DE5 Tech Exoikon Energias Final
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ΤΕΧΝΙΚΟ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΡΙΟ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ ΚΑΤΑΡΤΙΣΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΘΕΩΡΗΤΩΝ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΥΛΙΚΟ Α. ΕΠΙΘΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΚΤΗΡΙΩΝ ΘΕΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΝΟΤΗΤΑ: ΔΕ5 ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΕΣ ΕΞΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΗΣΗΣ & ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΜΗΧΑΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΩΝ Α΄ έκδοση Αθήνα, Ιούνιος 2011 ΤΕΧΝΙΚΟ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΡΙΟ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ
description
Exoikon Energias
Transcript of DE5 Tech Exoikon Energias Final
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1. .............................................................. 5 1.1. , , , ....... 5 1.2. ............................................................ 8
1.2.1. ( ) .................................................................. 9 1.2.2. .................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3. ................................................................................................ 12 1.2.4. - , ............................................................ 12 1.2.5. .......................................................................................................... 14 1.2.6. ............................................................................................................................. 15 1.2.7. , .................................................................................. 16 1.2.8. ...................................................................................................... 17
1.3. (...) ....................................... 19 1.4. ................................................................................................ 22
1.4.1. ............................................................................................ 22 1.4.2. ................................................................................................................ 26
1.4.2.1. ......................................................................................................... 26 1.4.2.2. ............................................................................................................ 26 1.4.2.3. (LED) ............................................................................ 27 1.4.2.4. .............................................................................................. 27
1.4.3. (ballasts) ......................................................................................................................... 28
1.4.3.1. (Electronic Ballasts) 28 1.4.3.2. (Electronic Dimmable Ballasts) ............................................ 29 1.4.3.3. (Time switches) ............................................................................ 30 1.4.3.4. (Photosensors) .................................................................... 30 1.4.3.5. / (Occupancy sensors) ......................................... 30
1.4.4. ........................................................................................................... 31 1.4.4.1. ..................................................................................... 32
1.5. / ................................................ 36 1.5.1. / ............................................ 36 1.5.2. .......................................................................... 37 1.5.3. / ...................................... 38
1.5.3.1. ............................................................... 38 1.5.3.2. ...................................................................................................... 39 1.5.3.3. ............................................................... 39 1.5.3.4. ................................. 40 1.5.3.5. ....................................................................................... 41
1.5.4. ......................................................................... 42 2. ........................................................................ 44
2.1. ........................... 44 2.1.1. ..................................................... 44 2.1.2. ............................... 45
2.1.2.1. .......................................... 45
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2.1.2.2. () ..................... 46 2.1.2.3. () ........................................................ 46
2.2. & ............................... 46
2.2.1. , .. / ........................................................................................................................ 47 2.2.2. / . . ........................................................................................................ 48
2.3. - , , ........................................... 49
2.3.1. -- . .......................... 49 2.3.2. ...................................................................... 50
2.3.2.1. - ............................................................................................... 50 2.3.2.2. .......................................................................................... 51
2.3.3. ....................................................... 51 2.3.3.1. - .................................. 52 2.3.3.2. .................................. 53
2.3.4. ................................................................ 55 2.3.4.1. .................................................................................................... 55 2.3.4.2. ( ) ............................................................ 57 2.3.4.3. .............................................................................................. 57
2.4. - 58
2.4.1. ............................................................................................................................... 58 2.4.2. / ........................................................ 58
2.4.2.1. -, . .................................................. 58 2.4.2.2. / (runaround coils) ........................................... 59 2.4.2.3. (rotary wheel exchangers-thermal wheels) 60
2.4.3. (air side economizer) ...................................................................... 60 2.5. ............................................ 62
2.5.1. ............................................................................................ 62 2.5.2. ....................................................................................................... 64
2.6. ( ) .................................. 65 2.6.1. .................................................................................. 65
2.6.1.1. ........................................ 66 2.6.1.2. ................................. 67
2.7. / ......................................... 70 2.8. ................................................... 75
2.8.1. .................................................................................. 75 2.8.2. ..................................................................... 76
2.9. ................................................. 82 2.10. ................................................................. 87
2.10.1. ................................................................................... 87 2.10.2. ................ 90 2.10.3. ............................................................................... 92
2.11. ... ................................................. 95 3. ........................................................................................................................... 98
3.1. ................................................................ 98 3.1.1. ............................. 99
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3.2. .................................................................................................. 101 3.2.1. ................................................... 101
3.2.1.1. . .................................................................................. 104
3.2.2. ............................................................................................... 105 3.2.3. .................................................................................................... 105 3.2.4. ....................................................................................... 107
3.2.4.1. ................................................................................ 107 3.2.4.2. & ............................................................................. 108 3.2.4.3. ................................................................................................... 110
3.2.5. ...................................................................................... 111 3.2.5.1. ......................................................................... 112
3.2.6. ........................................................................... 114 4. (COMMISSIONING) .................... 117
4.1. .................................................................................................................... 117 4.1.1. ............................................................................................................................. 117 4.1.2. .......................................................................................................................... 117
4.1.2.1. ..................................................................................................................... 117 4.1.2.2. .................................................................................................. 117 4.1.2.3. ......................................................................................................... 118 4.1.2.4. () ........................................................................ 118 4.1.2.5. .................................................................................................. 118 4.1.2.6. ......................................................................................................... 118 4.1.2.7. .................................................................................................... 118 4.1.2.8. ....................................................................................... 118 4.1.2.9. ............................................................................................. 118 4.1.2.10. ....................................................................................... 119 4.1.2.11. (retro-commissioning) .............................................. 119 4.1.2.12. (recommissioning) .............................................................. 119
4.1.3. ............................................................................................................................ 119 4.1.3.1. ..................................................... 119 4.1.3.2. ............. 120 4.1.3.3. ................................................................. 120 4.1.3.4. ....................................................................................................................... 120
4.2. ........................................ 120 4.2.1. ............................................................................................................................. 120 4.2.2. () ....................................................................................... 121 4.2.3. . ............................................................................................ 121
4.2.3.1. . ................................................................... 121 4.2.3.2. . ............................................................................................. 122 4.2.3.3. . ........ 122 4.2.3.4. . ....................... 123
.................................................................................................................. 123
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80-90C . 35-40C . . , . - 50-80% , 5-15%.
92/42/ .. 335/1993 ( 134), 400 kW CE . , 1.2.4.1.
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1.4.
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(Luminous flux).
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( ). 1000 lm (cd/1klm).
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(Illuminance). d d :
ddE = (1.4.4)
lux (1lux=1lm/m2).
(lux). (luxmeters).
(Luminance).
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IL = (1.4.5)
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1.4.6 lm/W .
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1.4.1 .
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- - - + + + + *
+ + - + - + + +
+ + - - - + + +
- - + + + + + +
+ + - - - + + +
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Dimming Ballast * +: , -: , : : . 1.4.3. (ballasts)
1.4.3.1. (Electronic Ballasts)
(Electronic Ballast, EB) (, ). ballast, ( 1.4.7), . , . , ballast . ( 1.4.7) .
1.4.7 Ballast. : , : .
EBs
( ) . EBs (>24kHz) 50 Hz .
25%. ) , )
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) ballast.
ballast: 1) ( 4) 1 ballast. 2) ballast . 3) . 4) , ballast .
1.4.3.2.
(Electronic Dimmable Ballasts)
ballast ballast . (dimming) . ballast. dimming 10% 20% . (BMS). ballast , , BMS. BMS 10% 35% . EDBs : ) (automatic and manual dimmers). ) (photosensors) . ) (energy management systems) , .
EDBs (0-10V DC ) ( LonWorks, DALI, DMX-512 DSI). ( 1.4.8):
) DC EDB, 1.4.8 (). .
) (Pulse Width Modulation) , 1.4.8 (). PWM .
) , 1.4.8 (). .
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1.4.8 EDB .
1.4.3.3. (Time switches)
, . . . . , , .
1.4.3.4. (Photosensors)
. : ) , ) ) (commissioning). , . , (EDB) . 0-10V.
1.4.3.5. / (Occupancy sensors)
(HVAC), . . . (), .
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. : ) , ) ) . .
1.4.4.
. ( LOR). (ballast), . ballast . (, , , , ).
. : ) , ) ( , ), ) , ) , ) ( ), ) , ) ) ( ballast ).
( 1.4.9) ( 55lm/W).
1.4.9 16.000 (lm/W). : VITO et al. (2007), Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuPs, Final Report Lot 8: Office lighting
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1.4.4.1.
: ) (, ),
, , ) ( ), ) ( , ).
( 1.4.10):
) . . .
) . . .
) . .
V) . .
V) . . .
1.4.10 . : Rudiger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann, Handbook of lighting design ERCO edition.
: ) , , , ) , , ) , , ) , , ) LED , , , ) .. ,
, , .
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: ) 90%
, ) 60%
), )
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) .
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1. EN ISO 12464 2008-01-08. - - 1: .
2. EN ISO 12665 2002-12-11. - .
3. EN ISO 13032.01 2005-03-11. - - 1: .
4. EN ISO 13032.02 2005-09-08. - - 2: .
5. EN ISO 15193 2008-03-13. - .
6. ... 6//14826/17-6-2008 7. 2002/91/
8. 2006/32/
( )
9. 2002/95/E (RoHS)
10. 2002/96/E (WEEE)
11. 73/23/EEC Low Voltage Directive on the harmonization of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits.
12. 89/336/EEC EMC Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (Amend. 91/263, 92/31, 93/68).
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LED Linear Replacement Lamps, Department of Energy, USA, January 2009. 16. IES, Energy Management Committee, "IES design considerations for effective building lighting
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17. IESNA, "Lighting economics: An intermediate approach to economics as applied to the lighting practice", IES ED-150.9. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1991.
18. IESNA, "The IESNA Lighting Handbook, Reference and Application", 9th edition, ISBN 0-87995-150-8, 2000.
19. NLPIP, "Specifier Report: "Dimming electronic ballasts", 7 (3), 1999. 20. NLPIP, "Specifier Report: "Photosensors, Dimming and switching systems for daylight
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", , 2010.
23. . , , , "", , 2010.
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31. Richman E., A. Dittmer, Keller, J.M. Winter, "Field Analysis of Occupancy Sensor Operation: Parameters Affecting Lighting Energy Savings", Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Vol. 25 (1), 83-92, 1996.
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33. Robert S. Simpson, "Lighting control, technology and applications", Focal Press, ISBN 0 240 51566 8, 2003.
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35. Rubinstein F. and Ward G., "The Control Of Daylight-Linked Lighting Systems", In Conference Record: Industry Applications Society IEEE-IAS-1984 Annual Meeting, New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1249-1252, 1994.
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38. Rudiger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann, Handbook of lighting design ERCO edition. 39. Tolen E.C., T. Benya, J. Rubinstein, F.R. Verderber, "Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993",
DOE/EE-0008, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Building Technologies, Washington D.C., 1993.
40. Tsangrassoulis ., A review of innovative daylighting systems, Advances in Building Energy Research, Vol.2, No1, 2008
41. VITO et al. (2007), Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuPs, Final Report Lot 8: Office lighting.
42. - : www.tee.gr
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43. : www.ypeka.gr 44. : www.elot.gr 45. & : www.cres.gr 46. - - : www.energycon.org 47. Lighting Research Center (LRC), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA:
www.lrc.rpi.edu 48. SynthLight, SAVE Programme. Project no: 4.1031/Z/01-123/2001:
www.learn.londonmet.ac.uk/portfolio/2002-2004/synthlight.shtml 49. www.philips.com 50. www.osram.com 51. www.sylvania-lamps.com 52. www.tridonicatco.com
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1.5.3.5.
/ , . , , , . , , , . , , . , ( ) ( ). 1.5.4.3 . .
1.5.3.3. ()
( ) , . , . , , () .
-
42
( ) / , . , .
1.5.4.
, . , . /. / ( ) , . , (.. ) , / ( ). , (dimmers). 2.10.3. 3.2.4, .
1.5.
1. ..... 2411/86, . - . 843/16-11-88, .
2. ..... 2412/86, . . 177//31-3-88, .
3. ..... 2421 1/86, . . 67//4-2-88, .
4. ..... 2421 - 2/86 . . 148//17-3-88, .
5. ..... 2423/86, . . 177//31-3/88, .
6. ..... 20701-1/2010. .
7. .. - , , , , , , . - 4 (ISBN 960-8257-05-0), , 2002.
8. F.C. McQuiston J.D.Parker : , , , 2003
9. Recknagel Sprenger, , , 1997. 10. EN ISO 13790 (2):2009. -
. 11. .. , , . ...,
2005.
-
43
12. .. , & , . . , , 1992.
13. ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, Edition 2009.
14. ASHRAE Handbook HVAC-Systems and Equipment. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, Edition 2008.
15. ASHRAE Green Guide (3rd edition). The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, Edition 2010.
16. ASHRAE Standard 55:2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, Atlanta, GA.
17. ASHRAE Standard 62.1:2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, Atlanta, GA.
18. Haines W. Roger ,Control Systems for Heating , Ventilating and Air Conditioning,3rd ed., Van Nortrand Reihold, New York, 1983.
- : www.tee.gr : www.ypeka.gr : www.elot.gr & : www.cres.gr - - : www.energycon.org : www.abb.com Schneider Electric: www.schneider-electric.com Hager SA : www.hagergroup.net Siemens S.A. : www.siemsens.com
-
44
2.
2.1.
( ) ( ).
, -, :
(kWh/m2), ( ).
(kWh/m2), (, ).
(kWh/m2), CO2.
, () , - .
2.1.1.
(..) , :
. ( ) . : ( ).
( ) ( ).
, . , .
, .
, . .. (kWh, ), .
, . . kWh m2 , .
. ( ) .. : m2 ( )
( ) .
-
45
, ( ) (, , /), .
. , .. .
, , .. . , / .. .. .
, : .., ( ), (), , , ..
( ) . , , . , , .
, ' .. .. , , , . "" .. .
. . / . . / .
, , (, ), .
2.1.2.
() .., , .
2.1.2.1.
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: ( ,
, ). ,
. ,
, .
-
46
2.1.2.2. ()
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, : : , . ,
. (
, 1,00) .
: () (
) (/) ( /
) ()
2.1.2.3. ()
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, ( ):
(.. ),
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2.2. &
, , . , . . /
-
47
, . , , .
, , , :
) . ) ( CO2 ). , : ( ,
.) ( , / , ), .
() , , , , . , .
2.2.1. , .. /
. , , :
.
, .
, / , .. , , , / , , , ..
, . .
: , . ,
, (.. , .). .
, . . (.. ,
-
48
, ).
( ) .
. ., ( ). . 2.1
, .
/ .
2.2.2. / . .
. . / , , , , , . ( ): ,
. , .. . ( ) .. , ( ).
, , . , , ..). , .
( ). , ( ) - , . 20701-1/2010, , , . , ( ) , , .
: , ( ). 20701-1/2010 (lx) . . ,
-
49
, , . , , ( ), / .
, . ... , ... , . 20701-1/2010, , ... , ... 50C. , , ..., . , .. , .
, ( ). , , . . / .
: . . , (.. ) (.. , .). , , / , (.. ..)
2.3. - , ,
2.3.1. -- .
, , , , , :
( ) , .
/ , .
.
-
50
(, , ) .
2.3.2.
2.3.2.1. -
: . .. 335/1993 143 (. . 1.2.4.), ( ) , . 2.3.1.
2.3.1 (. 4.1. -1) .. 335/1993 143
n 4
25 kW >25 50 kW
>50 100 kW
>100 200 kW
>200 300 kW
>300 400 kW
>400 kW
(%) 70C
91,9 92,5 93,0 93,4 93,8 94,1 94,4
85,2 -86,8 86,8 -87,4 87,4 -88,0 88,0 -88,6 88,6 -89,0 89,0 -89,2
88,4 - 89,6 89,6 - 90,0 90,0 -90,5 90,5 -91,0 91,0 -91,2 91,2 -91,4
91,6 - 92,4 92,4 - 92,7 92,7 -93,0 93,0 -93,3 93,3 -93,5 93,5 -93,6
:
. , . , . , 6-9% ( ), . 11% . . 85, (55/45).
. . , . , .
, . ,
-
51
, 100%! , 108%.
:
, . . (. 3.1 3.2), , :
(0-- ) (15% 100%) ()
2.3.2.2.
, , , (30-45C), / . - , . , , (14-22C). , , . , , .
, : () ,
2.3.3. : , ,
, . (-HFC) , , , , .
:
, , , . , , . , , :
, , () .
-
52
2.3.3.1. -
.. 6/ .3155 ( 266/2003), 2002/31/.
: ,
- - ( ) >12 kW. ,
, 2.3.2 2.3.3. EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio): ()
( 20701-1)
2.3.2 - (EER)
COP (Coefficient Of Performance): ()
( 20701-1)
2.3.3 - (COP)
-
-
. (COP) , ( T1+7C).
COP > 3,60 COP > 3,40 COP > 3,00 COP > 4,00 COP > 4,70
3,60 COP > 3,40 3,40 COP > 3,20 3,00 COP > 2,80 4,00 COP > 3,70 4,70 COP > 4,40
C 3,40 COP > 3,20 3,20 COP > 3,00 2,80 COP > 2,60 3,70 COP > 3,40 4,40 COP > 4,10
D 3,20 COP > 2,80 3,00 COP > 2,60 2,60 COP > 2,40 3,40 COP > 3,10 4,10 COP > 3,80
2,80 COP > 2,60 2,60 COP > 2,40 2,40 COP > 2,10 3,10 COP > 2,80 3,80 COP > 3,50
F 2,60 COP > 2,40 2,40 COP > 2,20 2,10 COP > 1,80 2,80 COP > 2,50 3,50 COP > 3,20
G 2,40 COP 2,20 COP 1,80 COP 2,50 COP 3,20 COP
-
-
(EER) , ( T1)
EER > 3,20 EER > 3,00 EER > 2,60 EER > 3,60 EER > 4,40
3,20 EER > 3,00 3,00 EER > 2,80 2,60 EER > 2,40 3,60 EER > 3,30 4,40 EER > 4,10
C 3,00 EER > 2,80 2,80 EER > 2,60 2,40 EER > 2,20 3,30 EER > 3,10 4,10 EER > 3,80
D 2,80 EER > 2,60 2,60 EER > 2,40 2,20 EER > 2,00 3,10 EER > 2,80 3,80 EER > 3,50
2,60 EER > 2,40 2,40 EER > 2,20 2,00 EER > 1,80 2,80 EER > 2,50 3,50 EER > 3,20
F 2,40 EER > 2,20 2,20 EER > 2,00 1,80 EER > 1,60 2,50 EER > 2,20 3,20 EER > 2,90
G 2,20 EER 2,00 EER 1,60 EER 2,20 EER 2,90 EER
-
53
2.3.3.2.
, , , , .
, ..., . -- , () ( ) . , , , ( ) .
(. 5.5. 20701-1). ( ) (S).
, ( ) (, ), --, .
( VAV) 2423/86, . 406.4.
2.3.1 (VV)
, . . , .
, .
, , , , , ..
10% 20%,
-
54
, . ... , (inverter) .
( VRV VRF) ,
. , , . . (-) , (inverter), ( ) .
, .
20% 40%, , , .
2.3.2 (VRV VRF)
3 ,
.
. . . .
()
( ), . , . .
-
55
, ( ), - - (....).
8% 15%, , , .
, , . .
. , .
2.3.3
2.3.4. 2.3.4.1.
( ), , , . () , . , .
,
. .
-
56
, ( ) , .
2.3.4 () , . ,
. -, (). , , . . .
2.3.5
- . ()
. , . .. - .
-
57
. , ( ), . , ( ). , , . , / .
2.3.4.2. ( )
50%, ( , ) / (desiccants). : 1. : ( ) 2. :
, . 3. : , .
,
.
2.3.4.3.
, . , , . :
(, ) () ,
. ( .. ,
) - , . :
, EER , .
-
58
2.4. -
2.4.1.
/ ( ) , .
, : (
) ( ).
. . , -- ,
. ( 2.6)
, , , (, , , , ..) .
2.4.2. /
, () , ( ) . , ( ).
, --, .
, -. , ( ). , .
2.4.2.1. -, .
, () .
, . ( ..... 2423/86, . 309.3). ... ( 2.4.1). (packaged) , , , .
10% 25%, . , () ().
-
59
40% 60%, .
. , .
, : , , .
2.4.1 - ...
2.4.2.2. / (runaround coils)
- ( ), , . , , , . ( ).
2.4.2 runaround coils
.
10% 25%.
-
60
/ , ( ) .
-. . , . , , .
-.
2.4.2.3. (rotary wheel exchangers-thermal wheels)
(), ( ). (5...10 /), .
.
2.4.3 ...
, ( ). , ( ) , . , ( ) . .
, .
. : 65% 80%.
2.4.3. (air side economizer)
, , , , ()
-
61
, (). , , , .
2.4.4 ... ( )
,
. , ( ). , .
, .
, . , .
, 10% 20% , (.. ).
-
62
2.5.
. , . , . .
, . .
2.5.1.
. O . , / , , (2-3C), .
,
. 0,5 0,8 m/s, 29C. , .
. ( ~50 W), . 1-2C, 14%, . 2,6%, 0,5oC. , , 15%, .
-
63
() 400 , 4 5 13 14 [Sonne et al 1996]. , , , .
1,2 m 1,8 m . , . , , 2,4 3,0 m. , , 2,1 m . , , 5,5 m. , . , . , , .
,
, 50% [ 2002]:
(GWh)
/ 295.8 50 257.4 70
27 80 33.2 60
, ,
, 20%
20% ,
79,8 GWh.
.
3,5 X 5,5 2,5 m.
(m/s) 1 m
-
64
2.5.2.
.
, , . , , , . , , . . :
- , , . . , (free cooling).
- , , , - . 30%.
,
, 10% / 13.1 GWh [ 2002].
2.5.
1. Sonne J.K., Vieira R.K., Parker D.S., Anello M.T. (1996). Are Energy Savings Due to Ceiling Fans Just Hot Air?, Proc. 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Vol. 8, p. 89-94, American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Washington D.C.
2. ., .., ., ., ., ., . (2002). CO2 , & , & () , , , .
-
65
2.6. ( )
( ) / , . , . , () (.. / / ). ( ) , ( ). , , .
/ , , , , . ( ), / . , , ( ).
:
- , , ( ) .
- , ( ) .
2.6.1.
, ( ) ( ), . , , , , . , , , ( ).
, . , 0C ( ). (R), . ().
-
66
2.6.1.1.
, () (), . ( ) , () .
2.6.1 . ( ) , . , .
, , , . , , . , ( ), .
2.6.1. ( ) ( ) : ()
() , . . : 7 9 ( 5 )
, , . , .
-
67
, , .
2.6.1.2.
, , . , , , . , .
, , . , , ( ), . , .
, , , 40- 50( 2.6.2.). , , . , , , ( ) ' . .
2.6.2. .
, . .
. , , 0C, . , ( = ). , , , ( = ).
, 0C, ( ), , 335 kJ/kg (0,093 kWh/kg).
-
68
: ,
, 2.6.3. , , , .. , . , , .
2.6.3. ( ) - ,
. ( ) . , . , , , , , . , . . 2.6.4 ( ).
- (), , . , , , 2.6.4.
2.6.4. ( )
-
69
. ,
, 0C . , , , . , , . , , , . . 2.6.4. ( ) , .
-
70
2.7. /
. 30-45%, , . 85-90%.
/ , . 80-90% 90%, ( 2.7.1).
2.7.1.
( )
( ) .
, . ,
.
. () , , .
:
-
71
. : , , , , , Stirling .
. : , .
. : ( ) ( ).
. : .
,
, : 1. .
2. . , ,
3. : (1) (2) .
4. : . .
. (1) .
(, , , , ..). .
, ( 2.7.2). , , , ( 2.7.3).
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
1
2
3
4
, MW
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
2
4
6
, M
W
2.7.2.
-
72
2.7.3.
(PHR, Power to Heat Ratio) :
2.7.1 2.7.1,
.
2.7.1.
(MW)
- -
(%)
(%)
(%)
PHR
50%
0.5-100 90-95 14-30 25-35 60-85 0.1-0.3
0.1 - 100 90-95 20-35 15-29 60-80 0.5-0.8
0.5 - 100 90-95 30-35 30-35 60-80 0.5-0.8
/
4 - 100 77-85 35-45 25-35 70-88 0.6-1.1
Diesel
0.07 - 40 80-90 35-45 32-40 60-80 1.2 - 2.4
0.0015 - 2 80-85 27-35 25-32 60-80 0.5-0.7
0.04 - 50 90-92 34-45 37-45 85-90 0.8- 1.1
Stirling 0.003 - 1.5 85-90 35-50 34-49 60-80 1.2-1.7
-
73
2.7.1.
. 20 (600 ) , .
3734/2009 : . , 50 kWe B. , 1 MWe . (). 10% . , , . (50 kWe),
, . , , .
(FESR, Fuel energy savings ratio) , . :
-
74
)1PHR(
PHR1FESR
Be +
=
:
B , uf
B HmQ
=
e , uf
ee Hm
W
=
mf u 2006 ,
2.7.2.
2.7.2. 2006
(MWe)
(MWth) 63,7 345,6 112,6 159,22 , , 59,7 254,06 , 3,3 3,6 - 10 36,67 1,1 3,68 0,75 0,89 2,72 3,09 9,77 11 263,6 818,8
2.7
1. 3468/2006: .
2. 3734/2009: .
3. ., ., ., (1994), , ,
4. ., ., (- 2010), ,
5. EDUCOGEN, (March 2001), A guide to cogeneration, Funded by the SAVE Programme. 6. Frangopoulos Ch., (2009), Medium and small scale CHP, 4th International Conference, Enertech
09, Athens 7. & : www.cres.gr
-
75
2.8.
2.8.1.
, Lorentz. :
BIiF = : i = , l = , = " " (DC motors) "
" (AC motors). ( ) . "" " " " ".
90% , 60% , . . . , , , , .
, ( , ). . , . , .
() () 2.8.1 () , () ,
90kW
-
76
,
, (, ). , . .
, :
1. (squirrel cage rotor) 2. (wound rotor).
90%
. . , 90kW 92% , 91% 89% . , , . 20% 60% . , .
, . , , . 60%.
: , , . - . . , , (I2R) . . 92% , , 25 - 40% . 90% , 2.5% 4% .
2.8.2.
, 1973, . , , (high efficiency induction motors). , ,
-
77
. .
, : / . 2 10 , . / , (10 30% ). , .
, , . , 25% .
1999. CEMEP (Comit Europen de Constructeurs de Machines Electriques et d'Electronique de Puissance : ) CO2. 3 - EFF3, EFF2 EFF1 EFF1 , . 3/4 , . ( IP 54 IP55). 1,1 90 kW, 2 4-, 400V, 50Hz. 2.8.2 .
2.8.2 2 4
1,1kW 90Kw.
-
78
EFF 1 40% EFF2 20%. EFF2 . EFF3 , .
, , , . EFF3 EFF2 6 TWh , EFF1.
2008 . IEC 60034-30 . IE (International efficiency) , , . IE4 ( ), IE3. IE4 . . IEC 60034-30 (.. , , , ). 50 60 Hz, 2, 4 6 , 0,75 375 kW, 1000 V, S1 ( ) S3 ( ).
IEC60034-30 , ( , , ) .
IEC 60034-30 IEC 60034-2-1: 2007 2 IE3. IEC 60034-2-1 . IEC, IEC 60034-2: 1996, . IEC , , . IEC60034-30 . 2.8.3. 4 , 2.8.1 2.8.2 . 640/2009/ 2005/32/ .., .
-
79
2.8.1. IEC60034-30
IEC60034-30 EuP
2005/32/EC
Europe (50Hz) CEMEP voluntary agreement
US (60Hz) EPAct
, ..
. IE-1
EFF2
AS i , NBR , GB/T ,
IS , JIS , MEPS .
IE-2
EFF1 NEMA
/ EPACT
IE-3
IE2 10 15%
NEMA
2.8.3 4
0,75kW 375kW IEC 60034-30: 2008.
640/2009/
. , , 2005 1067TWh 427 Mt CO2. , 2020 1252TWh. , .
, , , 50 Hz 50/60 Hz, 2 6 , 1000 V, PN 0,75 kW 375 kW, . 2 3. :
-
80
1. 16 2011 IE2, 1.
2. 1 2015 7,5-375 kW IE3, 1, IE2 1 .
3. 1 2017 0,75-375 kW IE3, 1, IE2 1 .
2.8.2. , 0,75 375 kW.
kW HP IE-1 IE-2 IE-3
2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6
0.75 1 72.1 72.1 70.0 77.4 79.6 75.9 80.7 82.5 78.9
1.1 1.5 75.0 75.0 72.9 79.6 81.4 78.1 82.7 84.1 81.0
1.5 2 77.2 77.2 75.2 81.3 82.8 79.8 84.2 85.3 82.5
2.2 3 79.7 79.7 77.7 83.2 84.3 81.8 85.9 86.7 84.3
3 81.5 81.5 79.7 84.6 85.5 83.3 87.1 87.7 85.6
3.7 5 - - - - - - - - -
4 83.1 83.1 81.4 85.8 86.6 84.6 88.1 88.6 86.8
5.5 7.5 84.7 84.7 83.1 87.0 87.7 86.0 89.2 89.6 88.0
7.5 10 86.0 86.0 84.7 88.1 88.7 87.2 90.1 90.4 89.1
11 15 87.6 87.6 86.4 89.4 89.8 88.7 91.2 91.4 90.3
15 20 88.7 88.7 87.7 90.3 90.6 89.7 91.9 92.1 91.2
18.5 25 89.3 89.3 88.6 90.9 91.2 90.4 92.4 92.6 91.7
22 30 89.9 89.9 89.2 91.3 91.6 90.9 92.7 93.0 92.2
30 40 90.7 90.7 90.2 92.0 92.3 91.7 93.3 93.6 92.9
37 50 91.2 91.2 90.8 92.5 92.7 92.2 93.7 93.9 93.3
45 60 91.7 91.7 91.4 92.9 93.1 92.7 94.0 94.2 93.7
55 75 92.1 92.1 91.9 93.2 93.5 93.1 94.3 94.6 94.1
75 100 92.7 92.7 92.6 93.8 94.0 93.7 94.7 95.0 94.6
90 125 93.0 93.0 92.9 94.1 94.2 94.0 95.0 95.2 94.9
110 150 93.3 93.3 93.3 94.3 94.5 94.3 95.2 95.4 95.1
132 93.5 93.5 93.5 94.6 94.7 94.6 95.4 95.6 95.4
150 200 - - - - - - - -
160 93.8 93.8 93.8 94.8 94.9 94.8 95.6 95.8 95.6
185 250 - - - - - - - - -
200 94.0 94.0 94.0 95.0 95.1 95.0 95.8 96.0 95.8
220 -375 300 - 500 94.0 94.0 94.0 95.0 95.1 95.0 95.8 96.0 95.8
-
81
2.8. 1. Stephen J. Chapman. , , 2010. 2. Fitgerald / Kingsley /Umans. Electrical Machinery, International Student edition, 4th edition, 2008 3. Stephen J. Chapman. , , 2010. 4. . . , , 2006 5. 2005/32/ , 6 2005,
92/42/ 96/57/ 2000/55/ L.191, 22.7.2005, (2005).
6. 2006/32/ 5 2006 93/76/ EEEK L.114, 27.4.2006, (2003).
7. 2008/28/ , 11 2008, 2005/32/ 92/42/ 96/57/ 2000/55/ L.81, 20.3.2008, (2008).
8. () . 640/2009 , 22 2009, 2005/32/ , L.191, 23.7.2009, (2009)
9. IEC60034-30 Rotating electrical machines - Part 30: Efficiency classes of single-speed, three-phase, cage-induction motors (IE-code) & : www.cres.gr : www.elot.gr Siemens S.A. : www.siemsens.com : www.abb.com CEMEP European Committee of Manufacturers of Electrical machines and power electronics equipment and systems www.cemep.org/ .
-
82
2.9.
.. . 92/75/22.09.92 180/1994, . , , :
, , ( 01.07.2003) ( 2004)
( ) . 2.9.1. :
) , . , kWh, .. ,
) , , .
.. kWh lt , kWh kg , ... 7 A, B, C, D, E, F, G , . A, B, C ( ), E, F, G ( ). / + ++. 2.9.2 . ++, +, , C . 60%
-
83
D, 25% C.
2.9.1 () , () , ()
.
2.9.2 .
7
7 , . , .
-
84
(lumen), (W) . , , (standards) , .
, (EcoLabel) . .
(.. , , ) (.. , modem, rooter, ) . EU Energy Star ( 2.9.3), - Ecolabel ( 2.9.3,). EU Energy Star - Ecolabel , . 2005/32/ 2009/125/.
2.9.3 ) Energy Star . )
(EcoLabel). ) (EcoLabel) () . 66/2010 25 2009.
. .
. (on-mode) , (standby mode) , , (off-mode) . , , , , .
-
85
(.. , ) - (. , , ..). . 24 365 . 8W , 60kWh . .
2.9. 1. 92/75/ 22 1992
L.297 13.10.1992, (1992)
2. 95/13/ 23 1995 92/75/ L.136, 21.06.1995, (1995).
3. 96/60/ 19 1996 92/75/ - L.266, 18.10.1996, (1996)
4. 97/17/ 16 1997 92/75/ L.118, 07.05.1997, (1997).
5. 98/11/ 27 1998 92/75/ L.071, 10.03.1998, (1998).
6. 2002/31/ , 22 2002, 92/75/ L.086, 03.04.2002, (2002)
7. 2002/40/ , 8 2002, 92/75/ L.128, 15.05.2002, (2002).
8. 2003/66/ , 3 2003, 94/2/ 21 1994 92/75/ , L.170, 09.07.2003, (2003)
9. 2005/32/ , 6 2005, 92/42/ 96/57/ 2000/55/ L.191, 22.7.2005, (2005).
-
86
10. 2006/32/ 5 2006 93/76/ EEEK L.114, 27.4.2006, (2003).
11. 2008/28/ , 11 2008, 2005/32/ 92/42/ 96/57/ 2000/55/ L.81, 20.3.2008, (2008)
12. () . 1980/2000 17 2000 L.237, 21.9.2000, (2000).
13. () . 2422/2001 , 6 2001, EEEK L.332, 15.12.2001, (2001)
14. () . 66/2010 25 2009, (EU Ecolabel) L 27, 30.1.2010, (2010).
15. , 11 2003, Energy Star L.172, 26.06.2001, (2001)
16. ... ' 114, ... 180/1994 , 92/75/ 22 1992.
: www.ypeka.gr : www.elot.gr & : www.cres.gr - - : www.energycon.org ENERGY STAR : http://www.eu-energystar.org/el/index.html Ecolabel : http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/ , , : http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/product_labelling_and_packaging/l32004_en.htm ..... : http://www.minenv.gr/4/47/00_4701/odigos_katoikion.pdf : http://www.evonymos.org/greek/index.asp?parentid=325
-
87
2.10.
2.10.1.
. , . , . . . . . ~ 9:1. . 15193 1.10.1.
1.10.1 15193.
. (photosensors) , . ) (input optics) , ) ) . , , .
. (dimming) . ' . ,
-
88
. . . , EDBs (Electronic Dimming Ballasts), . .
1.10.2 . , , .
1.10.2 .
(Brightness Balance).
. (glare). , .
1.10.3
.
( 1.10.3). . ,
-
89
.
.
) , ) (light shelves) , ) , ) ( ) , ) (solar tubes) , ) (solar trackers) , ) .
. (Daylight Factor, DF) 1.10.4.
1.10.4 (Daylight Factor, DF)
.
,
. ( ) . 4,5m 30m30m, 51% . .. 60m15m 66%.
. 1.10.5.
, / , .
-
90
, , .
2.10.5 .
2.10.2.
. , , , , , (dimming), . . , , . (~10 ) (~55%, ) ~30% . , , .
, , . . . .. (.. 2X36W 8, 2X39W 5 ..) (.. 418W T8, 424W T5 ..). . 60cm60cm, 4X18W T8,
-
91
.
(lm/W) . 5, 96 lm/W 14 W, 100 lm/W 21 W 104 lm/W 28 W. 8 64 lm/W 18 W 79 lm/W 36 W 58 W. , , . 2X36 W T8 418 W T8.
(, , ..). (LOR) . ( 85% 55%-60% ) . ( , ) 20 . . , . . . , , .
.
. ( ) . , 50%. , . .
. , lm/W. . . , lm/W.
(LED). Department of Energy (DOE)
-
92
( W) LED . LED . ( W) LED ( ) , , . LED LED . (LED), .
, :
( 65 lumen/W) . ballast ballast
( ). Ballast (ballast factor>0,90) . .
.
. 5 8 12. (
) . (LOR)
0,65 ( ) .
.
. 2.10.3.
( ), , . .
(Predictable Scheduling).
-
93
( .. , , , , ...) . 40% .
(Unpredictable Scheduling).
, , , . , , , , . - 60% .
(Lumen maintenance).
- ( , ..). . () . , . , , . , . , . (dimming system) . .
(Task Tuning).
. , , . . ( ) 12464-1.
-
94
(Load Shedding and Demand Reduction). . . . . ( ) . 10% 90% . .
(Manual Switching).
, . :
, ( 15m2).
, .
, . .
, ( 1.10.6).
( 1.10.6).
.
.
1.10.6 ) )
.
-
95
2.11. ...
(, , , ..) 10 25% (, , , , ..). , . ..., , . ... .
.... ... () , () ( , , .) . () . .
.... , CO2 80% 30% .
2.11.1.
... 2.11.2.
...
. ...
, , , . . ( , , ..., ,
-
96
) CO2 ( 5 ). ... , (20 ) .
. . ... (.. ) . . (.. 50C) / .
2.11.3. ,
,
...
... 4 , SCOP 4. . COP, , .
.... . . , ..., ...
-
97
2.11.4. ...
2.11.5. , ...
. ...
, ... . , ...
... ... () ( 50C). ( ) . , 70 C .
ZNX. / ... , ... . , .
. . , , () ( ).
-
98
3.
( ) ( ) , , , . . . , , . . , . .
, , (.. ) , . . , , .
3.1.
/ (, , , , ..). ( ) . , .. ( (inverter) ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ... , ( Building Energy Management Systems BEMS), / , ( ), ( ), , , , , ...
/ ( ), . ,
-
99
. , , . ( ) , (, , , ...) 15232:2007, , / . / . 15232:2007, , , , . 5.5 20701-1/2010.
/ . . , (.. , , ). , .. , . . 3.2, .
3.1.1.
, , / ( ), , ( ). - , , , , , , . . , . (BMS) (Building Energy Management System BEMS), . . , .
-
100
BEMS , EUROPEAN INSTALLATION BUS (EIB). BEMS , , .
BEMS . ( ) : 1. (
). 2. , ..,
, , , .. ( 1.5.)
3. (, , , , , ) BEMS. (), , , (dimmers) . ( 1.5.).
4. , , , , .
5. . , , . . , , .
6. . (.. ), , .. , . . .. . :
, (.. ). (.. ). , .
-
101
, BEMS , :
(, , ) ( ) ()
BEMS ,
, , , , , . , BEMS , . , , , , . , . , .. , , , , , . , .
3.2.
. .. , , . / , ( ) 1.5.
3.2.1.
,
-
102
, , . , . , .
( ) , " " " " ( ). . ( ) . . :
( ) ,
.
1.4. .
( )
/, ( ). . , , . , ,
-
103
. 20%.
3.2.5.
3.2.4.
/ :
( ). / . / / . ( ) . (setting point). , ( ) / ( ) . , . , . H .
-
104
, , . .
3.2.1.1.
.
.
3.2.5. .
(1)
, . , , (4). (4) 24 . . (2) (3), . (3) , , .
-
105
(5) , , , .
3.2.2.
. , 1.5.4. , . , , . , . , , , , , , .
( , ). . ( , ) (.. 15-18C). , 8 , 1-2% . .
/ , . .
3.2.3.
1.5.3.5 . / , . , , , . , , , . , , . , / . 1.5.3.3 . .
-
106
3.2.6.
, , . /. , . .
3.2.7. .
, . . ( ). . . , , . , .
-
107
. , .
, , . . . . , , . , .
. , (Control Systems) . , . . (overflows) (underflows), .
3.2.4.
, ( ) . , , .
. , . .
3.2.4.1.
2.10.3.
. :
, , .
-
108
, .
3.2.4.2. &
. . .
(Occupancy Sensor, OS)
. . (dimming) , . . , , . .
(Lighting Sensor LS)
. . , . , . ( ) . ( ), ( ). , .
() () 3.2.8. ) - , )
(Push-button)
-
109
. . .
.
.
(push-button) . () . . . .
3.2.9. (push-button)
(remote control)
. , . .
3.2.10. (remote control)
(Graphical User Intreface, GUI) , GUI,
GUIs . GUI , .
-
110
3.2.11. (Graphical User Interface, GUI)
3.2.4.3.
( ) . (.. ) (dimmers) . .
- (relay) .
1.5.4.1
3.2.12. (rail-relay))
(Dimmers)
. , . . LEDs . 1V-10V, (Electronic Control Gear, ECG) 1V-10V 1V -10V . . .
, , DALI, (ECGs) .
-
111
3.2.13. (Dimmer)
. , DALI . . . .
3.2.14. (Lighting controller)
3.2.5.
: , , , , ( ), . . .
R L .
R L
U
I Q
P
S
3.2.15. R-L
S
-
112
U . ( ) P Q :
2 2S P Q= + VA (3.1)
3.1 :
P S cos= kW (3.2) Q S sin= kVAr (3.3)
QtanP
= (3.4)
P ! .. cos, () .
, cos ( ) , . , cos ( ) . :
. - . . .
cos.
3.2.5.1.
Q Q . ( ):
. , : ( ) ( ) ( ).
-
113
. : , .
. .
.
Q
P
Wtan
W = (3.5)
WQ WP ( ).
C R L
i
iC iR iL
U
iR
iL
i
U
iR
iL
i
U
iC
) ) ) 3.2.16.
3.2.16. . 3.2.16. .
Qtot
tot CQ Q Q= (3.6)
Q = QC = 2. :
QtanP
= (3.7)
2. :
tot CQ Q QtanP P
= = (3.8)
-
114
! . ! . :
( )C CQtan tan Q P tan tanP
= = (3.9)
! .
( ) cos cos.
3.2.6.
. .
, . .
. ( ) ( ). .
, , ( ac to dc), . (inverter- ), , n . .
, . inverter , , ( ) .
inverter . . :
2 2
1 1
Q nQ n
= (3.10)
-
115
2
2 2
1 1
H nH n
=
(3.11)
Q2, Q1 = n2 n1 H2, H1 = n2 n1 50% 25%
. . .
(inverter) . ( ) . () (inverter V-cP). ( ) .
3
1. ..... 2411/86, . - . 843/16-11-88, .
2. ..... 2412/86, . . 177//31-3-88, .
3. ..... 2421 1/86, . . 67//4-2-88, .
4. ..... 2421 - 2/86 . . 148//17-3-88, .
5. ..... 2423/86, . . 177//31-3/88, .
6. ..... 20701-1/2010. .
7. .. - , , , , , , . - 4 (ISBN 960-8257-05-0), , 2002.
8. F.C. McQuiston J.D.Parker : , , , 2003
9. Recknagel Sprenger, , , 1997. 10. EN ISO 13790 (2):2009. -
. 11. .. , , . ...,
2005.
-
116
12. .. , & , . . , , 1992.
1. ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, Edition 2009.
2. ASHRAE Handbook HVAC-Systems and Equipment. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, Edition 2008.
3. ASHRAE Green Guide (3rd edition). The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, Edition 2010.
4. ASHRAE Standard 55:2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, Atlanta, GA.
5. ASHRAE Standard 62.1:2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, Atlanta, GA.
6. Haines W. Roger ,Control Systems for Heating , Venti
