb ""[m¿ΩnIPohnX ho£W” ßfpw ""Pohn -X - Ia''ßfpw k`-bn¬cq]wsIm≈p∂p (Orientale Lumen 7). ItØm-en°m Xncp-k`hnhn[ k`-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah-fpsS hnizmk[m¿ΩnI \nt£-]-ßƒ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ k`m-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬thWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv t\csØ t]sc-Sp-Øp-]-d™ _ko-entbm s]Xm F∂ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄≥ hy‡n-k-`-I-fpsS [m¿Ωn-I-am-\sØ (ethtical dimension of the churchessui iuris) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm hy‡n-k-`bpw Ah-fpsS ]tXy-I-amb kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬X\-Xmb Hcp hnizmkPohnX ssien°v (modus proprius fideivivendi) cq]w sImSp-°p-∂p. AXns‚ ^e-ambn hnhn-[-ß-fmb[m¿ΩnIssZh-im-kvX-k-ao-]-\-ßfpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂p.

[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ sshhn-[y-sØ-°p-dn®v _¿WmUv slb-dnw-Kv, k_-Øot\m atbm-dmt\mXpS-ßnb [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-⁄cpw tdm_¿´v ‰m^v‰v,

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

150 151

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

FtUz¿Uv ^dq-Pnbm XpS-ßnb ]uckvXy ssZh-im-kvX-⁄cpw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p-≠v. sshhn-[y-ßsf BZ-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-am-Xta hnizm-k-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Im-\p-cq-]Ww km[y-am-hp-I-bp≈q F∂v Ah¿ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. GsX-¶nepw Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øn-\p-amXw Du∂¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ hnizmk [m¿ΩnI]t_m-[-\-ßƒ k -bpsS km¿∆-XnI kz`m-hsØ am\n-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm-\m-hn√.

Hcp ]tXyI ssZh-im-kvX-imJ F∂ \ne-bn¬ [m¿ΩnIssZh-imkvXw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fn¬ hf¿∂n-´n-√. ]uc-kvXy-Nn-¥-bn¬ [m¿ΩnIssZh-imkvXw F∂Xv ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-I-fpsS apJy-[m-c-tbmSv tN¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xpw tN¿∂p-t]m-tI-≠-Xp-amb H∂m-Wv. ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fpsS [m¿ΩnI ho£-W-sØ-°p-dn®v _koentbm s]Xm C]-Imcw Ipdn-°p∂p: ""]m›m-Xy-k- -bn¬ F∂-Xp-t]mse ]uckvXy [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXwAXns‚ Iao-Ir-X-kz-`m-hhpw hnim-e-Xbpw B¿÷n-s®-Sp-Øn-√. CXn\v ]e Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-hmw. k`bpw temIhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hyXy-kvX-amb ho£-W-ßƒ, A\p-Xm] ]I-S\ coXn-I-fnse sshhn-[y-ßƒ, ssZh-im-kvX-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hyXy-kvX-amb ho£-W-ßƒ, imkvXob Adn-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-X-s∂-bp≈ hyXy-kvX-amb ho£-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Ah-bn¬ NneXp amX-amWv.'' shdpw Hcp ss[j-WnIA`ym-k-ambnamXw [m¿ΩnI ssZh-imkvXw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fn¬ hf¿∂n-´n-√. t\scadn®v hnizm-k-]-t_m-[-\-ß-tfmSpwBcm-[-\-I-a-Po-hn-X-tØmSpw (catechetical homilies and liturgicalcelebration) Hs° _‘-s∏-´mWv [m¿ΩnI hnNn-¥-\-ßƒ ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fn¬ hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. hn. KŸ-Ønepw k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cnepw ]Xo-Im-flI ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-I-fn-ep-sa√mwA[n-jvTn-X-am-bn- mWv ]uc-kvXy-cpsS [m¿ΩnI ]t_m-[-\-ßƒhf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. ]uc-kvXy-cpsS CS-bnse [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-I-fpsS s]mXp-hmb ]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv C\n \mwImWp-∂-Xv.

2. ]uc-kvXy - [m¿ΩnI Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS Nne]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

]uc-kvXy¿°v X\-Xmb Hcp hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-ssi-enbpw[m¿ΩnI Z¿i-\-ßfpw Ds≠∂v \mw a\-n-em-°n-°-gn-™p.C\n \mw ImWp-hm≥ ian-°p-∂Xv ]uc-kvXy-cpsS [m¿ΩnI

Z¿i-\-ßfpsS GXm\pw Nne s]mXp ]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. ]uc-kvXy-cpsS s]mXp-]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-tºmƒ ]m›m-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ Ah C√m-sb∂v A¿∞-am-°p-∂n-√. NneDu∂-ep-Iƒ amX-amWv FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

2.1 k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-Xw

hn. KŸw Ign-™m¬ ]uc-kvXy¿ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ]m[m\ywsImSp-Øn-cp-∂Xv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ°m-Wv.]uckvXy [m¿Ωn-I-Z¿i-\-ßƒ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Nn¥-I-fm¬ IpXn¿∂-XmWv F∂p ]d-™m¬ AXn¬ H´pw AXn-i-tbm‡nbn√. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-´mWv hnhn-[-ß-fmb [m¿ΩnI tNmZy-ßsf Ah¿hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ \man∂p ]d-bp∂ Xc-Øn-epff Iao-Ir-X-amb [m¿ ΩnI imkvX-Nn-¥-Iƒ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Fgp-Øp-I-fn¬ Is≠∂p hcn-√. A∂sØ PohnX]›m-Ø-ehpw [m¿ΩnI ]iv\-ßfpw C∂-tØ-Xn¬\n∂v Gsd hyXy-kvX-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. amX-hp-a-√, t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]msehnhn[ ssZh-im-kvX-im-J-Isf thdn´v a\-nem-°p∂ coXn]nXm-°-∑m¿°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-im-kvXsØ AXns‚ ka-K-X-bn-emWv Ah¿ a\-n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsSthtZm]-tZ-i-ßƒ (Homilies & Instructions) F√mw XnI™[m¿Ωn-I-]-t_m-[-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-L´sØ thW-sa-¶n¬ ""[m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚kph¿Æ Ime-L´w'' F∂p hnfn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ImesØ [m¿ΩnI ]t_m-[-\-ß-fpsS ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmbn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv Ah¿ hn. KŸ-Øn\v\evIp∂ ]map-Jyw, Ko°v tdma≥ kwkvIm-c-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w,tbmKm-fl-I-PohnX-ssi-en-°pw X]-›-cy-Iƒ°pw Ah¿\evIp∂ ]m[m\yw F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

2.2 Cutim-bn-ep≈ Pohn-X-amWv [m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ASn-ÿm\w

]uc-kvXy-k- -Iƒ ssIkvX-h-[m¿ΩnI Pohn-XsØ Cutim-bn-ep≈ Pohn-X-am-bn-´mWv a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xv. ""hN-\-ambaninlm'' \bn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Pohn-X-ssi-en. Cutim-sb∂ hy‡nbpw Ahs‚ kphn-ti-j-ß-fp-am-WvASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb [m¿ΩnI am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ. Cutim-bpsS

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

152 153

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

[m¿Ωn-I-aq-ey-ß-fmWv Hmtcm hnizm-kn-bp-sSbpw [m¿Ωn-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Hcn-°epw sX‰mØ ASn-ÿm-\w. Cutim-bn-ep≈Cu PohnXw k`bpsS IuZm-inI Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS hf-cp-IbpwXXv^-e-ambn Hmtcm hnizm-knbpw Iam-\p-K-X-ambn ssZhnIo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw (gradual deification of man) sNøp-∂p. Cutim-bn-ep≈ Cu Pohn-X-Øn\pw \nc-¥-c-amb ssZhnIo-I-cW ]In-b-bnepw ]cn. dqlm \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ hnizm-kn-bpsS [m¿ΩnIPohnXw XnXzm-fl-Ihpwaninlm tIµo-Ir-Xhpw ]cn. dqlm-bm¬ \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂XpwIuZm-in-Ihpw k`m-fl-I-hp-am-sW∂p hcp-∂p.

2.3 [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ ka-K-ho-£Ww

ssIkvX-h-[m¿Ωn-I-Po-hnXw Cutim-bn-ep≈ Pohn-X-am-I-bm¬ InkvXob Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ß-fn-epw-\n∂v [m¿Ωn-I-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p. thZ-]p-kvX-I- m-jy-ßƒ,]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ, BZna Iu¨kn-ep-I-fnseImt\m-\-Iƒ, k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Bflob KŸ-ßƒ,Bi-a-Po-hn-X-\n-b-a-ßƒ, sF°Wp-Iƒ \evIp∂ ]tNm-Z-\-ßƒ, hnip-≤-cpsS Poh-N-cn-X-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ, Bcm-[-\-I-a-K-Ÿ-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬\n-s∂√mw [m¿ΩnI ]t_m-[-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ Z¿i-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hmtcm hy‡n-k-`-bp-sSbpw Pohn-°p∂ ]mc-º-cyhpw [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-]T-\-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm\ Dd-hn-S-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv ]uc-kvXy-[m¿ΩnI ho£-W-ßƒ CXc ssZh-im-kvX-im-J-I-fp-ambn At`-Zyhpw ka-K-hp-amb coXn-bn¬ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂pF∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

2.4 ssZhm-cm-[\ tIµo-Ir-Xhpw IqZm-tim-∑p-J-hp-amb[m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-ssien

ssZhm-cm-[\ InkvXob [m¿Ωn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw BtLm-j-am-Wv. H∏w ssIkvX-h-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Dd-hn-Shpw AXyp-®nbpw ssZhm-cm-[\ Xs∂-bm-Wv.CXn¬ IqZm-i-Iƒ°v hnin-jym, hn. Ip¿_m-\bv°v am¿Ωn-IambHcp ÿm\-ap-≠v. ssZhm-cm-[-\-bnse kPo-h-`m-K-`m-KnXzw D÷z-e-amb Hcp [m¿ΩnI ]t_m-[-\w- X-s∂-bm-Wv. ssZhm-cm[-\-bnse ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw KoX-ß-fp-sa√mw D∂-X-amb [m¿Ωn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-te-bv°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv. ssZhm-cm-[\ c£m-I-

c-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS Imen-I-amb ]m[m\yw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpwanin-lm-c-l-ky-ß-fn¬ tbmKy-Xm-]q¿∆w ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥ \ho-Ir-X-amb Hcp [m¿Ωn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn\v hnizm-knsb Hcp-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v InkvXob [m¿Ωn-I-Xbv°v Hcp Bcm-[-\-I-am-Sn-ÿm\hpwIqSn Ds≠∂ Imcyw ]uc-kvXy-k- -I-fpsS[m¿Ωn-I-k-ao-]-\-ß-fpsS Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Liturgical ethosFt∂m Sacrametal ethos Ft∂m CXns\ hntijn-∏n°mw. CXvBZn-ak-`-bpsS Hcp ho£Ww Xs∂-bm-Wv. Lex orandi, lexcredendi, lex vivendi ˛ Ch aq∂pw ]c-kv]c _‘n-X-ß-fm-Wv.

2.5 a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ASn-ÿm-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ

a\p-jys‚ Iam-\p-K-X-amb ssZhnIo-I-c-W-amWv (deification,theosis, malahanuta) ]uckvXy [m¿Ωn-I-Nn-¥-bpsS ]c-a-ambe£yw. AXn-\m¬Xs∂ a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne ASn-ÿm\\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]uckvXy [m¿ΩnI hnNn-¥-\-ß-fn¬ hy‡-amWva\p-jy≥ ssZh-Øns‚ Omb-bn¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂pF∂pw Cu Omb-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-bn-te-bv°p≈ hf¿®-bmWv[m¿Ωn-I Po-hn-X-sa-∂p-ap≈ ]uc-kvXy-Nn¥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS[m¿Ωn-I-]-t_m-[-\ß-fn¬ hy‡-am-Wv. Cu ssZhnIoI-c-W-]-In-bsb Hcp kuJy-s∏-Sp-Ø-ens‚ ipiq-j-bm-bn-´mWv]uckvXy ssZh-imkvXw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Cutim-an-inlmBIp∂ ""\√ `nj-Kz-c≥'' _e-lo-\\pw apdn-th-ev]n-°-s∏- -h-\p-amb a\p-jys‚ Bflm-hn-s\bpw ico-c-sØbpw kpJ-am°n\Ωnse ssZhn-I-Omb kPo-h-am°n \sΩ ssZhnIo-I-cn-°p∂pF∂ Nn¥ ]uc-kvXy-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Fgp-Øp-I-fnepw Bcm-[-\-I-a-]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw [mcm-f-ambn ImWp-∂p-≠v.

2.6 Oikonomia (Ecclesiastical Economy) ]uc-kvXy-[m¿ΩnIa\-ns‚ `mhw

]uckvXy Imt\m-\n-I, [m¿ΩnI ho£-W-ß-fn¬ khn-tij]m[m-\y-ap≈ Hcp Nn¥-bmWv Oikonomia. ¢n]vX-X-bp≈ ae-bm-f-]-cn -`mj Cu ]Z-Øn\v C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu ]Zwhnh¿Ø\w sNømsX aqe-]Zw Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bmWvCu teJ-\-Øn¬. Oikonomia F∂ Ko°p-]-Z-Øn\v ""`h-\-\n-baw'' (house law = oikos + nomos) ""`h-\-ssI-Imcyw'' Fs∂m-s°-bmWv A¿∞w. hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ Cutim-bn¬]q¿Øn-bmb ssZh-Øns‚ c£m-I-c-]-≤-Xn-tb-bmWv Cu ]ZwkqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]tXy-I-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ Cu ]Zw kqNn-∏n-

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°p-∂Xv am\p-jn-I-_-e-lo-\-X-Iƒ°v ]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ k` A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ Cf-hp-I-sf-bm-Wv.

Oikonomia kz`m-h-Ømte A\-\y-km-[m-c-Wtam A]q¿∆tamBb Hcp `mh-a-√. adn®v k`mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw k`m-ip-iq-j-I-cp-sSbpw ssZ\w-Zn\ s]cp-am-‰-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p∂ Hcp ASn-ÿm\at\m- m-h-am-Wv. Xn∑sb h¿≤n-∏n-°msX ssZh-P-\-Øns‚ A[n-I-\∑ ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm≠v [m¿ΩnI am\-Z-WvU-ß-sfbpw am\p-jnI _e-lo-\-X-I-sfbpw AP-]m-e-I¿ IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]m]-]-¶n-e-amb a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]cn-a-nXn-°p-≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v bmYm¿∞y-ß-sfbpw BXy-¥n-I-k-Xy-ß-sfbpw ad-°msX Ign-hp-≈n-S-tØmfw BZ¿i-ßsf tXSp∂hnth-I -]q¿Æ-amb Hcp kpIr -X -sa∂p thW-sa -¶n¬Oikonomiasb \n¿∆-Nn-°mw. k`-bpsS Imt\m-\nI [m¿ΩnI]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Im¿°-iy-tØmSpw IrXy-X-tbmSpw IqSnbin£W \S-]-Sn-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p∂ akribeiabn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn ssZhnI Zb-bp-sSbpw Zm£n-Wy-Øn-t‚-Xp-ambkao-]-\-sØ-bmWv Oikonomia kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

\nb-a-Øns‚ GI]£o-b-amb hymJym-\-tØ-°mfp-]cn ssZh-Øn\v a\p-jy-t\m-Sp≈ I\n-hn-s\bmWv Cu ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Imcp-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp AP-]m-e-\-ssi-en-bm-Wv. Oikonomiabpw akribeiabpw XΩn¬ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp kao-]-\-amWv D≠m-th-≠-Xv. a\p-jys‚ A[x-]-Xn-°-s∏´ ]Ir-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[yhpw ssZh-Øns‚ Bg-ambImcp-Wy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Z¿i-\hpw ]uc-kvXy-[m¿ΩnI hnNn-¥-\-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ ]uckvXy [m¿ΩnIho£-W-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn IpSpw-_m-cq-]n-bnepw kvt\l-ØnepwA[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂v ]d-bmw. \nb-a-ß-fpsS Im¿°-iy-tØ-°mƒ]uckvXy [m¿ΩnI hnNn¥-\-ßƒ kvt\l-Øn\v ]mapJywsImSp-°p-∂p.

3. ]uckvXykpdn-bm\n k -bpsS [m¿ΩnI Z¿i-\-ß-fpsSNne ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

\man-Xp-hsc A]-K-Yn® ]uckvXy[m¿ΩnI Z¿i-\-ß-fpsSs]mXp-hmb ]tXy-I-X-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ]uc-kvXy-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Nn-¥-I-fnse Hcp ][m-\-im-J-bmb kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-I-fpsS [m¿Ωn-I-ho-£-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-IqSn GXm\pw Nn¥-IƒkqNn-∏n-°s´. CXc ssZh-im-kvX-im-J-I-fn-se-∂-t]mse kpdn-

bm\n ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-I-fpsS BZy \q‰m-≠p-I-fnepw \man∂p]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]msebp≈ hnI-kn-X-amb [m¿Ωn-I-Z¿i-\-ßƒD≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 10-˛mw \q‰m-≠n\v tij-amWv hnI-kn-X-amb[m¿Ωn-I-]-t_m-[-\-ßƒ Cu ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \mw I≠p-XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v _¿k-eo_n (12-˛mw \q‰m-≠v), _m¿slt_-bqkv (+1286), A_vZo-tim(+1318), XntamØn 2˛m-a≥(+1332) XpS-ßnb kpdn-bm\n Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ [mcmfw D∂X [m¿ΩnI Nn¥-Iƒ \mw ImWp-∂p-≠v.Ko°v Nn¥-bp-sSbpw kvsImfm-ÃnIv ssZh-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpwkzm[o-\hpw Ch-bpsS ]n∂n¬ Ds≠∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyw ssIkvXh [m¿ΩnI Pohn-X-sØa\-n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xns‚ GXm\pw Nne ]tXy-I-X-IƒIqSnkqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p.

3.1 ssIkvX-h-Po-hnXw amtΩm-Zo-km-bpsS ]cn-ip≤n ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂ Pohn-X-ssien

ssIkvXh amtΩm-Zo-km-sb-°p-dn®v hfsc kº-∂-amb Z¿i-\-ßƒ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep-≠v. ""Cutim-bp-am-bp≈hnhm-l-hm-KvZm\w''; ""B¥-cn-I-]-cn-t—-Z\w''; ""\jvS-s∏´ ]dp-Zo-km-bn-te-°p≈ ]p\x-]-th-i\w''; ""al-Xz-Øns‚ hkvXwho≠pw AWn-b¬'' XpS-ßnb hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb coXn-bn¬ssIkvX-h -am-tΩm-Zo-kmsb kpdn-bm\n k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. amtΩm-Zo-km-bpsS Pohn-XsØ Cutim-bn-ep≈Pohn-X-am-bn-´mWv kpdn-bm\n k`-Ifpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cutim-bm-Ip∂ aqe-°-√n¬ A\p-Zn-\hpw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp∂ Hcp ku[-tØm-SmWv am¿ A^m-Økv ssIkvXh hnizm-k-Po-hn-XsØXpe\w sNøp-∂-Xv. Cutim Cu ku[-Øns‚ aqe-°-√p-am-X-a√ CXn¬ hkn-°p-∂-h≥Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. anin-lmbv°v ]oXn-I-c-amb kXv]-hrØn-I-fn-eqsS D]-hn, ip≤-X, D]-hm-kw, ]m¿∞-\, kwb-a-\w, Zm\-[¿Ωw, ]m]-]-cn-lm-c-ßƒ... etc ˛ hnizmknssZhsØ ]km-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. CXmWv [m¿ΩnIPohn-X-Øns‚ImX¬. F∂m¬ Cutimbv°pw Ah-\n-ep≈ hnizm-k-Øn\pwhncp-≤-amb ]hr-Øn-I-fn-eqsS ˛ hy`n-Nm-cw, Aip-≤-X, Ahn-iz-kvY-X, ssZh-\n-µ, ssZh-tZm-jw, I≈-km-£yw, A\o-Xn-bpsS]hr-Øn-Iƒ, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, Zpcm-Nm-c-ßƒ Hcp-h≥ ssZh-]o-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw AI-ep-∂p. CXmWv A[m¿Ωn-I-X. hnizm-k-Øn\p hncp-≤-amb CØcw ]hr-Øn-I-sf-bmWv A^m-Økv]m]w F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ]m]-c-ln-X-amb Hcp hnip≤ Pohn-

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X-Øn-tebv°mWv amtΩm-Zo-km-bn-eqsS Hcp-h≥ hnfn-°-s∏Sp∂-Xv. amtΩm-Zokmhgn Cutim-tbmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p-∂p, Xn∑-bn¬\n∂v AI-ep-∂p. amtΩm-ZokmbpsS Pohn-XsØ amemJmXpey-amb Pohn-X-tØmSpw ]dp-Zo-km-bnse Pohn-X-tØmSpwDbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]ns‚ Pohn-X-tØm-Sp-amWv kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyw D]-an-°p-∂-Xv. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS KW-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ ""hnip≤ P\X'', ""ssZh-Øns‚ hnip-≤-P-\-]Zw'',""]pXnb Ckm-tb¬'', ""ssZh-Øns‚ ap¥n-cn-tØm-∏nse ap¥n-cn -s®-Sn -Iƒ'' XpSßnb A`n-Zm -\-ß-fmWv ]nXm-°-∑m¿Bh¿Øn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kpdn-bm\n k`-Iƒ amtΩm-Zo-kmsb ""anin-lm-bn-ep≈ ]p\¿P-\-\-ambn'' ImWp∂ tbml-∂ms‚ ho£-W-Øn\mWv IqSp-X¬ ]mapJyw \evIp-∂-sX-¶nepw "Cutim-tbm-Sp-IqSn acn®v Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev°p∂ PohnX'sa∂ ]utem-kv«o-lm-bpsS Z¿i-\hpwDu∂n-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.

3.2 lrZ-b-hn-ip≤n ASn-ÿm-\-]pWyw

a\p-jy-lr-Z-bsØ hy‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-tI-µ-ambn ImWp-∂ skan-‰nIv Nn¥-bmWv kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ IqSp-X-embpw \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. Hcp-hs‚ hnNm-c-hn-Im-c-ß-fp-sS-sb√mwtIµw a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-am-Wv. a\p-jy-lr-Z-bsØ "aW-hd' aW-hm-f-\mb Cutim-bpsS aWhd ˛ Bbn ImWp∂ Hcp ASn-ÿm-\ Z¿i\w kpdn-bm-\n-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ \mw ImWp-∂p-≠v. amtΩm-Zo-km-bn-eqsS Cutim-bp-ambn hnhm-l-hm-KvZm\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂hnizm-kn-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ Cutim hmgp-∂p. Cu lrZ-b-Øns‚]cn-ip-≤n°v kpdn-bm\n k`m-]m-c-ºcyw ]tXyI ]m[m\ywsImSp-°p-∂p-≠v. lrZ-b-]-cn-ip-≤nsb ssZh-Øn\v ]oXn-I-c-amb tijvT-amb ]m¿∞-\-bm-bn-´m-Wv kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcywa\-n-em-°p-∂Xv. "lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ AƒØmc'sb°p-dn®v BZn-a-kp-dn-bm\n ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ]tXyIw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. lrZ-b-Øns‚ Cu ]cn-ip-≤n-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ kpdn-bm\n]nXm-°-∑m¿ ""B¥-cnI I\ymXz''sØ-°p-dn®pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.lrZ-b-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤nbpw NmcnXip≤n-bp-amWv Cu B¥-cn-I-I-\ym-Xz-Øns‚ ImX¬. lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ aW-h-d-bn¬ hkn-°p∂ lrZ-b-a-W-hm-f-\mb Cutim-tbmSv amtΩm-Zo-km-bn¬ \mwsNbvX hnhm-l-hm-KvZm-\-tØm-Sp≈ Pohn-X-hn-iz-kvXX-bm-Wn-Xv.

3.3 Xm]-km-fl-I-amb Pohn-X-ssien

kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ as‰mcp henb]tXy-IX X]-n\pw ]mb-›n-ØØn\pw Cu ]mc-ºcywsImSp-°p∂ i‡-amb ]m[m-\y-am-Wv. kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]n≈-sØm-´nemb skan-‰nIv Nn¥-bp-sSbpw blq-Z-In-kvXy≥ Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw s]mXp-hmb ]tXy-I-X-bmWv CsX∂Imcyhpw \mw hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv.

amtΩm-Zo-km-tbmsS Bcw-`n-°p∂ hnip-≤-Po-hn-X-Øn-\p≈]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p≈ DØ-a-am¿§-am-bn-´mWv Xm]-k-Po-hn-X-ssi-ensb kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyw ho£n-°p-∂-Xv. D]-hmkw hnizm-knsb ico-c-Øns‚ amen-\y-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]m¿∞\ Bflm-hns‚ amen-\y-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p. ico-c-sØbpwBflm-hn-s\bpw in£Ww sImSpØp ]cn-io-en-∏n-t°-≠-Xns‚Bh-iy-I-Xbpw, Bfl-kw-b-a-\w, anXXzw apX-em-bh ]men-t°-≠-Xn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pw kpdn-bm\n k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ ]tXyIw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy≥ Ahs‚ kzX-¥-amb C—m-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn®v Xn∑-bpsS t]c-W-I-sfbpwkmØm-s\bpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v am¿ At]w Xs‚ KoX-ß-fn¬ ]tXyIw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS BZy\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ISpØ Xm]-k-Po-hn-X-ssien \mw ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ime-L-´-ßƒ ]n∂n-´-t∏mƒ Ipsd-°qSn ka-K-ambHcp Xm]-k-ho-£-W-Øn-tebv°v hcp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy-i-cocw ssZh-Øns‚ Be-b-am-sW∂pw AXv aninlmhkn-°p∂ aW-hd BsW-∂p-sam-s°-bp≈ Nn¥-bmWv ico-csØ in£Ww sImSpØp ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-W-sa-∂p≈ Nn¥-bpsS ]n∂n-ep-≈-Xv. A√msX ico-csØ°pdn-t®m, a\p-jy-ssew-Kn-I-X-sb-°p-dnt®m D≈ \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb kao-]-\-ß-fpsS e-ambn cq]w sIm≠-X√ Xm]tkm-∑p-J-amb Cu Pohn-X-ssi-en.Bfl-i-coc ka-K-X-bn-emWv a\p-jy-hy-‡nsb kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-Iƒ kao-]n-°p-∂-Xv. kpdn-bm\n k -I-fpsS ssZh-imkvX Z¿i-\-ß-fnse bpKm-t¥ym-∑p-J-am-\-Øns‚ hy‡-amb ]Im-i-\-hpw-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu Pohn-X-ssi-en.

3.4 ]]-©-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ IuZm-inI ho£Ww

]]-©sØ ssZhØn¶-te-bv°p≈ Hcp Nq≠p-]-e-I-bm-bn-´mWv kpdn-bm-\n-]m-c-ºcyw ImWp-∂-Xv. hn. KŸ-tØm-sSm∏w]]-©hpw ssZhsØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p F∂p-≈Xv Hcp ASn-

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ÿm-\ -kp-dn-bm\n Nn¥-bm-Wv. ssZhw F√mw Iao-Ir-Xhpwat\m-l-chpw ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-hp-ambn krjvSn-®p. F∂m¬ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ kzX-¥-C-—-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbmKwhgn ]]-©-Øns‚Ia-tØbpw Xmf-tØbpw \in-∏n-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]]-©-Ønepw temI-Ønepw Iahpw \oXnbpw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ D]m[n a\p-jy≥ Ahs‚ kzmX¥yw\∂mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX krjvS-]-]-©-tØmSv \ap-°p-≠m-tI≠ ASn-ÿm\ at\m-`mhw hnkva-b-Øn-s‚bpw \µn-bp-tS-Xp-amWv (a sense of wonder and gratitude).hnkva-b-Øn¬\n-∂p-f-hm-Ip∂ Bcm-[-\m-`m-hhpw kvt\lhpwBZ-c-hp-sa√mw \µn-bpsS PohnX`mh-Øn-tebv°v \bn-°p-∂p.AXym-K-lhpw Bk-‡n-bpw Al-¶m-c-hp-sams° ]]-©-tØmSv\mw ]pe¿Øp∂ sX‰mb Pohn-X- m-h-ß-fm-Wv. kuµ-cym-h-t_m-[hpw ]cn-ÿnXn imkvX-hp-sams° Gsd hnI-kn-®n-cn-°p∂Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS Cu Du∂¬ khn-tiji≤ A¿ln-°p∂ H∂m-Wv.

3.5 ]m]w tcmKhpw A\p-Xm]w kuJy-am¿§hpw

kpIr-X-ß-fpsS A`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]m]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]t_m-[-\-ßfpw [m¿ΩnI ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. ]m]sØ HcptcmK-ambpw ]m]nsb tcmKn-bmbpw ]m]n-bpsS lrZ-bm-\p-Xm-]sØ kuJy-Øn-\p≈ DØa Huj-[-ambpw ]m]-tam-N\w\evIp∂ sshZn-Is\ `nj-Kz-c-\mbpw ImWp∂ Hcp ASn-ÿm-\-Nn¥ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ D≠v. ss\bm-an-I-Nn-¥bv°vIqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p∂ ]m›mXy ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amWv Cu ssZh-im-kvX-Z¿i-\w. hyXy-kvX-sa∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ hncp-≤-sa∂v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂n-√. adn®v]c-kv]c ]qc-IXzw ]pe¿Øp∂ c≠p ho£-W-ßƒ Ft∂A¿∞-ap-≈q.

]m]sØ tcmKm-h-ÿbmbpw A\p-Xm-]sØ kuJy-Øns‚ipiq-j-bmbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Nn¥-Iƒ tkmf-as‚ KoX-ßƒ, tXmΩm-bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂o BZy-Ime kpdn-bm\nKŸ-ß-fnepw A^m-Ø-kv, Ft^w, \¿kmbn XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime ]nXm-°-∑m-cnepw Bh¿Øn®v ImWm-\m-hpw. Cutim-an-in-lmsb "\√ `nj-Kz-c-'s\∂pw «ol-∑m-tcbpw Ah-cpsS]n≥Km-an-I-fmb saXm-∑m-tcbpw sshZn-I-tcbpw k`-bnse

sshZy-∑m¿ F∂pw hnfn-°p∂ Nn¥-Iƒ BZy-Ime kpdn-bm-\n-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ i‡-ambn ImWp-∂p-≠v. ]m]-tam-N-\hpw A\p-c-RvP-\hpw Iam-\p-K-X-amb kuJy-Øns‚ ipiqjbmbn Cu]nXm-°-∑m¿ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. kpJ-am-°-ens‚ Cu Nn¥ kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS Bcm-[-\-Ia ]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS]t_m-[-\-ß-fnepw i‡-ambn ]Xn-[z-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ko°v,eØo≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cnepw Cu Nn¥ Ds≠∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√. ]m]-tam-N-\-Øns‚ IqZm-i-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Imt\m-\nI \n¿t±-i-ßfpw B\p-Im-en-I-]-t_m-[-\-ßfpw kuJy-Øns‚ ipiq-j-bpsS Cu hiw \nXcmw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p-≠v.]uc-kvXy-Nn-¥-Iƒ°v hninjy ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n Nn¥-Iƒ°v ka-Im-en-I-ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\w CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

D]-kw-lmcw

]uckvXy ssZh-im-kvX-Ønse [m¿Ωn-I-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS [m¿Ωn-I-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw GXm\pw Nne Nn¥-Iƒ Ipdn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ItØm-en-°m-Xn-cp-k-`-bpsS ]T-\-ßƒ°pw ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ°pwbYm¿∞-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-I-kz-`mhw ssIh-c-W-sa-¶n¬ Ah]uc-kvXy-˛-]m-›mXy ssZh-im-kvX-ho-£-W-ß-fpsS kº-∂-Xbpw sshhn-[yhpw Dƒs°mt≠ aXn-bm-Iq. Cu ASn-ÿm\t_m[y-Øn¬\n∂mWv C]-Im-c-samcp ]T-\-Øn\v \mw apXn¿∂-Xv. ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS [m¿ΩnI ]t_m-[-\-ß-fnepw]uckvXy ˛ ]m›m-Xy-ho-£-W-ß-fpsS kº-∂X ka-RvP-k-ambn D≠m-h-Ww. Aß-s\-sbmcp Nn¥bv°pw Cu cwKØvC\nbpw XpS¿∂p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°pw Cu ]mcw-`-Nn-¥-Iƒ \nan-Ø-am-Ip-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX s]mXp-hmb ]uc-kvXy-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂Xpw F∂m¬ ]tXy-I-ambn ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n IpSpw-_-Øn¬s]-´-Xp-amb tIc-f-Ønseam¿tØm-Ωm-\-km-Wn-I-fp-sSbpw hninjym kotdm- -a-e-_m¿ k -bp-sSbpw [m¿Ωn-I-ho-£-W-ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ Is≠Øn Ah-sb-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-°p-hm\pw Ahsb ]cn-c-£n-°p-hm\pwC]-Im-c-samcp ]T\w Imc-W-am-Is´. `mc-XØns‚ X\-Xmbkmwkv-Im-cnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS anin-lm-\p-`-h-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn hf¿∂ `mc-X-Ønse am¿tØmΩm\km-Wn-Iƒ°v X\-Xmb Hcp [m¿Ωn-I-Z¿i\w D≠v F∂v X¿°-

[m¿ΩnI ssZhimkvXw

160

a‰ Imcy-am-Wv. kmaq-lnI, kmwkvIm-cn-I, cmjvSob cwK-ß-fnepw k`m-fl-I-Po-hn-X-Ønepw hy‡n-]-c-amb Pohn-X-ØnepwCh¿ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ D∂-X-amb [m¿ΩnIPohn-X-ssien AXvsXfn-bn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. "tXmΩm-bpsS am¿§'Ønse [m¿Ωn-I-X-e-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

KŸkqNn

1. Brock S., “The Syriac Orient: A Third Lung for the Church”, OrientaliaChristiana Periodica 71 (2005) 5 - 20.2. Brock S., Spirituality in the Syriac Tradition (Kottayam: 1989).3. Kanniyakonil S. (ed.), Ethical Perspectives of the Eastern Churches(Changanacherry: 2004).4. Petra B., “Church Sui luris, Ethos and Moral Thelogy” in P. Pallath (ed.),Church and its Most Basic Element (Rome; 1995) 161 - 178.5. Puliurumpil J; “Faith Expression of the Syro Malabar Church in Her Lifeand Practice: A Historical Perspective” (Paper presented at Paurastya VidyaPitham for the Symbosium on Syro Malabar Theology in Context, Jan 21-24,2007).6. Spidlik T., The Spirituality of the Christian East: A Systematic Handbook(Kalamazoo: 1986).

7 Thottakara A. (ed.), East Syrian Spirituality (Rome: 1990).

tUm. tUman-\nIv sh®q¿

Fundamental Moral Theology Malayalam · [m¿ΩnI ssZhimkv{Xw ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND...

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