FROM AKBARTO AURANGZEB

A STUDY ININDIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY

W.H. MORELANDCSX, CLE.

LATE OF THE INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE

AUTHOR OF

"INDIA AT THE DEATH OF AKBAR"AND "AN INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS FOR INDIAN STUDENTS"

LOW PRICE PUBLICATIONS

Delhi - Π0052

CONTENTS

CHAPTER IPAGE

T H E A S I A T I C E N V I R O N M E N T ι

1. The Political Situation 1

2. The Portuguese Maritime Empire . . . . 5

3. The Advent of the Dutch and English . . . 1 1

4. Dutch Progress and Portuguese Decay . . . 2 1

CHAPTER II

T H E DEVELOPMENT OF DUTCH AND ENGLISH COMMERCE IN INDIA 30

1. First Attempts, and the Factories on the Coromandel Coast 302. The Factories in Western India . - . . 3 43. The Extension to Bengal . . . . . 4 4

CHAPTER III

CHANGES IN THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OP INDIA . . 5 2

1. The Commercial Position of India at the Opening of theSeventeenth Century · . . . . 5 2

2. The Provision of Purchasing Power . · . - 6 83. The Companies'Asiatic Trade . . . . 6 24. Changes in the Course of the Import Trade · · . 6 75. Changes in the Asiatic Export Trade . . . 7 26. The Indian Shipping Industry . . · . d l

CHAPTER IV

T H E ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW MARKETS IN WESTERN EUROPE 91

1. Trade with Western Europe at the Opening ofthe SeventeenthCentury . . . . . . . 91

% Volume of the Export Trade to Western Europe - . 963. Indigo . 1 0 74. Saltpetre · . 1 1 8β. Cotton Goods · · - * · 1236. Other Commodities, and General Remarks . . . 1S6

xi

xii FROM AKBAR TO AuRANGZEB

CHAPTER VPAOS

THE COURSE OF INDIAN MARKETS . . . . 1 4 5

1. General Features of the Markets . · · . 1 4 52. Personnel and Organisation . · · · . 1 5 23. The Indigo Market in Gujarat . · · . 1 5 94. The Markets for Imported Goods . • · 1645. Food-Grains and Silver 1706. Gold and Copper . · - · . 1 8 2

CHAPTER VI

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION . . . . * 188

1. Changes in Production - · · . . 1882. Consumption . . . . . . 197

CHAPTER VII

THJE ECONOMIC RESULTS OF FAMINE . . . . 2 0 5

1. The Nature and Frequency of Famines . . . 2 0 52. The Famine of 1630-31 . . . . 210

CHAPTER VIII

THE ECONOMIC INFLUENCE OF THE ADMINISTRATION . . 220

1. The Position of Foreign Merchants in Indian States. . 2 2 02. Indian Administrative Systems3. The Farming System in the South .4. Administrative Changes in the Mogul Empire5. The Statistics of Mogul Land Revenue

233239246260

CHAPTER IX

THE SYSTEM OF TAXATION . . . . . 2 6 8

1. A General View of the Fiscal System . . . 2 6 82. The Mogul Imperial Resource» . . . . 2 7 83. Provincial and Local Besources . . . . 2 8 3

CHAPTER X

SUMMARY A N D CONCLUSION , . t 297

CONTENTS xiii

APPENDICESPAGE

A. T H E DUTCH AHD ENGLISH COMPANISS . . . 307

B. EARLY DUTCH EXPORTS TO EUROPE . . . 3 1 7

O. MoGUL REVENDE STATISTICS . . . . 322

D. CURRENCY, WRIGHTS, AHD MEASURES . . . 329

E. LIST or AUTHORITIES . . . . . 344

IUDEX . . . . . . . . 361

MAPSTO FACS PAOS

M A P O F I N D I A . . . . . . . 1

THE A S I A T I C S E A S . . . . . . 1 6