C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 9

Shelmerdine Chapter 93rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - , intensive use as personal pronoun , attributive use Elision

Shelmerdine Chapter 93rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - , intensive use as personal pronoun , attributive use Elision

Shelmerdine Chapter 91. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - Recall that a dental (, , ) followed by a yields just a . Consequently, when the stem of a third declension noun ends in a dental (, , ), the nominative singular and dative plural show .

Shelmerdine Chapter 91. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - Thus the forms of , torch singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 91. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - A small number of dental stem nouns (those in -, -, or - which accent the first syllable of their stems) show in their accusative singular ending, rather than -. Thus the forms of , grace singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 91. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, -A noun with a monosyllabic nominative accents the nominative/accusative/vocative forms on the penult and the genitive/dative forms on the ultima.See example of , night in Chapter 10.1.

Shelmerdine Chapter 91. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, -The noun , / child, however, has irregular accents in the nominative singular and genitive plural.Otherwise this noun behaves like , torch.

Shelmerdine Chapter 91. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - Thus the forms of , / child singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.voc. sg.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 91. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - Most neuter nouns in the third declension which have stems ending in a dental are of the type (which you learned in Chapter 8).

singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 93rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - , intensive use as personal pronoun , attributive use Elision

Shelmerdine Chapter 92. , intensive useThe very common pronoun and adjective - - declines like a regular adjective ( - -), exceptthe neuter nom/acc singular is (rather than ).it has no vocative forms.

Shelmerdine Chapter 92. , intensive use As an adjective, - - intensifies the noun it modifies when it appears in the predicate position: .The general himself leads the soldiers. .I send the messenger into the village itself. . He was pursuing the child himself.

Shelmerdine Chapter 93rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - , intensive use as personal pronoun , attributive use Elision

Shelmerdine Chapter 93. as personal pronoun As a pronoun alone, not modifying a noun, - - in the accusative or dative cases means him/her/it/them: .We send him into the village. .I was writing a letter to her.

Shelmerdine Chapter 93. as personal pronounAs a pronoun alone, not modifying a noun, - - in the genitive case means his/hers/its/their: . Her words persuade the citizens.The possessor cannot be the subject of the sentence. . means The woman persuades the citizens with her (someone elses) [NEVER her own] words.

Shelmerdine Chapter 93. as personal pronoun As a pronoun, - - can refer to another noun in the sentence or passage: . I write a letter and send it. .We will honor the goddess and trust her.but not to the subject of the sentence. .means The woman was writing a letter to her (someone else). [NEVER to herself].

Shelmerdine Chapter 93rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - , intensive use as personal pronoun , attributive use Elision

Shelmerdine Chapter 94. , attributive use As an adjective, - - in the attributive position means same: .The same general leads the soldiers. .I send the messenger into the same village.

Shelmerdine Chapter 93rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - , intensive use as personal pronoun , attributive use Elision

Shelmerdine Chapter 95. ElisionElision refers to sliding sounds together, a phenomenon common in many languages but not normally recorded in written form. Remember, however, that Greek records the sounds of the language, so written Greek records even small changes in pronunciation made by speakers.

Shelmerdine Chapter 95. ElisionIn English, for example, people often say gonna for going to but rarely write the word gonna. In Greek, elision refers to dropping the short vowel at the end of one word when the next word begins with a vowel. When Greek speakers made this elision, the written language shows the elision.

Shelmerdine Chapter 95. ElisionConjunctions and two-syllable prepositions (except , which never elides) lose their accent when elided:

Shelmerdine Chapter 95. ElisionOther words eliding in a final accented syllable move their accent back:

Shelmerdine Chapter 95. ElisionIf the second word is a two-syllable enclitic, the enclitic picks up its accent on the ultima:

Shelmerdine Chapter 95. ElisionIf the second word begins with a rough breathing, a newly adjacent consonant will become aspirated ( , , ):

(vowel contraction)

Shelmerdine Chapter 93rd declension nouns: stems in -, -, - , intensive use as personal pronoun , attributive use Elision

Shelmerdine Chapter 96. A certain idiomatic construction in Greek has three parts:, , : an adjective meaning of such a kind usually elided to : enclitic conjunction meaning and, but in this construction omitted in translation. be, conjugated normally

Shelmerdine Chapter 96. Taken together, these three words mean be able or can:, , : stays nominative, but agrees with the subject in gender and number usually elided to : omitted in translation. be, conjugated according to the person and number required

Shelmerdine Chapter 96. Taken together, these three words mean be able or can: they (masc.) are able, they can she is able, she can you (masc. sing.) are able, you can

PersiaLydia

Gerard van Honthorst, Croesus and Solon(Kunsthalle museum, Hamburg)

Kleobis

and

Biton

Tomb of Cyrus the Greatruled Persia c. 557 530 B.C.

Shelmerdine Chapter 9 , , . , , . ( ) , .

(This battle was indecisive.)

Shelmerdine Chapter 9 , , . , , . ( ) , .

(This battle was indecisive.)

PersiaLydiaHalys River

Shelmerdine Chapter 9 , .

(Before the allies can arrive, Cyrus appears before Sardis with a large army.)

Shelmerdine Chapter 9 , .

(Before the allies can arrive, Cyrus appears before Sardis with a large army.)

PersiaLydiaHalys RiverSardis

Shelmerdine Chapter 9 . , , . . .

Shelmerdine Chapter 9 . , , . . .

Shelmerdine Chapter 9Cyrus (Persia)Croesus (Lydia)

Croesus on the pyre(Athenian red-figure, c.490 B.C.)Cyrus the Great (?)relief near Persepolis

*********************************c. 590 BC Andronicus p.160***********