Boiler control system cuts fuel costs
3
Choosing your Graduate School? Find out which schools are concentrating in your area. Involved in Research? Learn what papers your colleagues are writing in your field. The Directory of Graduate 1117η Research Ι ο / υ Comprehensive listing of U. S. and Canadian Universities offering doc- toral programs in chemistry, chemi- cal engineering, biochemistry and pharmaceutical/medicinal chem- istry including detailed information on research professors and their publications. Whether you are a recognized author- ity in your field, just about to start your graduate study, or concerned with re- search in chemical science, it is vital for you to know who is working in your area, what they are doing, and where they are doing it. The Directory of Graduate Research lists complete information on universi- ties-details on professors, the papers they have published, their areas of specialization. For added conveni- ence, individual researchers are also listed alphabetically and individual telephone numbers are included in most cases. Researcher or graduate student, you will find this comprehensive, 988 page, 8V2 χ 11 volume one of the best investments you can make. The cost is just $30.00. To order your new 1979 copy, call: (202) 872-4364, write or mail the coupon below. Dept. 101 American Chemical Society 115516th Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20036 Please send me copies of the Directory of Graduate Research, 1979 Edition @ $30.00 a copy. Name Affiliation (if any) Address: D Home • Organization City State Zip Phone 22 C&ENOct. 8, 1979 concentration is not constant, atmo- spheric chemicals are being diluted continuously, and DEHA can be added in a continuous low level, rather than in a single burst at the beginning of an experiment. Under such conditions, these problems are unlikely to develop, he says. D GPC detector uses laser light source A detector that uses a laser as the light source has been developed by Chromatix for use in making molec- ular weight determinations with gel permeation chromatography. The unit is the Sunnyvale, Calif., compa- ny's Model LSD-100 light-scattering detector, priced at $17,950. The company says that the unit is the first low-angle, laser light-scat- tering photometer designed exclu- sively as a GPC detector. The laser provides a well-defined optical path that leads to an instrument that, the company says, has an accuracy of ±5% and reproducibility of ±2%. The instrument, Chromatix says, is applicable to any separation that requires measurement of molecular weight and molecular weight distri- bution of synthetic or biopolymers. It provides absolute molecular weight data for a wide range of polymer sys- tems independent of approximate standards or column calibration, Chromatix says. The light source is a helium-neon laser operating at 633 nm. The sample cell is a flow cell designed to with- stand the pressures used in high- speed GPC. The laser induces scat- tered light from the sample. The ratio of incident to scattered light then correlates with molecular weight— the heavier the molecules, the more light is scattered. A concentration-sensitive detector such as a differential refractive index detector is used in conjunction with the LSD-100 for measuring molecular weight distribution of a polymer so- lution. With a data processor, the number, weight, and z-average mo- lecular weight can be calculated as well as the polydispersivity of the polymer sample. The LSD-100 is of a dual-beam design, with a chopper sending the laser beam either through the sample cell or directly to the detector. The use of a chopper and a single detector, Chromatix says, allows almost in- stantaneous measurement of scat- tered light intensity from the sample and the intensity of the incident laser source. D Boiler control system cuts fuel costs Distributed microcomputers, fiber optics communications, and infrared absorption monitoring are all com- bined in a new approach to boiler control. The system has been de- signed by Econics Corp., Cupertino, Calif., to optimize boiler operation and thereby reduce fuel consump- tion. Econics is a new company formed about a year ago. Its aim was to de- velop a system that would exploit the advanced technologies for boiler control, says Econics president S. Keith Swanson. The result is the Econics 700 sys- tem. The system monitors flue gas composition and controls boiler combustion to get the highest effi- ciency—automatically compensating for fuel changes, air leakage, atmo- spheric changes, and boiler mechan- ical condition. The control system, Swanson says, can produce fuel savings of 2 to 5% on fossil-fuel-fired boileïs. At current fuel prices, he says, it's possible to achieve a two-year payback for the system, which costs about $60,000, on a boiler as small as 20,000 lb of steam per hour. A key factor in the system's per- formance is that it controls boiler operation on the basis of carbon monoxide content in the flue gas. Most boiler controls use oxygen as an indicator because of the expense and complexity of carbon monoxide in- strumentation. However, Swanson says, there are a number of advantages to using car- bon monoxide. For one, he points out, it is a highly sensitive indicator of minimum excess air flow and maxi- mum thermal efficiency. Its concen- tration begins to increase sharply at the point of maximum thermal effi- ciency. Moreover, as a product of com- bustion, carbon monoxide is a direct measure of the completeness of com- bustion, whereas oxygen is an indirect measurement. Also, carbon monoxide concentration is affected only slightly by air leakage. So, to take advantage of carbon monoxide's benefits, Econics de- signed an analyzer that can be mounted in the flue duct or stack. Besides analyzing for carbon mon- oxide concentration, the analyzer si- multaneously monitors unburned hydrocarbons and measures opacity. The three measurements together, Swanson explains, guard against dangerous levels of combustibles in
Transcript of Boiler control system cuts fuel costs
Choosing your Graduate School? Find out which schools are concentrating in your area. Involved in Research? Learn what papers your colleagues are writing in your field.
The Directory of Graduate 1117η Research Ι ο / υ Comprehensive listing of U. S. and Canadian Universities offering doctoral programs in chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry and pharmaceutical/medicinal chemistry including detailed information on research professors and their publications. Whether you are a recognized authority in your field, just about to start your graduate study, or concerned with research in chemical science, it is vital for you to know who is working in your area, what they are doing, and where they are doing it. The Directory of Graduate Research lists complete information on universit ies-details on professors, the papers they have published, their areas of specialization. For added convenience, individual researchers are also listed alphabetically and individual telephone numbers are included in most cases.
Researcher or graduate student, you will find this comprehensive, 988 page, 8V2 χ 11 volume one of the best investments you can make. The cost is just $30.00.
To order your new 1979 copy, call: (202) 872-4364, write or mail the coupon below.
Dept. 101 American Chemical Society 115516th Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20036
Please send me copies of the Directory of Graduate Research, 1979 Edition @ $30.00 a copy. Name
Affiliation (if any) Address: D Home • Organization
City State
Zip Phone
22 C&ENOct. 8, 1979
concentration is not constant, atmospheric chemicals are being diluted continuously, and DEHA can be added in a continuous low level, rather than in a single burst at the beginning of an experiment. Under such conditions, these problems are unlikely to develop, he says. D
GPC detector uses laser light source A detector that uses a laser as the light source has been developed by Chromatix for use in making molecular weight determinations with gel permeation chromatography. The unit is the Sunnyvale, Calif., company's Model LSD-100 light-scattering detector, priced at $17,950.
The company says that the unit is the first low-angle, laser light-scattering photometer designed exclusively as a GPC detector. The laser provides a well-defined optical path that leads to an instrument that, the company says, has an accuracy of ±5% and reproducibility of ±2%.
The instrument, Chromatix says, is applicable to any separation that requires measurement of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of synthetic or biopolymers. It
provides absolute molecular weight data for a wide range of polymer systems independent of approximate standards or column calibration, Chromatix says.
The light source is a helium-neon laser operating at 633 nm. The sample cell is a flow cell designed to withstand the pressures used in highspeed GPC. The laser induces scattered light from the sample. The ratio of incident to scattered light then correlates with molecular weight— the heavier the molecules, the more light is scattered.
A concentration-sensitive detector such as a differential refractive index detector is used in conjunction with the LSD-100 for measuring molecular weight distribution of a polymer solution. With a data processor, the number, weight, and z-average molecular weight can be calculated as well as the polydispersivity of the polymer sample.
The LSD-100 is of a dual-beam design, with a chopper sending the laser beam either through the sample cell or directly to the detector. The use of a chopper and a single detector, Chromatix says, allows almost instantaneous measurement of scattered light intensity from the sample and the intensity of the incident laser source. D
Boiler control system cuts fuel costs Distributed microcomputers, fiber optics communications, and infrared absorption monitoring are all combined in a new approach to boiler control. The system has been designed by Econics Corp., Cupertino, Calif., to optimize boiler operation and thereby reduce fuel consumption.
Econics is a new company formed about a year ago. Its aim was to develop a system that would exploit the advanced technologies for boiler control, says Econics president S. Keith Swanson.
The result is the Econics 700 system. The system monitors flue gas composition and controls boiler combustion to get the highest efficiency—automatically compensating for fuel changes, air leakage, atmospheric changes, and boiler mechanical condition.
The control system, Swanson says, can produce fuel savings of 2 to 5% on fossil-fuel-fired boileïs. At current fuel prices, he says, it's possible to achieve a two-year payback for the system, which costs about $60,000, on a boiler as small as 20,000 lb of steam per hour.
A key factor in the system's performance is that it controls boiler
operation on the basis of carbon monoxide content in the flue gas. Most boiler controls use oxygen as an indicator because of the expense and complexity of carbon monoxide instrumentation.
However, Swanson says, there are a number of advantages to using carbon monoxide. For one, he points out, it is a highly sensitive indicator of minimum excess air flow and maximum thermal efficiency. Its concentration begins to increase sharply at the point of maximum thermal efficiency.
Moreover, as a product of combustion, carbon monoxide is a direct measure of the completeness of combustion, whereas oxygen is an indirect measurement. Also, carbon monoxide concentration is affected only slightly by air leakage.
So, to take advantage of carbon monoxide's benefits, Econics designed an analyzer that can be mounted in the flue duct or stack. Besides analyzing for carbon monoxide concentration, the analyzer simultaneously monitors unburned hydrocarbons and measures opacity. The three measurements together, Swanson explains, guard against dangerous levels of combustibles in
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Oct. 8, 1979C&EN 23
vation. For example, he believes that "the prebiotic polynucleotides probably did not develop as condensation products, but as double-stranded molecules.... The results of experiments simulating drying conditions . . . particularly in the presence of cyanamide derivatives as condensing agents, indicate that short oligomers formed readily from the nucleotides, but not long ones. With a variety of oligomers produced when primeval lake beds were flooded and evaporated repeatedly, it seems plausible that oligomers which would form the strongest complexes (that is, those with complementary base pairs) would be selectively retained. Whenever the adjoining segments fitted, they were in position to be coupled by the next drying cycle."
His scenario is well developed. The lack of relevance of the prebiotic synthesis of polypeptides alone is nicely argued. Furthermore, the orderly steps that might have occurred in the origin of the transfer and messenger RNA-based peptide synthesis are clearly outlined.
In addition to discussing the central chemical issues, Day has done a good job of collecting information on the geology and paleobiology of the Archean Aeon—from about 4 billion
until 2.5 billion years ago. He shows how life itself appeared very early in the history of the Earth, how communities of microorganisms left traces of themselves in the form of stromatolites, and how life interacted with and altered the atmosphere. He even discusses the evolution of animals and man—and the future outlook for our species. The book is so useful a compendium that we plan to use it in our senior course at Boston University on environmental evolution.
I hope there is a lesson here. Although Day's homemade publication is really quite pleasing, an enterprising publisher should grab the book and help out a bit with its production, editing, and reviewing.
This book, after all, may be the single most important work on the origin of life available to those with only a year or so of chemistry and biology. As for "Lifecloud," its thesis is cloudy and its life span, I predict, will be short. • Annual Review of Biochemistry. Vol. 48. Esmond E. Snell et al. x + 1168 pages. Annual Reviews Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94306.1979. $18.
Asbestos: Properties, Applications, and Hazards. Vol. 1. L. Michaels, S. S. Chissick, editors, xi + 553 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1979. $62.50.
Atlas of Carbon-13 NMR Data. Vol. 1-3. E. Breitmaier, G. Haas, W. Voelter. Heyden & Son Inc., 247 South 41st St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104.1978. $165/set. Atom-Molecule Collision Theory: A Guide for the Experimentalist. Richard B. Bernstein, editor, xx + 779 pages. Plenum Press, 227 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. 10011. 1979. $57.50. Carbon-13 NMR in Polymeric Science. ACS Symposium Series 103. Wallace M. Pasika, editor, viii + 334 pages. Special Issues Sales, American Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.1979. $29.75.
Chemistry. Edward L. King, xx + 1101 pages. Painter Hopkins Publishers, P.O. Box 1829, Sausalito, Calif. 94965.1979. $19.95.
The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry. Ralph K. Her. xxiv + 866 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016.1979. $65.
Electricity in the 17th & 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics. J. L. Heil-bron. χ + 606 pages. University of California Press, 2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, Calif. 94720. 1979. $40.
Federal R&D and Scientific Innovation. ACS Symposium Series 105. Leonard A. Ault, W. Novis Smith, editors, xiv + 170 pages. Special Issues Sales, American Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1979. $23.50.
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Oct. 8, 1979C&EN 33
