Nuclear Energy

Prepared by :Yee

Especially for: 4 Economy

Radioactive substance• Element that has an unstable nucleus• Will decay and emits radioactive radiation and heat to

form a new element which is more stable. This process is called radioactive decay.

• Nucleus of radioactive substance is not stable and radiates alpha (α)particles, beta (β) particles or gamma (γ)rays to form a more stable nucleus.

• Examples of radioactive substances are uranium, radium and carbon-14.

• Radioactive isotopes are call radioisotopes.• Example of radioisotopes are carbon-14, cobalt-60 and

iodin-131.

Types of Radioactive radiation

• There are 3 types of radioactive radiation:– Alpha radiation, (α)– Beta radiation, (β)– Gamma radiation, (γ)

Different Characteristics

Types of radioactive radiation

Alpha radiation, (α)

Beta radiation, (β) Gamma radiation, (γ)

Types of particles Helium nucleus Electron Electromagnetic wave

Types of charges Positive Negative Neutral

Attracted to Negative plate Positive plate Not attracted

Penetrating power •Lowest•Can be blocked by several sheets of paper

•High•Can be blocked by a thin sheet of aluminium

•Highest•Can only be blocked by a block of lead or thick concrete

Similar characteristics

•Can be produced by radioactive substances•Can be traced by Geiger-Muller counter

• Spektrum elektromagnet merupakan julat semua sinaran elektromagnet. Manakala “gelombang elektromagnet" sesuatu objek ialah julat frekuensi sinaran elektromagnet yangdipancarkan, dipantulkan atau disiarkan.

• Gelombang elektrognetik ini boleh bergerak dalam ruang-ruang kosong termasuklah vakum. Dengan memasang sebuah antena yang sesuai pada litar elektrik, gelombang elektromagnetik boleh disebarkan secara berkesan dan juga boleh diterima pada kadar jarak tertentu.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production of Nuclear Energy• Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear fission and nuclear

fusion.

Tenaga nuklear dihasilkan melalui pembelahan nukleus dan pencantuman (pelakuran) nukleus.

• Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavy nucleus into 2 lighter nuclei that have similar mass.

Nuclear fission ialah pembedahan suatu nukleus berat kepada 2 nukleus ringan yang mempunyai berat lebih kurang sama.

• Energy produced during nuclei fission is called nuclear energy.

Tenaga yang dihasilkan semasa pembelahan nukleus dinamakan tenaga nuklear.

• Nuclear energy can be produced through nuclear fission of a radioactive element in a nuclear reactor.

Tenaga nuklear boleh dihasilkan melalui nuklear fission suatu elemen radioactive dalam nuclear reactor (stesen kuasa nuklear).

Production of Nuclear Energy• Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear fission and nuclear

fusion.

Tenaga nuklear dihasilkan melalui pembelahan nukleus dan pencantuman (pelakuran) nukleus.

• Nuclear fusion occurs when 2 small nuclei fuse together to form a big nucleus. Nuclear energy is produced.

Nuclear fusion berlaku apabila 2 nuklues kecil bercantum dan membentuk satu nukleus besar. Tenaga nuklear dihasilkan.

• Nuclear energy is converted into heat energy that can be used to generate electricity.

Tenaga nuklear ditukar kepada tenaga haba yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan electrik.

• The energy produced from nuclear fusion is safe for use.

Tenaga yang terhasil daripada nuclear fusion adalah selamat digunakan.

Production of Nuclear Energy• Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavy nucleus into 2

lighter nuclei that have similar mass.• Energy produced during nuclei fission is called nuclear

energy.• Nuclear energy can be produced through nuclear fission

of a radioactive element in a nuclear reactor.• Nuclear fusion occurs when 2 small nuclei fuse together

to form a big nucleus. Nuclear energy is produced.• Nuclear energy is converted into heat energy that can be

used to generate electricity.• The energy produced from nuclear fusion is safe for use.

Confused…..

• Nuclear fission???

• Nuclear fusion???

Puzzle Time

Prepared by :Yee

Especially for: 4 Economy

State two methods that can be used to produce nuclear energy

in nuclear reactors.•claeunr sfiosin

Nuclear fussion

•runecal onusfi Nuclear fision

State the use of nuclear energy.

•To produce ….. ……

etricallec gyeren Electrical energy

State the subatomic particle that is used to bombard a uranium nucleus

in nuclear reactor to enable the occurrence of nuclear fission.

• rntneou Neutron

Name the radioactive substance used in the production of nuclear

energy in nuclear reactor.

•rumiann Uranium

State the process of collision and combination of two light nuclei to form a

heavier and more stable nucleus with the release of a large amount of energy.

•rnlceua usifon Nuclear fusion

State the energy change which occurs in the production of electrical

energy in nuclear reactor.

Nuclear Energy Heat Energy

Electrical Energy

Kinetic Energy

Apart from nuclear energy, state two types of energies that are

also released in nuclear fission.• teha nergey

Heat energy

• tighl ygreneLight energy

Production of nuclear energy through fission of uranium nucleus

• The diagrams

Radioisotopes

• Unstable nucleus that decays through radioactive emissions

• There are not many naturally occurring radioisotopes

Nuclear Fission & Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Uses of nuclear energy• Nuclear energy is used to produce

electricity in a nuclear power station.

Tenaga nucklear digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik di stesen kuasa nuklear (reaktor nuklear).

• Nuclear fission of radioactive substance is done on a large scale to produce large amount of energy.

Pembelahan nuklear bahan radioaktif dijalankan secara besar-besaran untuk menghasilkan tenaga yang banyak.

Generating electricity

Uses of radioactive substances in daily life

• Industry• Agriculture• Medicine• Archeology• Food technology

Industry

• Detection of leakage in underground pipes

Mengesan kebocoran paip di bawah tanah

• Detection of thickness of paper, metal and plastics

Mengesan ketebalan kertas, logam dan plastik

Agriculture (pertanian)

• To study the absorption and distribution of elements

Mengkaji penyerapan dan penyebaran elemen

• Gamma radiation is used to sterilize crop pests (a biological control method)

Gamma ray digunakan untuk mensterilkan tanaman (kaedah kawalan biologi)

Medicine

• As radioactherapeutic treatment for cancer patient

Sebagai radioterapi untuk pesakit kanser

• To sterilize syringes and surgical instruments

Mensterilkan penyuntik jarum dan peralatan pembedahan

Archeology (Arkeologi-kaji purba)

• To determine the age of ancient artefacts (carbon dating)

Menentukan usia artifak purba

Food technology

• To preserve food

Mengawetkan makanan

Uses of radioactive substance on daily life

Field Uses

Industry •Detection of leakage in underground pipes•Detection of thickness of paper, metal and plastics

Agriculture •To study the absorption and distribution of elements•Gamma radiation is used to sterilize crop pests (a biological control method)

Medicine •As radioactherapeutic treatment for cancer patient•To sterilize syringes and surgical instruments

Archeology •To determine the age of ancient artefacts (carbon dating)

Food technology •To preserve food

Misuse of radioactive substances

• Use radioactive substance to make nuclear weapons

Menggunakan bahan radioactive untuk membuat senjata nuklear

• Nuclear test destroy habitats and pollute the environment

Ujian nuklear memusnahkan habitat dan mencemarkan alam sekitar

Effects of radioactive rays• Irresponsible radioactive waste disposal will

pollute the environment

Pembuangan sisa bahan radioactif mencemarkan persekitaran

• Exposed over short period can cause nausea and vomiting / diarrhoea

Terdedah masa pendek menyebabkan loya, muntah atau cirit-birit

• Exposed over long period can destroy body cells, causes cancer and mutation as well as abnormalities in foetus

Terdedah masa panjang boleh membinasakan sel-sel badan, menyebabkan kanser dan mutasi serta keabnormalan fetus

Proper handling of radioactive substances & radioactive waste1. Radioactive substances are commonly

kept in thick lead containers surrounded by thick concrete.

Bahan radioaktif biasanya disimplan dalam berkas plumbum tebal dikelilingi oleh konkrit tebal

2. The storeroom where radioactive substances are kept must be labelled with the radioactive warning symbol.

Bilik stor bahan radioaktif mesti dilabel dengan simbol amaran radioaktif

3. Radioactive waste must be kept in a lead container that is sealed tightly.

Bahan buangan radioaktif mesti disimpan dalam berkas plumbum yang ditutup rapat

4. Workers in a nuclear power station must wear protective clothings and dosimeters or film badges.

Pekerja stesen kuasa nuklear mesti memakai pakaian lindungan dan dosimeter

• The relevant authorities must enforce existing laws to ensure that the disposal of radioactive waste is done properly.

Pihak berkuasa harus menguatkuasakan undang-undang untuk memastikan pembuangan sisa bahan radioaktif dijalankan dengan wajar

• une 23, 2011

• Robert Bosch to set up solar panel manufacturing facility in Penang• By FINTAN NG 

fintan@thestar.com.my 

•PETALING JAYA: Stuttgart-based technology company Robert Bosch GmbH is investing RM2.2bil in a solar panel manufacturing plant in Batu Kawan, Penang, to mainly serve Asia's growing demand for solar energy.

• The new plant would provide employment opportunities for 2,000 people, which would be an increase of some 40% of Robert Bosch's current workforce in the country, said Robert Bosch solar energy division head and Bosch Solar Energy AG chairman, Holger von Hebel.

• He said this at a briefing yesterday following the announcement of the company's results for the financial year ended Dec 31, 2010 (FY10).

• The investment comes on the heels of a recent announcement to build another manufacturing facility in Venissieux, France, to serve the southern European markets.

• Von Hebel: Production will start by the end of 2 013.• Von Hebel said construction of the Batu Kawan plant, to be located on an 80-acre site, would begin before the end of this year, with

production to start by the end of 2013.• He said the new plant would also support and deliver components to other plants in North America and Europe.• The venture, said to be one of the largest overseas investment ever made by Robert Bosch, would further cement the global

strategy of the company's photovoltaics business and presence in Asia, where solar energy demand is expected to see an average annual growth of 30% in the coming years.

• “The planned facility will cover the entire value-added chain, from silicon crystals known as ingots and solar cells to the modules which can be installed on roofs or in solar power plants,” von Hebel said.

• He said the plant would have an annual capacity of 800 megawatts peak (MWp) for wafers and 620MWp peak for cells. This would be on top of producing solar power plants with a total output of 640MWp and module production lines of 150MWp.

• According to von Hebel, the company expect sales from the solar energy division to exceed one billion euros this year.• “The decision to build a new site in Asia reflects general developments in the global market for photovoltaics. By 2020, total installed

output in the region is expected to reach some 130 gigawatts peak,” he said.• He added that the company's main plant in Arnstadt, Germany, together with the Batu Kawan plant would complement each other

and help secure the future of the photovoltaics business.• Robert Bosch (SEA) Pte Ltd and Robert Bosch Sdn Bhd managing director Martin Hayes said South-East Asia contributed

RM2.07bil in sales turnover for FY10, with Malaysia contributing RM555mil, a 37% increase from FY09.• “Last year saw an outstanding performance for the region coming after the recession,” he said, adding that Malaysia was the

second-largest contributor to Robert Bosch's sales in South-East Asi

• Senjata nuklear adalah senjata yang mendapat tenaga dari tindak balas nuklear dan mempunyai kuasa pemusnah yang besar. Sebiji bom nuklear mampu memusnahkan sebuah bandar. Senjata nuklear hanya dua kali digunakan dalam sejarah dunia iaitu dalam Perang Dunia II oleh Amerika Syarikat terhadap bandar-bandarJepun iaitu Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

• Negara kuasa nuklear adalah Amerika syarikat, russia, UK, Pakistan, perancis, china, india, dan Korea Utara. Selain itu, negara Israel dipercayai mempunyai senjata nuklear, walaupun tidak diuji dan Israelenggan mengisytiharkan sama ada ia memiliki senjata nuklear ataupun tidak. Lihat senarai negara dengan senjata nuklear untuk lebih terperinci.

• Senjata nuklear kini dapat dilancarkan melalui pelbagai cara seperti melalui kapal terbang pengebom, peluru berpandu, peluru berpandu balistik, dan peluru berpandu balistik antara benua.

• Senjata nuklear yang pertama dicipta di Amerika Syarikat dalam satu projek rahsia yang dinamakan "Projek Manhattan". Ujian senjata nuklear pertama dijalankan pada 16 Julai 1945 di suatu tapak dekat Alamogordo, New Mexico.

• Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield and explosive capability ofnuclear weapons. Throughout the twentieth century, most nations that have developed nuclear weapons have tested them. Testing nuclear weapons can yield information about how the weapons work, as well as how the weapons behave under various conditions and how structures behave when subjected to nuclear explosions. Additionally, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength, and many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test.

• The first nuclear weapon was detonated as a test by the United States at the Trinity site on July 16, 1945, with a yield approximately equivalent to 20 kilotons. The first hydrogen bomb, codenamed "Mike", was tested at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1 (local date) in 1952, also by the United States. The largest nuclear weapon ever tested was the "Tsar Bomba" of the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya on October 30, 1961, with an estimated yield of around 50megatons.

• In 1963, all nuclear and many non-nuclear states signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty, pledging to refrain from testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. The treaty permitted underground nuclear testing. France continued atmospheric testing until 1974, China continued up until 1980.

• Underground tests in the United States continued until 1992 (its last nuclear testing), the Soviet Union in 1990, the United Kingdom in 1991, and both China and France in 1996. After signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996 (which has as of 2011 not yet entered into force), all of these states have pledged to discontinue all nuclear testing. Non-signatories India and Pakistan last tested nuclear weapons in 1998.

• The most recent nuclear test was announced by North Korea on May 25, 2009.

• Purpose• Separately from these designations, nuclear tests are also often categorized by the

purpose of the test itself.• weapons related tests are designed to garner information about how (and if) the

weapons themselves work. Some serve to develop and validate a specific weapon type. Others test experimental concepts or are physics experiments meant to gain fundamental knowledge of the processes and materials involved in nuclear detonations.

• weapons effects tests are designed to gain information about the effects of the weapons on structures, equipment, organisms and the environment. They are mainly used to assess and improve survivability to nuclear explosions in civilian and military contexts, tailor weapons to their targets, and develop the tactics of nuclear warfare.

• safety experiments are designed to study the behavior of weapons in simulated accident scenarios. In particular, they are used to verify that a (significant) nuclear detonation cannot happen by accident. They include one-point safety tests and simulations of storage and transportation accidents.

• nuclear test detection experiments are designed to improve the capabilities to detect, locate, and identify nuclear detonations; in particular to monitor compliance with test ban treaties.

• Peaceful nuclear explosions are conducted to investigate non-military applications of nuclear explosives.

• Aside from these technical considerations, tests have been conducted for political and training purposes. Tests also often serve multiple purposes.

• Compensation for victims• Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted at various sites around the world

from 1945 to 1980. As public awareness and concern mounted over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to the nuclear fallout, various studies were done to assess the extent of the hazard. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ National Cancer Institute study claims that nuclear fallout might have led to approximately 11,000 excess deaths, most caused by thyroid cancer linked to exposure to iodine-131.[11]

• United States: As of March 2009, the U.S. is the only nation that compensates nuclear test victims. Since the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990, more than $1.38 billion in compensation has been approved. The money is going to people who took part in the tests, notably at the Nevada Test Site, and to others exposed to the radiation.[12][13]

• France: In March 2009, the French Government offered to compensate victims for the first time and legislation is being drafted which would allow payments to people who suffered health problems related to the tests. The payouts would be available to victims' descendants and would include Algerians, who were exposed to nuclear testing in the Sahara in 1960. However, victims say the eligibility requirements for compensation are too narrow. [12]

• Britain: There is no formal British government compensation program. However, nearly 1,000 veterans of Christmas Island nuclear tests in the 1950s are planning to sue the Ministry of Defense for negligence. They say they suffered health problems and were not warned of potential dangers before the experiments.[12]

• Russia: Decades later, Russia offered compensation to veterans who were part of the 1954 Totsk test. However, there was no compensation to civilians sickened by the Totsk test. Anti-nuclear groups say there has been no government compensation for other nuclear tests. [12]

• China: China has undertaken highly secretive atomic tests in remote deserts in a Central Asian border province. Anti-nuclear activists say there is no known government program for compensating victims.[12]

Geiger-Muller tube