C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 7

Shelmerdine Chapter 71st and 2nd declension adjectivesAttributive adjectives Predicate adjectives and nouns EncliticsThe present indicative and infinitive of , beDative of possession

Shelmerdine Chapter 71st and 2nd declension adjectivesAttributive adjectives Predicate adjectives and nouns EncliticsThe present indicative and infinitive of , beDative of possession

Shelmerdine Chapter 71. 1st and 2nd declension adjectivesThis chapter introduces adjectives. Like the definite article, adjectives always agree with nouns in gender, number, and case.

Shelmerdine Chapter 71. 1st and 2nd declension adjectivesAdjectives use the same endings as nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension, differentiated by gender:When modifying a masculine noun, the adjective uses 2nd declension masculine endings (like )When modifying a feminine noun, the adjective uses 1st declension endings (like )When modifying a neuter noun, the adjective uses 2nd declension neuter endings (like )

Shelmerdine Chapter 71. 1st and 2nd declension adjectivesWhen modifying a masculine noun, the adjective uses 2nd declension masculine endings (like ). Hence - - wisesingularplural Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 71. 1st and 2nd declension adjectivesWhen modifying a feminine noun, the adjective uses 1st declension endings (like ). Hence - - wisesingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 71. 1st and 2nd declension adjectivesBut, as with first declension nouns, if the stem of the adjective ends in , , or , then a long replaces the in the singular (like ). Hence - - friendly, when it modifies a feminine singular noun:singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 71. 1st and 2nd declension adjectivesWhen modifying a neuter noun, the adjective uses 2nd declension neuter endings (like ). Hence - - wisesingular Voc. = nom.plural Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 71. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives Adjectives follow the same rules for accents as nouns. Accents are persistent and may begin on the antepenult, penult or ultima.As with nouns, the nominative plural endings and are considered short for purposes of accent, even though they are diphthongs.Note that, while in the 1st declension the genitive plural ending had a fixed circumflex accent (-), for adjectives, even when using 1st declension endings to modify feminine nouns, the accent remains persistent.

Shelmerdine Chapter 7Looking up a Greek adjectiveIn a vocabulary, glossary, lexicon, or dictionary, a Greek adjective is listed by its (1) masculine nominative singular, (2) feminine nominative singular ending, and (3) neuter nominative singular ending. - - wise - - friendly

Shelmerdine Chapter 71st and 2nd declension adjectivesAttributive adjectives Predicate adjectives and nouns EncliticsThe present indicative and infinitive of , beDative of possession

Shelmerdine Chapter 72. Attributive adjectives The position of a Greek adjective is significant.There are two basic positions:AttributivePredicate

Shelmerdine Chapter 72. Attributive adjectives There are two basic positions:Attributiveimmediately following the definite articleimmediately preceding the nounor both

Shelmerdine Chapter 72. Attributive adjectives In the attributive position, translate an adjective as an attribute: the wise word the wise word a wise word

Shelmerdine Chapter 71st and 2nd declension adjectivesAttributive adjectives Predicate adjectives and nouns EncliticsThe present indicative and infinitive of , beDative of possession

Shelmerdine Chapter 73. Predicate adjectives and nouns There are two basic positions:Predicateanywhere else anywhere elsein the sentence

Shelmerdine Chapter 73. Predicate adjectives and nouns In the predicate position, translate an adjective as a predicate (usually supplying the verb is): the word is wise

Shelmerdine Chapter 73. Predicate adjectives and nouns When two nouns are in the same case, translate the noun in the predicate position as a predicate (usually supplying the verb is): the soldier is a poet

Shelmerdine Chapter 72. Attributive and predicate positionThus when two nouns appear in the same case, the one with the definite article is the subject and the other the predicate, regardless of the order of the nouns: the soldier is a poet the poet is a soldier

Shelmerdine Chapter 71st and 2nd declension adjectivesAttributive adjectives Predicate adjectives and nouns EncliticsThe present indicative and infinitive of , beDative of possession

Shelmerdine Chapter 74. EncliticsA word is enclitic if it leans on () the preceding word for its accent, rather than bearing its own accent.Only a handful of Greek words are enclitic.In Moodle is a pdf listing all the enclitics in Greek.All enclitics have either just one or two syllables.

Shelmerdine Chapter 74. EncliticsHow an enclitic leans on the preceding word for its accent depends on (1) the accent on the preceding word and (2) whether the enclitic has one or two syllables.

Shelmerdine Chapter 74. EncliticsA word with an acute on the antepenult or circumflex on the penult adds an extra acute on its ultima:

Shelmerdine Chapter 74. EncliticsA word with an acute on the penult forces a two-syllable enclitic to bear an accent on its ultima: two-syllable enclitic with acute accent two-syllable enclitic with circumflex accent one-syllable enclitic still has no accent

Shelmerdine Chapter 74. EncliticsIf the preceding word has an accent on the ultima, the enclitic simply bears no accent: Notice the acute accent (/) does not become a grave (\) when followed by an enclitic!

Shelmerdine Chapter 74. EncliticsIf several enclitics appear in a row, all but the last bear an accent: .enclitics

Shelmerdine Chapter 74. EncliticsIf several enclitics appear in a row, all but the last bear an accent: . leans on for its accent

Shelmerdine Chapter 73. EncliticsIf several enclitics appear in a row, all but the last bear an accent: . throws its accent on

Shelmerdine Chapter 73. EncliticsIf several enclitics appear in a row, all but the last bear an accent: . throws its accent on

Shelmerdine Chapter 7Looking up an encliticIn a vocabulary, glossary, lexicon, or dictionary, an enclitic will appear with the accent it uses, but most of the time, the word will not use this accent: I am (in vocabulary) . I am friendly. (in a sentence)

Shelmerdine Chapter 7ProcliticsTen words in Greek are proclitics. These words do not bear any accent of their own, using instead the word following them for their accent.

Shelmerdine Chapter 7Proclitics1-4: The masculine and feminine nominative forms of the definite article are proclitic:, , , 5-7: Three prepositions are proclitic:, /,

Shelmerdine Chapter 7Proclitics8: The conjunction if is proclitic.9: The adverb // not is proclitic.10: The adverb and conjunction as, so that is proclitic.

Shelmerdine Chapter 7ProcliticsProclitics bear an accent (acute) only when followed by an enclitic: and not ( is enclitic)Often such combinations are written as one word: and not

Shelmerdine Chapter 7Looking up a procliticIn a vocabulary, glossary, lexicon, or dictionary, a proclitic will appear with no accent.: , , the

Shelmerdine Chapter 71st and 2nd declension adjectivesAttributive adjectives Predicate adjectives and nouns EncliticsThe present indicative and infinitive of , beDative of possession

Shelmerdine Chapter 7singular I am you are() (s)he, it isplural we are you/yall are() they arepresent tense indicative activeExcept for the 2nd person singular,all forms are enclitic.present infinitive active

Shelmerdine Chapter 7singular- I am- you are- (s)he, it isplural- we are - you/yall are- they arepresent tense indicative activeThe verb has the stem -.The unusual forms mostly result from reducing the -- sound. - and - are personal endings you will see again. is the original 3rd person singular ending (contracted in virtually all other verbs).

Shelmerdine Chapter 7present tense infinitive activeThe verb has the stem -.- is an infinitive ending you will see again. The form results from reducing the -- sound. -

Shelmerdine Chapter 75. The present indicative and infinitive of , beThe very common verb is enclitic, thus usually not bearing an accent, and very often is even omitted from a sentence: . .Justice is difficult.

Shelmerdine Chapter 75. The present indicative and infinitive of , beWhen it means there is, however, it bears an accent on its penult: . There is no justice!

Shelmerdine Chapter 75. The present indicative and infinitive of , beIn its enclitic form, cannot begin a sentence: .Justice is difficult. In its emphatic form, it usually begins a sentence: . There is justice! . There is not justice!

Shelmerdine Chapter 71st and 2nd declension adjectivesAttributive adjectives Predicate adjectives and nouns EncliticsThe present indicative and infinitive of , beDative of possession

Shelmerdine Chapter 76. Dative of possessionNouns in the dative case with or can indicate possession: .Victory is for (belongs to) the soldier.The soldier has the victory. .Horses are for (belong to) the soldier.The soldier has horses.

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