C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 33

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 331. The perfect subjunctive and optative The subjunctive exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect subjunctive, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

Shelmerdine Chapter 331. The perfect subjunctive and optative Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present subjunctive of . , literally having written, they are they have been written. , literally having been written, they are they have been written.

Shelmerdine Chapter 331. The perfect subjunctive and optative The optative exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect optative, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

Shelmerdine Chapter 331. The perfect subjunctive and optative Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present optative of . , literally having written, they are they have been written. , literally having been written, they are they have been written.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. The numbers one, two, three and four decline (see 33.3), but the rest do not:one: , , two: three: , four: ,

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:five: six: seven: eight: nine: ten:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:eleven: twelve: thirteen: fourteen: fifteen:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:sixteen: seventeen: eighteen: nineteen: twenty: ()twenty one: ()

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers:thirty: forty: fifty: sixty: seventy: eighty:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. Numbers two hundred and higher decline again:ninety: hundred: two hundred: three hundred: four hundred:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: five hundred: six hundred: seven hundred: eight hundred: nine hundred: thousand:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: two thousand: three thousand: ten thousand: twenty thousand: ( )hundred thousand: hundred million:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers In the classical period, inscriptions show the following numerals: 6. |10. ()20. 100. ()200. 1000. ()10,000. ()50. 6000. 1. |2. ||3. |||4. ||||5.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):

80. 90. 100. 200. 300. 400. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts):

2,000. 3,000. 10,000. 20,000. 100,000. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900. 1,000.

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:first: second: third: fourth: fifth: sixth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:seventh: eighth: ninth: tenth: eleventh: twelfth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:thirteenth: twentieth: thirtieth: fortieth: fiftieth: sixtieth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 332. Numbers Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives:seventieth: eightieth: ninetieth: hundredth:

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number one declines as follows (the masculine and neuter use 3rd declension endings; the feminine follows the first declension): masculineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.feminineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.Masc. nom sg.

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number two declines as follows (these are the older, dual endings, lost from most Greek words): masc/fem/neutNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number three declines as follows (3rd declension): masc/femNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = Nom.Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = Nom.Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 333. Declension of numbers The number four declines as follows (3rd declension): masc/femNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = Nom.Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 334. The negative pronouns/adjectives and The number one with the prefix serves as no one, nothing: masculineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.feminineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 334. The negative pronouns/adjectives and When is used instead of , make the same substitution ( )masculineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.feminineNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.neuterNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = Nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing This chapter presents clauses of fearing. In both Greek and English, verbs which refer to fear set up clauses which explain what the speaker fears. In English, that, or no conjunction at all, can set up such a clause:I am afraid (that) the enemy is coming.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing In Greek, a verb of fearing sets up a clause beginning with , which, even though it technically means not, must be omitted in translation.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing . I am afraid the enemy is coming. .I am afraid the enemy is not coming. . I am afraid the enemy came.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing If the feared event is some possibility in the future, the verb in the fearing clause changes to the subjunctive or optative. As with other clauses, in primary sequence the verb becomes subjunctive, while in secondary sequence it generally becomes optative.

Shelmerdine Chapter 335. Clauses of fearing . I am afraid the enemy will (could, might) come. .I was afraid the enemy would come.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33The perfect subjunctive and optative Numbers Declension of numbers The negative pronouns/adjectives and Clauses of fearing Indirect questions

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions Previous chapters have introduced direct questions (24.4, 25.4, 29.4, 29.6). Where are the people? An indirect question is one reported rather than asked directly. I know where the people are.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions Greek may mark indirect questions in one or both of two ways. The indirect question usually has a different interrogative than the direct question. Following a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect), the verb of the indirect question may change to the optative mood.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions Recall that sets up a yes/no question. ; Are the people near? In an indirect questions, normally replaces . . I ask if (whether) the people are near.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions For other interrogatives, the indefinite form (usually created by adding the prefix -) replaces the direct form. ; Where are the people ? . I ask where the people are.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions As with indirect statement, English will backshift the tense but Greek will not. . I ask where the people are. . I asked where the people were.

Shelmerdine Chapter 336. Indirect questions But in secondary sequence, Greek may change the verb of the indirect question to the optative. . . I asked where the people were.

Shelmerdine Chapter 33for next class (Thursday, April 28, 2011):Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 34 from Conjunctions: omit Continue Xenophon

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The Peloponnesian War425 BCof 420 Spartans: 128 dead, 292 prisoners including 120 Spartiates Cleon the hero captured Spartan shield from Pylosfound at the Acropolis

Shelmerdine Chapter 3311 . , 12 , , . 13 , , , . , , raise, take away 3rd sg plup indic act < watch, see sit lie, lie down - head cry lord - - white tomb peer into foot

Shelmerdine Chapter 3314 , , . 15 , , , , , , . 16 , . , [ ]. , , raise, take away carry, take teacher think in Hebrew < perf part. act. < watch, see gardener cry lord behind (aor. intrans. ) turn

Shelmerdine Chapter 3317 , , , . 18 , .( 20.11-18) - brother walk up, ascend touch perf. < see

Shelmerdine Chapter 33for next class (Monday, May 2, 2011):Quiz: Decline , , (page 233 or slide 26)Chapter 34

shield captured at Pylos, displayed in the Stoa Poikile (Connelly p. 23)*