C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 8

Shelmerdine Chapter 83rd declension nouns3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - The present active imperative, second person of thematic verbs and Connection and

Shelmerdine Chapter 83rd declension nouns3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - The present active imperative, second person of thematic verbs and Connection and

Shelmerdine Chapter 81. 3rd declension nounsThis chapter introduces 3rd declension nouns. This is the last declension in Greek.The third declension contains nouns of all three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Some groups of 3rd declension nouns display certain irregularities, so we will learn this declension in stages across Chapters 8-15.

Shelmerdine Chapter 81. 3rd declension nounsThe basic endings for 3rd declension nouns are: singularNom. -Gen. -Dat. -Acc. -Voc. = stempluralNom. -Gen. -Dat. -()Acc. -Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 81. 3rd declension nounsWhen the special rules for neuter nouns are applied, the basic endings are: singularNom. = stemGen. -Dat. -Acc. = nom. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. -Gen. -Dat. -()Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 81. 3rd declension nounsAs so often, adding a to a Greek word poses problems, so nouns of the 3rd declension differ in how to form the nominative singular (- ending) and dative plural (- ending).

Shelmerdine Chapter 83rd declension nouns3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - The present active imperative, second person of thematic verbs and Connection and

Shelmerdine Chapter 82. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - Recall that a palatal (, , ), when followed by a , is written . Consequently, when the stem of a third declension noun ends in a palatal (, , ), the nominative singular and dative plural show .All such nouns are masculine or feminine. No neuter nouns in the third declension have stems ending in a palatal.

Shelmerdine Chapter 82. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -Thus the forms of , herald singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 82. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - As a rule, neuter nouns in the third declension have no ending in the nominative singular (and hence in the accusative and vocative singulars), leaving just the stem.As a rule, words in Greek can end only in a vowel, , or .The only exceptions are out of, and not

Shelmerdine Chapter 82. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - Most neuter nouns in the third declension have stems ending in , but a Greek word cannot end in -, so it drops. In the dative plural, + = , so the drops again.

Shelmerdine Chapter 82. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -Thus the forms of , body singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 83rd declension nouns3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - The present active imperative, 2nd person, of thematic verbs and Connection and

Shelmerdine Chapter 8 parse/parsing1st, 2nd or 3RD PERSONSINGULAR or PLURALPRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE, AORIST, or PERFECTINDICATIVE, IMPERATIVE ACTIVE

Shelmerdine Chapter 83. The present active imperative, 2nd person, of thematic verbs and This chapter introduces a new mood, the imperative. The imperative expresses a direct command.

Shelmerdine Chapter 83. The present active imperative, 2nd person, of thematic verbs and Since most often someone gives a command to the person to whom they are speaking, imperatives are most often 2nd person. Greek has different forms for the singular imperative (commanding one person) and plural imperative (commanding multiple people).

Shelmerdine Chapter 83. The present active imperative, 2nd person, of thematic verbs and The present imperative uses these endings:- (singular)- (plural) Thus be free! [yall] be free!Notice the plural form is identical with the indicative.

Shelmerdine Chapter 83. The present active imperative, 2nd person, of thematic verbs and The present imperatives of are: be! [yall] be!Notice the plural form is identical with the indicative.

Shelmerdine Chapter 83. The present active imperative, 2nd person, of thematic verbs and The imperative expresses a command, for example, . Always trust good people.Vocatives logically accompany imperatives: , .Stay in the village, young man.

Shelmerdine Chapter 83. The present active imperative, 2nd person, of thematic verbs and To negate an imperative, use , not . , .Dont loose the horse, soldier.

Shelmerdine Chapter 83rd declension nouns3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - The present active imperative, second person of thematic verbs and Connection and

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection Both English and Greek can connect simple sentences with and and but . Gozilla is pursuing, and we run away immediately. .Gozilla is pursuing, but we run away immediately.

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection Greek has conjunctions which are postpositive, that is, they must come second in their clauses , . Gozilla is pursuing, and we run away immediately.Gozilla is pursuing, but we run away immediately.

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection Greek has conjunctions which are postpositive, that, is, they must come second in their clauses, . We run away, for Gozilla is pursuing.We run away, because Gozilla is pursuing.

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection Greek has conjunctions which are postpositive, that, is, they must come second in their clauses , . Gozilla is pursuing; therefore, we run away immediately.Gozilla is pursuing, so we run away immediately.

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection The Greek conjunction is both postpositive and enclitic: both the soldiers and the sailors both the soldiers and the general

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection As an enclitic, can throw its accent on a preceding proclitic, like , and the two are often written as one word: .The soldiers pursue neither the Persians nor the Athenians.

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection If the negative is , the combination is written similarly: .I want neither to pursue nor to flee.

Shelmerdine Chapter 84. Connection MOST IMPORTANT: In Greek, normally every single sentence has a conjunction linking it to the previous sentence!

Shelmerdine Chapter 83rd declension nouns3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - The present active imperative, second person of thematic verbs and Connection and

Shelmerdine Chapter 85. and Among the most common Greek conjunctions are and , which are both postpositive , . Gozilla is pursuing, and we run away immediately.Gozilla is pursuing, but we run away immediately.

Shelmerdine Chapter 85. and Good Greek uses and to contrast the items they follow: , . It is easy to speak, but difficult to persuade. , .The poet writes, and the judge teaches. , . The poet writes, but he does not teach. , .The poet writes beautiful things, but long ones.

Shelmerdine Chapter 85. and Greek uses and to contrast different sets of the same noun: , . Some soldiers were pursuing, and others were fleeing. , . Some of the poets persuade, but others do not. , . Some (men) trust in words, others in weapons. , . Some (women) are wealthy, but others are not.

Shelmerdine Chapter 8Xenophon of Athens (c.430-c.355 BC)

Armenia Greece

The March of the Ten Thousand

The March of the Ten Thousand

Shelmerdine Chapter 8 , . , . .

Shelmerdine Chapter 8 , . , . .

Shelmerdine Chapter 8 , ,

(neut. sg. nom./acc.) one... Just asso (neut. pl. nom./acc.) limb although they are in this way (neut. pl. nom./acc.) all (predicate position) (neut. pl. nom./acc.) many (predicate position)

Shelmerdine Chapter 8 , , , .

we were baptized - free - Greek (neut. sg. nom./acc.), (dat. sg.) one we - Jewish (m./f. pl. nom./acc.) all (predicate position) breath, spirit we were made to drink

Shelmerdine Chapter 8 . , , , , , ,

if (3rd sg. aorist) says (neut. sg. nom./acc.) one (neut sg. nom./acc.) limb because , ear eye because of this (neut. pl. nom./acc.) many (predicate position), foot , hand

Shelmerdine Chapter 8 , , , , .(1 Cor. 12.12-18)

- listening if (3rd sg. aorist) arranged - each (neut. sg. nom./acc.) one just as (neut. pl. nom./acc.) limb as it is now - whole seeing eye where?

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