At the End of the Nuclear Map Yuri Oganessian Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint...

At the End of the Nuclear MapYuri Oganessian

Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,

141980 Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

2nd Conference “Advance in Radioactive Isotope Science

ARIS 2014 June 1-6, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

110

120

100

90

80

70170

neutron number

pro

ton

nu

mb

er

180 190110 120 130 140 150 160

92U / Tα = 4.5·109 y

Chart of nuclidesChart of nuclides

82Pb / stable

Bi

Th

102No / Tα ≈ 2 s

about 50 years ago…

Macroscopic theory (Liquid Drop Model)

Nuclear instability against spontaneous

fission

TSF = 2·10-7 y

TSF = 1016 y

Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

Island of Stability

shoal

peninsula

continent

New landsNew lands

Neutron number

Pro

ton

nu

mb

er

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

120

110

100

90

80

70

Island of Stability

Shoal

New landsNew lands Macro-microscopic theory

Peninsula

Continent

Sea of Instability

about 40 years ago…

-5 0 5 10 15 LogT1/2 s

1µs 1s 1h 1y 1My

A. Sobiczewski et al (2003)

-2-2

-3

-3

-6

-6

-5

-5

-7

-4

-4

-4

-14

120 130 160140 170150 180

80

90

100

110

120

190

SHE

Pb

neutrons →

prot

ons

→

Reactions of SynthesisReactions of Synthesis

LDM + Shell Corrections

Cold fusionCold fusion1974 - 2012(38y) 6 elem.

U

P b B i

T h

Neutron captureNeutron capture

HotfusionHot

fusion

1940 - 1955

1955 - 1975

(15y) 8 elem.

(20y) 6 elem.

Act. + 48CaAct. + 48Ca

1989 - 2010(10y) 6 elem.

Historical background:

After discovery of nuclear fission 75 - years ago - 26 new chemical elements heavier than uranium was synthesized


A. Sobiczewski, K. Pomorski, PPNP 58, 292, 2007

100

110

120

160 170 180Neutron num ber N

Pro

ton

num

ber

Z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bf (MeV)

Rf

160155 165 170 175 180 185 190CN neutron number

Sg

Hs

Ds

Cn

10-32

10-34

10-36

10-38

Tota

l EVR

s c

ross

sec

tions

(cm

2 )

P. Moller et al., PR., C79, 064304 (2009)

cold fusion

208Pb, 209Bi + 50Ti,……70Zn

Ex = 12 - 15 MeV

х = 1

112110

106104

113

113

108 Fission barrier heights in MeV

SHE

116118

112113 114

115117

CnFl Lv

Fl

Hs

48Ca

hot fusion

48Ca-induced reactions

Ex = 35 - 45 MeV

х = 3 – 4

Island

106

104

102

100

10-2

100 105 110 115 120Atomic number

150

200

250

300

Tota

l EVR

’s cr

oss

secti

ons

(pb)

Z 1·Z2/(

A 11/3 +A

21/3 )Cold fusionEx=12-15 MeV

SHE

Limitation of fusion

106

104

102

100

10-2

100 105 110 115 120Atomic number

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0.5

B n – B

f (M

eV)

Tota

l EVR

’s c

ross

sec

tions

(pb

)

Hot fusionEx≈ 40 MeV

SHE

CN survival ~ exp(Bn-Bf)

K. Siwek-Wilczy´nska et al., PR C86, 014611 (2012)


48C a-ions

ro ta ting entrancew indow

gas-filledcham ber

detec to rs ta tion

reco ils

pos ition sensitives trip de tecto rs

TO F -de tecto rs

“veto ” de tecto rs

22.50

S H reco il

s ide detec to rs

Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil SeparatorDubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator

Transmission for: EVR 35-40%

target-like 10-4-10-7

projectile-like 10-15-10-17

Registration efficiency:

for α-particles 87%

for SF single fragment 100% two fragments ≈ 40%

beam48Ca

Experimental technique

target

1998 - 2007

117293

a110.7–11.4 MeV

Δy=y1-y0 ≤ 2.2 mm≤ 132 ms

ER=7–15 MeVy=y0

48Ca

249Bktarget

the beam was switched off

SF

a2

a3

low-background detection scheme

focal planedetector array

separator

Yu. O

gane

ssia

n 20

10

9.79 MeV

22.09 mm0.24 s

189.4 MeV

22.01 mm31.66 s

10.25 MeV

22.20 mm0.51s

10.91 MeV

22.16 mm53.01 ms

9.96 MeV22.04 mm

115289

113285

111281

1680 h

80 h

10-3/s

2·10-6/sper strip / position

beam-on

beam-off

213Po 212Po(α+e-) (α+e-)

Spectra of the α-like signals

211Po214Po

beam-off

beam-on

252,254Cf80 h

1680 h

7·10-5/s

Spectra of fission-like signals

1.5·10-7/s

111SF

113

115

117α1

α2α3212Po

Yu. O

gane

ssia

n 20

10

Yuri Oganessian / Seminar at Tokyo Institute of Technology, June 04, 2014 , Tokyo, Japan

Expected numbers of random sequences ≤ 5·10-10

Decay Properties of SHN

10.85(7) MeV8.3 ms

10.19(6) MeV012 s

0.82 ms

10.74(7) MeV18 ms

10.02(6) MeV0.48 s

9.54(6) MeV

9.70(6) MeV0.20 s

9.30(6) MeV0.19 s

+3.5-1.9

+0.04-0.02

+0.33-0.18

+22-6

+0.16-0.9

3.8 s+1.2-0.7

+0.05-0.04

+0.22-0.07

118

Lv

Fl

Cn

Ds

294

293

289

285

281

10.54(6) MeV

9.82(5) MeV

9.15(5) MeV29 s

11 s

10.66(7) MeV+57-20

2.6 s+1.2-0.7

+13-7

+5-3

+16-6

9.94(7) MeV0.80 s+0.27

-0.16

97 ms+31-19

Lv

Fl

Cn

292

288

284

Lv

Fl

Cn

Ds

291

287

283

279

Hs275

Rf267

8.54(8) MeV1.9 min

1.3 h

+2.4-0.6

+2.3-0.5

Sg271

Lv

Cn

290

282

11.65(6) MeV0.69 ms+0.64

-0.22

286Fl

9.33(6) MeV

9.48(8) MeV

244Pu + 48Ca4n 3n5n

244Pu + 48Ca3n4n

238U + 48Ca3n4n

242Pu + 48Ca3n 2n4n

249Cf + 48Ca

245Cm + 48Ca 2n3n

3n

Decay chains

N=26 2619

10

3

Even-Z Nuclei

Z=118

116

114

112

110

108

106

104

283Cn

279Ds

275Hs

271Sg

9.5 10.5Energy (MeV)

1 .1 5

0

2

0

Cou

nts

/ 20

keV

290Lv

286Fl

0

294118

9.5 10.58 5.Energy (MeV)

2

2

1 .1 5

1

0

1

0

3287Fl

0

291Lv

0

0

1

1

3

8 5.

0

1

0

2288Fl

292Lv

9.5 10.58 5.Energy (MeV)

1 .1 5

0

1

0

3289Fl

285Cn

0

2

293Lv

9 0. 9.5 10 0. 10.5 1 .1 08 5.Energy (MeV)

1 .1 5

249Cf + 48Ca

242Pu+ 48Ca 244Pu+ 48Ca

Energy spectra of alpha particles


1999 - 2005Even Z Nuclei

12.0

11 .0

10 .0

110

112

Z -even

T heory :

114

116

118

108

106

9.0

8.0

7.0260 270 280 2 09 300

A tom ic m ass num ber

Alp

ha d

eca

y en

erg

y (M

eV)

Alpha - decay

Theory I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. Sobiczewski Phys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003)Z-even

Z -even

E xp:Exp.Z-even

-6

-8

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Z=112

104

106

108

112

114

114

Z=98

100

102

N =152

N 6=1 2

Th. N 84=1Lo

g T

(s)

SF

HsCnFl

SgRfCf-No

155 160 165 170 175 180 185155 160 165 170 175 180 185N eutron num ber

145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185

Spontaneous fission

SHN

even-even isotopes


SF critical zone

R. Smolańczuk, PR. C 56 (1997) 812

Fl

200 210

130

SHE

β-stability line

a

Lv

Congress of IUPAC-2011


10.63(8) MeV

10.69(8) MeV

10.0(1.1) MeV

8.93(8) MeV

73 ms

4.2 ms

0.44 s

61 s22 min

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

288

284

280

276

272

268

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

287

283

279

275

271

267

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

282

278

274

270

266

10.61(5) MeV37 ms

10.12-10.23 MeV75 ms

10.38(16) MeV0.09 s

10.33(1) MeV20 ms

9.28(7) MeV1.5 s

1.3 h

10.29-10.58 MeV164 ms

9.10-10.11 MeV0.91 s

9.09-9.92 MeV4.6 s

9.17-10.01 MeV0.45 s / 6 s

8.55-9.15 MeV10.9 s

26 h

9.76(10) MeV

+134-29

+7.5-1.7

+0.81-0.17

+292-28

+105-10

+44-13

+136-30

+0.17-0.04

-7

+2.8-0.6

+1.6-0.5

+30-21

+0.17-0.13

+0.8-0.7

+0.12-0.09

+5-3

+2.0-1.5

+4-3

10.60-11.20 MeV 10.81-10.97 MeV22 ms 50 ms

117

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

294

290

286

282

278

274

270

117

115

113

293

289

285

281

9.78-10.28 MeV

9.61-9.75 MeV13 s

9.01(5) MeV59 s

9.38-9.55 MeV5.2 s

8.76(5) MeV54 s

17 h

10.15-10.54 MeV

+60-18

+280-90

+12-4

+55-19

+6.2-1.8

-19+15-6

+8-4

+60-18

+120-80

9.47-10.18 MeV4.2 s+1.4

-0.8

5 ms+9-2

Rg

277Mt

9.28(5) MeV17 s+6

-3

249 48Bk + Ca243 48Am + Ca

237 48Np + Ca

11.52-11.82 MeV

10.65-11.31 MeV

10.03-10.26 MeV

9.08-9.77 MeV

1.4 ms

12 ms

0.48 s

2.1 s

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

278

274

270

266

262

+1.6-0.5

+15-4

+0.57-0.17

+2.5-0.7

209 70Bi + Zn

39 s+46-14

[2] [1] [31][2]

2n[4]4n[10]

[3]

February, 2012

GARIS DGFRS


Odd-Z Nuclei

10.63(8) MeV

10.69(8) MeV

10.0(1.1) MeV

8.93(8) MeV

73 ms

4.2 ms

0.44 s

61 s22 min

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

288

284

280

276

272

268

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

287

283

279

275

271

267

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

282

278

274

270

266

10.61(5) MeV37 ms

10.12-10.23 MeV75 ms

10.38(16) MeV0.09 s

10.33(1) MeV20 ms

9.28(7) MeV1.5 s

1.3 h

10.29-10.58 MeV164 ms

9.10-10.11 MeV0.91 s

9.09-9.92 MeV4.6 s

9.17-10.01 MeV0.45 s / 6 s

8.55-9.15 MeV10.9 s

26 h

9.76(10) MeV

+134-29

+7.5-1.7

+0.81-0.17

+292-28

+105-10

+44-13

+136-30

+0.17-0.04

-7

+2.8-0.6

+1.6-0.5

+30-21

+0.17-0.13

+0.8-0.7

+0.12-0.09

+5-3

+2.0-1.5

+4-3

10.60-11.20 MeV 10.81-10.97 MeV22 ms 50 ms

117

115

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

294

290

286

282

278

274

270

117

115

113

293

289

285

281

9.78-10.28 MeV

9.61-9.75 MeV13 s

9.01(5) MeV59 s

9.38-9.55 MeV5.2 s

8.76(5) MeV54 s

17 h

10.15-10.54 MeV

+60-18

+280-90

+12-4

+55-19

+6.2-1.8

-19+15-6

+8-4

+60-18

+120-80

9.47-10.18 MeV4.2 s+1.4

-0.8

5 ms+9-2

Rg

277Mt

9.28(5) MeV17 s+6

-3

249 48Bk + Ca243 48Am + Ca

237 48Np + Ca

11.52-11.82 MeV

10.65-11.31 MeV

10.03-10.26 MeV

9.08-9.77 MeV

1.4 ms

12 ms

0.48 s

2.1 s

113

Rg

Mt

Bh

Db

278

274

270

266

262

+1.6-0.5

+15-4

+0.57-0.17

+2.5-0.7

209 70Bi + Zn

39 s+46-14

[3] [3] [73][2]

2n[4]4n[16]

[6]

June, 2013

GARIS DGFRS + TASCA

K. Morita this session

Odd Z Nuclei

An excellent case for spectroscopic studies of the SHN in <α-γ> coincidence experiments

D. Rudolf at this session


2003 - 2012

A/Z Setup Laboratory Publications

283112 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. J. A32, 251 (2007)

283112 COLD PSI-FLNR (JINR) NATURE 447, 72 (2007)

286, 287114 BGS LBNL (Berkeley) P.R. Lett. 103, 132502 (2009)

288, 289114

292, 293116

TASCA

SHIP

GSI – Mainz

GSI Darmstadt

P.R. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)

Eur. Phys. J. A48, 62 (2012)

287, 288115

293, 294117

TASCA

TASCA

GSI – Mainz

GSI – Mainz

P.R. Lett. 111, 112502 (2013)

P.R. Lett. 112, 172501 (2014)

292, 293116 GARIS RIKEN Tokyo Accelerator Progress Rep. (2013)

Confirmations of DGFRS data 2007 - 2014

1.1h

Island of over 50 nuclei produced in Act.+48Careactions

Nuclear Mainland

Fission is terminatingthe decay chains at the Island

29 s

266Lr11 h

1.1h

271Hs4 s

277Hs3 ms

267Sg2min

2 s

~1 h

~ 0.02 pb

~1 pb

~10 pb

How to build a bridge between heavy and super-heavy nuclei

Island

112

114

116

118

110108

Z=106

112

Mainland

117

115

113

Island

118

115

114

113

111

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

116

neutrons

pro

ton

s

244Pu+48Ca

tSF > 5 s

σ ≈ 6-7 pb

4n

How to build a bridge between heavy and super-heavy nuclei

278

112

233U(48Ca,3n)

One decay was detected only tSF = 0.5 ms σ ≈ 0.25 pb

Mainland

284

114

239Pu(48Ca,3n)K. Rykaczewski tomorrow

No decays was observed

The discovery of SHE raised a questions:

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

120100 1 04

neutron drip line

proton drip line

1 06

neutron num ber

pro

ton

nu

mb

er

1 08 200

126

A =195

105

82

50

Pb β-

waitingpoint

Uranium

HN

184

A =278

waitingpoint

β-β-

Are SHN producedin stellar explosions?

SHNAre SH atoms and nuclei different from lighter species?

Where is the end of the nuclear landscape?

…and what are the shapes and density of nuclei

at the mass limit?


neutron number160

162

164 166 168 170

Fusion of Pb and Bi-target nuclei 208 209

with projectiles A>50

Fusion reactions of Actinide-target nuclei with 48Ca projectiles

172 174 176 178 180 182

1841 68

152

158156154

106

104

108

110

112

114

116

118

120

122

124

7.4

pro

ton

n

um

be

r

150

5.0 MtHs

RgCn

Fl

Lv

Z=118

Ds

Bh

s

ms

Act + 48Ca

Expanded studies

Search for new elements

STRATEGY

Neutron number

prot

on n

umbe

r

Fusion of 208Pb and 209Bi with projectiles A > 50

Fusion reaction of Actinide-target

nuclei with 48Ca projectiles

σ≈10 pb

low intensity of RIB

σ≤0.07pb

50Ti,54Cr,58Fe

0.3 pb

σ≤0.12pb


Obviously... the field of the research is limited by the production of super heavy nuclei

Everything we know about SH-nuclei produced in 48Ca-induced reactions:

- Reaction of synthesis (CN and neutron evaporation) - Production cross sections (excitation functions)- Competing channels (background)- Decay chains (principal decay modes)- Half-lives of the SHN (and its α-decay products)

All achievements obtained in last decade:

- in experimental technique, - in accelerator and plasma physics, - in detectors, - in target technologies, etc.

and

…allow us to think about a SHE-Factory with production rate about 100 times higher

than what we currently have

Factory of SHE

SHE-Factory

Isotope production:Cm-248Bk-249Cf-251 New accelerator

High beam dose of : Ca-48

Ti-50 Ni-64

SC- separator & sophisticated

detectors

To be increased10 times

Factor 10-20

Depend oftarget durability

Factor 3-5is closely linkedto the intellect


Yu. O

gane

ssia

n 20

10

High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak- Ridge

Cm248

α, SF

Bk250

β-

Cm248

Cf252α, SF

α, (n,f)

Cf250

α

Cf249

α, (n,f)

94Pu244

α

Pu243

β-

Pu242

α

Pu241

β-, (n,f)

Pu240

αPu

Am246

β-

Cm247

α, (n,f)

150148N

95

96

Pu246

β-

Pu245

β-

Am245

β-

Am244

β-

Am243

α

Am242

β-,EC,(n,f)

Am241

αAm

Cm246

α

Cm245

α, (n,f)

Cm244

α

Cm243

α, (n,f)

Cm242

αCm

Bk97

Cf98

start

152146

Z Bk249

Cf251

Cf251

start

new mode gaveby now factor: 6.5

Cf251

Isolation from the “Old 252Cf sources” & mass separation

118 118 118 118294293 295 296

Lv Lv Lv Lv290289 291 292

Fl Fl Fl285 287 288

Cn Cn Cn Cn282281 284

Ds277 279 281

Hs Hs273 275

Lv293

Fl289

Cn285

269

Rf Rf265 267

Fl286

271

Hs277

Ds Ds

283

Sg Sg

,

+Ca48 249 250 251

Cf Cf Cf

3n and 4n evaporation

channels

Cf - mixed targetmade in ORNL

Search for new isotopes of Lv and element 118

0.42/0.22/0.36

HEAVIEST NUCLEI


α α α

α

αnew:

Increase a beam dose Beam intensity & Beam time

New accelerator Factory

10-20 pµA ~ 7000 h/year

ProductionProduction today: ~ 5·1019/y with Factory: 1.0·1021/y factor: 20

From

ECR

New cyclotron

10-20 pµA

New accelerator and new Lab. at Dubna


factor: 5-10

targetstation

beam

EVR’s transport interface analyzer

Detectors

acceleration

Z, A48Ca

Scheme of the production and delivery SH-atoms to the detectors

Large acceptance SC-gas filled recoil separator

Gas catcher

Mass analyzer

Actinides

if necessary

SHE

Focal planedetector array

Present


Dubna, May 22, 2014

FLNR, JINR (Dubna)

ORNL (Oak-Ridge, USA)

LLNL (Livermore, USA)

ANL (Argonne, USA)

GSI (Darmstadt, Germany)

TAMU Cyclotron Institute (Texas, USA)

GANIL (Caen, France)

RIAR (Dimitrovgrad, Russia)

Vanderbilt University (Nashville, USA)

Collaboration Thank you


At the End of the Nuclear Map Yuri Oganessian Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint...

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