1. Which of the following synaptic transmission is not peptide, polypeptide, or protein?A. Substance PB. Met-enkephalin C. Β-endorphin D. Serotonin *E. Dynorphin

2. Which of the following would no be expected to enhance nor-adrenergic transmission?A. A drug that increases the entry of arginine into neurons. *B. A drug that enhances tyrosine hydroxylase activityC. A drug that enhances dopamine β-hydroxylaseD. A drug that inhibits monoamine oxidaseE. A drug that inhibits norepinephrine reuptake

3. Pacinian corpuscles areA. A type of thermoreceptorB. Usually innervated by A δ nerve fibersC. Rapidly adapting touch receptors *D. Slowly adapting touch receptorsE. Nociceptors

4. Adaptation to a sensory stimulus produces A. A diminished sensation when other types of sensory stimuli are withdrawn B. A more intense sensation when a given stimulus is applied repeatedly C. A sensation localized to the hand when the nerves of the brachial plexus are stimulated D. A diminished sensation when a given stimulus is applied repeatedly over time *E. A decreased firing rate in the sensory nerve from the receptor when one’s attention is

directed to another matter.5. Sensory systems code for the following attributes of a stimulus:

A. Modality, location, intensity, and durationB. Threshold, receptive field, adaptation, and discrimination C. Touch, taste, hearing and smellD. Threshold, laterality, sensation and duration E. Sensitization, discrimination, energy, and projection

6. In which of the following is the frequency of stimulation not linearly related to the strength of the sensation felt?

A. Sensory area of the cerebral cortexB. Specific projection nuclei of the thalamusC. Lateral spinothalamic tract D. Dorsal hornE. Cutaneous receptors

7. Which of the following receptors and sense organs are incorrectl paired?A. Rods and cones : eyeB. Receptors sensitive to sodium : taste budsC. Hair cells : olfactory epithelium *D. Receptors sensitive to stretch : carotid sinus

E. Glomus cells : carotid body

8. Which best describes the law of specific nerve energies?A. No matter where a particular sensory pathway is stimulated along its course to the cortex,

the conscious sensation produced is referred to the location of the receptorB. A nerve can only be stimulated by electrical energy C. Receptors can respond to forms of energy other than their adequate stimuli, but the

threshold for these nonspecific responses is much higherD. For any given sensory modality, the specific relationship between sensation and stimulus

intensity is determined by the properties of the peripheral receptorsE. The sensation evoked by impulses generated in receptor depends in part on the specific

part of the brain they ultimately activate

9. Which of the following does not contain cation channels that are activated by mechanical distortion, producing depolarization?

A. Olfactory receptors B. Pacinian corpuscles C. Hair cells in cochleaD. Hair cells in semicircular canals *E. Hair cells in utricle

10. The inverse stretch reflexA. Has a lower threshold than the stretch reflexB. Is am monosynaptic reflexC. Is disynaptic reflex with a single interneuron inserted between the afferent and efferent

limbs *D. Is a polysynaptic reflex with many interneurons inserted between the afferent and efferent

limbsE. Requires the discharge of central neurons that release

11. When γ-motor neuron discharge increases at the same time as α-motor neuron discharge to

muscleA. Prompt inhibition of discharge in spindle Ia afferents takes placeB. The contraction of the muscle is prolongedC. The muscle will not contractD. The number of impulses n spindle Ia afferents is smaller than when α discharge alone is

increased E. The number of impulses in spindle Ia afferents is greater than when α discharge alone is

increased *

12. Which of the following is not characteristic of a reflex?A. Modification by impulses from various parts of the CNSB. May involve simultaneous contraction of some muscle and relaxation of othersC. Chronically suppressed after spinal cord transaction *

D. Always involves transmission across at least one synapseE. Frequently occurs without conscious perception

13. The distance by which two touch stimuli must be separated to be perceived as two separate stimuli is greatest on the

A. LipsB. Palm of the handC. Back of the scapula *D. Dorsum of the handE. Tips of the fingers

14. Visceral pain

A. Shows relatively rapid adaptationB. Is mediated by B fibers in the dorsal roots of the spinal nervesC. Is poorly localized *D. Resembles ‘fast pain’ produced by noxious stimulation of the skinE. Causes relaxation of nearly skeletal muscles

15. Nociceptors A. Are activated by strong pressure, severe cold, severe heat, and chemicals *B. Are absent in visceral organsC. Are specialized structures located in the skin and joints D. Are innervated by group II afferentsE. Allof the above

16. Thermoreceptors A. Are activated only by severe cold or severe heatB. Are located on superficial layers of the skinC. Are a subtype of nociceptorsD. Are on dendtric endings of Aδ fibers and C fibers *E. All of the above

17. Patients with transected spinal cords frequently have a negative nitrogen balance becauseA. They develop hypercalcemia, and this causes dissolution of the protein in boneB. They are paralyzed below the level of the transaction *C. They lack the afferent input that normally maintains growth hormone secretion.D. They have difficulty voiding, and this causes nitrogen to accumulate n the urine in the

bladder.E. Their corticotropin response to stress is reduced

18. A ventrolateral cordotomy is performed that produces relief of pain in the right leg. It is effective ecause it interrupts the:

A. Left dorsal column B. Left ventral spinothalamic tract C. Right lateral spinothalamic tractD. Left lateral spinothalamic tract *

E. Right corticospinal tract

19. Which of the following does not exert an analgesic effect?A. Morphine B. Cholinergic antagonists *C. Adrenergic antagonists D. Substance P antagonists E. Anandamide

20. A 50-year-old woman undergoes a neurological exam that indicates loss of pain and temperature sensitivity, vibratory sense, and proprioception in both legs. These symptoms could be explained by:

A. A tumor on the medial leminiscal pathway in the sacral spinal cord B. A peripheral neuropathy C. A large tumor in the sacral dorsal hornD. A large tumor affecting the posterior paracentral gyri*E. A large tumor in the ventral posterolateral and posteromedial thalamic nuclei

21. In a patient who has become dehydrated, body water should be replaced by intravenous infusion of

A. Distilled waterB. 0.9% sodium chloride solutionC. 5% glucose solution *D. Hyperoncotic albumin E. 10% glucose solution

22. When a woman who has been on a low-sodium diet for 8d is given an intravenous injection of captopril, a drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme, one would expect

A. Her blood pressure to rise because her cardiac output would fallB. Her blood pressure to rise because her peripheral resistance would fallC. Her blood pressure to fall because her cardiac output would fallD. Her blood pressure to fall because her peripheral resistance would fallE. Her plasma rennin activity to fall because her circulating angiotensin I level would rise *

23. Intravenous lactic acid increases ventilation. The receptors responsible for this effect are located in the:

A. Medulla ablongata B. Carotid bodies *C. Lung parenchyma D. Aortic baroreceptors E. Trachea and large bronchi

24. Injection of a drug that stimulates the carotid bodies would be expected to cause:A. A decrease in the pH of arterial bloodB. A decrease in the PCO2 of arterial blood *C. An increase in the HCO3- concentration of arterial blood D. An increase in urinary Na+ excretionE. An increase in plasma Cl-

25. On the summit of Mt. Everest, where the barometric pressure is about 250mmHg, the partial pressure of O2 is about:

A. 0.1 mmHgB. 0.5 mmHgC. 5 mmHgD. 50 mmHg *E. 100 mmHg

26. Injection of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) would probably be most beneficial:A. After at least 1 year of uncomplicated recovery following occlusion of a coronary arteryB. After at least 2 months of rest and recuperation following occlusion of a coronary artery C. During the second week after occlusion of a coronary arteryD. During the second day after occlusion of a coronary artery E. During the second hour after occlusion of a coronary artery *

27. Which of the following organs has the greatest blood flow per 100 g of tissue?A. Brain B. Heart muscleC. Skin D. LiverE. Kidney *

28. When a pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal medulla) suddenly discharges a large amount of epinephrine into the circulation, the patient’s heart rate would be expected:

A. Increase, because the increase in blood pressure stimulatesB. Increase, because epinephrine has a direct chronotropic effect on the heart *C. Increase, because of increased tonic parasympathetic discharge to the heartD. Decrease, because the increase in blood pressure stimulates the carotid and aortic

chemoreceptorsE. Decrease, because of increased tonic parasympathetic discharge to the heart

29. The fourth heart sound is caused byA. Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valvesB. Vibrations in the ventricular wall during systoleC. Ventricular filling *D. Closure of the mitral and tricuspid E. Retrograde flow in the vena cava

30. Removal of the entire colon would be expected to cause:A. DeathB. Megaloblastic anemiaC. Severe malnutrition D. A decrease in the blood level of ammonia in patients with cirrhosis of the liverE. Decreased urinary urobilinogen *

31. After complete hepatectomy, a rise would be expected in the blood level of:A. Glucose B. Fibrinogen C. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol D. Conjugated bilirubin E. Estrogens *

32. A patient with a tumor secreting abnormal amounts of gastrin (gastrinoma) would be most likely to exhibit which of the following?

A. Decreased chief cell exocytosis B. Duodenal ulceration *C. Increased gastric pH in the period between meals D. A reduced incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease E. Protein malabsorption

33. Full development and function of the semniferous tubules requireA. Somatostatin B. LHC. Oxytocin D. FSHE. Androgens and FSH *

34. A scientist finds that infusion of growth hormone into the median eminence of the hypothalamus in experimental animals inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and concludes that this proves that growth hormone feeds back to inhibit GHRH secretion. Do you accept this conclusion?

A. No, because growth hormone does not cross the blood brain barrierB. No, because the infused growth hormone could be stimulating dopamine secretion C. No, because substances placed in the median eminence could be transported to the

anterior pituitary *D. Yes, because systemically administered growth hormone inhibits growth hormone

secretion E. Yes, because growth hormone binds GHRH, inactivating it

35. In osteopetrosis, which of the following is defective?A. Phosphate deposition in trabecular boneB. Structure of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP)C. Osteoblasts D. Osteoclasts *E. Bone collagen

36. When the plasma glucose concentration falls to low levels, a number of different hormones help combat the hypoglycemia. After intravenous administration of a large dose of insulin, the return of a low blood sugar level to normal is delayed in

A. Adrenal medullary insufficiency B. Glucagon deficiency C. Combined adrenal medullary insufficiency and glucagon *D. Thyrotoxicosis E. Acromegaly

37. A lesion of Wernicke’s area (the posterior end of the superior temporal gyrus) in the categorical hemisphere causes patients to:

A. Lose short-term memory B. Speak in a slow, halting voiceC. Experience déjà vuD. Talk rapidly make little sense *E. Lose the ability to recognize faces

38. Patients with transected spinal cords frequently have a negative nitrogen balance because

A. They develop hypercalcemia, and this causes dissolution of the protein in boneB. They are paralyzed below the level of the transection *C. They lack the afferent input that normally maintains growth hormone secretion D. They have difficulty voiding, and this causes nitrogen to accumulate in the urine in the

bladderE. Their corticoptropin response to stress is reduced

39. As result of an automobile accident, a 10-year-old boy suffered damaged to the brain including the perimygdaloid, piriform, and entorhinal cortices. Which of the following sensory deficits is he most likely to experience?

A. Visual disturbance B. HyperosmiaC. Auditory problems D. Taste and odor abnormalities *E. No major sensory deficits

40. A 40-year-old man loses his right hand in a farm accident. Four years later, he has episodes of severe pain in the missing hand (phantom limb pain). A detailed PET scan study of his cerebral cortex might be expected to show

A. Expansion of the right hand area in his right somatic sensory area I (SI)B. Expansion of the right-hand area in his left SIC. A metabolically inactive spot where his hand area in his left SI would normally beD. Projection of fibers from neighboring sensory areas into the right-hand area of his right

SIE. Projection of fibers from neighboring sensory areas into the right-hand area of his left SI

*

41. Activation of which of the following receptors would be expected to decrease anxiety?A. Nicotinic cholinergic receptorsB. Glutamate receptorsC. GABAA receptorsD. Glucocorticoid receptors *E. α1-adrenergic receptors

42. Withdrawal reflexes are not

A. Initiated by nociceptive stimuliB. PrepotentC. Prolonged if the stimulus is strongD. An example of a flexor reflexE. Accompanied by the same response on both sides of the body